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Research Article Impact Factor: 0.621 ISSN: 2319-507X Khadri SFR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 2 (9): 21-34 IJPRET

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY A PATH FOR HORIZING YOUR INNOVATIVE WORK

APPLICATIONS OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES TO IDENTIFY THE ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE ZONES IN MURTIZAPUR TALUK, AKOLA DISTRICT,

MAHARASHTRA, INDIA KHADRI S. F. R., CHAITANYA PANDE

Department of Geology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati-444602 (MS) Accepted Date: 27/02/2014 ; Published Date: 01/05/2014

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Abstract: Artificial groundwater recharge is becoming increasingly necessary as growing population require more water and as more stores is needed to save water in times of surplus for use in time of shortage. The present investigations of artificial recharge zones were carried out in Murtizapur Taluk of Akola district, Maharashtra, India. It lies between7020’’00 East Latitude and between 20, 53’, 00’’ North covered under the Survey of India top sheet numbers are 55H/2 H/3 H/5 and H/6. Various thematic maps such as Land use/Land cover, geomorphology, Soil Texture, lineament density etc. were prepared from the satellite image and all the five layers get integrated in the GIS platform through weighted index overlay analysis. Geomorphic units identified through visual interpretation of FCC include: alluvial plain, plateau, pediment pediplain, lineament, and land use land cover. In addition, lineaments were mapped since they act as conduit for groundwater recharge. The application of the increasingly and internationally accepted method of artificial recharge on the ground water aquifer was decided to be the most effective for the restoration of balance of the hydrogeological system. Groundwater elevation models were created through spatial interpolation method to analyze groundwater flow direction, groundwater flow accumulation and groundwater contour. All these thematic layers were analyses after converting them into overlay. The GIS technology provided suitable alternative for efficient management of large and complex database to study groundwater resource and design suitable exploration plan of artificial recharge zone. Use of state-of-the-art technology and estimation of all the parameters involved, which are necessary, have been taken into account. Keeping this as an objective, to identify the suitable sites for artificial recharge zones an integrated approach of remote sensing and GIS approach techniques were us Keywords: Artificial recharge zones, Groundwater potential zones, Satellite LISS-III Data, LANDSAT Image, Remote sensing and GIS

Corresponding Author: DR. KHADRI SFR

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INTRODUCTION

Replenishing the groundwater aquifers through artificial recharge was carried out in various parts of the world for the last six decades (Babcock and Cushing 1942; Barksdale and Debuchanne 1946; Beeby-Thompson 1950; Buchen 1955; Todd 1959). However, the importance of artificial recharge was realized in India only about four decades ago (Karanth 1963). In the recent years, many studies concentrated on application of remote sensing and GIS for artificial recharge (Sharma 1992; Anbazhagan 1994, unpublished PhD thesis; Ramasamy and Anbazhagan 1997, Anbazhagan and Ramasamy 2001). Remote sensing and GIS are playing a rapidly increasing role in the field of hydrology and water resources development. Remote sensing provides multi-spectral, multi-temporal and multi-sensor data of the earth’s surface (Choudhury, 1999). One of the greatest advantages of using remote sensing data for hydrological investigations and monitoring is its ability to generate information in spatial and temporal domain, which is very crucial for successful analysis, prediction and validation (Saraf, 1999) However, the use of remote sensing technology involves large amount of spatial data management and requires an efficient system to handle such data.GIS is an effective tool to analyze spatial and non-spatial data on drainage, geology, landforms parameters to understand their interrelationship. The concept of integrated remote sensing and GIS has proved to be an indispensable tool in integrating urban planning and groundwater studies. Hydrogeomorphological studies coupled with hydrogeological and structural/lineament have proved to be very effective tool in discerning groundwater potential zones. Many workers in different parts of the world have followed different techniques for gene-rating thematic maps on geology, hydrogeology, integrating the data to select favourable Sites for groundwater recharge (Johnson and Sneigocki, 1967; Vecchioli et, al.1974, Weston and Swain, 1979.

Study Area

The present investigations of artificial recharge zones were carried out in Murtizapur Taluka of Akola district, Maharashtra, India. The total geographical area of the Murtizapur Taluka is 797.73sq.kms. It lies between70 20’’00 East Latitude and between 20 53’ 00’’ North covered under the Survey of India Toposheet numbers are 55H/2 H/3 H/5 and H/6. (Fig.1).



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Maharashtra Akola District

Murtizapur Taluk

Fig. 1. Location map of Study Area

Methodology

The current study has been focused on artificial recharge site selection process and runoff estimation through remote sensing and GIS techniques. The digitally processed LISS III satellite data and LANDSAT image (2013-14) were used for the generation of various thematic maps on



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geology and geomorphological parameters. The thematic maps include pervious and impervious lithology, rock-soil contact, lineament, lineament density, and structure, fluvial and denudational geomorphology. In addition, the Survey of India (SOI) topographic maps, field investigation data were used for generation of geological, geomorphological, subsurface geological and hydrological database. Followed by thematic map generation, thematic map integration was performed through manual as well as statistical analysis, from which the watershed wise volume of the aquifer dimension was estimated. Satellite data were mainly used to generate land use and land cover information. Such land use and land cover detail, hydrological soil group and storm rainfall data were used for calculating the runoff through the SCS method. After estimating the volume of runoff available in each watershed, the artificial recharge planning was carried out. The fourth stage involves the integrated analysis of multi-disciplinary data sets to construct composite information set to explain various queries in the spatial context. GIS and land use are natural partners as both of them deal with spatial data. The land use evaluation with respect to groundwater changes is provided The study area can be broadly divided into low lying plain towards the banks of the Murtizapur Taluk in the northeast and horizontal Deccan Trap flows with multiple scarps and abrupt cliffs towards the southern parts. The study area consists of various erosional surfaces in step like terraces.

Fig. 2. Topographic model of Study Area



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Geomorphology

Geomorphology deals with the general configuration of the earth surface. It consists of description and measurement of the morphological features like mountains, rivers, elucidate the processes involved in their development and eventually construct the history of their evolution. Major geomorphologic units found in the study area are residual hills, structural hills, linear ridges, Denudational hills Alluvial Plain, pediment. The geomorphological map of the Murtizapur Taluka has prepared by visual interpretation of the LISS-III satellite image and visual interpretation is carried out base on the image characteristics like tone, size, shape, pattern, texture, location, associated background etc. in conjunction with existing maps and literature. These units are considered as poor potential zones, as they have unfractured rock material, low infiltration and behave largely as runoff zone. Structural hills are the linear or acute hills exhibiting definite trend lines and mostly act as runoff zones. Linear ridges are characterized by massive structure and high resistance to erosion. They also act as runoff zone and have poor potential for groundwater. Piedmont plain has low relief and surface water remains for considerable time before meeting major rivers. It provides good scope for infiltration and recharge of groundwater. Consequently they pose good potential for groundwater occurrence.(Fig.no.3)

Fig. 3. Geomorphological map of Study Area



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Drainage density

The areas occupied by hills and elevated land mass have a thick stream population, exhibiting the high drainage density. While the other parts of the area are represented by plains and river valleys having thin stream population giving raise to low DD values. DD is related to climate, type of rocks, relief, infiltration capacity, vegetative cover, surface roughness and runoff intensity index. The amount and type of precipitation, intensity and kind of vegetation and rainfall absorption capacity of soils influence the rate and quantity of surface runoff and affects the drainage texture of an area. (Fig. 4.)

Fig. 4. Drainage Density of Study Area

Lineament Distribution

A lineament is defined as a large scale linear structural feature. Such features may represent deep seated faults, master fractures and joints sets, drainage lines and boundary lines of different rock formations. Lineaments provide the pathways for groundwater movement and



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are hydrogeologically very important (Sankar, 2002). Lineaments are important in rocks where secondary permeability, porosity and intergranular characteristics together influence groundwater movements. The lineament intersection areas are considered as good groundwater potential zones. The combination of fractures and topographically low grounds can also serve as the best aquifer horizons (Rao, 1992). Lineaments have been identified on im-ages through visual interpretation by comparing spatial variation in tone, colour, texture, association, etc. 60 m area on either side of lineaments and intersections of lineaments are considered to be favourable for accumulation of groundwater. The study area is traversed numerous lineaments/Fractures oriented along N-S, NW-SE, NNW-SSE, and E-W directions. It is believed that these lineaments might have been resulted due to plate movements and tectonics in the region (Ganesha Raj, 1994) (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. Lineament map of Study Area



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Fig. 6. Lineament Density map of Study Area

Land Use / Land Cover

Remote sensing data and techniques provide reliable, accurate baseline information for land use mapping and play vital role in determining land use pattern and changes therein on different cut off dates. The major land use pattern of the study area includes cropland, fallow land, forest area, forest plantations, barren rocky area, land with scrubs and without scrubs etc. The forest and forest plantation gives light reddish brown tone with white patches and fine to medium texture with irregular shape and varying size. Although, these areas have good ground water recharge potential, these have been purposefully categorized as poor, keeping in mind that these areas are generally restricted and are not permitted for any ground water exploitation activity. (Fig.7).



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Fig. 7. Land Use Land Cover map of Study Area

Soil Characteristics of the watershed

Soil is important upper layer of the earth surface to support crop and vegetation for the economic development and food requirement of the human. The soil information for the study area was digitized from the soil map. Generally, seven (5) types of soil had been identified in the study area. At the lower area of watershed consists of clayey soil. The soil types of study area are clayey soil, clay loam, clayey, gravely clay, gravely clay loam, gravely sandy loam, sandy clay, and gravely sandy clay. The erosion of the top soil decreases the productivity of land and leads to failure of crops. (Fig .6). Since soil spectral reflectance can be rapidly and easily obtained with high repeatability, numerous samples can be studied to establish trends of change in soil hydraulic properties in a watershed. In order to spatially extrapolate the soil physical condition in the watershed, the spectrally defined physical condition indices were calibrated to pixel reflectance extracted from the IRS image of the study area. However, the



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conditional dependency model was developed to remove potential errors in the calibration model due to correlation between factors. Figure 4 below shows the graphical illustration for the conditional dependency model. There was significance relationship between soil physical condition indices and reflectance values from band 3, band 5 and band 7 (at 5 % significance level) (Fig.8).

Fig. 8. Land Use Land Cover map of Study Area

Artificial recharge site selection

Artificial recharge is the process of augmenting the natural movement of surface water into underground formations by some artificial methods. This is accomplished by constructing infiltration facilities or by inducing recharge from surface water bodies. In hard rock areas, the underlying lithological units do not have sufficient porosity and permeability. In these areas, groundwater recharge falls short of the water that is being taken out of the aquifers. Hence, groundwater cannot suffice the requirement for agriculture or drinking water. Thus, additional recharge by artificial methods becomes necessary to meet the water deficit. In India, artificial recharge measures are taken in the watershed development. The performance of these efforts



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can be immensely increased if they are performed through proper scientific planning. Integrated remote sensing and GIS can be a very powerful tool for planning of suitability for artificial recharge structures. However, this powerful tool has not attained wide applications for this purpose till now in India. In this present study has successfully demonstrated an integrated remote sensing and GIS technique to suggest suitable area for future artificial recharge structures in the Murtizapur Taluka. The site selection is purely based on hydro geological point of view, the engineering aspects are not considered here.

Fig. 9. Ground Water Potential Zone map of Study Area

Selection of Artificial Recharge Site

A remote sensing and GIS based method is found to be very useful in suitability analysis for artificial recharge sites in the sub watershed. For such analysis the first task was to identify the factors facilitating recharge to take place. The existing artificial recharge system in the area has been studied with respect to its hydro geomorphology, topography and response in the water level of the wells. Based on these observations, a set of rules has been designed to demarcate the most suitable site and also to find out the exact sites for artificial recharge. The following



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thematic information layers are used in this suitability analysis and weighted indexed overlay model has been applied: (a) Geology, (b) Geomorphology, (c) Soils, (d) Topographic Model.

Fig. 10 Artificial Recharge zone map.

Conclusions :

In order to delineate the groundwater Recharge zones, different thematic layers viz: geomorphology, slope, drainage, drainage density and land use map are used to be integrated. This provides a broad idea about the groundwater prospect of the area. Presently groundwater Recharge zones have been demarcated by integration of above thematic layers, using a model developed through GIS technique. The above study has demonstrated the capabilities of using remote sensing and Geographical Information System for demarcation of different artificial recharge zones of groundwater. This gives more realistic groundwater recharge zone map of an area which may be used for any groundwater development and management programme. The following conclusions are drawn from the above study: In the present study a Role of remote sensing and GIS based methodology has been developed and demonstrated for evaluation of



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groundwater resources. The present study has demonstrated that the recharge sites situated on a gentle slope and lower order streams are likely to provide artificial recharge to a larger area. Combination of geology, land use land cover, geomorphology, contour, soil and Topographic model has been found very useful in the selection of suitable sites for artificial recharge. Change in land use is mainly due to the hydrological factors as is clear from the change image derived by subtraction of the land use maps. Moderately high-resolution satellite images data (LISS-III and Land sat image) provide details of the terrain, as well as a synoptic overview, to visualize the general groundwater condition indirectly.

REFERENCES

1. Anbazhagan S, Ramasamy SM (2001) Remote sensing based artificial recharge studies-a case study from Precambrian Terrain, India, and management of aquifer recharge for sustainability. In: Dillon PJ (eds) Management of aquifer recharge for sustainability, ISAR-4, Adelaide. Balkema, Lisse, pp 553–556

2. Anbazhagan S, Ramasamy SM (2005) Evaluation of areas for artificial groundwater recharge in Ayyar basin, Tamil Nadu, India through statistical terrain analysis.

3. Anon (1973) A method for estimating volume and rate of runoff in small watersheds. Technical paper no. 149, J Geol Soci India (in press) Soil Conservation Service, USDA- SCS, Washington, D.C

4. Saraf, A. K, Chaudhary, P. R., "Integrated remote sensing and GIS for groundwater explora tion and identification of artificial recharges sites, International Journal of Remote sensing, 19(10): 1825-1841, 1998.

5. Binay Kumar 1 , Uday Kumar 2,.(2011) Ground water recharge zonation mapping and modeling using Geomatics techniques INTERNATIONAL JOUR-NAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 1, No 7,

6. Devi Dayal Sinha & Surya Narayan Mohapatra & Padmini Pani, Mapping and Assessment of Ground-water Potential in Bilrai Watershed (Shivpuri Dis-trict, M.P.)—A Geomatics Approach. J Indian Soc Remote Sens (December 2012) 40(4):649–668.

7. M. Girish Kumar. A. K. Agarwal. Rameshwar Bali,. (2008). Delineation of Potential Sites for Water Har-vesting Structures using Remote Sensing and GIS, J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens. (December 2008) 36:323–334



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8. Nag.S.K 1, Anindita Lahiri 2 . (2011). Integrated approach using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques for delineating groundwater potential zones in Dwara-keswar watershed, Bankura district, West Bengal.

9. Khadri S.F.R.1, Kanak Moharir. Remote Sensing and GIS approaches in Artificial Recharge of the Ground Water Potential Zones in PT-7 Watershed of Akola District Maharashtra by in IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE).

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