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A process by which a cell, called the parent cell, divides into two or more cells, called daughter cells.

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) genetic material in cells contain info that determines traits that living things inherits found in nucleus of cell DNA wraps around protein to form a complex material called chromatin before cell division DNA is duplicated

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Chromatin- organized into specific lengths called chromosomes Chromosomes threadlike structure that condense in early stages of cell division a duplicated chromosome consists of 2 identical structure called chromatids held together by a centromere

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Part of cell cycle during which nucleus divides In eukaryotic (nucleus and multicellular) cells undergo mitosis Prokaryotes (no nucleus and unicellular) do not undergo mitosis

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Results in two nuclei identical to original nucleus At end cell has 2 identical sets of chromosomes in two separate nuclei Makes body cells

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A parent produces sex cells have half of genetic information that body cells have when genetic info combines from two parents offspring has full set of genetic info (same # of chromosomes as parents)

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each chromosome found in pairs are identical to the other in size and structure (carry genes for same trait) only one pair differs - sex chromosomes X or Y

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Diploid - two sets of chromosomes (2n), in humans 23 pairs or 46 total Haploid - one set of chromosomes (n) - gametes or sex cells, in humans 23 chromosomes

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What is Meiosis? A type of cell division that produces haploid sex cells When an egg cell is fertilized by sperm cell a new diploid cell is formed which may develop into offspring

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Meiosis Mitosis

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The difference between mitosis and meiosis is that mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and meiosis produces four genetically different daughter cells

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Parent cell Diploid (2n) Daughter cell Diploid (2n) Daughter cell Diploid (2n) Parent cell Diploid (2n) 1 st division Diploid (2n) 2 nd division Daughter cell Haploid (n) 2 nd division Daughter cell Haploid (n) 1 st division Diploid (2n) 2 nd division Daughter cell Haploid (n) 2 nd division Daughter cell Haploid (n)MitosisMeiosis

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The cells created from mitosis are diploid or 2n. The cells created from mitosis are diploid or 2n. The cells created from meiosis are haploid or n. The cells created from meiosis are haploid or n.

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Mitosis occurs in normal body cells (i.e. skin cells), and meiosis occurs in sex cells (i.e. sperm and egg) only.

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To replace other cells that have been damaged or worn out To replace other cells that have been damaged or worn out To allow multicellular organisms to grow To allow multicellular organisms to grow For asexual reproduction For asexual reproduction Because the cells get too big! Because the cells get too big!

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Meiosis results in four cells with half the number of chromosomes so that when the sex cells (sperm and egg) combine, the original or normal number of chromosomes will be restored.

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Fill in the Venn diagram with your table mates.

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Both are forms of nuclear division Both involve replication Both involve disappearance of the nucleus, and nucleolus, nuclear membrane

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Meiosis produces daughter cells that have 1/2 the number of chromosomes as the parent. Go from 2n to 1n. Daughter cells produced by meiosis are not genetically identical to one another. In meiosis cell division takes place twice but replication occurs only once.

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A biological process by which new individual organisms are produced. Fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction.

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One organism produces one or more new organisms that are genetically identical to self. The organism that produces the new organism are called a parent. Each new organism is called an offspring May differ if genetic mutation happens.

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Binary fission is the form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes Parent organism splits in two, producing 2 new cells ( ex- bacteria) Budding is when an organism develops tiny buds on its body Grows until new organism formed Result of mitosis (ex- single-celled yeasts and multicellular hydras)

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A spore is a specialized cell that can survive harsh conditions Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes can form spores ( ex- fungus) New plants may grow from stems, roots, and leaves called vegetative reproduction Runners- aboveground stems Tubers- underground stems ex- potato Plantlets- tiny plants that grow along plant's leaves

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Sexual reproduction requires two parents that each combine a sex cell to produce a genetically unique organism. Half the genes come from each parent Offspring not identical to parent Combination of traits from each parent

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Need one parent to be male (y) sex cell sperm cells Need one parent to be female (x) sex cell egg cells Sex cells have only half of genetic material found in body cells Sperm and egg join together in process called fertilization to form a zygote Cell has full set of genetic material and new organism develops Zygote divides by mitosis to form all of the offsprings cells

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Can replicate quickly Identical to parent favorable traits are passed on Dont need partner to reproduce All offspring are able to produce offspring

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Offspring are genetic clones. Very little genetic variation may cause extinction to occur. A negative mutation can make organisms susceptible to disease. Unfavorable conditions, such as extreme temperatures can wipe out entire colonies. Some methods of asexual reproduction produce offspring that are close together and compete for food and space.

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Increases genetic variation Offspring have different traits improves chances that at least some offspring will survive true if environment changes Not identical to parents may produce new trait to survive better

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Finding a reproductive partner and producing gametes demands a lot of time and energy Slower reproduction rate many organisms never become parents Genetic results are unpredictable genetic errors happen more frequently because meiosis is complex diploid organisms have more chromosomes to double

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Some organisms use both For ex- In favorable conditions- plants and fungi reproduce asexually If environment changes- switch to sexual reproduction to increase survival