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A POLITENESS STRATEGY ANALYSIS
ON THE MAIN CHARACTERS’ DIALOGUES OF THE MOVIE
PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN: DEAD MAN’S CHEST
A Thesis Submitted to Faculty of Letters and Humanities
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One
MUHAMMAD IHSAN FAUZI
105026000984
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2010
APPROVEMENT
A POLITENESS STRATEGY ANALYSIS
ON THE MAIN CHARACTERS’ DIALOGUES OF THE MOVIE
PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN: DEAD MAN’S CHEST
A Thesis Submitted to Faculty of Letters and Humanities
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One
Muhammad Ihsan Fauzi
105026000984
Approved by
Advisor
Drs. H. Abdul Hamid, M.Ed.
NIP. 150 181 922
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2010
i
ABSTRACT
This thesis discusses the choice of politeness strategies used by three main
characters in the dialogue of movie Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest.
The writer makes Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory including the face
threatening act concept and politeness strategy as his main framework in processing
the thesis. The data is taken from its filmscript by noting, separating, and classifying
the utterances into appropriate strategies. Then the writer elaborates them about
how influenced social relationship, relative power, and ranking of the imposition in
the dialogues.
ii
APPROVEMENT
iii
LEGALIZATION
A thesis entitled ‘A Politeness Strategy Analysis on the Main Characters’ Dialogues
of the Movie Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest’ has been defended before
the Letters and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on March 5th 2010.
The thesis has been accepted as a partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
degree of strata one in English Letters Department.
Jakarta, March 5th 2010
iv
DECLARATION
This thesis in its entirety is the result of the writer own work, and includes nothing
which is the outcome of work done in collaboration. It contains no material published
or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been
accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other or
institutes or higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in
the text.
Jakarta, March 5th 2010
Muhammad Ihsan Fauzi
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
The writer is grateful to Allah, the Lord and Cherisher, for guiding him to
conceptualise, develop and complete this thesis. Indeed, without His Help and Will,
nothing is accomplished. Praise and peace be upon the prophet Muhammad SAW
and all his friends and followers.
The writer’s thinking about the issues analyzed in this thesis has been guided by
his supervisor Drs. H. Abdul Hamid, M.Ed. The writer is indebted to him for his
insightful and detailed comments, which prompted the writer to think twice more than
once. His suggestions also helped him clarify and, hopefully, better articulate the
writer’s ideas.
He would also like to express his appreciation to the Dean of Letters and
Humanities Faculty, Dr. Abdul Chair, MA., to the Head of English Letters
Department, Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd., and also to the Secretary of English
Letters Department, Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd. for their support and help towards
the writer’s thesis. His acknowledgement also goes to all the lecturers and office
staffs of English Letters Department and all librarians of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah and
UNIKA Atmajaya for their cooperations.
Thanks are also due to all his friends especially Abdul Rohim ans Jurjani for
bringing so much information. The writer’s special gratitude is due to his brothers
Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Haikal, Muhammad Rijalludin Hakim, Muhammad
vi
Hilal Fathurrahman, and his sister Ira Nadya Octavira. Without their encouragement
and understanding it would have been impossible for him to finish this work.
In particular, the writer would like to thank to his beloved wife Uzumaki Kushina
‘Ma’, and his two little fairies Temari ‘Hilda’ and Tenten ‘Sophie’ for their unfailing
support and high spirits.
Unfortunately for a writer working on politeness, words are sometimes not strong
enough. So, let this work stand in acknowledgement of the love and encouragement
of my parents, Dr. H.D. Silahuddin, MA. and E. Maemunah, SE. for supporting me
through the highs and the lows.
Jakarta, February 2010
The writer
1
SYNOPSIS OF THE THESIS ENTITLED
A POILTENESS STRATEGY ANALYSIS
ON THE MAIN CHARACTERS’ DIALOGUES
OF THE MOVIE PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN: DEAD MAN’S CHEST
By Muhammad Ihsan Fauzi / 105026000984
A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
As a means of communication and a part of culture, language has an
important role in human's life. Therefore, it reflects speaker’s behavior. That is
also why language is able to build human relationships. But every speech which
is spoken by speakers or hearers is not exactly alike. Those differences,
generally, are influenced by education, age, personality, sex and setting. These
factors are sometimes affected how close the relationship or the interaction
between speaker and hearer is. The personality, for instance, as a matter of fact
that describes our character being related with the emotional states. Or
sometimes we are conditioned by setting either formal or informal so we should
decide how to behave in order to appropriate with its situation.
Of course, the differences above influence people in using language
whether it is regarded as polite language or not. Hornby stated that politeness
itself is defined as hearing or showing the possession of good manners and
consideration.1 It means that politeness in conversation is absolutely important to
be able to establish one’s relationship with others. It should be realized by
everyone in forming good conversation because the use of language can reflect
the behavior or the attitude.
1 Hornby, AS. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Sixth Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000.
2
That is the reason why the writer chooses this topic as his research.
Because politeness is a pragmatic matter, it is the main essential factor how to
maintain the relationship well through language.
Politeness is a field of applied linguistics and pragmatics because
politeness is one of main functional units in communication and any socio-cultural
contexts which is its use is essential for various reasons. By using both the rules
of speaking and the values of society, they assist someone in developing socio-
culturally acceptable and grammatically appropriate communication.
Furthermore, an in-depth look at studying politeness will help not only someone
to understand more the important how to communicate well, yet usually disclose
aspects of communication that are occasionally different from language structure,
but also provide clues for improved cross-cultural communication.2
Politeness is best expressed as the practical application of good manners
or etiquette in any circumstances of conversation. Moreover, speech behavior is
mirror image of community norms and attitudes. Therefore it is a culturally
defined phenomenon, and what is considered polite in one culture can often be
quite rude or simply strange in another. It is because many languages have
specific means to show politeness, deference, respect, or recognition of the
social status of the speaker and the hearer.
For instance, German subjects tend to interact in ways that are more
direct, explicit and verbose, more self-referenced and content-oriented than
English.3 In Japanese which is perhaps the most widely known example of a
language that encodes politeness at its very core. Many complications aside,
Japanese has two main levels of politeness, one for intimate acquaintances, 2 Dogancay-Aktuna, Seran and Sibel Kamisli. Discourse of Power and Politeness through the Act of Disagreement. Chicago: Annual Meeting. 1996. 3 Hickey, Leo and Miranda Stewart. Politeness in Europe. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd. 2005.
3
family and friends, and other for the rest of the people, and verb morphology
reflects these levels. Besides that, some verbs have special hyper-polite
additional forms. This happens also with some nouns and interrogative pronouns.
Japanese also employs different personal pronouns for each person according to
gender, age, rank, degree of acquaintance, and other cultural factors.
Brown and Levinson proposed a theory that is widely recognized and
remains relevant as universal theory of politeness. It means they considered that
every society has same sort of norms for the appropriate behavior, though these
norms are varied. Brown and Levinson introduce five main politeness strategies
(1) Bald on Record, (2) Positive Politeness, (3) Negative Politeness, (4) Off
Record, and (5) Don’t Do the FTA. They are chosen depending on how risky the
hearer’s face in conversation is. These strategies are important to act speech
politely. 4
Shortly, the goal of politeness is to make both speaker and hearer relaxed
and comfortable with one another, and to avoid disagreement of conversation in
order to keep social relationship well. These essentials have inspired the writer to
write the thesis which is concerned with politeness as a theoretical concept within
pragmatics and with application of the theoretical model proposed by Brown and
Levinson with a movie as object of research entitled ‘Pirates of the Caribbean:
Dead Man’s Chest’ . So, the topic of this study is the analysis of politeness
strategies on the movie of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest.
4 Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson. Politeness: Some Universal in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987
4
B. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research applies qualitative methodology. It does not use any
statistical procedure. Therefore, the writer tries to describe and analyze
politeness strategies used by three main characters in the movie.
To analyze politeness strategies, the writer uses a movie Pirates of the
Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest as its unit of analysis, including its screenplay
which is written by Tedd Elliot and Terry Rossio.
The instrument of this research is the writer himself by watching the movie
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest and reading the film script.
The data will be analyzed through descriptive analysis technique. In this
technique, the writer notes, separates and classifies utterances in the film’s
dialogues into appropriate politeness strategies. Then they will be analyzed and
described by using Brown and Levinson’s theory particularly Face Threatening
Acts (FTAs) and politeness strategies.
C. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory which is used as writer’s
theoretical framework consists of two parts. The first part is their fundamental
theory concerning the nature of politeness and how it functions in interaction. The
second part is their face theory which contains three basic notions: face, face
threatening acts (FTAs) and politeness strategies with examples from three
languages: English, Tzeltal, and Tamil.
5
a. Face Threatening Acts (FTAs)
Face is defined as an individual's self esteem. It has two aspects, namely
negative and positive face. Negative face is 'the desire to be unimpeded in one's
actions' and positive face is 'the desire (in some respects) to be approved of'.5
When we interact with others in society, it is necessary to keep one's own face or
to avoid threatening another's face. In order to avoid these face-threatening acts
(abbreviated as FTA's), we try to employ politeness strategies in our interactions.
Brown and Levinson classify different kinds of such politeness strategies used
according to the ways we react to FTA's. They also point out that the
determinants of the kinds of politeness strategies used are the following three
sociological factors: the relative power of the hearer over the speaker, the social
distance between the speaker and the hearer, and the ranking of the imposition
in doing the face-threatening act.6
When a face-threatening act is involved in our interaction, we make a
decision whether or not we should execute it. If we decide to do it, we can either
do it directly, i.e. 'on record' by Brown and Levinson's term, or do it 'off record',
which means it is done indirectly. If we do it without paying any consideration to
the hearer, we do it 'baldly'. If we try to reduce the face-threatening effect to the
hearer, we use either positive politeness or negative politeness. Positive
politeness means that the speaker tries to save the hearer's positive face by
reducing the distance between them. By negative politeness, on the other hand,
the speaker tries to keep the hearer's negative face by valuing the hearer's
personal territory.
5 Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987. p.13 6 Ibid p.15-16
6
b. Politeness Strategy
Politeness strategies, developed by Brown and Levinson, have function
as a redressive action to Face Threatening Acts (FTA). Choosing them depend
on how risky S wants to redress H’s wants. Simply, the more an act threatens H’s
face, the more S will want to choose a higher-numbered strategy. This by virtue
of the fact that the strategies afford payoffs of increasingly minimize risk.
There are five politeness based on Brown and Levinson’s theory, they
are: 1) Bald on Record, 2) Positive Politeness, 3) Negative Politeness, 4) Off
Record, 5) Don’t Do the FTAs.
D. RESEARCH FINDINGS
The writer describes of the three main characters: Jack Sparrow,
Elizabeth Swann, and Will Turner and analyzes them which led to the
compilation of corpus of conversational data from filmscript of Pirates of the
Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest. These corpus, then by the writer, are classified
into appropriate politeness strategies and going to be elaborated based on the
plot of the movie and the appropriateness of Brown and Levinson’s theory. The
data are shown below:
A. Jack Sparrow
No
Jack and to whom
he speaks to (S to H)
The used strategies Corpus
Playback Time
(movie)
Page (filmscript)
1 Jack Sparrow to Bill Turner
Positive politeness: 6 Avoid disagreement: Token agreement
BT : You got the Pearl back, I see. JS : I had some help retrieving the Pearl, by the way.
00:13:04 9
7
2 Jack Sparrow to Gibbs
Bald on record No no! Leave it! Run!
00:16:49 11
3 Jack Sparrow to Gibbs
Off record: 7 Use contradictions
G : Let’s put some distance between us and this island, and head out to open sea. JS : Yes to the first, yes to the second, but only insofar as we keep to the shallows as much as possible.
00:42:47 29
4 Jack Sparrow to Will Turner
Positive politeness: 14 Assume or assert reciprocity
William, I shall trade you the Compass, if you will help me to find this.
00:43:50 30
5 Jack Sparrow to Davy Jones
Positive politeness: 4 Use in-group identity markers: Address forms
You’re a diamond, mate.
01:01:08 42
6 Jack Sparrow to Elizabeth Swann
Negative politeness: 2 Hedge addressed to politeness strategies
Darling, I am truly unhappy to have to tell you this, but...
01:14:02 51
B. Elizabeth Swann
No
Elizabeth and to whom
she speaks to (S to H)
The used strategies Corpus
Playback Time
(movie)
Page (filmscript)
7 Elizabeth Swann to Governor Swann
Positive politeness: 13 Give (or ask for) reasons
Why don’t you tell me what’s happening?
00:25:14 17
8 Elizabeth Swann to Lord Cuttler Beckett
Positive politeness: 6 Avoid disagreement: Hedging opinion
I expect then that we can come to some sort of understanding.
00:27:16 19
9 Elizabeth Swann to Jack
Positive politeness: 5 Seek
JS: ... poor William has been
01:14:41 51
8
Sparrow agreement: Repetition
press-ganged into Davy Jones’ crew. ES: Davy Jones.
10 Elizabeth Swann to Jack Sparrow
Positive politeness: 3 Intensify interest to H
You do know Will taught me how handle a sword.
01:28:03 58
11 Elizabeth Swann to Jack Sparrow
Negative politeness: 6 Apologize: Beg forgiveness
JS: You’re sitting on it. ES: I beg your pardon.
01:39:40 65
12 Elizabeth Swann to Jack Sparrow, Will Turner and Norrington
Bald on record Stop it! 01:43:15 69
C. Will Turner
No
Will and to whom
he speaks to (S to H)
The used strategies Corpus
Playback Time
(movie)
Page (filmscript)
13 Will Turner to Lord Cutler Beckett
Positive politeness: 7 Presuppose H’s knowledge
So you get both Jack and the Black Pearl.
00:11:17 8
14 Will Turner to Jack Sparrow
Negative Politeness: 2 Hedges on illocutionary force.
Jack? Jack Sparrow! I can honestly say I’m glad to see you.
00:23:55 16
15 Will Turner to Gibbs
Positive politeness: 7 Personal-center switch
Well, we can’t just sit here and wait then, can we?
00:32:24 22
16 Will Turner to Crewmen
Bald on record Hurry! 00:35:17 24
17 Will Turner to Crewmen
Bald on record Roll the cage! 00:37:33 26
18 Will Turner to Bill Turner
Positive politeness: 10 Promise
I take this with a promise. I’ll find a way to sever Jones’ hold on you. And not rest until this blade pierces his heart. I will not abandon you. I promise.
01:26:32 57
9
E. CONSLUSION
The filmscript of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest, after it is
analyzed, has four politeness strategies utilized with positive politeness (ten
expressions) as the most used strategies, bald on record (four expressions) and
followed by negative politeness (three expressions), and off-record as the last
and the rarest strategies with one expression.
The table below shows what politeness strategies mostly used by three
main characters throughout the conversation.
Table 2 Summary of the use of three main characters’ politeness strategies
Characters
Politeness strategies
Jack Sparrow Elizabeth Swann Will Turner
Bald on record 1 1 2
Positive politeness 3 4 3
Negative politeness 1 1 1
Off record 1 - -
Jack Sparrow seems to like to use positive politeness rather than other
strategies. The used of this strategy means as a kind of metaphorical extension
of intimacy and generally as social accelerator where S indicates that he wants to
‘come closer’ to H. It is similar to Jack’s characteristic in the movie as friendly
pirates, he always implies common ground or shares of his wants to everyone
even strangers.
Elizabeth Swann is quite similar with Jack Sparrow, however she mostly
uses positive politeness during her interaction than Jack. The purpose of the use
10
of positive politeness is much alike with Jack’s, those are to imply common
ground and share her interest. And Elizabeth’s bald-on-record expressions are
used as a way to give direct and easy-understanding to whom she speaks to.
Besides, she uses them as urgency communication.
Will Turner is quite different with other two previous characters, he fairly
uses bald-on-record and positive politeness througout his conversation, other
strategies are rare to use by him. This is because of the plot, finding Jack
Sparrow in order to free his fiancée, always places him in urgency, therefore he
has to speak in maximum efficiency in order to give direct, simple, and easy-
understandable to those whom he speaks to.
11
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abate, Frank R. The Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus: The Ultimate Language Reference for American Readers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1996
Aktuna, Dogancay, Seran and Sibel Kamisli. Discourse of Power and Politeness through the Act of Disagreement. Chicago: Annual Meeting. 1996
Ambady, Naliny, et. al. ‘More Than Words: Linguistic and Nonlinguistic Politeness in two cultures’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (1996): 996-1011
Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson. Politeness: Some Universal in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987
Eelen, Gino. A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. 2001
Escandell, Victoria. ‘Politeness: A Relevant Issue for Relevance Theory’. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses 11 (1998): 45-57
Fallon, Daniel. Positive and Negative Politeness. Hildesheim: Hildesheim University Press. 2004
Foley, William. Anthropological Linguistics: An introduction. Indiana: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. 1997
Hayashi, Takuo. Reconstructing a Universal Theory of Politeness: Face, Politeness and Model of Realization. Osaka: St. Andrew’s University.
Hickey, Leo and Miranda Stewart. Politeness in Europe. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd. 2005
Hornby, AS. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Sixth Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000
Kitamura, Noriko. Adapting Brown and Levinson’s ‘Politeness’ Theory to the Analysis of Casual Conversation. Sydney: University of Sydney.
Terkourafi, Marina. Three Levels in Politeness Theory and Practice. Cambridge: University of Cambridge.
Walter, Elizabeth. Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Third Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003
Watts, Richard J. Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politeness, accesed on 2 August 2009
12
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politeness_theory, accesed on 2 August 2009
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0383574/, accesed on 7 August 2009
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................... i
APPROVEMENT............................................................................................... ii
LEGALIZATION................................................................................................. iii
DECLARATION................................................................................................. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION................................................................ 1
A. Background of the Study................................................ 1
B. Focus of the Study......................................................... 4
C. Research Question........................................................ 4
D. Significance of the Study............................................... 4
E. Research Methodology.................................................. 5
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.......................................... 7
A. Politeness Concept........................................................ 7
B. Face Threatening Acts (FTAs)....................................... 9
C. Politeness Strategy........................................................ 11
1. Bald on Record.......................................................... 11
2. Positive Politeness.................................................... 13
3. Negative Politeness................................................... 20
4. Off Record................................................................. 27
5. Don’t do the FTAs...................................................... 33
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS..................................................... 34
A. Data Description............................................................. 34
B. Data Analysis................................................................. 37
viii
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION.................................. 48
A. Conclusion..................................................................... 48
B. Suggestion..................................................................... 50
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................ 51
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
As a means of communication and a part of culture, language has an
important role in human's life. Therefore, it reflects speaker’s behavior. That is also
why language is able to build human relationships. But every speech which is
spoken by speakers or hearers is not exactly alike. Those differences, generally, are
influenced by education, age, personality, sex and setting. These factors are
sometimes affected how close the relationship or the interaction between speaker
and hearer is. The personality, for instance, as a matter of fact that describes our
character being related with the emotional states. Or sometimes we are conditioned
by setting either formal or informal so we should decide how to behave in order to
appropriate with its situation.
Of course, the differences above influence people in using language whether
it is regarded as polite language or not. Hornby stated that politeness itself is defined
as hearing or showing the possession of good manners and consideration.1 It means
that politeness in conversation is absolutely important to be able to establish one’s
relationship with others. It should be realized by everyone in forming good
conversation because the use of language can reflect the behavior or the attitude.
1 Hornby, AS. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Sixth Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000.
2
That is the reason why the writer chooses this topic as his research. Because
politeness is a pragmatic matter, it is the main essential factor how to maintain the
relationship well through language.
Politeness is a field of applied linguistics and pragmatics because politeness
is one of main functional units in communication and any socio-cultural contexts
which is its use is essential for various reasons. By using both the rules of speaking
and the values of society, they assist someone in developing socio-culturally
acceptable and grammatically appropriate communication. Furthermore, an in-depth
look at studying politeness will help not only someone to understand more the
important how to communicate well, yet usually disclose aspects of communication
that are occasionally different from language structure, but also provide clues for
improved cross-cultural communication.2
Politeness is best expressed as the practical application of good manners or
etiquette in any circumstances of conversation. Moreover, speech behavior is mirror
image of community norms and attitudes. Therefore it is a culturally defined
phenomenon, and what is considered polite in one culture can often be quite rude or
simply strange in another. It is because many languages have specific means to
show politeness, deference, respect, or recognition of the social status of the
speaker and the hearer.
For instance, German subjects tend to interact in ways that are more direct,
explicit and verbose, more self-referenced and content-oriented than English.3 In
Japanese which is perhaps the most widely known example of a language that
2 Dogancay-Aktuna, Seran and Sibel Kamisli. Discourse of Power and Politeness through the Act of Disagreement. Chicago: Annual Meeting. 1996. 3 Hickey, Leo and Miranda Stewart. Politeness in Europe. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd. 2005.
3
encodes politeness at its very core. Many complications aside, Japanese has two
main levels of politeness, one for intimate acquaintances, family and friends, and
other for the rest of the people, and verb morphology reflects these levels. Besides
that, some verbs have special hyper-polite additional forms. This happens also with
some nouns and interrogative pronouns. Japanese also employs different personal
pronouns for each person according to gender, age, rank, degree of acquaintance,
and other cultural factors.
Brown and Levinson proposed a theory that is widely recognized and
remains relevant as universal theory of politeness. It means they considered that
every society has same sort of norms for the appropriate behavior, though these
norms are varied. Brown and Levinson introduce five main politeness strategies (1)
Bald on Record, (2) Positive Politeness, (3) Negative Politeness, (4) Off Record, and
(5) Don’t Do the FTA. They are chosen depending on how risky the hearer’s face in
conversation is. These strategies are important to act speech politely. 4
Shortly, the goal of politeness is to make both speaker and hearer relaxed
and comfortable with one another, and to avoid disagreement of conversation in
order to keep social relationship well. These essentials have inspired the writer to
write the thesis which is concerned with politeness as a theoretical concept within
pragmatics and with application of the theoretical model proposed by Brown and
Levinson with a movie as object of research entitled ‘Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead
Man’s Chest’ . So, the topic of this study is the analysis of politeness strategies on
the movie of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest.
4 Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson. Politeness: Some Universal in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987
4
B. Focus of the Study
In this study, the writer is going to analyze the three main characters: Jack
Sparrow, Elizabeth Swann, and Will Turner in the movie of Pirates of the Caribbean:
Dead Man’s Chest, then the writer will concentrate on the realization of face-
threatening acts (FTAs) and will try to relate to what role politeness strategies
defined by Brown and Levinson which may be possibly played by main characters of
the movie. The writer will also pay close attention to independent social factors to get
information thoroughly.
C. Research Question
In this study, the writer is trying to answer the question stated below:
1. What politeness strategies are used by three main characters Jack Sparrow,
Elizabeth Swann, and Will Turner in the movie ‘Pirates of the Caribbean:
Dead Man’s Chest’?
2. What politeness strategies are mostly used by those three main characters?
D. Significance of the Study
By discussing sociological variables such as status and authority used in the
movie’s dialogue, the writer expects this research will contribute a broader
understanding to the readers on politeness strategies. So they can enrich their
knowledge on how to communicate well.
5
E. Research Methodology
1. Method of the Study
This research applies qualitative methodology. It does not use any
statistical procedure. Therefore, the writer tries to describe and analyze
politeness strategies used by three main characters in the movie.
2. Objective of the Study
The objectives of the study are:
1. To describe models of speech-act in politeness discourse which are
performed by three main characters of the movie.
2. To relate politeness strategies to Brown and Levinson’s concepts.
3. Unit of Analysis
To analyze politeness strategies, the writer uses a movie Pirates of
the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest as its unit of analysis, including its
screenplay which is written by Tedd Elliot and Terry Rossio.
4. Instrument of the Research
The instrument of this research is the writer himself by watching the
movie Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest and reading the film
script.
6
5. Data Analysis
The data will be analyzed through descriptive analysis technique.
In this technique, the writer notes, separates and classifies utterances in the
film’s dialogues into appropriate politeness strategies. Then they will be
analyzed and described by using Brown and Levinson’s theory particularly
Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) and politeness strategies.
F. Time and Place of the Study
The research has been started from March 2009 to January 2010 in English
Letters Department of Letters and Humanities Faculty of State Islamic University
Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
7
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Politeness Concept
Politeness refers to ‘having or showing that one has good manners and
consideration for other people’ (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary). It is also
associated to term such as ‘civility’, ‘courtesy’, ‘good manners’, or translated to such
as French courtoisie, German Höflichkeit, Italian cortesia and urbanità or Dutch
beschaafdheid, beleefdheid and hoffelijkheid, and finally points up various
associative connection: to ‘civil society’, ‘civilization’, or general quality of having ‘life-
experience’.5
In the standard meaning of the word ‘polite’, at least three dimensions can be
identified: 1) polite as civil or socially correct; 2) polite as kind or friendly; and 3)
polite as tactful or diplomatic.6 A quick look at the literature easily shows that
different researchers have favoured different senses. Echoing Fraser (1990), one
could say that for Leech (1983) being polite involves making the hearer to 'feel good'
(polite as friendly); to Brown & Levinson (1987) it means making him not 'feel bad'
(polite as diplomatic); 3 for Fraser himself it is 'the expected state' (polite as socially
correct).
On the other hand, as politeness is one of the basic socio-psychological
guidelines for human behavior, Richard J. Watts on his book, Politeness, defined
politeness into two concepts, the first-order politeness or politeness1 and the second
5 Eelen, Gino. A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. 2001 p.1 6 Escandell, Victoria. ‘Politeness: A Relevant Issue for Relevance Theory’. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses 11 (1998): 45-57 p.46
8
order politeness or politeness2, with the former referring to the commonsense notion
of politeness, and the latter to its scientific conceptualization. The first-order
politeness (politeness1) is the various ways in which polite behavior is talked about
by members of sociocultural group7, whereas second-order politeness (politeness2)
is a linguistic, scientific concept which is more technical notion which can only have a
value within an overall theory of social interaction.8 Watts moreover states that
politeness1 is action behavior and politeness2 is linguistic behavior.
Example forms of action behavior are like opening door for others to enter or
exit before oneself, not belching at mealtimes, holding hand on mouth and turning
head away when coughing, offering one’s seat in a bus to an older person or an
invalid are culturally specific and part of first-order politeness. And examples of
social interaction using linguistic behavior are like saying please and thank you or
prefacing a request made of a strange with excuse me or apologizing with I’m sorry
or pardon me.
B. Brown and Levinson’s Politeness
Brown and Levinson’s work consists of two parts. The first part is their
fundamental theory concerning the nature of politeness and how it functions in
interaction. The second part is their face theory which contains three basic notions:
face, face threatening acts (FTAs) and politeness strategies with examples from
three languages: English, Tzeltal, and Tamil.
7 Watts, Richard J. Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003. p.3 8 Ibid p.4
9
a. Face Threatening Acts (FTAs)
Face is defined as an individual's self esteem. It has two aspects, namely
negative and positive face. Negative face is 'the desire to be unimpeded in one's
actions' and positive face is 'the desire (in some respects) to be approved of'.9 When
we interact with others in society, it is necessary to keep one's own face or to avoid
threatening another's face. In order to avoid these face-threatening acts (abbreviated
as FTA's), we try to employ politeness strategies in our interactions. Brown and
Levinson classify different kinds of such politeness strategies used according to the
ways we react to FTA's. They also point out that the determinants of the kinds of
politeness strategies used are the following three sociological factors: the relative
power of the hearer over the speaker, the social distance between the speaker and
the hearer, and the ranking of the imposition in doing the face-threatening act.10
When a face-threatening act is involved in our interaction, we make a
decision whether or not we should execute it. If we decide to do it, we can either do it
directly, i.e. 'on record' by Brown and Levinson's term, or do it 'off record', which
means it is done indirectly. If we do it without paying any consideration to the hearer,
we do it 'baldly'. If we try to reduce the face-threatening effect to the hearer, we use
either positive politeness or negative politeness. Positive politeness means that the
speaker tries to save the hearer's positive face by reducing the distance between
them. By negative politeness, on the other hand, the speaker tries to keep the
hearer's negative face by valuing the hearer's personal territory.
9 Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987. p.13 10 Ibid p.15-16
10
b. Politeness Strategy
Politeness strategies, developed by Brown and Levinson, have function as a
redressive action to Face Threatening Acts (FTA). Choosing them depend on how
risky S wants to redress H’s wants. Simply, the more an act threatens H’s face, the
more S will want to choose a higher-numbered strategy. This by virtue of the fact that
the strategies afford payoffs of increasingly minimize risk.
Fig.1 Circumstances determining choice of strategy
Circumstances determiningchoice of strategy:
Lesser
Greater
Estim
atio
n of
risk
of fa
ce lo
ss
Do the FTA
5. Don’t do the FTA
on record
4. off record
with redressive action
1. without redressive action, baldly
2. positive politeness
3. negative politeness
Circumstances determiningchoice of strategy:
Lesser
Greater
Estim
atio
n of
risk
of fa
ce lo
ss
Do the FTA
5. Don’t do the FTA
on record
4. off record
with redressive action
1. without redressive action, baldly
2. positive politeness
3. negative politeness
Circumstances determiningchoice of strategy:
Lesser
Greater
Estim
atio
n of
risk
of fa
ce lo
ss
Do the FTA
5. Don’t do the FTA
on record
4. off record
with redressive action
1. without redressive action, baldly
2. positive politeness
3. negative politeness
1. Bald on Record
Bald on-record strategies usually do not attempt to minimize the threat to the
hearer’s face, although there are ways that bald on-record politeness can be
used in trying to minimize FTAs implicitly. Often using such a strategy will shock
or embarrass the addressee, and so this strategy is most often utilized in
situations where the speaker has a close relationship with the audience, such as
family or close friends.
11
Specifically, Brown and Levinson explained that an FTA will be done in this
way only if the speaker does not fear retribution from the addressee, for example
in circumstance where:
a) S and H both tacitly agree that the relevance of face demands may be
suspended in the interests of urgency or efficiency.
b) the danger to H’s face is very small, as in offers, request, suggestions
that are clearly in H’s interest and do not require great sacrifices of S.
c) S is vastly superior in power to H, or can enlist audience support to
destroy H’s face without losing his own.11
They outlined various cases in which one might use the bald on-record
strategy, including:
• Instances in which threat minimizing does not occur
a. Great urgency or desperation
Watch out!
b. Speaking as if great efficiency is necessary
Hear me out:...
c. Task-oriented
Pass me the hammer.
d. Alerting
Your headlights are on!
• Instances in which the threat is minimized implicitly
a. Welcomes
11 Ibid p.69
12
Come in.
b. Offers
Leave it, I'll clean up later.
Eat!
2. Positive Politeness
It is usually seen in groups of friends, or where people in the given social
situation know each other fairly well. It usually tries to minimize the distance
between them by expressing friendliness and solid interest in the hearer's need
to be respected (minimize the FTA). In addition to hedging and attempts to avoid
conflict, some strategies of positive politeness include statements of friendship,
solidarity, and compliments.12
Positive politeness techniques are usable not only for FTA redress, but in
general as a kind of social accelerator, where S, in using them, indicates the he
wants to ‘come closer’ to H.
a. Claim Common Ground
This category of positive politeness involves S claiming ´common ground`
with H, by indicating S and H belongs to the same set of persons, who share
specific wants, including goals and values. There are three ways of making this
ways:
1. S may convey that some want (goal) of H’s is admirable or interesting to
S too. (strategy 1-3) 12 Ibid p.103
13
2. S may stress common membership in a group or category. (strategy 4)
3. S can claim common perspective with H without necessarily referring to
in-group membership. (strategy 5-8)13
Strategy 1: Notice, attend to H (his interests, wants, needs, goods)
In general, this output suggests that S should take notice of aspects of H’s
condition including noticeable changes, remarkable possessions, and anything
which looks as though H would want S to notice and approve of it. E.g.:
- What a beautiful case this is! Where did it come from?
- Goodness, you cut your hair! By the way, I came to borrow some
flour.
Strategy 2: Exaggerate (interests, approval, sympathy with H)
Oxford Collocations Dictionary stated that exaggerated expression is
commonly used in politeness, moreover its thesaurus explained that it is the act
of making something more noticeable.14 Simply, exaggeration is a way to give
notice of H’s interests more highly.
This is often done with exaggerated intonation, stress, and other aspects of
prosodics, as well as with intensifying modifiers, e.g. How absolutely incredible!,
What a fantastic garden you have!
13 Fallon, Daniel. Positive and Negative Politeness. Hildesheim: Hildesheim University Press. 2004. p.8 14 Abate, Frank R. The Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus: The Ultimate Language Reference for American Readers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1996
14
Strategy 3: Intensify interest to H
Another way for S to communicate to H that he shares some of his wants is
to intensify the interest of his own (S’s) contribution to the conversation, by
‘making good story’. This may be done by using ‘vivid present’, tag question or
expressions that draw H as a participant into the conversation, such as ‘you
know?’, ‘see what I mean?’, ‘isn’t it?’.
A related technique is to exaggerate facts, e.g. You always do the dishes! I’ll
do them this time.
Strategy 4: Use in-group markers
By using any of the innumerable ways to convey in-group membership, S can
implicitly claim the common group with H that is carried by that definition of the
group like address form, language or dialect, jargon or slang, and ellipsis or
contraction. For example:
- Come here, buddy.
- I came to borrow your Audi if you don’t mind.
Strategy 5: Seek agreement
Another characteristic way of claiming common ground with H is to seek
ways in which it is possible to agree with him. This may be done by using ‘safe
topics’ that allows S to stress his agreement with H and therefore to satisfy H’s
desire to be ‘right’, or to be corroborated in his opinions. Besides, agreement
15
may also be stressed by repeating part or all of what the preceding speaker has
said in a conversation. For instance:
A : She had an accident last week.
B : Oh my God, an accident!
Strategy 6: Avoid disagreement
Avoiding disagreement is another characteristic of noticing what H speak.
This can be shown by several ways below:
a) Token agreement, S should pretend to agree with H in order to hide
disagreement.
E.g. A : You hate your Mom and Dad.
B : Oh, sometimes.
b) Pseudo-agreement, by using then as a conclusory marker, an indication that
S is drawing conclusion to a line of reasoning carried out cooperatively with
the addressee. E.g. We’ll be talking together then.
c) White lies, S has to lie when confronted with the necessity to state an
opinion. E.g. Yes I do like your new hat! (Even S does not like).
d) Hedging opinion, S may choose to be vague about his own opinions, so as
not to be seen to disagree. This may be done by hedging it with several
phrases such as, sort of, kind of, like, in a way. E.g. It’s really beautiful, in a
way.
16
Strategy 7: Presuppose/raise/assert common ground
a) Gossip or small talk, talking for a while about unrelated topics as a mark of
friendship or interest in H can give rise to the strategy of redressing an FTA.
b) Point-of-view operation, is a method of ‘taking the role of the other’ that can
reduce the distance between S’s and H’s point of view by using four ways
below:
1. Personal-center switch: S to H. This is where S speaks as if H were
S, or H’s knowledge were equal to S’s knowledge. This can be
expressed by using of tag question. E.g. I had a really hard time
learning to drive, didn’t I? Or it can also be shown by giving empathy,
S asserts what only H can know. E.g. Yes dear, it hurts terribly, I
know.
2. Time switch: The use of the ‘vivid present’, a tense shift from past to
present tense. E.g. John says do you want to come too?
3. Place switch: The use of proximal rather than distal demonstratives
(here, this, rather than there, that), where either proximal or distal
would be acceptable, seems to convey increased involvement or
empathy. For example, (on saying goodbye): This was a lovely party.
c) Presupposition manipulations, S presupposes something when he
presumes that it is mutually taken for granted. The manipulation of such
presuppositions where something is not really mutually assumed to be the
case, but S speaks as if it were mutually assumed, can be turned to positive-
face redress, as illustrated in the following four sets of examples.
17
1. Presuppose knowledge of H’s wants and attitudes. Negative
questions, which presume ‘yes’ as an answer, are widely used as a
way to indicate that S knows H’s wants, tastes, habits, etc. and thus
partially to redress the imposition of FTAs. E.g. Don’t you want some
dinner now?, Don’t you think it’s marvelous!?
2. Presuppose H’s values are the same as S’s values. The use of
scalar predicates such as ‘tall’ assumes that S and H share the
criteria for placing people or things on this scale.
3. Presuppose familiarity in S-H relationship. The use of familiar
address forms like honey or darling presupposes that the addressee
is ‘familiar’.
4. Presuppose H’s knowledge. The use of any term presupposes that
the referents are known to the addressee such as in-group codes,
language, dialect, jargon, and local terminology. E.g. Well I was
watching High Life last nigh and…
Strategy 8: Joke
Jokes may be used to stress mutual shared background knowledge and
values that may minimize an FTA of requesting. E.g. How about lending me this
old heap of junk? (H’s new Cadillac).
18
b. Convey that S and H are cooperators
This category derives from the want to convey that S and H are cooperatively
involved in the relevant activity. There are three ways of convey cooperation:
1. S’s may indicate his knowledge of and sensitivity to H’s ants. (strategy 9)
2. S and H can claim some kind of reflexivity between their wants. (strategy
10-13)
3. S may indicate, that he believes reciprocity to be prevailed between H
and himself, thus that they are somehow locked into a state of mutual
helping. (strategy 14)15
Strategy 9: Assert or presuppose S’s knowledge of and concern for H’s
wants
Asserting or implying knowledge of H’s wants and willingness to fit one’s own
wants in with them is a way of indicating that S and H are cooperators that
potentially put pressure on H to cooperate with S. E.g. I know you can’t bear
parties, but this one will really be good, do come!
Strategy 10: Offer, promise
In order to redress the potential threat of some FTAs, S may choose to stress
his cooperation with H in claiming whatever H wants, S wants for him and will
help to obtain. E.g. I’ll drop by sometime next week.
15 Fallon, Daniel. Positive and Negative Politeness. Hildesheim: Hildesheim University Press. 2004. p.13
19
Strategy 11: Be optimistic
S is optimistic to assume that H wants S’s wants for S and will help him to
obtain them. Such optimistic expressions of FTAs seem to work by minimizing
the size of the face threat by giving expressions like a little, a bit, for a second.
E.g. I’m borrowing your pen for a sec, OK?
Strategy 12: Include both S and H in the activity
S uses an inclusive ‘we’ form when really means ‘you’ or ‘me’. By using this
expression, S can call upon the cooperative assumptions and thereby redress
FTAs. E.g. Give us break. (formerly, give me break.)
Strategy 13: Give (or ask for) reasons
S gives reasons why he wants what he wants. By including H in his practical
reasoning and assuming reflexivity (H wants S’s wants), H is thereby led to see
the reasonableness of S’s FTA (or so S hopes). For example: Why don’t we go
to the seashore!
Strategy 14: Assume or assert reciprocity
The existence of cooperation between S and H may also be claimed or urged
by giving evidence of reciprocal rights or obligations obtaining S and H. For
example, S may say, ‘I’ll do X for you if you do Y for me’ or ‘I did X for you last
week, so you do Y for me this week’.
20
c. Fulfill H’s want for some X
This category of positive politeness involves S deciding to redress H’s face
directly by fulfilling some of H’s wants, thereby indicating that S wants H’s wants
for H, in some particular respects.
Strategy 15: Give gifts to H (goods, sympathy, understanding, cooperation)
S may satisfy H’s positive-face wants by actually satisfying some of H’s
wants. This may be done by action of gift-giving, not only tangible gifts but also
human-relations wants such as the wants to be liked, admired, cared about,
understood, listened to, and so on.
3. Negative Politeness
Negative politeness strategies are oriented towards the hearer’s negative
face and emphasize avoidance of imposition on the hearer. These strategies
presume that the speaker will be imposing on the listener and there is a higher
potential for awkwardness or embarrassment than in bald on record strategies
and positive politeness strategies. Negative face is the desire to remain
autonomous so the speaker is more apt to include an out for the listener, through
distancing styles like apologies.16
16 Foley, William. Anthropological Linguistics: An introduction. Indiana: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. 1997 p.77
21
a. Be direct
Negative politeness enjoins both on-record delivery and redress of an FTA.
The simplest way to construct an on-record message is to convey it directly, as in
bald on record usages.
Strategy 1: Be conventionally indirect
In this strategy a speaker is faced with opposing tensions: the desire to give
H an ‘out’ by being indirect, and the desire to go on record. In this case it is
solved by the compromise of conventional indirectness, the use of phrases and
sentences that have contextually unambiguous meanings which are different
from their literal meanings. E.g Could you pass the salt?
b. Don’t presume/assume
This strategy can redress H’s negative face by carefully avoiding presuming
or assuming that anything involved in the FTA is desired or believed by H. This
will include avoiding presumptions about H’s wants, relevant, interesting, or
attention that keeps distance from H.
Strategy 2: Question, hedge
In the literature, a ‘hedge’ is a particle, word, or phrase that modifies the
degree of membership of a predicate or noun phrase in a set.
a) Hedges on illocutionary force. It is performative hedges in particular that
are the most important linguistic means of satisfying the speaker’s want,
22
‘don’t assume H is able/willing to do A’. Hedges on illocutionary force is
divided into two: the first one is strengtheners, those that mainly act as
emphatic hedges, like exactly, precisely, really, for sure. E.g. So, we’ll be
talking together soon, for sure. The second one is weakeners, those that
soften or tentativize what they modify such as perhaps, I guess, may be, in
fact. E.g. Perhaps I’ll go too, do you think I could?
b) Hedges addressed to Grice’s Maxims. The speaker’s want to avoid
presuming may be partially satisfied by not assuming that H wants to
cooperate, or by not assuming that S’s assessment of what would be a
contribution to the cooperative enterprise of talking is the same as H’s.
1. Maxim of Quality Hedges
Quality hedges may suggest the speaker is not taking full
responsibility for the truth of his utterance such as I believe…, I think…,
I assume… Or they may stress S’s commitment to the truth of his
utterance, e.g. I absolutely promise that… Or they may disclaim the
assumption that the point of S’s assertion is to inform H, e.g. as you
know…
2. Maxim of Quantity Hedges
Quantity hedges gives notices that not as much or not as precise
information is provided as might be expected. For instance: roughly,
more or less, approximately, or so, I should think, to some extent, and
so on.
23
3. Maxim of Relevance Hedges
Because of the sensitivity of topic changes as impositions on H’s
face, such changes are often done off record. Hedges that mark the
change, and perhaps partially apologize for it, include This may not be
appropriate, but…, Since it’s been on my mind…, Sorry, I’ve just
thought… and many more.
4. Maxim of Manner Hedges
Manner hedges can be used to redress all kinds of FTAs. Some
common Manner hedges include: if you see what I mean, what I mean
was…, now, to be absolutely clear, I want…
c) Hedges addressed to politeness strategies. Functioning directly as notices
of violations of face wants. Such as, frankly, to be honest, I hate to have to
say this…
d) Prosodic and kinesic hedges. Most of the verbal hedges can be replaced
by prosodic or kinesic means of indicating tentativeness or emphasis. The
raised eyebrow, the earnest frown, the umms and ahhs and hesitations that
indicate the S’s attitude toward what he is saying, are often the most salient
clue to the presence of an FTA.
c. Don’t coerce H
Another ways of redressing H’s negative face want is used when the
proposed FTA involves predicating an act of H, for instance, when requesting his
aid, or offering him something which requires his accepting.
24
Strategy 3: Be pessimistic
This strategy gives redress to H’s negative face by explicitly expressing doubt
that the conditions for the appropriateness of S’s speech act obtain. The use of
subjunctive seems also to be related to the satisfaction of this want, e.g. Would
you do X? Other way of polite pessimism can also be expressed in negative
usage like I don’t imagine there’d be any chance of you… and in the use of
pessimistic hedges like Perhaps, you’d care to help me.
Strategy 4: Minimize the imposition, Rx
One way of defusing the FTA is to indicate that Rx, the intrinsic seriousness
of the imposition, is not in itself great, leaving only D and P as possible weighty
factors. So indirectly this may pay H deference. This is achieved by expression
like I just want ask you if you could lend me a single sheet of paper.
Strategy 5: Give deference
By conveying directly the perception of a high P differential, deference serves
to defuse potential face-threatening acts by indicating that the addressee’s rights
to relative immunity from imposition are recognized and moreover that S is
certainly not in a position to coerce H’s compliance in any way. By using referent
honorifics about something associated with H, such as eat/dine, man/gentleman,
Snuggs/Dr. Snugss, one gives respect to H. For example: We look forward very
much to dining with you.
25
Furthermore, Daniel Fallon explained that there are two different possibilities
to realize the deference: 1) S humbles and abases himself, 2) S raises and H
(pays him positive face of a particular namely that which satisfies H´s want to be
treated superior. E.g. Yes, sir, I thought perhaps you wouldn´t mind and...“ 17
d. Communicate S’s want to not impinge on H
One way to partially satisfy H’s negative-face demands is to indicate that S is
aware of them and taking them into account in his decision to communicate the
FTA.
Strategy 6: Apologize
By apologizing for doing an FTA, the speaker can indicate his reluctance to
impinge on H’s negative face and thereby partially redress that impingement. To
do this, there are four ways to communicate regret or reluctance.
a) Admit the impingement. S can simply admit that he is impinging on H’s
face, with expression like I’m sure you must be very busy, but…
b) Indicate reluctance. S can attempt to show that he is reluctant to impinge on
H with the use of hedges or by means of expressions such as I normally
wouldn’t ask you this, but…
c) Give overwhelming reasons. S can claim that he has compelling reasons
for doing the FTA, thereby implying that normally he wouldn’t dream of
infringing H’s negative face. For example: I simply can’t manage to…
17 Fallon, Daniel. Positive and Negative Politeness. Hildesheim: Hildesheim University Press. 2004. p.24
26
d) Beg forgiveness. S may beg H’s forgiveness, or at least ask for ‘acquittal’,
that H should cancel the debt implicit in the FTA. E.g. I’m sorry to bother
you…, I hope you’ll forgive me if…
Strategy 7: Impersonalize S and H
One way of indicating that S doesn’t want to impinge on H is to phrase the
FTA as if the agent were other that S, or at least possibly not S or not S alone,
and the addressee were other than H, or only inclusive of H.
Strategy 8: State the FTA as a general rule
One way of dissociating S and H from the particular imposition in the FTA,
and hence a way of communicating that S doesn’t want to impinge but is merely
force to by circumstances, is to state the FTA as an instance of some general
social rule, regulation, or obligation. The example below is shown that the first
sentence avoids pronoun rather than the second sentence.
A : Passengers will please refrain from flushing toilets on the train.
B : You will please refrain from flushing toilets on the train.
Strategy 9: Nominalize
In English, degrees of negative politeness (or at least formality) run hand in
hand with degrees of nouniness; that is, formality is associated with the noun end
of the continuum. Consider the following examples:
27
a) You performed well on the examinations and we were favourably
impressed.
b) Your good performance on the examinations impressed us
favourably.
With nominalizing the subject, S can get sentence more formal like in
sentence b.
e. Redress other wants of H’s
A final strategy of negative politeness consists in offering partial
compensation for the face threat in the FTA by redressing some particular other
wants of H’s.
Strategy 10: Go on record as incurring a debt, or as not indebting H
S can redress an FTA by explicitly claiming his indebtedness to H, or by
disclaiming any indebtedness of H, by means of expressions such as the
following, for requests: I’d be eternally grateful if you would…
4. Off record
Off record is can be done where S wants to do an FTA, but wants to avoid
the responsibility for doing it. After doing off record, S can leave it up to the
addressee to decide how to interpret it. Such off record utterances are essentially
indirect uses of language. To construct an off record utterance one says
28
something that is either more general or actually different from what one means.
Therefore, H must make some inference to recover what was in fact intended.18
a. Invite conversational implicatures
If a speaker wants to do an FTA, and chooses to do it indirectly, he must give
H some hints and hope that H picks up on them and thereby interprets what S
really means to say. The basic way to do this is to invite conversational
implicatures by violating, in some way, the Gricean Maxims of efficient
communication. For instance, if S says ‘Hmmm, it’s pretty stuffy in here’, he may
implicate a request that H open the window.
Strategy 1: Give hints
If S says something that is not explicitly relevant, he invites H to search for an
interpretation of the possible relevance. The basic mechanism here is a violation
of the Maxim of Relevance. It is accomplished by hints that consist in ‘raising the
issue of’ some desired act A, for instance, by stating motives or reasons for
doing A. E.g. It’s cold in here. (c.i. Shut the window)
Strategy 2: Give association clues
A related kind of implicature triggered by relevance violations is provided by
mentioning something associated with the act required of H, either by precedent
in S-H’s experience or by mutual knowledge irrespective of their interactional
18 Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987. p.211
29
experience. For example, Oh God, I’ve got a headache again, may be used to
convey a request for an aspirin, if S and H mutually know that they both have an
association between S having a headache and S wanting H to give him an
aspirin in order to swim off his headache.
Strategy 3: Presuppose
An utterance of this strategy can be almost wholly relevant in context, and yet
violate the Relevance Maxim just at the level of its presuppositions. E.g. I
washed the car again today. He supposes that he has done it before and
therefore may implicate a criticism. The use of again forces H to search for the
relevance of the presupposed prior event.
Strategy 4: Understate
Understatements are one way of generating implicatures by saying less than
is required. Typical ways of constructing understatement are to choose point on
a scalar predicate (e.g. tall, good, nice) that is well below the point that actually
describes the state of affairs, or to hedge a higher point which will implicate the
lower actual state of affairs. For example:
A : What a marvelous place you have here.
B : Oh I don’t know, it’s a place.
30
Strategy 5: Overstate
If S says more than is necessary, thus violating the Quantity Maxim in
another way, he may also convey implicatures. S may do this by the inverse of
the understatement principle by exaggerating or choosing a point on a scale
which is higher that the actual state of affairs. However, the implicatures often lie
far beyond what it is said. For example, I tried to call a hundred times, but there
was never any answer.
Strategy 6: Use tautologies
A method of generating inferences by violations of the Quantity Maxim is to
utter patent and necessary truths. By uttering a tautology, S encourages H to
look for an informative interpretation of the non-informative utterance. E.g. If I
won’t give it, I won’t. (c.i. I mean it!)
Strategy 7: Use contradictions
Contradictions, as well as the ironies, metaphor, and rhetorical questions
involve violations of the Quality Maxim. This may be done by stating two things
that contradict each other, S makes it appear that he cannot be telling the truth.
He thus encourages H to look for an interpretation that reconciles the two
contradictory propositions. For example:
A : Are you upset about that?
B : Well, I am and I’m not.
31
Strategy 8: Be ironic
By saying the opposite of what he means, S can indirectly convey his
intended meaning, if there are clues that his intended meaning is being convey
indirectly. Such clues may be prosodic (e.g. nasality), kinesic (e.g. a smirk), or
simply contextual, such as John’s a real genius. (after John has just done twenty
stupid things in a row)
Strategy 9: Use metaphors
The use of metaphor is perhaps usually on record, but there is a possibility
that exactly which of the connotations of the metaphor S intends may be off
record. E.g. Harry’s real fish. (c.i. He drinks/swims/is slimy like a fish)
Strategy 10: Use rhetorical questions
This strategy can be accomplished by asking a question with no intention of
obtaining an answer in order to break sincerity condition on questions, that S
wants H to provide him with the indicated information. E.g. How many times do I
have to tell you…? (c.i. Too many)
b. Be vague or ambiguous: Violate the Manner Maxim
Rather than inviting a particular implicature, S may choose to go off record by
being vague or ambiguous in such a way that his communicated intent remains
ill-defined.
32
Strategy 11: Be ambiguous
Purposeful ambiguity may be achieved through metaphor, since it is not
always clear exactly which of the connotations of a metaphor are intended to
invoked. For instance, John’s a pretty smooth cookie.
Strategy 12: Be vague
S may go off record with an FTA by being vague about who the object of the
FTA is, or what the offence is. E.g. I’m going to you-know-where.
Strategy 13: Over-generalize
Rule instantiation may leave the object of the FTA vaguely off record. E.g.
Mature people sometimes help do the dishes. The use of proverbs can also be
done though their implicatures may be conventionalized to the extent of being on
record. E.g. People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.
Strategy 14: Displace H
S may go off record as to who the target for his FTA is, or he may pretend to
address the FTA to someone whom it wouldn’t threaten, and hope that the real
target will see that the FTA is aimed at him.
Strategy 15: Be incomplete, use ellipsis
Elliptical utterances are legitimated by various conversational contexts in
answers to questions. But they are also warranted in FTAs. By leaving an FTA
33
half undone, S can leave the implicature ‘hanging in the air’, just as with
rhetorical questions. E.g. Well, I didn’t see you…
5. Don’t do the FTA
This strategy is simply that S avoids offending H at all with this particular
FTA. Of course S also fails to achieve his desired communication.
34
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
In this chapter, the writer describes of the three main characters: Jack Sparrow,
Elizabeth Swann, and Will Turner and analyzes them which led to the compilation of
corpus of conversational data from filmscript of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead
Man’s Chest. These corpus, then by the writer, are classified into appropriate
politeness strategies and going to be elaborated in the next sub-chapter. The data
are shown below:
Table 1 The use of politeness strategies in the movie Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest
A. Jack Sparrow
No
Jack and to whom
he speaks to (S to H)
The used strategies Corpus
Playback Time
(movie)
Page (filmscript)
1 Jack Sparrow to Bill Turner
Positive politeness: 6 Avoid disagreement: Token agreement
BT : You got the Pearl back, I see. JS : I had some help retrieving the Pearl, by the way.
00:13:04 9
2 Jack Sparrow to Gibbs
Bald on record No no! Leave it! Run!
00:16:49 11
3 Jack Sparrow to Gibbs
Off record: 7 Use contradictions
G : Let’s put some distance between us and this island, and head out to open sea. JS : Yes to the first, yes to the
00:42:47 29
35
second, but only insofar as we keep to the shallows as much as possible.
4 Jack Sparrow to Will Turner
Positive politeness: 14 Assume or assert reciprocity
William, I shall trade you the Compass, if you will help me to find this.
00:43:50 30
5 Jack Sparrow to Davy Jones
Positive politeness: 4 Use in-group identity markers: Address forms
You’re a diamond, mate.
01:01:08 42
6 Jack Sparrow to Elizabeth Swann
Negative politeness: 2 Hedge addressed to politeness strategies
Darling, I am truly unhappy to have to tell you this, but...
01:14:02 51
B. Elizabeth Swann
No
Elizabeth and to whom
she speaks to (S to H)
The used strategies Corpus
Playback Time
(movie)
Page (filmscript)
7 Elizabeth Swann to Governor Swann
Positive politeness: 13 Give (or ask for) reasons
Why don’t you tell me what’s happening?
00:25:14 17
8 Elizabeth Swann to Lord Cuttler Beckett
Positive politeness: 6 Avoid disagreement: Hedging opinion
I expect then that we can come to some sort of understanding.
00:27:16 19
9 Elizabeth Swann to Jack Sparrow
Positive politeness: 5 Seek agreement: Repetition
JS: ... poor William has been press-ganged into Davy Jones’ crew. ES: Davy Jones.
01:14:41 51
10 Elizabeth Swann to Jack
Positive politeness: 3
You do know Will taught me how
01:28:03 58
36
Sparrow Intensify interest to H
handle a sword.
11 Elizabeth Swann to Jack Sparrow
Negative politeness: 6 Apologize: Beg forgiveness
JS: You’re sitting on it. ES: I beg your pardon.
01:39:40 65
12 Elizabeth Swann to Jack Sparrow, Will Turner and Norrington
Bald on record Stop it! 01:43:15 69
C. Will Turner
No
Will and to whom
he speaks to (S to H)
The used strategies Corpus
Playback Time
(movie)
Page (filmscript)
13 Will Turner to Lord Cutler Beckett
Positive politeness: 7 Presuppose H’s knowledge
So you get both Jack and the Black Pearl.
00:11:17 8
14 Will Turner to Jack Sparrow
Negative Politeness: 2 Hedges on illocutionary force.
Jack? Jack Sparrow! I can honestly say I’m glad to see you.
00:23:55 16
15 Will Turner to Gibbs
Positive politeness: 7 Personal-center switch
Well, we can’t just sit here and wait then, can we?
00:32:24 22
16 Will Turner to Crewmen
Bald on record Hurry! 00:35:17 24
17 Will Turner to Crewmen
Bald on record Roll the cage! 00:37:33 26
18 Will Turner to Bill Turner
Positive politeness: 10 Promise
I take this with a promise. I’ll find a way to sever Jones’ hold on you. And not rest until this blade pierces his heart. I will not abandon you. I promise.
01:26:32 57
37
B. Data Analysis
The writer focuses 18 expressions of three main characters’ dialogue. They will
be distributed into five politeness strategies and then analyzed according to the plot
of movie and the appropriateness of Brown and Levinson’s theory.
1. Bald on record (four expressions)
a. Data 2
Playback Time: 00:16:49 Page: 11
Jack Sparrow to Gibbs: No no! Leave it! Run!
When Jack is panic after listening to Bill Turner’s story, a monkey takes his lovely
hat and throw it to the sea. But Jack does not care, the only one that he wants to do
is going to the land. Therefore he will do everything to go there although he must
leave his lovely pirate hat. The order that Jack gives to Gibbs to leave the hat is
direct and clear. As he follows the maxim of manner, a principal conversational
maxim postulated by Paul Grice, by being perspicuous he can achieve maximally
efficient communication, which is Gibbs and the crewmen accept the order well and
leave the hat. Besides, Jack is in desperation so it is obvious that speaking clearly
and directly, called ‘Bald on record’ in Brown and Levinson term, is the right choice
in order to make easily understandable statement to whom Jack speaks to.
38
b. Data 12
Playback Time: 01:43:15 Page: 69
Elizabeth Swann to Jack Sparrow, Will Turner and Norrington: Stop it!
The three men who have come to island where the chest is buried begin fighting
to own it for theirselves purpose. Seeing this situation, Elizabeth tries to stop them by
yelling Stop it! This is a bald on record expression that means unambigous and is
supposed as an urgency expression. In such a condition, Elizabeth may choose this
strategy in order to make her statement brief and efficient. Will Turner and
Norrington as the hearer must understand to what Elizabeth says, they must
interpret that Elizabeth wants they to stop fighting each other, because the words
Elizabeth says are very clear and easily understandable.
c. Data 16
Playback Time: 00:35:17 Page: 24
Will Turner to Crewmen: Hurry!
Will Turner and crewmen and the Turkish are caged in two separated spherical
cages which are hung from ropes over a deep chasm. They begin swinging the
cages then both cages finally come within reach of the cliff, they grab vines and hang
on to the cliff. Each group begins racing against each other up the cliff and Will
Turner orders his crewmen to climb faster by saying Hurry!. This expression is
accepted by the theory as a statement of urgency. The plot makes it urgency
because if Will and the crewmen cannot reach the cliff immeadiately, the cannibals
will capture them soon as they arrive. So in such a situation, speaking baldly and
39
directly is a right strategy. Moreover, those whom Will Turner speaks to are crewmen
who have well relationship each other.
d. Data 17
Playback Time: 00:37:33 Page: 26
Will Turner to Crewmen: Roll the cage!
The men in Will’s cage are unable to the cage open in time before the cannibals
will reach them. In a quick-to-think situation, Will decides to roll the cage and order
his crewmen by saying what he actually means. In such a situation, this expression
takes a role on avoiding ambiguity and obscurity. Will knows that if he speaks with
providing information too much than is required, it will make situation worst
(cannibals will reach and capture Will and crewmen before they can open and get
out of the cage). So the choice using bald on record is the best strategy.
2. Positive politeness (10 expressions)
a. Data 1
Playback Time: 00:13:04 Page: 9
Jack Sparrow to Bill Turner: Bill Turner : You got the Pearl back, I see. Jack Sparrow : I had some help retrieving the Pearl, by the way.
This expression applies positive politeness on avoiding disagreement by taking
agreement. What Jack expreses shows that he definitely agrees with Bill Turner, but
then he carries on to state his own opinion which may be completely contrary to that
of Bill Turner. Jack knows how to manage Bill’s positive face so he takes agreement
40
on Bill’s opinion but later he twists his own opinion by providing a few real
information without showing disagreement. Using ‘by the way’ is also an additional
way to hide disagreement while Jack expressiong his opinion.
b. Data 4
Playback Time: 00:43:50 Page: 30
Jack Sparrow to Will Turner: William, I shall trade you the Compass, if you will help me to find this.
On the deck, Will Turner tells Jack Sparrow about the arrest of Elizabeth by Lord
Cutler Beckett. He also tells that he needs Jack compass to free her. Jack notices he
may also need Will’s help, then he trades Will the compass but Will must help Jack
to find the key of a chest where the heart of Davy Jones is put. This expression uses
positive politeness: assume or assert reciprocity in order to give existence of
cooperation between S and H. Simply, what Jack says is giving evidence of
reciprocal right or obligation obtaining between Jack and Will. Here is another
expression of this strategy as an analogy to what Jack expresses. ‘I will lend you fifty
thousand rupiahs, if you will help me to repair my bike.’
c. Data 5
Playback Time: 01:01:08 Page: 42
Jack Sparrow to Davy Jones: You’re a diamond, mate.
Davy Jones insists Jack to bring him one hundred souls in three days. Jack
accept it by saying ‘You’re diamond, mate’ although he actually cannot afford it.
Using ‘mate’ here is a Jack’s way to claim common ground with his addressee, Davy
41
Jones, as if they are in mutual relationship. Besides, it also shows that Davy Jones’
own want in some respect similar to Jack’s want.
d. Data 7
Playback Time: 00:25:14 Page: 17
Elizabeth Swann to Governor Swann: Why don’t you tell me what’s happening?
Elizabeth Swann is jailed for helping Jack Sparrow escaped from jail. As a
governor, her father tries to free Elizabeth. Governor Swann in a rush goes to jail
and bring her out, Elizabeth does not know what is happening so her father tries to
free her. She asks her father by giving reason ‘why not’. Elizabeth assumes with
optimism that there are no good reasons why her father shoud not cooperate with
her. This 13rd strategy: give (or ask for) reason is simply appropriate choice to fulfill
Elizabeth’s want to make her father cooperatively tells about what is happening.
e. Data 8
Playback Time: 00:27:16 Page: 19
Elizabeth Swann to Lord Cuttler Beckett: I Expect then that we can come to some sort of understanding.
The phrase ‘sort of’ in Elizabeth’s expression is used to make Elizabeth’s own
opinion safely vague. She does not want to be extreme while saying something,
moreover she is talking with someone who has upper position that herself, therefore
she uses hedging on her opinion. This hedges may be used to soften FTAs of
suggesting or criticizing or complaining by blurring the speaker’s intent.
42
f. Data 9
Playback Time: 01:14:51 Page: 41 Elizabeth Swann to Jack Sparrow: Jack Sparrow : ...poor William has been press-ganged into Davy Jones’ crew. Elizabeth : Davy Jones.
Elizabeth meets Jack Sparrow and asks him where Will Turner. With a sad mimic,
Jack tells that Will Turner has been captured by Davy Jones’ and becomes his crew
for all his life. To seek agreement, Elizabeth answers what Jack’s said by repeating
some words of the speaker. It demonstrates that Elizabeth has heard correctly what
was said.
g. Data 10
Playback Time: 01:28:03 Page: 58
Elizabeth Swann to Jack Sparrow: You do know Will taught me how handle a sword.
The italic words, ‘you do know’, is another ‘you know’. It is used to intensify
interest to H (strategy 3: intensify interest to H) by drawing H as participant in a
conversation. Elizabeth wants Jack know that she now can handle a sword, though
in fact Jack absolutely doesn’t know.
h. Data 13
Playback Time: 00:11:17 Page: 8
Will Turner to Lord Cutler Beckett: So you get both Jack and the Black Pearl.
Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann are arrested for helping Jack Sparrow escaped.
Then Lord Cutler Beckett offers Will a full pardon and Elizabeth will be free but Will
must trade it by bring him Jack’s compass. Will knows what the Lord Beckett’s plan
43
is, to get both Jack and the Black Pearl. Will says Black Pearl because he
presupposes Lord Beckett’s knowledge about this term. Will presupposes Lord
Beckett should know that Black Pearl is a name of Jack’s ship. This uses politeness
strategy: presuppose H’s knowledge. Will’s assumption that Lord Beckett does know
this thing may operate as an expression of good intentions, indicating that Will
assumes that Will and Beckett share common ground.
i. Data 15
Playback Time: 00:32:24 Page: 22
Will Turner to Gibbs: Well, we can’t just sit here and wait then, can we?
Will Turner and Gibbs are in the same cage in the cannibal island. He advices
Gibbs then to get out of the cage. Will’s expression clearly uses personal-center
switch: S to H in order to assert common ground between both of them. Will uses an
inclusive ‘we’ as means H’s knowledge were equal to S’s knowledge. Moreover Will
uses a tag question with falling intonation as one of feature of this strategy.
j. Data 18
Playback Time: 01:26:32 Page: 57
Will Turner to Bill Turner: I take this with a promise. I’ll find a way to sever Jones’ hold on you. And not rest until this blade pierces his heart. I will not abandon you. I promise.
After getting Jones’ key succesfully, Will Turner is going to take his father with
him home, but he refuses. Despite it’s difficult, Will leaves him to stay at Flying
Dutchman and promises to sever Jones’ heart so his father can free. The promise
(strategy 10) that Will used satisfies Bill Turner’s positive face.
44
3. Negative politeness (3 expressions)
a. Data 6
Playback Time: 01:14:02 Page: 51
Jack Sparrow to Elizabeth Swann: Darling, I am truly unhappy to have to tell you this, but...
After travelling some places, Elizabeth Swann, finally meets Jack to asks about
the existence of Will. Jack tells the truth that Will is now arrested to serve on Davy
Jones’ ship. To save Elizabeth’s negative face, Jack hedges his expression by some
safe words, I am truly unhappy to have to tell you this, but..., to minimize violation of
face wants. This is the use of strategy 2: hedges addressed to politeness strategies.
Without adding these words, Jacks will must irritate Elizabeth negative’ face.
b. Data 11
Playback Time: 01:39:40 Page: 65
Elizabeth Swann to Jack Sparrow: Jack Sparrow : You’re sitting on it. Elizabeth Swann : I beg your pardon.
Elizabeth looks confuse while Jack’s compass dances. She does not find the
chest by using it. So she takes a rest by sitting down. In a minute, Jack comes and
see the compass points to where Elizabeth sits. Jack says that she is sitting on it.
Elizabeth does not hear clearly so she tries to aks Jack to repeat what he has said
before by apologizing. It shows that Elizabeth can indicate her reluctance to impinge
on Jack’s negative face.
45
c. Data 14
Playback Time: 00:23:55 Page: 16
Will Turner to Jack Sparrow: Jack? Jack Sparrow! I can honestly say I’m glad to see you.
After meeting Jack, Will Turner expresses his gladness by hedging an adverb
that has function as strengthener (strategy 2: hedging on illocutionary force). It is
meant to emphasize what Will Turner meant and to satisfy Jack’ wants.
4. Off record (1 expression)
a. Data 3
Playback Time: 00:42:47 Page: 29
Jack Sparrow to Gibbs: Gibbs : Let’s put some distance between us and this island, and head out to open sea. Jack Sparrow : Yes to the first, yes to the second, but only insofar as we keep to the shallows as much as possible.
Jack, Will and the crewmen finally escape from cannibal island. Gibbs says to
Jack to stay away of the island and go to open sea. This is quite difficult for Jack to
answer because he completely agrees of staying away of the island but disagrees of
heading out to open sea. To save Gibb’s face, Jack literally agrees of both Gibbs
opinion. The use of this strategy (strategy 7: use contradictions) may be contradictive
and encourages Gibbs to look for an interpretation the reconciles the two
contradictory propositions.
46
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
1. The filmscript of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest, after it is
analyzed, has four politeness strategies utilized with positive politeness (ten
expressions) as the most used strategies, bald on record (four expressions)
and followed by negative politeness (three expressions), and off-record as
the last and the rarest strategies with one expression.
2. The table below shows what politeness strategies mostly used by three main
characters throughout the conversation.
Table 2 Summary of the use of three main characters’ politeness strategies
Characters
Politeness strategies
Jack Sparrow Elizabeth Swann Will Turner
Bald on record 1 1 2
Positive politeness 3 4 3
Negative politeness 1 1 1
Off record 1 - -
Jack Sparrow seems to like to use positive politeness rather than other
strategies. The used of this strategy means as a kind of metaphorical
extension of intimacy and generally as social accelerator where S indicates
47
that he wants to ‘come closer’ to H. It is similar to Jack’s characteristic in the
movie as friendly pirates, he always implies common ground or shares of his
wants to everyone even strangers.
Elizabeth Swann is quite similar with Jack Sparrow, however she mostly
uses positive politeness during her interaction than Jack. The purpose of the
use of positive politeness is much alike with Jack’s, those are to imply
common ground and share her interest. And Elizabeth’s bald-on-record
expressions are used as a way to give direct and easy-understanding to
whom she speaks to. Besides, she uses them as urgency communication.
Will Turner is quite different with other two previous characters, he fairly
uses bald-on-record and positive politeness througout his conversation, other
strategies are rare to use by him. This is because of the plot, finding Jack
Sparrow in order to free his fiancée, always places him in urgency, therefore
he has to speak in maximum efficiency in order to give direct, simple, and
easy-understandable to those whom he speaks to.
48
B. Suggestion
1. To enrich the study of politeness, those who are interested in studying
politeness can use some other theories such as Lakoff’s, Leech’s and
Scolon’s.
2. The three sociological factors (relative power, social distance, and ranking of
the imposition) are also can be related for those who want to make a wide
research of politeness.
49
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Aktuna, Dogancay, Seran and Sibel Kamisli. Discourse of Power and Politeness through the Act of Disagreement. Chicago: Annual Meeting. 1996
Ambady, Naliny, et. al. ‘More Than Words: Linguistic and Nonlinguistic Politeness in two cultures’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (1996): 996-1011
Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson. Politeness: Some Universal in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987
Eelen, Gino. A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. 2001
Escandell, Victoria. ‘Politeness: A Relevant Issue for Relevance Theory’. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses 11 (1998): 45-57
Fallon, Daniel. Positive and Negative Politeness. Hildesheim: Hildesheim University Press. 2004
Foley, William. Anthropological Linguistics: An introduction. Indiana: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. 1997
Hayashi, Takuo. Reconstructing a Universal Theory of Politeness: Face, Politeness and Model of Realization. Osaka: St. Andrew’s University.
Hickey, Leo and Miranda Stewart. Politeness in Europe. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd. 2005
Hornby, AS. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Sixth Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000
Kitamura, Noriko. Adapting Brown and Levinson’s ‘Politeness’ Theory to the Analysis of Casual Conversation. Sydney: University of Sydney.
Terkourafi, Marina. Three Levels in Politeness Theory and Practice. Cambridge: University of Cambridge.
Walter, Elizabeth. Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Third Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003
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Watts, Richard J. Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politeness, accesed on 2 August 2009
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http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0383574/, accesed on 7 August 2009
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Muhammad Ihsan Fauzi
Place and Date of Birth : Sukabumi, April 12nd 1987
Address : Jl. Otista Gg. Karya Bhakti Komplek SMA Pelita YNH
: Kel. Nanggeleng Kec. Citamiang Kota Sukabumi
Phone Number : 0266-220591, 223160, 0838 9237 1977
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Formal Education
Playground : 1992, TK Aisyiah 2 Kota Sukabumi
Elementary School : 1994, SDN Cijangkar I Kota Sukabumi
Junior High School : 2000, SMP Pelita YNH Kota Sukabumi
Senior High School : 2003, SMA Pelita YNH Kota Sukabumi
College : 2005, S1 UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, English Letters Dept.
: 2006, S1 Pakuan University Bogor, Finance Management Dept.
: 2007, D3 Sukabumi University, Technical Support Dept.
Informal Education
Islamic Education : 2000, Ponpes ‘Ulumul Qur’an Kota Sukabumi
Radio Broadcasting : 2003, School of Broadcasting Peradaban FM
Business : 2006, Indonesian Management Course Kota Sukabumi
Filming : 2003, Home Cinema Production Kota Sukabumi
WORKING EXPERIENCE 1. 2007-2008, Market Analyst in Hong Kong Future International, Jakarta Stock
Exchange
2. 2006-now, English Teacher in SMP Pelita YNH
3. 2006-now, English Teacher in SMA Pelita YNH
4. 2007-now, Computer and Networking Technician in SMK Pelita YNH
5. 2008-now, Chair Person of Finance Division in Yayasan Nurul Hikmah Sukabumi
6. 2008-now, Director II of Home Cinema Sukabumi