A Short History of the A Short History of the MicroscopeMicroscope

Biology 20Biology 20

Mrs. S. Pipke-PainchaudMrs. S. Pipke-Painchaud

http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/index.html

http://www.semguy.com/gallery.html

History ~ InventorsHistory ~ Inventors

Founding Fathers of Microscopy: Founding Fathers of Microscopy: http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.htmlhttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html

Please refer to the above website for information Please refer to the above website for information on the inventors of the microscope. (If the site is on the inventors of the microscope. (If the site is not available, please refer to the end of this not available, please refer to the end of this powerpoint).powerpoint).

**Link to end of Powerpoint**Link to end of Powerpoint

BackgroundBackground “ “The microscope was first built in 1595 by Hans and The microscope was first built in 1595 by Hans and

ZachariasZacharias Jansen Jansen (1588-1631) in Holland (see figure). (1588-1631) in Holland (see figure). Later, it was perfected in the 17th century in several countries, Later, it was perfected in the 17th century in several countries,

including by Robert Hooke (1635-1703), in England but most including by Robert Hooke (1635-1703), in England but most notably by a Dutchman, Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-notably by a Dutchman, Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). 1723).

Hooke, after examining thin pieces of cork, discovered it had a Hooke, after examining thin pieces of cork, discovered it had a honeycombed structure, and used for the first time the word honeycombed structure, and used for the first time the word "cell" to describe its smaller elements. Using a much improved "cell" to describe its smaller elements. Using a much improved microscope, with a monocular eyepiece, a wooden tube, a microscope, with a monocular eyepiece, a wooden tube, a stage for holding a specimen, and a glass globe full of water to stage for holding a specimen, and a glass globe full of water to concentrate light onto it, Hooke produced marvelous concentrate light onto it, Hooke produced marvelous illustrations, which were published in 1667, in his famous illustrations, which were published in 1667, in his famous book book MicrographiaMicrographia,, which fired the imagination of his which fired the imagination of his contemporaries, including van Leeuwenhoek.” contemporaries, including van Leeuwenhoek.” (Brain and Mind Website, Renato M.E. Sabbatini, PhD (Brain and Mind Website, Renato M.E. Sabbatini, PhD

http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htm)http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htm)

Hans and Hans and Zacharias Janssen, Zacharias Janssen,

~1590, Dutch Eyeglass ~1590, Dutch Eyeglass

Makers, InventorsMakers, Inventors ““Credit for the first microscope is usually given to Credit for the first microscope is usually given to

Zacharias Janssen, pictured at the left, in Middleburg, Zacharias Janssen, pictured at the left, in Middleburg, Holland, around the year 1595. Since Zacharias was very Holland, around the year 1595. Since Zacharias was very young at that time, it's possible that his father Hans made young at that time, it's possible that his father Hans made the first one, but young Zach took over the production. the first one, but young Zach took over the production.

The first compound microscopes produced by the The first compound microscopes produced by the Janssen's was simply a tube with lenses at each end. The Janssen's was simply a tube with lenses at each end. The magnification of these early scopes ranged from 3X to magnification of these early scopes ranged from 3X to 9X, depending on the size of the diaphragm openings.”9X, depending on the size of the diaphragm openings.”Info directly from: Founding Fathers of Microscopy, http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html

BackgroundBackground

1414thth century lenses were used century lenses were used

in spectaclesin spectacles Late 16Late 16thth century the Dutch refined century the Dutch refined

the art of lens grinding the art of lens grinding significant magnification.significant magnification.

1600s – lenses first mounted on 1600s – lenses first mounted on permanent frameworks (permanent frameworks (so so distance could be changed)distance could be changed) Why would this be important?Why would this be important?

To focus the image To focus the image

Next, lenses were paired Next, lenses were paired together.together.

These formed the These formed the earliest earliest compound compound microscopes and microscopes and telescopes.telescopes. Why would this be Why would this be

useful?useful? To increase the To increase the

magnificationmagnification

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/museum/earlyitaliancompound1700s.html

Robert Hooke, 1635-1703,Robert Hooke, 1635-1703, English Chemist, Mathematician, Physicist, and InventorEnglish Chemist, Mathematician, Physicist, and Inventor

““Hooke's remarkable engineering abilities enabled Hooke's remarkable engineering abilities enabled him to invent and improve many mechanical devices, him to invent and improve many mechanical devices, including timepieces (for which he invented the spiral including timepieces (for which he invented the spiral spring), the quadrant, and the Gregorian telescope. spring), the quadrant, and the Gregorian telescope. Perhaps even more intriguing than his actual Perhaps even more intriguing than his actual inventions are the devices he designed but never inventions are the devices he designed but never built: he anticipated the invention of the steam built: he anticipated the invention of the steam engine, and as early as 1684 he described a working engine, and as early as 1684 he described a working telegraph system. Hooke balanced his inventions with telegraph system. Hooke balanced his inventions with more pure research. Hooke improved on early more pure research. Hooke improved on early compound microscopes around 1660.”compound microscopes around 1660.”

Info directly from: Founding Fathers of Microscopy, http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html

““In Micrographia (1665), he coined In Micrographia (1665), he coined the word cell to describe the the word cell to describe the features of plant tissue (cork from features of plant tissue (cork from the bark of an oak tree) he was able the bark of an oak tree) he was able to discover under the microscope. to discover under the microscope. He put his extensive mathematical He put his extensive mathematical knowledge in formulating the theory knowledge in formulating the theory of planetary movement, which of planetary movement, which provided a basis for Sir Isaac provided a basis for Sir Isaac Newton's theories of gravitation. In Newton's theories of gravitation. In 1667 he discovered the role of 1667 he discovered the role of oxygenation in the respiratory oxygenation in the respiratory system.”system.”Info directly from:

Founding Fathers of Microscopy, http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html

Illustration of Cork Cells by Robert Hooke

http://askabiologist.asu.edu/research/buildingblocks/rhooke.html

Robert Hooke's microscope. Hooke first described cells in 1665.

http://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/History-of-Biology-Cell-Theory-and-Cell-Structure.html

Robert Hooke:

http://www.fairfield.k12.ct.us/tomlinson/ctomlinson03/CellProject04/Per3/3OB/Q2.htm

Anton van LeeuwenhoekAnton van Leeuwenhoek

refined lens grinding so refined lens grinding so that living things could that living things could be seen through the be seen through the microscope.microscope.

Then there was little Then there was little change until the change until the industrial revolutionindustrial revolution

Both image from: http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htm

Leeuwenhoek’s primitive one lens microscope.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek, 1632-1723, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, 1632-1723, Wine Assayer, Surveyor, Cloth Merchant, Minor Public Wine Assayer, Surveyor, Cloth Merchant, Minor Public

Official, and InventorOfficial, and Inventor ““Leeuwenhoek was a man with many Leeuwenhoek was a man with many

talents, his most important attributes talents, his most important attributes were creativity, power of observation, were creativity, power of observation, and ingenuity. Leeuwenhoek was a and ingenuity. Leeuwenhoek was a common man without any fortune or common man without any fortune or formal education, so he had to work for a formal education, so he had to work for a living. Leeuwenhoek made simple (one living. Leeuwenhoek made simple (one lens) microscopes. He was not the first lens) microscopes. He was not the first person to build a microscope, but the person to build a microscope, but the microscopes that he did build were the microscopes that he did build were the best ones for that time period. best ones for that time period. Leeuwenhoek was the first person to Leeuwenhoek was the first person to describe bacteria (from teeth scrapings), describe bacteria (from teeth scrapings), protozoans (from pond water), helped to protozoans (from pond water), helped to prove the theory of blood circulation. He prove the theory of blood circulation. He gained much of his inspiration form gained much of his inspiration form reading Hooke's reading Hooke's MicrographiaMicrographia.”.”

Info directly from: Founding Fathers of Microscopy, http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/fathers.html

““Van Leeuwenhoek used his new instrument, which Van Leeuwenhoek used his new instrument, which was tenfold more potent than Hooke´s (he reached the was tenfold more potent than Hooke´s (he reached the amazing power of 300 times with a single lens!) to amazing power of 300 times with a single lens!) to discover startling microscopic things, such as discover startling microscopic things, such as protozoa and spermatozoa, which thus far were protozoa and spermatozoa, which thus far were completely unknown to science, or to discover the completely unknown to science, or to discover the microscopic structure of known things, such as fleas microscopic structure of known things, such as fleas and plant leaves. and plant leaves.

Van Leeuwenhoek had even been able to slice Van Leeuwenhoek had even been able to slice specimens of a cow's optical nerves in 1674, and specimens of a cow's optical nerves in 1674, and observe its longitudinal fibrous internal structure. He observe its longitudinal fibrous internal structure. He was perplexed to see that they were not hollow tubes, was perplexed to see that they were not hollow tubes, as the prevailing theory of the time, such as that as the prevailing theory of the time, such as that defended by René Descartes, proposed.” defended by René Descartes, proposed.” ((Brain and Mind Website, Renato M.E. Sabbatini, PhD ((Brain and Mind Website, Renato M.E. Sabbatini, PhD

http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htm)http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n17/history/neurons1_i.htm) View Bacterial drawings:View Bacterial drawings:

http://www.virtuallaboratory.net/Biofundamentals/labs/EColihttp://www.virtuallaboratory.net/Biofundamentals/labs/EColi%20introduced/section_01.html%20introduced/section_01.html

Changes of the Industrial RevolutionChanges of the Industrial Revolution

standardized partsstandardized parts (which were (which were interchangeable with other microscopes) lead interchangeable with other microscopes) lead to mass productionto mass production

This triggered a drop in price This triggered a drop in price increased increased access access new discoveries new discoveries clearer images clearer images

In approx. 1880 In approx. 1880 modern microscopes modern microscopes were being usedwere being used

Electron MicroscopeElectron Microscope Developed in the 1930sDeveloped in the 1930s the electron microscope allowed for higher the electron microscope allowed for higher

magnificationmagnification used electron beams (instead of light) and focused used electron beams (instead of light) and focused

with an electromagnet (no lenses)with an electromagnet (no lenses) the light microscope produces magnifications up to the light microscope produces magnifications up to

2000X 2000X the electron microscope produces images that are the electron microscope produces images that are

magnified up to 50 000X or highermagnified up to 50 000X or higher What do you think the electron microscope allowed What do you think the electron microscope allowed

scientists to see?scientists to see? Better quality images at higher magnificationBetter quality images at higher magnification

Monocular Compound Microscope

http://www.ascoindia.com/pcat-gifs/products-small/ms-351.jpg

Binocular Compound Microscope

http://www.labessentials.com/Rev3.jpg

Electron MicroscopeElectron Microscope

http://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/centrallaboratory/CM120/CM120.html

Termite Head:

http://alfa.ist.utl.pt/~cvrm/staff/vramos/SIP.html

Spider ---- http://semguy.com/gfx/spidey.jpg

Refer to this physics site for sample electron Refer to this physics site for sample electron photos:photos: http://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/phttp://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/p

hysik/e_phys23.htmhysik/e_phys23.htm View the SEM gallery of electron microscope View the SEM gallery of electron microscope

images:images: http://www.semguy.com/gallery.htmlhttp://www.semguy.com/gallery.html

Relative SizesRelative Sizes

Refer to University of Arizona Website:Refer to University of Arizona Website: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/

cells/cells2.htmlcells/cells2.html

Parts of a Compound MicroscopeParts of a Compound Microscope

Compound MicroscopCompound Microscope Partse Parts: website reviews the : website reviews the parts of a microscope. parts of a microscope. ((http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microschttp://www.cas.muohio.edu/~mbi-ws/microscopes/microscopeparts.htmlopeparts.html))

Try the self test diagraTry the self test diagramm

http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_203/Summaries/

Microscopes.htm

Resource Sites:Resource Sites:

University of Arizona:University of Arizona: Studying Cells: Studying Cells:

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/chttp://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/cells.htmlells/cells.html

Cell Video (animal and plant cells, image Cell Video (animal and plant cells, image examples)examples) http://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/http://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/

bvid4a.movbvid4a.mov http://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/unit4.htmhttp://www.howe.k12.ok.us/~jimaskew/unit4.htm