a selected bibliography on reliability

86 IRE TRANSACTIONS ON RELIABILITY AND QUALITY CONTROL July

A Selected Bibliography on Reliability*

HAROLD S. BALABAN t

The bibliography presented in the following A. RELIABILITY, GENERALpages lists over 200 books, articles, and reports A.1 Basic Conceptsdealing with various aspects of reliability. Alsolisted are periodicals, conventions, and symposia [1] Advisory Group on Reliability of Elec-which are sources of information on this subject. tronic Equipment, Office of the Assis-

This selection of publications represents only tant Secretary of Defense (Researcha small part of the literature that can be consid- and Engineering), "Reliability of Mili-ered to be within the scope of the general subject tary Electronic Equipment," June 4,of reliability. Undoubtedly some excellent refer- 1957. (This is the well-known AGREEences have been overlooked. For further refer- Report. Implementation of the recom-ence material on particular subjects, the reader mendations given in this report is nowis advised to consult the reliability bibliographies in progress. Report available fromincluded in the following list, as well as the bibli- Superintendent of Documents, U. S.ographic material in those listed items that deal Government Printing Office, Washing-with the subject of interest. ton, D. C., for $1.75.)

The references have been classified by broadsubject fields with subdivisions within each field. [2] ARINC Research Corporation, Wash-Separation of this type of material into subject- ington, D. C., "Electronic Reliability inmatter classifications is a difficult task and, Military Applications," General Rept.sometimes, one that seems logically impossible. No. 2, Publ. No. 102; July, 1957.It is felt, however, that the attempt is justified,since a subject classification is often the most [3] Igor Bayovsky, "Reliability Theory andrapid and effective way of locating specific infor- Practice," Prentice-Hall, Inc., Newmation. Many publications include information York, N. Y., 1961, 292 pages. (Encom-that falls under more than one subject heading. In passes entire field of reliability engi-such instances, the publication is listed under the neering.)subject given the major emphasis. The main sub-ject breakdown is as follows: [4] Walton B. Bishop, "Reliability and

A. Reliability, General Maintainability Assurance," ElectronicB. Reliability Prediction and Analysis Material Sciences Lab., Bedford, Mass.,C. Reliability Measurement and Testing AFCRC-TN-58-569, AD 160 882; No-D. Redundancy vember, 1958.E. Statistics and ProbabilityF. Reliability Bibliographies [5] R. R. Carhart, "A Survey of the CurrentG. Periodicals Status of the Electronic ReliabilityH. Conventions and Symposia Problem," Rand Corporation, SantaMost of the references cover the period from Monica, Calif., Rand Research Memo.

1957 through 1961. Reference 207 contains over RM-1131, AD 80 637; August, 1953.750 references concerning material published pri- (An excellent publication despite itsor to June, 1956. Where known, ASTIA numbers age.)are given for those documents which can be ob-tained from the Armed Services Technical Infor- [6] G. W. A. Drummer and N. Griffin,mation Agency (Reference [205]). These numbers "Electronic Equipment Reliability,"are prefixed by "AD." John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York,

N. Y.; 1960, 274 pages.

*Received February 27, 1962. To be updated and pub- []EetoisDvso,Aeia oitlished yearly. []EetoisDvso,Aeia oittARINC Research Corporation, Washington, D. C. for Quality Control, "Production and

1962 BALABAN: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON RELIABILITY 87

Field Reliability," February, 1959. (14 ics," Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York,articles on various aspects of reliabil- N. Y., December, 1961, 608 pages.ity.) (Management, organization, communi-

cation, mathematical and statistical[8] Electronic Division, American Society methods of reliability evaluation are

for Quality Control, "Research and De- discussed; many examples are in-velopment Reliability," February, 1961. cluded.)(15 articles on various aspects of reli-ability.) [16] F. Moskowitz and J. B. McLean, "Some

Reliability Aspects of System Design,"[9] H. G. Friddell and H. G. Jacks, "Sys- Rome Air Dev. Ctr., Griffiss AFB,

tem operational effectiveness," Proc. Rome, N. Y.; RADC TN-55-4, AD 66Fifth Natl. Symp. on Reliability and 802. Also, IRE TRANS. ON RELIABIL-Quality Control, January, 1959, pp. ITY AND QUALITY CONTROL, vol.179-196. Also see [ 8]. (An excellent RQC-8, pp. 7-35; September, 1956.article showing the relationshipsamong reliability, performance, and [17] F. M. Reza and S. Jutila, "System Re-maintainability; a complex multimoded liability Studies," Rome Air Dev. Ctr.,system is used for demonstration of the Griffiss AFB, Rome, N. Y., RADC TR-the effectivness evauation procedure.) 59-24, AD 210 729; December, 1958.

[10] Riley C. Horne, Jr., "Analysis of Op- [18] Rome Air Dev. Ctr., Griffiss AFB,erator Equipment Relationships," Rome, N. Y., "RADC Reliability Note-ARINC Research Corporation, Wash- book," RADC TR-58-111, AD 148 868;ington7 D. C., Publ. No. 101-7-131; October, 1959. Also, Publication PBDecember 19, 1958. 161894, available from Office of Tech-

nical Services, U. S. Department of[11] W. J. Howard, "Some Physical Qualifi- Commerce, Washington, D. C.; $4.00.

cations for Reliability Formulas," Rand (Comprehensive document on all facetsCorporation, Santa Monica, Calif., Rand of reliability engineering.)Res. Memo. RM-1724, AD 109 936;June, 1956. [19] Gordon D. Shellard, "Failure of Com-

plex Equipment," Operations Research[12] Institute of Radio Engineers, "Reliabil- for Management, vol. 2, McCloskey and

ity Training Text," 2nd ed., March, Coppinger, Johns Hopkins Press, Balti-1960. (Contains extensive glossary of more, Md., pp. 329-339; 1956. Also,reliability terms, and has 110 refer- J. Operations Res. Soc. Am., vol. 1,ences. Covers all facets of reliability no. 3, pp. 130-136; May, 1953. (Actu-engineering.) arial approach to failure analysis.)

[13] C. R. Knight and E. R. Jervis, 'Elec- [20] J. E. Shwap and H. J. Sullivan, Eds.,tronic Reliability-A Discussion of "Semiconductor Reliability," Engineer -Some Basic Theoretical Concepts and ing Publishers, Elizabeth, N. J.; 1961.A Review of Progress Since World War (25 articles covering all aspects ofII," ARINC Research Corporation, semiconductor reliability.)Washington, D. C., Monograph No. 1;May, 1955. [21] Soviet Radio Publishing House, "Relia-

bility of Radio-Electronic Equipment,"[14] C. E. Leake, "Understanding Reliabil- 1958. (A collection of seven articles.

ity," Pasadena Lithographer, 1960, 151 Available from Office of Technicalpages. Also serialized in Test Engi- Services, U. S. Department of Com-neering, commencing with the August, merce, Washington, D. C.; $1.25.)1961, issue.

[22] E. J. Tangerman, Ed., "A Manual of[15] D. K. Lloyd and M. Lipow, "Reliability: Reliability," Product Engineering; May,

Management, Methods and Mathemat-


1960. (Emphasis on mechanical relia- [301 E. L. Welker and Riley C. Horne, Jr.,bility.) "Concepts Associated with System Ef-

fectiveness," ARINC Research Corpo-[23] W. H. Von Alven, Ed., "Semiconductor ration, Washington, D. C., Monograph

Reliability," vol. 2, Engineering Pub- No. 9, Publ. No. 123-4-163; July, 1960.lishers, Elizabeth, N. J.; 1962. (36 ar- (Detailed discussion of terms associ-ticles, covering all aspects of semi- ated with effectiveness and reliability.)conductor reliability.)

A.2 Definitions A.3 Mathematical Concepts

[31] R. E. Barlow and L. C. Hunter, "Math-[24] H. R. Bodson and O. S. Spears, "The[24] .o. ematical Models for System Reliabil-definition and determination of missileit,SyvnaEercDfnsLb.

weapons systems reliability," Proc. ity, Sylvania Electric Defense Lab.,Sixth Joint Military-Industry Guided Mountain View, Calif., EDL-E35, ADMissile Reliability Symp., vol. 1, pp. 1- 228 131, August 11, 1959. (Excellent75 to 1-85; February 1960. document; uses some advanced mathe-

to 1-85; February,1960. matical techniques.)

[25] Trevor Clark, "On the meaning of mean [32] Z. W. Birnbaum, J. D. Esary, and S. C.time to failure," 1958 Conf. Proc., Sec- Saunders, "Multi-component systemsond Natl. Convention on Military Elec- anderstructus Tenometristrnc Wahntn D. C. p 2-8 and their structures," Technometrics,tronics, Washington, D. C., pp. 21-28; vol. 3, pp. 55-78; February, 1961. (Re-

June 16-18, 1958.liability relationships are expressed by

[26] D. E. Debeau, G. Kuhn, and W. L. formal mathematical definitions andSwager, "Formal Definitions of Relia- theorems.)bility," Battelle Memorial Institute,Columbus, Ohio, Special Rept., USAF [33] Dimitris N. Chorafas, 'StatisticalContract No. AF 33(616) -3344, AD 133 Processes and Reliability Engineering,"094; May 20, 1957. D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New

York, N. Y., 1960, 443 pages.[27] John E. Hosford, "Measures of Depend-

ability," Operations Research, vol. 8, [34] R. F. Drenick, "Mathematical Aspectspp. 53-64; January, 1960. of the Reliability Problem," Bell Tele-

phone Labs., Murray Hill, N. J., Bell[28] C. R. Knight, E. R. Jervis, and G. R. Telephone System Monograph No. 3592,

Herd, "Terms of Interest in the Study 1960. Also, J. Soc. Indust. and Appl.of Reliability," with a separate discus- Math., vol. 8, pp. 125-149; March, 1960.sion of Failure Rates by G. R. Herd, (Reliability models based on expectedARINC Research Corporation, Wash- gain or loss from equipment operationington, D. C., Monograph No. 2; May are developed through renewal theory25, 1955. Also, IRE TRANS. ON RELI- equations.)ABILITY AND QUALITY CONTROL,vol. RQC-5, pp. 34-56; April, 1955. [35] Betty J. Flehinger, "System Reliability(One of the pioneering papers on re- as a Function of System Age; Effects ofliability definitions.) Intermittent Component Usage and Pe-

riodic Maintenance," Operations Re-[29] Reliability Definition Panel of Technical search, vol. 8, pp. 31-44; January-

Program Committee, "Definitions," February, 1960.Proc. Third Natl. Symp. on Reliabilityand Quality Control, pp. 59-84; January [36] F. M. Gryna, Jr., "Basic statistical14-16, 1957; and Proc. Fifth Natl. concepts of reliability," Proc. SeventhSymp. on Reliability and Quality Con- Natl. Symp. on Reliability and Qualitytrol, pp. 161-178; January 12-14, 1959. Control, pp. 41-58; January 9-11, 1961.Also reference [7].


[37] Erich Pieruschka, 4Mathematical Foun- (Describes model and presents inputdation of Reliability Theory," Res. and data for specifying equipment reliabilityDev. Div., Ordnance Missile Labs., requirements, given an over-all sys-Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Ala., tem requirement. Also considers testsJanuary, 1958. (Part I-non- for demonstrating compliance.)mathematical, Part 2-mathematical.)Also reference [7]. [43] George T. Bird, "On Reliability Assur-

ance and Parts Specification, ARINC[38] F. P. Randazzo and W. J. Stahl, "Gen- Research Corporation, Washington,

eralized mathematical model for relia- D. C., Publ. No. 4106-133. Presentedbility studies of electronic equipment at Fifth Joint Military-Industry Symp.complexes," 1961 IRE INTERNATION- on Guided Missile Reliability, Chicago,AL CONVENTION RECORD, Pt. 6, Ill., December 10, 1958.pp. 2 16-221. (Model described is basedon constructing a set of Boolean failure [44] C. J. Brzezinski, 'Reliability require-equations. Availability and redundancy ments in part specifications," Annualconcepts are considered. Monte Carlo Convention Trans., Fifteenth Annualsimulation is used for analysis.) Convention, ASQC, pp. 215-229.

[39] D. Rubinstein, "On the Statistical The- [45] L. C. Gills, "Project Engineer's Guideory of System Reliability," General to Reliability Specification," ARINCElectric Co., General Engineering Lab., Research Corporation, Washington,Schenectady, N. Y., 59 GL 138; June, D. C., Publ. No. 162-2-244; June 30,1959. 1961. (Discusses problem of specifi-

cation writing, and contains a detailed[40] J. M. Weisen, "Mathematics of relia- sample of reliability specifications;

bility," Proc. Sixth Natl. Symp. on Re- also contains an appendix of tables andliability and Quality Control, January formulas for sequential life testing.)11-13, 1960; pp. 111-120. (Basic math-ematical and statistical concepts.) [46] J. Holahan, "Quantitative approach gets

reliability results, Space/Aeronautics,pp. 122-127; April, 1961. (Summarizes

A.4 Reliability Specification AGREE reliability specification andtesting procedures.)

[41] Ad Hoc Study Group, "Parts Specifica-tion Management for Reliability" (2 [47] R. E. Jones, "Good specifications-keyvols.), Office of the Director of Defense to reliability," Proc. Sixth Natl. Symp.and Engineering, and Office of the As- on Reliability and Quality Control, pp.sistant Secretary of Defense (Supply 31-34; January 11-13, 1960. Also ref-and Logistics), Washington, D. C.; erence [8]. (Contains check-list de-PSMR-1, PSMR-2, May, 1960. (This is signed to uncover most frequent speci-the well-known "Darnell Report." Rec- fication faults.)ommendations of the study group arenow being implemented. Report availa- [48] G. W. Lindsay, "Application of AGREEble from Superintendent of Documents, group 3 recommendations to militaryU. S. Government Printing Office, electronic equipment-case historiesWashington, D. C.; $1.50.) and conclusions," Proc. Seventh Natl.

Symp. on Reliability and Quality Con-[42] H. Balaban, H. Jeffers, and D. Baech- trol, pp. 317-322; January 9-11, 1961.

ler, 'The Allocation of System Relia-bility; Vol. 1, Development of Proce- [49] The Martin Co., Baltimore, Md., "Re-dures for Reliability Allocation and liability Specification Analysis," Sep-Testing; Vol. 2, Step-by-step Reliability tember, 1960. (Compares six AirAllocation Procedure," ARINC Re- Force reliability specifications on asearch Corporation, Washington, D. C., subject basis by reproducing applicablePubl. No. 152-2-274; November, 1961. paragraphs of the specifications.)


[50] The Martin Co., Baltimore, Md., "Re- No. 4226-1-205. Presented at Nationalliability Specifications Summary," Sep- Aeronautical Electronic Conference,tember, 1960. (Requirements are Dayton, Ohio, 1960. (Primarily con-extracted from six Air Force specifi- cerned with the relationships betweencations in an effort to develop a stand- complexity and reliability.)ard document.)

[58] John A. Connor, "Prediction of reliabil-[51] R. E. Moe, "Improved component and ity," Proc. Sixth Natl. Symp. on Relia-

tube specifications," Proc. Sixth Natl. bility and Quality Control, pp. 134-154;Symp. on Reliability and Quality Con- January 11-13, 1960. Also referencetrol, pp. 1-11; January 11-13, 1960. [8].(Summarizes findings of the Ad HocStudy Group on Electronic Parts Speci- [59] G. Ronald Herd, 'Some statistical con-fications Management for Reliability.) cepts and techniques for reliability and

analysis and prediction," Proc. Fifth[52] A. R. Park, "Reliability through ade- Natl. Symp. on Reliability and Quality

quate specification," Proc. Fifth Natl. Control, pp. 126-136; January 12-14,Symp. on Reliability and Quality Con- 1959.trol, pp. 246-250; January 12-14, 1959.

[60] E. R. Jervis, "Reliability prediction[53] J. Spiegel and E. M. Bennett, "Military techniques," Proc. New York University

system reliability: some Department Industry Conf. on Reliability Theory,of the Air Force contributions," IRE pp. 23-38; June 9-11, 1958.TRANS. ON RELIABILITY AND QUAL-ITY CONTROL, vol. RQC-10, pp. 53- [61] A. T. Kneale, "Study of Electronic63; August, 1961. (Summarizes Air Equipment Life Prediction," Motorola,Force specifications and documents Inc., Data Systems Lab., Scottsdale,pertaining to system reliability.) Ariz., AD 256 715; December, 1960.

(Describes a physical- mathematical[54] W. H. Von Alven, "Life test require- model of the failure prediction process

ments in military transistor specifica- based on a MARKOV transition matrix.)tions," Proc. Fifth Natl. Symp. on Re-liability and Quality Control, pp. 15-20; [62] Robert Lusser, "Predicting Reliabil-January 12-14, 1959. ity," Res. and Dev. Div., Ordnance

Missile Labs., Redstone Arsenal,[55] H. L. Wuerffel, "Military specifications Huntsville, Ala., October, 1957.

affecting reliability," Proc. SeventhNatl. Symp. on Reliability and Quality [63] N. E. McAdory and L. E. Williamson,Control, pp. 56-83; January 9-11, 1961. "Reliability Prediction and Assurance(Comprehensive review of many mili- in Naval Weapons Systems," ARINCtary reliability specifications and docu- Research Corporation, Washington,ments.) D. C., Publ. No. 108-1-265; September,

1961. (A proposed military standardfor reliability prediction based on the

B. RELIABILITY PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS results of a three-phase program ispresented.)

B.1 General[64] K. E. Portz and H. R. Smith, "Method

[56] J. C. Bear, "Elements of Reliability for the determination of reliability,"Prediction," ARINC Research Corpo- IRE TRANS. ON RELIABILITY ANDration, Washington, D. C., Monograph QUALITY CONTROL, vol. RQC-11,No. 4; October, 1956. pp. 65-73; August, 1957.

[57] G. T. Bird, "On Reliability Prediction [65] Thomas C. Reeves, "Reliability pre-in Satellite Systems," ARINC Research diction-its validity and application asCorporation, Washington, D. C., Publ. a design tool,"n Proc. 1960 D)esign


Engineering Conf., New York, N. Y., equipment," Third Annual Signal Main-pp. 1-8; May 23-26, 1960. tenance Symposium, Fort Monmouth,

N. J., pp. 14-1 to 14-29; April, 1959.[66] W. B. Rohn, "Reliability predictions (Contains part and component failure

for complex systems," Proc. Fifth rates.)Natl. Symp. on Reliability and QualityControl, pp. 381-395; January 12-14, [73] D. E. Johnston and T. S. Durand, "A1959. Compilation of Component Field-

Reliability Data Useful in Systems[67] Rome Air Dev. Ctr., Symp. on Military Preliminary Design," SECRET, Flight

Electronics-Reliability and Maintain- Control Lab., Wright Air Dev. Div.,ability, vol. II, "Prediction and Analy- WPAFB, Ohio, WADD TR 60-330;sis of Equipment Reliability," RADC March, 1961. (Component failure rateTR 58-139B, AD 148 952; November, data from 49 sources are compiled.1958. Useful tables and a bibliography of ap-

proximately 200 references are in-[68] J. H. Yueh and R. G. Harris, "A meth- cluded.)

od for demonstrating missile reliabilityconcurrently with development," 1958 [74] D. E. Johnston and D. T. McRuer, "AConf. Proc. Second Natl. Convention on Summary of Component Failure RateMilitary Electronics, Washington, and Weighting Function Data and TheirD. C., pp. 13-20; June 16-18, 1958. Use in Systems Preliminary Design,"

Wright Air Dev. Ctr., WPAFB, Ohio,WADC TR-57-668; December, 1957.

B.2 Failure Rate Prediction Methods[75] Radio Corporation of America, "Relia-

[69] H. B. Brown, W. C. Frederick, and H. bility Stress Analysis for ElectronicJ. Kennedy, "Improved Techniques for Equipment," Defense Engrg. Dept.,Design-Stage Reliability Prediction, RCA, Camden, N. J., TR 59-416-1;Progress Report No. 2," vol. I, ARINC January, 1959. (Gives extensive cata-Research Corporation, Washington, strophic failure rate data and stressD. C., Publ. No. 110-1-136; April, 1959. trade-off curves.)(Contains failure rate information,trade-off curves and step-by-step pre- [76] RCA Service Company, "The Predictiondiction procedure.) and Measurement of Air Force Ground

Electronic Equipment Reliability," Fi-[70] D. R. Earles, "Reliability growth pre- nal Engrg. Rept., RADC TN 58-307,

diction during the initial design analy- AD 148 977; August 15, 1958.sis," Proc. Seventh Natl. Symp. onReliability and Quality Control, pp. [77] R. G. Stokes, 'Handbook for the Pre-380-393; January 9-11, 1961. (Exten- diction of Shipboard and Shore Elec-sive set of part failure rate data in- tronic Equipment Reliability," Vitrocluding general stress-trade-off Labs., Silver Spring, Md., Tech. Rept.curves.) 133, NAVSHIPS 93820; April, 1961.

(Several failure rate prediction meth-[71] John M. Farrier, "Designing in the ods, differing in degree of required de-

dark," Proc. Sixth Natl. Symp. on Re- tail, are presented.)liability and Quality Control," pp. 431-437; January 11-13, 1960. (Discusses [78] R. L. Vander Hamm, "Component Partdeficiencies in failure rate informa- Failure Rate Analysis for Prediction oftion.) Equipment Mean Life," Collins Radio

Company, CTR-195; March, 1958. Al-[72] John H. Hershey, "Reliability and so, 1958 IRE CONVENTION RECORD,

maintainability of military electronic pt. 6, pp. 72-76.


B.3 Performance Prediction CONTROL, vol. RQC-10, pp. 15-21;November, 1961.

[79] Harry B. Brown, "The role of specifi-cations in predicting equipment per- [86] A. H. Benner and B. Meredith, "De-formance,' Proc. Second Natl. Symp. signing reliability into electronic cir-on Reliability and Quality Control, pp. cuits," Proc. Electronics Conf., vol.133-148; January 10, 1956. 10, pp. 137-145; 1954.

[80] W. E. Faragher and G. R. Grainger, [87] E. E. Brewer, "Mathematical tools for"Refinements of the Second Statistical reliable design," Proc. RETMA Symp.Method for Determining the Perform- on Reliable Applications of Electronance Variations of Electronic Circuits, Tubes, May, 1956, pp. 77-84.Convair, San Diego, Calif., Rept. No.ZX-7-013, January, 1957. (Describes [88] Fred E. Dreste, "Circuit design con-a method for using moments of the cir- cepts for high reliability," Proc. Sixthcuit variables to predict the moments Natl. Symp. on Reliability and Qualityof the performance function.) Control January 11-13, 1960, pp. 121-

133. Also reference [8].[81] J. Marini, H. Brown, and R. Williams,

"Evaluation and Prediction of Circuit [89] L. Hellerman and M. P. Racite, "Reli-Performance by Statistical Tech- ability techniques for electronic circuitniques," ARINC Research Corporation, design," IRE TRANS. ON RELIABILITYWashington, D. C., Monograph No. 5, AND QUALITY CONTROL, vol. RQC-Publ. No. 113; February, 1958. Also, 14, pp. 9-16; September, 1958.IRE TRANS. ON RELIABILITY ANDQUALITY CONTROL, vol. RQC-9, pp. [90] Sanford A. Meltzer, "Designing for re-40-53; April, 1960. (Describes and il- liability," IRE TRANS. ON RELIABIL-lustrates use of multiple regression ITY AND QUALITY CONTROL, vol.techniques.) RQC-8, pp. 36-43; September, 1956.

[82] Sanford A. Meltzer, "Statistical Analy- [91] R. B. Murphy, "Some statistical tech-sis of Equipment Reliability," RCA, niques in setting and obtaining toler-Camden, N. I., EM-4194; June 20, 1955. ances," Proc. New York University In-

dustry Conf. on Reliability Theory,[83] Joan R. Rosenblatt, "On prediction of June, 1958, pp. 63-90. (Employs ad-

system behavior," Proc. New York vanced statistical and mathematicalUniversity Industry Conf. on Reliability techniques.)Theory, June, 1958, pp. 39-62.

[92] H. N. Taylor, "Designing for Reliabil-[84] Joan R. Rosenblatt, "On prediction of ity,' Mass. Inst. Tech., Lexington,

system performance from information Mass., Tech. Rept. No. 102; December,on component performance," Proc. 1955. (Based on worst-case philoso-Western Joint Computer Conference, phy.)Los Angeles, Calif., February 26-28,1957, pp. 85-94. (Excellent paper on [93] R. T. Williams, "The value of designthe general approach to performance prediction? " Proc. Seventh Natl. Symp.prediction.) on Reliability and Quality Control,

January 9-11, 1961, pp. 375-379. (An-swers arguments against prediction,

B.4 Reliable Design and presents benefits of design stagereliability predictions.)

[85] W. D. Ashcraft and W. Hochwald, "De-sign by worst-case analysis: a sys- B.5 Monte Carlo Methodstematic method to approach specifiedreliability requirements," IRE TRANS. [94] R. L. Boyell and H. R. Smith, "An Ap-ON RELIABILITY AND QUALITY proach to Statistical Reliability of


Linear Networks Prescribing Monte ment policies are investigated, andCarlo Methods," Bendix Radio, Balti- models are presented for balancingmore, Md.; April, 1956. cost of failure against cost of

[95] Harold X. Brown, 'Some aspects of amethod for the prediction of operation- [103] E. Bean and W. H. McGlothlin, "Aal reliability," Proc. Exploratory Model for Assessing the Effect ofConf. on Missile Model Design for Re- Maintenance on Missile Lauch Proba-liability Prediction, Third Meeting, bility," Rand Corporation, Santa Moni-April, 1959, pp. 115-138. ca, Calif., Res. Memo. RM-2451; Sep-

tember, 1959.[96] Kenneth M. Curtin, "A 'Monte Carlo'

Approach to Evaluate Multimoded Sys- [104] C. E. Bradley and E. L. Welker, 'Atem Reliability," Operations Research, Model for Scheduling Maintenance Uti-vol. 7, pp. 721-727; November- lizing Measures of Equipment Per-December, 1959. formance," ARINC Research Corpora-

tion, Washington, D. C., Monograph No.[97] Sidney I. Firstman, "Reliability Esti- 8, Publ. No. 101-21-150; October, 1959.

mating by the Use of Random SamplingSimulation," Rand Corporation, Santa [105] 1. 1. Brown, J. H. Chin, and G. W.Monica, Calif., P-1521; October, 1958. Jacob, "A systematic approach to com-

plex electronic equipment maintenance[98] Nicholas Golovin, 'An approach to a requirements," 1960 IRE WESCON

reliability program, ASQC Convention CONVENTION RECORD, pt. 6, 1960,Trans. 1960, pp. 173-182. (Describes pp. 3-13. (A complex equipment in-general approach for predicting sys- corporating modular packaging is ana-tem reliability through use of a system lyzed.)simulation program.)

[106] A. Drummond and G. T. Harrison,[99] Waldo A. Vezeau, "Some applications "Maintainability Prediction: Theoretical

of Monte Carlo methods to failure pre- Basis and Practical Approach," ARINCdiction," Proc. Sixth Joint Military- Research Corporation, Washington,Industry Guided Missile Reliability D. C., Publ. No. 207-1-275; December,Symp., vol. 2, February, 1960, pp. 22- 1961.31.

[107] K. M. Hall and R. H. McDonald, 'Im-proving system reliability," Proc.

B.6 Maintenance Considerations Seventh Natl. Symp. on Reliability andQuality Control, January 9-11, 1961,

[100] F. L. Ankenbrandt, Ed., "Electronic pp. 214-228. (Models are presentedMaintainability," vol. 3, Engineering for evaluating the reliability of sys-Publishers, Elizabeth, N. J.; 1960. tems with redundancy and monitoring(29 papers delivered at the Third EIA at the subsystem level.)Conference on Maintainability of Elec-tronic Equipment.) [108] S. G. Kneale, "Reliability of parallel

systems with repair and switching,"[101] R. Barlow and L. Hunter, 'Optimum Proc. Seventh Natl. Symp. on Reliabil-

preventive maintenance policies, ity and Quality Control, January 9-11,Operations Research, vol. 8, pp. 90- 1961, pp. 129-133.100; January-February, 1960.

[109] Ralph L. Madison, "Effects of Mainte-[102] R. E. Barlow and F. Proschan, nance on System Reliability," ARINC

'Planned Replacement," Sylvania Elec- Research Corporation, Washington,tronic Defense Labs., Mountain View, ). C., Publ. No. 101-16-144; Septem-Calif., Tech. Memo. No. EDL-M296; ber, 1959.July, 1960. (Three types of replace-

94 IRE TRANSACTIONS ON RELIABILITY AND QUALITY CONTROL July[110] D. F. Morrison, 'The optimum alloca- comprehensive document. Assumes the

cation of spare components in sys- exponential failure law.)tems," Technometrics, vol. 3; August,1961. (Presents equations and charts [117] S. S. Gupta, "Order statistics fromfor allocating a fixed number of spares gamma distribution," Technometrics,between two subsystems to maximize vol. 2, pp. 243-262; May, 1960. (Useseither system reliability or expected advanced statistical methods. Has alife.) section on the application to reliability

parameter estimation.)[111] RCA Service Co., "Maintainability

Measurement and Prediction for Air [118] G. R. Herd, "Estimation of reliabilityForce Ground Electronic Equipment," from incomplete data," Proc. SixthRCA, Camden, N. J., Rome Air Dev. Natl. Symp. on Reliability and QualityCtr. Rept., RADC TN 61-141; June, Control, Washington, D. C., January1961. 11-13, 1960, pp. 202-217. Also refer-

ence [8].[112] W. E. Weissblum, "Probability-

Theoretic Solution of Some Mainte- [119] G. R. Herd, "Estimation of Reliabilitynance Problems," Fourth Signal Main- Functions," ARINC Research Corpora-tenance Symp., 1960, pp. 24-1 to tion, Washington, D. C., Monograph No.24-8. 3; May, 1956.

[113] E. L. Welker, "Relationship between [120] J. H. K. Kao, "A summary of some newEquipment Reliability, Preventive techniques on failure analysis," Proc.Maintenance Policy, and Operating Sixth Natl. Symp. on Reliability andCosts," ARINC Research Corporation, Quality Control, January 11-13, 1960,Washington, D. C., Monograph No. 7, pp. 190-201. (Concerned primarilyPubl. No. 101-9-135; February, 1959. with parameter estimation under the

assumption of a Weibull failure den-sity.)

C. RELIABILITY MEASUREMENT AND TESTING[121] F. C. Leone, Y. H. Rutenberg, and C.

C.1 Reliability Measurement W. Tapp, "Order Statistics and Esti-mators for the Weibull Distribution,

[114] K. G. Clemens, "Reliability Tests for Statistical Lab., Case Inst. Tech.,Devices with Discrete Probability Dis- Cleveland, Ohio, AFOSR Rept. No.tributions," U. S. Naval Ordnance Test TN-60-489, AD 237 042; March, 1960.Station, China Lake, Calif., NAVORDReport 7009 (NOTS TP 2364) AD 233 [122] M. Lipow, "Measurement of Over-All977; November, 1959. (Useful tables Reliability Utilizing Results of Inde-and charts for computing the reliability pendent Subsystems Tests," Spaceindex for binomial and geometric dis- Technology Labs., Los Angeles, Calif.,tributions.) GM-TR-0165-00506, AD 219 502; Octo-

ber, 1958.[115] Salah E. Elmaghraby, "'A Generaliza-

tion in the Calculation of Equipment [123] R. L. Plackett, "The Analysis of LifeReliability," School of Elec. Engrg., Test Data,' Technometrics, vol. 1, pp.Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., Res. 9-20; February, 1959. (Gives methodsRept. EE-314, Tech. Rept. No. 29; No- for estimating ji and a from censoredvember 15, 1956. data assuming a normal density func-

tion.)[116] B. Epstein, "Statistical techniques in

life testing," Ch. Ill, "Problems of Es- [124] Radio Electronics Television Manufac-timation," Wayne State University, turers Association, "A guide for tech-lDetroit, Mich., Tech. Rept. No. 4, nical reporting of electronic systemsAD 211 458; January, 1959. (Very reliability measurements," Proc. Third


Natl. Symp. on Reliability and Quality data analysis under accelerated stressControl, January 14-16, 1957, pp. 1-45. conditions.)Also reference [7]. (Excellent checklist of factors affecting reliability [132] G. Dodson and B. Howard, "High Stressmeasurement.) Aging to Failure of Semiconductor De-

vices," Proc. Seventh Natl. Symp. on[125] S. R. Scott, "Techniques of System Re- Reliability and Quality Control, Janu-

liability Measurement," vol. 1, "Gen- ary 9-11, pp. 262-272. (Presents modeleral Discussion of Methods and Proce- and data results for accelerated testingdures," vol. 2, "Case Studies, ARINC of semiconductor devices.)Research Corporation, Washington,D. C. Publ. No. 101-6-129; December, [133] B. Epstein, "Life test acceptance sam-1958. pling plans when the underlying distri-

bution of life is exponential," Proc.[126] D. W. Sharp, "Data Collection and Sixth Natl. Symp. on Reliability and

Evaluation," Proc. Fifth Natl. Symp. on Quality Control, Washington, D. C.,Reliability and Quality Control, Janu- January 11-13, 1960, pp. 353-360.ary 12-14, 1959, pp. 146-160.

[134] B. Epstein, "Statistical Techniques in[127] R. E. Warr, et. al., "Collection Analy- Life Testing," ch. 2, "Testing of Hy-

sis and Reporting of Reliability Test pothesis," Wayne State University,Data" (2 vols.), General Electric Co., Detroit, Mich., Tech. Rept. No. 3, ADAdvanced Electronics Center, Ithaca, 211 457; October, 1958. (Very compre-N. Y., WADD Tech. Rept. 61-30; Sep- hensive document. Assumes the ex-tember, 1960. (An integrated data col- ponential failure law.)lection and analysis system is devel-oped. A generalized computer program [135] B. Epstein, "Tests for the validity ofis described in detail.) the assumption that the underlying dis-

tribution of life is exponential," pt. I,[128] W. Weibull, "A statistical distribution Technometrics, vol. 2, no. 1, February,

function of wide applicability," J. Appl. 1960; pt. II, Technometrics, vol. 2, no.Mech., vol. 18, pp. 293-297; 1951. 2, AD 215 402; May, 1960.(The pioneering paper on the use of theWeibull distribution as a failure model.) [136] B. Epstein, "The exponential distribu-

tion and its role in life testing," Indus-trial Quality Control, vol. 15, pp. 4-9,

C.2 Reliability Testing AD 158 605; December, 1958.

[129] ARINC Research Corporation, "Ac- [137] B. Epstein and M. Sobel, "Life testing,"ceptance Testing in Military Specifica- J. Am. Stat. Assoc., vol. 48, pp. 486-tion, Elements of Military Electron 502; 1953. (A very well-known paperTube Specifications," Rept. No. 2; July, on the exponential distribution and its1956. (Basic concepts of acceptance use as a failure model in life testing.)testing.)

[138] B. Epstein and M. Sobel, "Sequential[130] J. V. Breakwell, "Optimum Testing for life tests in the exponential case," The

Very High Reliability," North American Annals of Mathematical Statistics, vol.Aviation, Inc., Downey, Calif., Rept. 26, pp. 82-93; March, 1955. (The pi-No. AL 1983, AD 98 004; May, 1956. oneering paper on this subject.)

[131] H. Cary and R. E. Thomas, "Acceler- [139] H. P. Goode and J. H. K. Kao, 'Sampl-ated Testing as a Problem of Model- ing Procedures and Tables for Life anding," Proc. Sixth Natl. Symp. on Relia- Reliability Testing Based on the Weibullbility and Quality Control, January Distribution," Office of the Assistant11-13, 1960, pp. 69-87. (Develops Secretary of Defense (Installations andmathematical criteria for reliability Logistics), Washington, D. C., TR 3;

96 IRE TRANSACTIONS ON RELIABILITY AND QUALITY CONTROL JulySeptember 30, 1961. (Exellent docu- Third Natl. Symp. on Reliability andment for testing when the Weibull dis- Quality Control, January 14-16, 1957,tribution approximates the test data. pp. 159-164. (Summarizes findings andIndexed by mean life. See also AD 243 recommendations of AGREE Task881). Group 3 on acceptance testing.)

[140] S. S. Gupta and P. A. Groll, "Gamma [146] M. H. Saltz, "Reliability test plans,"distribution in acceptance sampling Proc. Seventh Natl. Symp. on Reliabil-based on life tests," J. Am. Stat. ity and Quality Control, January 9-11,Assoc., vol. 56, pp. 942-970; Decem- 1961, pp. 12-23. (Summary of variousber, 1961. (Excellent paper describing reliability test plans, with examples.)many aspects of life testing assuminga gamma distribution. Extensive sets [147] J. F. Thiel and H. J. Kennedy, "Rela-of tables for aid in designing appropri- tionship of Field Reliability to AGREEate acceptance tests based on mean Bench Test Reliability," ARINC Re-life.) search Corporation, Washington, D. C.,

Publ. No. 162-1-220; April, 1961.[141] Rita M. Gustin, "Statistical Theory as

Applied to Reliability Acceptance [148] M. Zelen and M. C. Dannemiller, "TheTests," Wright Air Dev. Ctr., WPAFB, robustness of life testing proceduresOhio, WADC Tech. Rept. 58-482, AD derived from the exponential distribu-155 877; December, 1958. (Excellent tion," Technometrics, vol. 3, pp. 29-50;report.) February, 1961. (Discusses the conse-

quences of testing under the exponenti-[142] R. H. Myers, "Reliability Testing Sam- al assumption when, in fact, failure

pling Procedures and Tables Based on times follow the Weibull distribution.)Acceptable Reliability Levels," HughesAircraft Co., Culver City, Calif., R-56-5A; October, 1956. (Sampling plans, D. REDUNDANCYderived along lines similar to MIL-STD-105, for reliability testing are [149] H. S. Balaban, "Some effects of redun-provided.) dancy on system reliability," Proc.

Sixth Natl. Symp. on Reliability and[143] Office of the Assistant Secretary of Quality Control, January 11-13, 1960,

Defense (Supply and Logistics), "Hand- pp. 388-402. Also, reference [8].book (Interim) H-108, Sampling Pro- (Gives basic methods for predictingcedures and Tables for Life and Re- and evaluating the reliability of sys-liability Testing," April, 1960. tems with redundant elements.)(Excellent set of procedures and tablesfor designing and evaluating life tests [150] R. E. Barlow and L. C. Hunter, "Cri-based on the exponential distribution. teria for determining optimum redun-Report available from Superintendent dancy,' IRE TRANS. ON RELIABILITYof Documents, U. S. Government Print- AND QUALITY CONTROL, vol. RCQ-9,ingOffice, Washington, D. C., 50 pp. 73-76; April, 1960. (Formulas andcents.) tables are presented for maximizing

reliability and mean life when open-[144] A. Pettinato and R. McLaughlin, "Ac- circuit and short-circuit failures of

celerated reliability testing," Proc. redundant elements are possible.)Seventh Natl. Symp. on Reliability andQuality Control, January 9-11, 1961, [151] W. G. Brown, J. Tierney, and R. Was-pp. 241-252. (Presents results of ac- serman, "Improvement of Electroniccelerated tests on communication Computer Reliability Through Redun-equipments.) dancy," Hermes Electric Co., Cam-

bridge, Mass., Publ. No. M-828, AD[145] W. T. Sumerlin, "Quantitative reliabil- 236 453; April, 1960. (Discusses

ity acceptance testing (AGREE) ," Proc.


"majority" type redundant desings in redundancy. Switching failures aredigital computers.) considered.)

[152] T. L. Burnett, "Evaluation of reliability [159] R. Gordon, "Optimum component re-for parallel redundant systems," Proc. dundancy for maximum system relia-Third Natl. Symp. on Reliability and bility," Operations Research, vol. 5,Quality Control, January 14-16, 1957, pp. 229-244; April, 1957.pp. 92-105. (Contains charts showingoptimum redundancy levels for various [160] E. F. Moore and C. E. Shannon, 'Reli-configurations with emphasis on switch- able circuits using less reliable re-ing.) lays," I. Franklin Inst., pt. I, pp. 191-

208, September, 1956; pt. II, pp.[153] M. Cohn, "Redundancy in complex com- 281-297, October, 1956.

puters," Proc. Natl. Conf. on Aeronau-tical Electronics; May, 1956. (Pri- [161] D. F. Morrison and H. A. David, "Themarily concerned with voting or life distribution and reliability of amajority rule redundancy.) system with spare components," The

Annals of Mathematical Statistics, vol.[154] C. I. Creveling, "Increasing the relia- 31, pp. 1084-1094; December, 1960.

bility of electronic equipment by theuse of redundant circuits," PROC. IRE, [162] Fred Moskowitz, "The Nature and Be-vol. 44, pp. 509-515; April, 1956. havior of Redundancy Networks and

Functions," Rome Air Dev. Ctr., Rome,[155] L. Depian and N. Grisamore, "Reliabil- N. Y., RADCTR-60-4, AD 237 916;

ity Using Redundancy Concepts," May, 1960. (A very comprehensiveGeorge Washington University, Wash- document on the probabilistic charac-ington, D. C., Tech. Rept. 41906, AD teristics of redundancy networks and210 692; February, 1959. Also, IRE functions.)TRANS. ON RELIABILITY AND QUAL-ITY CONTROL, vol. RQC-9, pp. 53-61; [163] R. H. Myers, "Which kind of redundan-April, 1960. (Compares the majority cy?", Product Engineering, vol. 32, pp.logic method with a proposed averaging 43-45; August 21, 1961.method for digital computer redundan-cy.) [164] H. W. Price, "Reliability of parallel

electronic components," IRE TRANS.[156] B. Epstein and J. Hosford, "Reliability ON RELIABILITY AND QUALITY CON-

of some two unit systems," Proc. Sixth TROL, vol. RQC-9, pp. 35-39; April,Natl. Symp. on Reliability and Quality 1960. (Equations and nomographs pre-Control, January 11-13, 1960, pp. 469- sented for optimizing the number of488. (Discusses redundancy with re- parallel components when open- andpairable units.) short-circuit failures are possible.)

[157] Samuel E. Estes, "Methods of Deter- [165] Donald E. Rosenheim, "Analysis of re-mining Effects of Component Redundan- liability improvement through redun-cy on Reliability," Servomechnisms dancy," Proc. New York Industry Con-Lab., Mass. Inst. Tech., Cambridge, ference on Reliability Theory, pp.Mass., Rept. 7849-R-3, AD 205 965; 119-142; Tune, 1958. (Good referenceAugust, 1958. for predicting the mean life of redun-

dant systems.)[158] Betty I. Flehinger, "Reliability im-

provement through redundancy at vari- [166] G. H. Weiss and M. M. Kleinerman,ous levels," IBM J. Res. and Dev., vol. "The reliability of sequentially oper-2; April, 1958. Also, 1958 IRE NA- ated networks," 1961 IRE NATIONALTIONAL CONVENTION RECORD, pt. 6, CONVENTION RECORD, pt. 6, pp. 222-pp. 137-151. (Concerned primarily 229. (Describes use of Markov proc-with determining the optimum level of esses to calculate over-all reliability


based on switching rules and component Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Homewood, Ill.;reliabilities.) 1959.

E. STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY [175] E. Eisenhart, M. W. Hastay, and W. A.Wallis, "Selected Techniques of Statis-tical Analysis," McGraw-Hill Book Co.,

E.1 Statistics Inc., New York, N. Y.; 1947. (Containsmany useful techniques that can be ap-

[167] A. H. Bowker and G. J. Lieberman, plied to reliability and quality control"Engineering Statistics," Prentice- problems.)Hall, Inc., New York, N. Y.; 1959.

[176] E. L. Grant, "Statistical Quality Con-[168] James V. Bradley, "Distribution-Free trol," 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co.,

Statistical Tests," Belhavioral Sciences Inc., New York, N. Y.; 1952.Lab., Aerospace Medical Div., WrightAir Dev. Div., WPAFB, Ohio, WADD [177] A. Hald, "Statistical Theory with Engi-TR 60-661, AD 249 268; August, 1960. neering Applications," J. Wiley and(A large number of distribution-free Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y.; 1952.statistical tests are examined, with ex-tensive bibliographies for each type of [178] P. A. Hoel, "Introduction to Mathemat-test. Excellent reference document on ical Statistics," 2nd ed., John Wiley andthis subject.) Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y.; 1954.

[169] K. A. Brownlee, "The principles of ex- [179] James L. Jenkins, "Basic statistics forperimental design," Industrial Quality the design engineer," Electrical Manu-Control, vol. XIII, pp. 12-20; February, facturing, pp. 105-124; May, 1958.1957. (Very good summary paper onexperimental design.) [180] M. J. Juran, "Quality Control Hand-

book," McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,[170] R. S. Burington and D. C. May, Jr., New York, N. Y.; 1952. (Written pri-

"Handbook of Probability and Statistics marily from the management view-With Tables," Handbook Publishers, point.)Inc., Sandusky, Ohio; 1953.

[181] M. G. Kendall, "The Advanced Theory[171] H. Cramer, 'Mathematical Methods of of Statistics," Griffin, London, England,

Statistics," Princeton University Press, vol. 1 (revised), 1958; vol 2, 5th ed.;Princeton, N. J.; 1946 (advanced text). 1952.

[172] E. L. Crow, F. A. Davis, and M. W. [182] A. M. Mood, "Introduction to the TheoryMaxfield, "Statistics Manual," U. S. of Statistics," McGraw-Hill Book Co.,Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Inc., New York, N. Y.; 1950. (ExcellentLake, Calif., NAVORD Report 3369, introductory text to mathematical sta-NOTS 948; 1955. Also, Dover Publica- tistics.)tions, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1960.(Excellent handbook type text on ap- [183] A. M. Mood, "On determining sampleplied statistics. Many useful tables sizes in designing experiments," J.and graphs.) Am. Stat. Assoc., vol. 43, pp. 391-402;

1948.[173] Dixon and Massey, "cIntroduction to

Statistical Analysis," 2nd ed., McGraw- [184] Statistical Research Group, ColumbiaHill Book Co., Inc., New York, N. Y.; University, "Sampling Inspection,"1957. (Excellent modern introductory Columbia University Press, New York,text.) N. Y.; 1948. (A first-rate manual with

many tables and graphs describing[174] Acheson J. Duncan, "Quality Control characteristics of single, double, and

and Industrial Statistics,"X 2nd ed., multiple sampling plans.)


[185] Abraham Wald, "Sequential Analysis,' [195] Harvard University Press, "Tables ofJohn Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, the Cumulative Binomial ProbabilityN. Y.; 1947. (The pioneering book on Distribution," by Staff of the Computa-this subject.) tion Laboratory, Annals 35; 1955.

(Values of p from 0.01 to 0.50 and 'nE.2 Probability from 1 to 1000 in varying increments.)

[186] H. Cramer, 'The Elements of Proba- [196] E. C. Molina, "Poisson's Exponentialbility Theory and Some of its Applica- Binomial Limit, Table I-Individualtions John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New Terms, Table II-Cumulated Terms,"York, N. Y.; 1955. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York, N. Y.;

1947.[187] W. F. Feller, "An Introduction to Prob-

ility Theory and Its Applications," 2nd [197] National Bureau of Standards, U. S. De-ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New partment of Commerce, Washington,York, N. Y.; 1957. (Well-known work D. C., "Tables of the Binomial Proba-on probability. Deals only with the dis- bility Distribution," Applied Mathemat-crete case.) ics Series 6; January, 1960. (Values of

p from 0.01 to 0.05 and n from 2 to 49[188] Thornton C. Fry, "Probability and Its for individual terms and partial sums.)

Engineering Uses," McGraw-Hill BookCo., Inc., New York, N. Y.; 1928. [198] National Bureau of Standards, U. S. De-

partment of Commerce, Washington,[189] Samuel Goldberg, "Probability: An In- D. C., "Tables of the Exponential Func-

troduction," Prentice-Hall, Inc., New tion eX," Applied Mathematics SeriesYork, N. Y.; 1960. 14; June, 1951. (A most extensive set.

Also includes e-X.)[190] F. Mosteller, R. Rourke, and G. B.

Thomas, Jr., "Probability with Statis- [199] National Bureau of Standards, U. S. De-tical Applications," Addison-Wesley partment of Commerce, Washington,Publishing Co., Reading, Mass.; 1961. D. C., "Table of Normal Probability

Functions," Applied Mathematics Se-[191] Emanuel Parzen, "Modern Probability ries 23; 1952. (A very extensive set of

Theory and Its Applications," John tables of the cumulative standard nor-Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y.; mal density.)1960.

[200] D. B. Owen, "Handbook of Statistical[192] L. S. Schwartz and A. M. Hilton, Tables," Addison-Wesley Publishing

"Probability, Statistics, and the Theory Co., Reading, Mass.; 1962. (Approxi-of Games," Electro-Technology (form- mately 100 tables are included.)erly Electrical Manufacturing), pp.101-124; March, 1961. (Very good pre- [201] E. S. Pearson and H. 0. Hartley, "Bio-sentation of fundamental principles.) metrika Tables for Statisticians," vol.

1, Cambridge University Press, Cam-E.3 Mathematical and Statistical Tables bridge, England; 1954. (54 tables with

detailed explanations of their deriva-[193] Arkin and Colton, "Tables for Statisti- tion and use.)

cians," College Outline Series, Barnesand Noble, Inc., New York, N. Y.; 1950. [202] W. H. Robertson, "Tables of the Bi-(25 different tables with explanations nomial Distribution for Small Values ofon their use.) p," Sandia Corp., Albuquerque, N. M.,

SCR-143, AD 233 801; January, 1960.[194] A. Hald, xStatistical Tables and For- (Values of p from 0.001 to 0.05 for cu-

mulas," John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New mulative distribution in varying incre-York, N. Y.; 1952. (19 tables with ex- ments of sample size from 2 to 1000.planations on their use.) Available from Office of Technical


Services, U. S. Department of Com- mately 620 references classified intomerce, Washington, D. C., $3.50.) nine groups. Excellent bibliography for

statistical theory and methods applica-[203] R. Ryswick and G. Weiss, "Tables of ble to reliability studies.)

Incomplete Gamma Function of IntegralOrder," U. S. Naval Ordnance Labora- [209] Chester G. Moore, Jr., "A summary oftory, White Oak, Md., Navweps Rept. reliability literature," Proc. Third7292; November, 1960. (Tables of the Natl. Symp. on Reliability and Quality

n Control, January 14-16, 1957, pp. 291-function E [xr exp (-x)]/r! for n 296. (1176 references-author and pub-

r=0 lication only, no title-with a subject=0 to 20, and x = 0 to 50 in varying in- index and discussion of some refer-crements.) ences. Many of the references are not

very closely related to reliability, perse.)

F. RELIABILITY BIBLIOGRAPHIES[210] Office of the Assistant Secretary of De-

[204] Armed Services Technical Information fense, "Bibliography of Selected PapersAgency (ASTIA), "Maintenance and on Electron Tube Reliability with Ab-Maintainability," Arlington Hall Station, stracts," Electron Tube Group, Res.Arlington, Va., AD 247 300; November, Div., College of Engineering, New York1960. (Bibliography of documents University. Covers period from Sanu-available from ASTIA dating from 1953. ary 1, 1952 to July 1, 1954.401 references are included.)

[211] Office of Technical Services, U. S. De-[205] Armed Services Technical Information partment of Commerce, Washington,

Agency (ASTIA), "Technical Abstract D. C. "OTS Selective Bibliography, Re-Bulletin," Arlington Hall Station, Ar- liability and Quality Control" (1950-lington, Va. (Monthly bulletins are is- 1960). Price $0.10. (125 references;sued. Excellent source, with abstracts, no abstracts.)for technical references on reliabilityand related topics. Free reprints of [212] Proc. Sixth Natl. Symp. on Reliabilitymost documents are available to quali- and Quality Contro., January 11-13,fied persons.) 1960. (Index by author and title of the

179 papers presented at the first five[206] W. E. Jorgensen, I. G. Carlson, and C. symposiums and published in PROC.

G. Gross, "NEL Reliability Bibliog- IRE or IRE TRANS. ON RELIABILITYraphy," U. S. Navy Electronics Lab., AND QUALITY CONTROL.)San Diego, Calif.; May, 1956. (Has 10subject groups. All references have [213] Research Triangle Institute, Durham,abstracts. Periodic supplements used N. C., "Reliability Abstracts and Tech-to keep bibliography up to date.) nical Reviews." (Current contract with

Office of Reliability and Systems Anal-[207] William F. Luebbert, "Literature Guide ysis, National Aeronautics and Space

on Failure Control and Reliability," Administration Washington, D. C. De-Tech. Rept. No. 13, Stanford University, tailed information provided on techni-Calif.; December, 1956. (Contains 756 cal literature reviewed.)references, about 600 of which are ab-stracted. Has a subject guide with [214] Science and Technology Section, Aircross references. Uses special IBM Information Division, "Selectedcard format, if user desires to set up Bibliography-Reliability Engineering,an edge-punched card system.) Quality Assurance and Control," Li-

brary of Congress, Washington, D. C.,[208] W. Mendenhall, "A bibliography of life AID Rept. 61-71; May, 1961. (Survey

testing and related topics," Biometrika, of Russian literature from 1955 toNo. 45, pp. 521-543; 1958. (Approxi- 1961; 42 sources.)


[215] D. S. Stoller, "Rand Publications on [227] IRE TRANSACTIONS (Transactions ofReliability," Rand Corporation, Santa all professional groups of Institute ofMonica, Calif., Rand Res. Memo., RM- Radio Engineers, especially the Pro-2613; 1960. fessional Group on Reliability and

Quality Control)[216] Tabor Vincze, "Reliability, A Subject

Bibliography," Institute of Technology, [228] Journal of American Statistical Associ-Air University, Wright-Patterson Air ationForce Base, Ohio, Tech. Rept. 61-1;February, 1961. (Approximately 300 [229] Journal of the Royal Statistical Societyreferences.)

[230] Lubrication Engineering (American So-[217] Donald Ylvisaker, "Bibliography for ciety of Lubrication Engineers)

Probabilistic Models Related to GuidedMissile Reliability," Proc. Exploratory [231] Operations Research (Operations Re-Conference on Missile Range Model search Society of America)Design for Reliability Prediction, Sec-ond Meeting, White Sands, New Mex.; [232] Ordnance (American Ordnance Society)October, 1958. (84 references.)

[233] Phillips Techical Review (Phillips Re-search Laboratories)

G. PERIODICALS[234] RCA Review (Radio Corporation of

G.1 Journals of Technical Societies, Industries, America)and Agencies

[235] SAE Journal (Society of Automotive En-[218] Annals of Mathematical Statistics (In- gineers)

stitute of Mathematical Statistics,Michigan State University) [236] Signal (Armed Forces Communication

and Electronics Association)[219] Applied Statistics (Royal Statistical

Society) [237] Sylvania Technologist (Sylvania Elec-tric Co.)

[220] Bell System Technical Journal (BellTelephone Laboratories) [238] Technometrics (American Statistical

Association and A.S.Q. C.)[221] Biometrika (University College, Lon-

don) [239] Wear (Elsevier Publishing Co., Am-sterdam, Holland)

[222] Bureau of Ships Technical Journal(Bureau of Ships, Navy Department)

G.2 Technical Magazines[223] Electrical Engineering (American So-

ciety of Electrical Engineers) [240] Aerospace Management (Chilton Co.)

[224] G T and E Research and Development [241] Automatic Control (Reinhold Publish-Journal (General Telephone and Elec- ing Co.)tronics Corp.)

[242] Aviation Week (McGraw-Hill Book Co.,[225] IBM Journal of Research and Develop- Inc.)

ment (International Business MachinesCorp.) [243] Control Engineering (McGraw-Hill

Book Co., Inc.)[226] Industrial Quality Control (American

Society for Quality Control, Milwaukee, [244] Electromechanical lDesign (BenwillWisc.) Publishing Corp.)


[245] Electronic Design (Hayden Publishing Defense, Research and Engineering (ProceedingsCo.) published).

Annual Meeting-American Statistical Association

ton Publishing Co.) (ASA). (Papers summarized in the first J.A.S.A.issue published after the meeting. Regional meet-

[247] Electronic Industries (Chilton Publish- ings are also held.)ing Co.) Design Engineering Conference-Sponsored by

ASME (Proceedings published).[248] Electronics (McGraw-Hill Book Co., Electronic Components Conference-Sponsored by

Inc.) American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE),_249__Electro_Technology (Conover-Mast

Electronic Industries Association (E.I.A.), Insti-

Publications) tute of Radio Engineers (IRE), West Coast Elec-tronic Manufacturers Association (Proceedings

[250] GSE Ground Support Engineering (Shef- published).field Publishing Co.) IRE International Convention-Sponsored by IRE

Professional Groups (Proceedings published).[251] Machine Design (Penton Publishing Co.) IRE Professional Groups-Various meetings and

[252] Materials in Design Engineering (Rein- conventions.hold Publishing Co.) IRE Wescon Convention-Sponsored by IRE Profes-

fessional Groups (Proceedings published).[253] Military Systems Design (Instruments Joint Military-Industry Symposium on Guided Mis-

Publishing Co.) sile Reliability-Sponsored by Department of De-

[254] Missiles and Rockets (American Avia- fense (Proceedings published).tion Publications) National Convention on Aeronautical Electronics-

Sponsored by the IRE Professional Group on Aero-[255] Missile Design and Development nautical and Navigational Electronics (Proceedings

(Remson-Whitney Publishing Corp.) published).National Convention-American Society for Quality

BookCo.d Inc.) Control (Proceedings published. Regional meet-Boo C.,Inc.)ings also held.).

[257] Solid State Design (Horizon House, Inc.) National Conference on Electron Devices-Spon-sored by the IRE Professional Group on Electron

[258] Solid State Products (Cowan Publishing Devices.Corp.) National Convention on Military Electronics-

259Space/Aeronautics (Space/Aeronautics Sponsored by the IRE Professional Group on Mili-[259]________________ (Space/Aeronautics,tary Electronics (Proceedings published).Inc.)

National Meeting of the Operations Research Soci-[260] Test Engineering (Mattingley Publish- ety of America (Abstracts published).

ing Co.) National Symposium on Reliability and QualityControl-Sponsored by AIEE, ASQC, ETA, IRE

H. CONVENTIONS AND SYMPOSIA (Proceedings published).Signal Maintenance Symposium-Sponsored by

Aircraft and Missiles Division Conference-Spon- U. S. Army Signal Corps (Proceedings published).sored by American Society for Quality Control Society of Testing Material Convention (Proceed-(ASQC) (Proceedings published). ings published).

Annual Meeting-American Society of MechanicalEngieers(ASE) (rocedins pulishd).Army Chemical Center, Maryland (Proceedings

Annual Conference-Advisory Group on Electron published).Tubes (A.G.E.T.) Sponsored by Department of


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