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A North Australian Food Web Game by Barbara E. Wueringer, Hannah Cook and Jillian Morris Brake with special thanks to Stirling Peverell and Paul Lennon

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Page 1: A North Australian Food Web Gameprimary consumers, supporting 100 secondary consumers. All these organisms support only one tertiary consumer. • In the ocean, phytoplankton are at

ANorthAustralianFoodWebGame

by

BarbaraE.Wueringer,HannahCookandJillianMorrisBrake

withspecialthankstoStirlingPeverellandPaulLennon

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SARATheFoodWebGameV1.4November2018 2

Authorassociations:BarbaraE.Wueringer(SharksAndRaysAustralia)HannahCook(SharksAndRaysAustraliavolunteer),JillianMorrisBrake(Sharks4Kids)

Thisgameisfreelyavailableforeducationalpurposesonlyfromthefollowinghomepages:

SharksAndRaysAustraliawww.saw.fishSharks4Kidswww.sharks4kids.com

Itisforbiddentosellthisgameoruseittogeneratemoney.

Thisgamewascreatedwithfundingfrom

and

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SARATheFoodWebGameV1.4November2018 3

TheauthorswouldliketothankStirlingPeverell(Biologist)and

PaulLennon(Illustrator)forgrantingpermissiontouseimages

fromtheirchildren’scomicbook,‘Sonyathesawfish’.

Thecomiccanbepurchasedhere

https://shop.australiazoo.com.au/australia-zoo/books-and-calendars/1579-sonya-the-

sawfish-paperback-book

Ifyouusethisgameinyourschoolpleasefeelfreetoemailfeedbackand

[email protected],

we’dlovetohearfromyou!

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SARATheFoodWebGameV1.4November2018 4

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Instructionsforteachers&presenters:

1. Speciesfactsandcolouringsession

Todaythekidswilllearnaboutsomeofthespeciesofanimalsthatinhabittheriversandestuariesaroundthem.

àCantheynameariverinthearea?àHavetheybeenthere?àWhatdidtheydothereandwhichanimalsandplantshavetheyseen?

Whenyoustartgoingthroughthespecies,handoutthesheetsforthekidstocolourin.Thisallowsthekidstogothroughthefactsforeachspecieswithyou.Encouragethem,dotheyknowmorefactsabouttheseanimals?IftheyareIndigenouschildren,maybetheywanttotalkabouttheirtraditionalusesandimportanceofthesespecies.Alsodon’tforgettoshowthemtheactualpicturesofthespecies. àYoucanalsotalkaboutcrocsafetywiththem!Youcanalsopickananimalanditscolouringinsheetandprintitoutlargeandgetthewholeclasstocolourtheanimalintogether.

2. Let’slayoutafoodweb

Thiscanbedoneinaseparatesession!Foreachspeciesthereare3sheetsinthehandout,onewithmultiplespecimensofaspecies,onewithalargespecimenandonewithatinyspecimen.Youwillneedallofthemforthefoodweb,butbeginwiththesheetsthatfeaturealargespecimeneach.Askthekids

àDotheyknowwhoeatswhom?àCantheyidentifythefoodchainthatwearebuildingtoday?

Someofthefactorsaffectingthefoodchainare:Isthespeciesaplantorananimal.Howlargedoestheanimalget?Youcouldtellthekidsthatsomeanimalschangetheirdietwhentheygrow.Notesforthepresenter–exampleofamarinefoodchain(adaptforourfoodchain!):

• FOODCHAINSareapossiblepaththatENERGYandnutrientsmaytakeastheymovethroughtheECOSYSTEM.Foodchainscanbelongandcomplicated,orveryshort.

• PhytoplanktonarethemainPRODUCERSinmarineecosystems.TinycreaturescalledzooplanktonarePRIMARYCONSUMERS,feedingontheplankton.Jellyfishareopportunistic,happilyfeedingonphytoplanktonaswellaszooplanktonandareSECONDARYCONSUMERS.

• JuvenilegreenseaturtlesfeedonjellyfishasTERTIARYCONSUMERS.TigersharksareAPEXPREDATORS,feedingongreenseaturtles.Whenthetigersharksdie,theirbodiessinktotheseafloorandDECOMPOSERSsuchaswormsbreakdownthematerial.Thenutrientsreleasedbythedecayingfleshprovidechemicalsforphytoplanktontostartanewseriesoffoodchains.

• BIOMASSistheenergyinlivingorganisms.AUTOTROPHS,theproducersinafoodweb,convertthesunsenergyintobiomass.BiomassdecreaseswitheachTROPHICLEVEL,thereisalwaysmoreautotrophsthanHETEROTROPHS(consumers)inahealthyecosystem.Smalleranimalsaremorenumerousthanlargerones.TigersharksandjellyfisharebothCONSUMERS,however,ittakesmuchmorebiomasstosupportatigersharkpopulation

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thanajellyfishpopulation.Asthenumberofplantsandotherautotrophsisreduced,therestofthefoodwebisforcedtoadaptordie.

Whenyoulookatthepictureofthefoodweb(Figure1),youwillseethatitisveryconfusing.Aneasierwaytorepresentitasisbythelevelsofthefoodpyramid.

àWhenplayingthefoodwebgamewiththekids,itmightbeeasiertopickonlytheanimalsfromonefoodchainwithintheweb,andworkwiththem

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Figure1:OneofthefoodwebspresentintheriversystemsinNorthernAustralia.

saltwater crocodile

freshwater whip ray

freshwater sawf i s

h

bull shark

sea mullett

barramundi

freshwater prawn

seagrass & algae

eel tailed catf i s

h

detritus

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Figure2:AfoodchainfromariverinNorthernAustraliathatincludesafreshwatersawfishPristispristis

saltwater crocodile

freshwater sawf i s

h

bull shark

sea mullett

freshwater prawn

seagrass & algae

detritus

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Figure3:AfoodchainfromariverinNorthernAustraliathatincludesafreshwaterwhiprayUrotrygondalyensis

saltwater crocodile

freshwater whip ray

bull shark

sea mullett

freshwater prawn

seagrass & algae

detritus

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Figure3:AfoodchainfromariverinNorthernAustraliathatincludesaBarramundiLatescalcarifer

saltwater crocodile

bull shark

barramundi

freshwater prawn

seagrass & algae

detritus

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FoodPyramid• Inabalancedecosystem,theFOODPYRAMIDshowsthePOPULATIONoforganismson

eachtrophiclevel.Therearemoreproducers(base)thanthereareconsumers(upperlevels).Itisestimatedthatifthereareamillionproducers,theremayonlybe10,000primaryconsumers,supporting100secondaryconsumers.Alltheseorganismssupportonlyonetertiaryconsumer.

• Intheocean,phytoplanktonareatthebaseofthepyramid.TheymaketheirownfoodusingenergyfromthesunthroughPHOTOSYNTHESIS.

• Sharkspeciesareatthetopofthefoodpyramidinalmosteverypartoftheworld’soceans.ThismeanssharksplayacriticalroleinthelargestBIOMEontheplanet,themarinebiome,whichcovers71%oftheEarth’ssurface.

• Asapexpredators,scientistsbelievesharksarecriticalformaintainingoceanBIODIVERSITYandthehealthofecosystems.Theyeatold,sick,deadordyingfishandkeepthepopulationoffishbeneaththemonthefoodchainfromoverpopulating.

• Withoutsharks,fishspeciesbelowthemonthefoodchainswellinpopulationandcanovereattheirfoodsource.Thesefishwilldieoffandthenextlevelhasaswellinpopulationandsoon.ThiscancauseaTROPHICCASCADE,impactingalllevelsofthefoodpyramid.

FoodWeb

• FOODWEBSconsistofallthefoodchainsinasingleecosystem,amoreaccuratewaytodisplayinteractionsbecauseeachlivingthinginanecosystemispartofmultiplefoodchains.Afoodchainisonlyonepossiblepathofmanythatenergyandnutrientsmaytakeastheymovethroughtheecosystem.

• Organismsinfoodwebsaregroupedintocategoriescalledtrophiclevels.Thesearedividedintoproducers(firsttrophiclevel),consumers,anddecomposers(lasttrophiclevel).

BioaccumulationandBiomagnificationBIOACCUMULATIONisthegradualbuildupovertimeofachemicalinalivingorganism.Manychemicalscan’tbebrokendownbythebodysotheybuildupintheorganism’stissues.BIOMAGNIFICATIONreferstothetendencyofpollutantstoconcentrateastheymovefromonetrophicleveltothenextwheneatenbyhigherlevelconsumers.Whenatoxicpollutantisinthewater,itquicklyentersthefoodchain:

• Phytoplanktonabsorbsthepollutantsfromthewater,butbecausethereissolittlepollutantineachphytoplanktonitdoesn’tcausemuchdamageatthislevelofthefoodweb.

• Whenzooplanktonconsumestenphytoplankton,itnowhastentimesthelevelofthepollutantinitsbody.

• Asmallfisheatingtenzooplanktonwillhave100timestheleveloftoxicpollutantasasinglephytoplankton.

• Thismultiplicationcontinuesthroughoutthefoodwebuntilitreachestheapexpredator.Thisbioaccumulationoftoxinsiswhatmakeseatingsharkfleshsodangerous.Byeatingthetoppredatorfromanecosystem,humansgetadangerousdoseoftoxinslikemercuryandvariouspesticides.

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3. Effectsoffishingandhuntinghaveonthefoodweb

Togetherwiththekidsyouhavenowlaidoutthefoodweborfoodchainofyourchoice!Nowyoucanexplaintothemtheeffectsofoverfishingorhuntingofonespecies.Forexample,askwhathappensiftherearetoofewcrocodilesinthefoodweb? àReplacethecrocodilecardwiththeonethatonlyshowsasmallcrocodile àTheeffectstrickledowntothenearestlowertropiclevel,i.e.thenumbersofbullsharks,sawfishorstingrayscouldincrease.Toshowthis,pickthesheetswithlargenumbersofbullsharks,freshwaterwhipraysandsawfish. àButifthenumbersofbullsharksincrease,thenthenumbersoffreshwaterwhipraysandsawfishcoulddecrease.Replacethesheetswiththegroupofstingraysandthegroupofsawfishwiththosethatonlyshowonetinystingrayorsawfish. àContinueondownthefoodchainRemember,whenweoversimplifythings,evenadultsmightwalkawaythinking,‘Ok,ifwewantmoreturtlestosurvivewejusthavetokillalltigersharks!’whichiswrong.Scientificresearchofmanydifferentfoodwebsgloballyindicatesthatoverexploitationofonespeciesoragroupofspecieswithinanecosystemleadstosimplificationoffoodwebsinalessproductiveecosystem.

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4. Terminology

Thissectioncontainstermsthatyoumightwanttoexplainoruseinyourclass.Itisimportanttoadaptthisaccordingtotheageofyouraudience.Remember,itismoreimportantthatthekidsgetanideaofhowafoodwebworksratherthanlearningalltheseterms!Abiotic-Thenon-livingpartsofanecosystem(sunlight,soil,air,water).ApexPredator-toppredatorofanecosystem,nonaturalpredators.Autorotroph-organismsthatproducetheirownfoodfromtheenvironment(sunlightor

chemicals).Bioaccumulate-toxinsaccumulatinginorganismsastheymoveuptrophiclevels.Biomagnification-referstopollutantsconcentratingastheymovefromonetrophicleveltothe

next.Biodiversity-Thevarietyofdifferentspecieswithinanecosystem.Biomass-livingorganismsandtheenergycontainedwithinthem.Biome-regionsoftheworldwithsimilarclimate,animalsandplants.Biotic-livingpartsofanecosystem.Consumer-organismsthatdependonproducersorotherconsumersasafoodsource.Decomposer-organismsthatbreakdownorganicmatter.Ecosystem-Animals,plantsandnonlivingthingsthatmakeupanenvironmentandimpactone

another.Energy-theabilitytodowork.EnergyPyramid-showsthebiomassateachtrophiclevelinanecosystem.FoodChain-groupoforganismslinkedinorderofthefoodtheyeat.Foodweb-Thewholegroupofinteractingfoodchainsinanecosystem.Heterotroph-organismsthatcan’tproducetheirownenergyandrelyonconsumingother

organisms.Photosynthesis-theprocessbywhichsunlight,carbondioxideandwaterareconvertedinto

simplesugarsandoxygen.Population-Alloftheindividualsofthesamespecieslivingwithinagivenarea.Producer-livingthingsthatmaketheirownfoodthroughphotosynthesis.Predator-ananimalthathuntsandeatsotheranimals.Prey-ananimalthatishuntedandeatenbyotheranimals.PrimaryConsumer-organismsthateatplantsorotherautotrophs.SecondaryConsumer-organismsthateatsmeat.Speciesname:isinlatin,andisdifferentforeachspecies.Thefirstpartofthenamedescribesthe

genus,whichislikethelastnameforpeople.Thesecondpartofthenameisdifferentforeachspecies.Thissystemallowsbiologiststoidentifyaspecies.Normally,peopleusecommonnames,butforscientiststheycanbeconfusingasforexamplethefreshwatersawfish(SpeciesnamePristispristis)hasafewdifferentcommonnames,includinglarge-toothsawfish.Anotherexampleis“mullet”asthiswordisusedforalotofdifferentspecies.

TertiaryConsumer-carnivorethatmostlyeatsothercarnivores.TrophicCascade-Thelossofatoppredatorthatleadstoaseriesofpopulationincreasesand

crashes,cascadingdownthetrophiclevelsofanecosystem.TrophicLevel-oneofthreepositionsonthefoodchain:autotrophs(first),herbivores(second),

andcarnivoresandomnivores(third).OthersmallfishthatarecommonlyseeninriversandestuariesinFarNorthQueensland,Cape

YorkandtheGulfofCarpentariaare:• Australianbass

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• Mangrovejack• Grunter• Maryrivercod• Jungleperch• Rivercod• Murraycod• Silverperch

Onthenextpageyouwillfindactualpicturesofeachspeciesusedinthisgame.Youcanprintafewforthekidstolookat.

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Foodwebgamespeciesprintandlaminate

SaltwatercrocodileCrocodylusporosusImagebyB.E.Wueringer(SARA)

BullsharkCarcharhinusleucasImagebyBarbaraWueringer(SARA)

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Freshwatersawfish,Pristispristis

ImagebyDavidMorgan(FreshwaterFishGroup,MurdochUniversity)

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TheSARAteamwithafreshwatersawfishreadyforrelease

ImagebySarahO’HeaMiller(SARA)

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FreshwaterwhiprayUrotrygondalyensis

ImagebyAshleyDew(SARA)

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Aforktailcatfish(FamilyAridae)

ImagebyBarbaraWueringer(SARA)

BarramundiLatescalcarifer

ImagebyMarkAllen(FreshwaterFishGroup,MurdochUniversity)

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SeamulletMugilcephalus

ImagebyBEWueringer(SARA)

aschoolofpop-eyemulletRhinomugilnasutus

ImagebyBarbaraWueringer(SARA)

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FreshwaterprawnMacrobrachiumsp.ImagebyDeanThorburn(IndopacificEnvironmental)

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Seagrass

ImagebyBarbaraWueringer(SARA)

Seagrassandalgae

ImagebyDaveMorgan(FreshwaterFishGroup,MurdochUniversity)

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SARATheFoodWebGameV1.4November2018 23

FoodwebgamespeciescolouringsheetsPRINTTHESHEETSSTARTINGFROMNEXTPAGESINGLESIDEDFORCHILDRENTOCOLOURIN.Ideas:• Canthechildrenmatchthesedrawingswiththepicturesoftheanimals?• Youcanalsoprintindividualanimalsheetsonlargepapersothatthekidscanallcolourone

animalintogether!!

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Freshwaterwhipray

Facts:• Speciesname:Urotrygondalyensis• Verysmalleyes• Eatssmallfishandprawns• Lightbrowntogreybrownonthetop

sideandwhiteunderneath

• Venomousspine• Cangrowupto1.24m• Pregnantforupto12months,and

have2to6young• Liveinestuarinesystemsand

freshwatersystems

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Freshwaterwhipray

Facts:

• Speciesname:Urotrygondalyensis• Verysmalleyes• Eatssmallfishandprawns• Lightbrowntogreybrownonthetop

sideandwhiteunderneath

• Venomousspine• Cangrowupto1.24m• Pregnantforupto12months,and

have2to6young• Liveinestuarinesystemsand

freshwatersystems

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Freshwaterwhipray

Facts:

• Speciesname:Urotrygondalyensis• Verysmalleyes• Eatssmallfishandprawns• Lightbrowntogreybrownonthetopsideandwhite

underneath

• Venomousspine• Cangrowupto1.24m• Pregnantforupto12months,andhave2to6young• Liveinestuarinesystemsandfreshwatersystems

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Freshwaterprawns

Facts:

• Speciesname:Macrobrachiumsp.• Femalescarryeggsuntiltheyhatch-

10,000to50,000eggsatatimeandupto5timesperyear

• Translucent

• Livesincreeksandstreams,inturbidwaters

• Theyareanimportantfoodsourceformanyfishspecies,platypusandstingrays

• Malescangrowupto32cm,femalescangrowupto25cm

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Freshwaterprawns

Facts:

• Speciesname:Macrobrachiumsp.• Femalescarryeggsuntiltheyhatch-

10,000to50,000eggsatatimeandupto5timesperyear

• Translucent

• Livesincreeksandstreams,inturbidwaters

• Theyareanimportantfoodsourceformanyfishspecies,platypusandstingrays

• Malescangrowupto32cm,femalescangrowupto25cm

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Freshwaterprawns

Facts:

• Speciesname:Macrobrachiumsp.• Femalescarryeggsuntiltheyhatch-

10,000to50,000eggsatatimeandupto5timesperyear

• Translucent

• Livesincreeksandstreams,inturbidwaters

• Theyareanimportantfoodsourceformanyfishspecies,platypusandstingrays

• Malescangrowupto32cm,femalescangrowupto25cm

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Saltwatercrocodile

Facts:

• Speciesname:Crococodylusporosus• Malescangrowupto5mlongandweighmorethan450kg• Femalesaresmalleraround3mlongandweighupto150kg• Hatchlingsstayinthenestforupto2months• 90%ofsurvivingcrocodilesarewithin5kmoftheirnestingsite• Theyeatalotofcrabs,andsomeprawnsandinsects• Theirnestsareusuallyabovethetideline,andgetmiddaysun,shadeinthemorningand

afternoon.• Thesaltwatercrocodileisthelargestoflivingreptileintheworld• AdultcrocodilesfeedonmammalslikeWallabiesandPigs

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Saltwatercrocodile

Facts:

• Speciesname:Crococodylusporosus• Malescangrowupto5mlongandweighmorethan450kg• Femalesaresmalleraround3mlongandweighupto150kg• Hatchlingsstayinthenestforupto2months• 90%ofsurvivingcrocodilesarewithin5kmoftheirnestingsite• Theyeatalotofcrabs,andsomeprawnsandinsects• Theirnestsareusuallyabovethetideline,andgetmiddaysun,shadeinthemorningand

afternoon.• Thesaltwatercrocodileisthelargestoflivingreptileintheworld• AdultcrocodilesfeedonmammalslikeWallabiesandPigs

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Saltwatercrocodile

Facts:

• Speciesname:Crococodylusporosus• Malescangrowupto5mlongandweighmorethan450kg• Femalesaresmalleraround3mlongandweighupto150kg• Hatchlingsstayinthenestforupto2months• 90%ofsurvivingcrocodilesarewithin5kmoftheirnestingsite• Theyeatalotofcrabs,andsomeprawnsandinsects• Theirnestsareusuallyabovethetideline,andgetmiddaysun,shadeinthemorningand

afternoon.• Thesaltwatercrocodileisthelargestoflivingreptileintheworld• AdultcrocodilesfeedonmammalslikeWallabiesandPigs

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Freshwatersawfish

Facts:

• Speciesname:Pristispristis• Cangrowupto7mlong• Around20teethoneithersideofthesaw• Usedtobefoundallaroundtheworldintropicsandsubtropics,nowveryrareand

endangered.• Somehavelivedfor44years• Theyliketoliveinmuddybottomsoftheriverembayment’sandestuaries• Theyeatfishandbenthicinvertebrates• Thesawisusedtostunschoolingfish,andtogetmolluscsandcrustaceansoutofthe

benthicsediment

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Freshwatersawfish

Facts:

• Speciesname:Pristispristis• Cangrowupto7mlong• Around20teethoneithersideofthesaw• Usedtobecommonallaroundtheworldintropicsand

subtropics,nowveryrareandendangered.

• Somehavelivedfor44years• Theyliketoliveinmuddybottomsoftheriverembayment’s

andestuaries• Thesawisusedtostunschoolingfish,whicharetheneaten

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Freshwatersawfish

Facts:

• Speciesname:Pristispristis• Cangrowupto7mlong• Around20teethoneithersideofthesaw• Usedtobefoundallaroundtheworldintropicsandsubtropics,nowveryrareand

endangered.• Somehavelivedfor44years• Theyliketoliveinmuddybottomsoftheriverembayment’sandestuaries• Theyeatfishandbenthicinvertebrates• Thesawisusedtostunschoolingfish,andtogetmolluscsandcrustaceansoutofthe

benthicsediment

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Eel-catfish

Facts:

• Speciesname:Plotosuscanius• Highlyvenomousspines• Theyhaveaneelliketailandstrongbarbedspinesonthedorsalandpectoralfins,they

haveslimyscalelessskin• Liveandfeedonthebottomoftheriver• Theyeatsmallfish,yabbies,prawns,molluscs,andothersmallbenthicorganisms• Cansurviveinharshconditions• Manyindividualscanindicatethattheenvironmentisextremelyhealthy• Growtoabout50cmto90cmandweighabout1.8kgsto6.8kg• Theycanliveupto8years• Thisisjustonespeciesofcatfishtherearemanymoreintheriversandcoastalareas!

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Eel-catfish

Facts:

• Speciesname:Plotosuscanius• Highlyvenomousspines• Theyhaveaneelliketailandstrongbarbedspinesonthedorsalandpectoralfins,they

haveslimyscalelessskin• Liveandfeedonthebottomoftheriver• Theyeatsmallfish,yabbies,prawns,molluscs,andothersmallbenthicorganisms• Cansurviveinharshconditions• Manyindividualscanindicatethattheenvironmentisextremelyhealthy• Growtoabout50cmto90cmandweighabout1.8kgsto6.8kg• Theycanliveupto8years• Thisisjustonespeciesofcatfishtherearemanymoreintheriversandcoastalareas!

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Eel-catfish

Facts:

• Speciesname:Plotosuscanius• Highlyvenomousspines• Theyhaveaneelliketailandstrongbarbedspinesonthedorsalandpectoralfins,they

haveslimyscalelessskin• Liveandfeedonthebottomoftheriver• Theyeatsmallfish,yabbies,prawns,molluscs,andothersmallbenthicorganisms• Cansurviveinharshconditions• Manyindividualscanindicatethattheenvironmentisextremelyhealthy• Growtoabout50cmto90cmandweighabout1.8kgsto6.8kg• Theycanliveupto8years• Thisisjustonespeciesofcatfishtherearemanymoreintheriversandcoastalareas!

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SARATheFoodWebGameV1.4November2018 39

Bullshark

Facts:• Speciesname:Carcharhiusleucas• Manydifferentnames:rivershark,freshwaterwhaler,estuary

whaler,swanriverwhaler• Theycangrowupto3.4mlong• Adultbullsharksarepotentiallydangeroustohumans• Adultsliveinestuaries,rivers,coastalmarinewaters

• Femalesgivebirthtoyounginrivermouthswheretheyoungcanlivefor5years

• Staysinfreshwaterforlongperiodstofeedandbreed• CanbefoundinmanylocationsaroundAustralia• Theyeatfish,dolphins,turtles,birds,molluscs,echinoderms,

andsometimesterrestrialanimals.

Page 40: A North Australian Food Web Gameprimary consumers, supporting 100 secondary consumers. All these organisms support only one tertiary consumer. • In the ocean, phytoplankton are at

SARATheFoodWebGameV1.4November2018 40

Bullshark

Facts:• Speciesname:Carcharhiusleucas• Manydifferentnames:rivershark,freshwaterwhaler,estuary

whaler,swanriverwhaler• Theycangrowupto3.4mlong• Adultbullsharksarepotentiallydangeroustohumans• Adultsliveinestuaries,rivers,coastalmarinewaters

• Femalesgivebirthtoyounginrivermouthswheretheyoungcanlivefor5years

• Staysinfreshwaterforlongperiodstofeedandbreed• CanbefoundinmanylocationsaroundAustralia• Theyeatfish,dolphins,turtles,birds,molluscs,echinoderms,

andsometimesterrestrialanimals.

Page 41: A North Australian Food Web Gameprimary consumers, supporting 100 secondary consumers. All these organisms support only one tertiary consumer. • In the ocean, phytoplankton are at

SARATheFoodWebGameV1.4November2018 41

Bullshark

Facts:• Speciesname:Carcharhiusleucas• Manydifferentnames:rivershark,freshwaterwhaler,estuary

whaler,swanriverwhaler• Theycangrowupto3.4mlong• Adultbullsharksarepotentiallydangeroustohumans• Adultsliveinestuaries,rivers,coastalmarinewaters

• Femalesgivebirthtoyounginrivermouthswheretheyoungcanlivefor5years

• Staysinfreshwaterforlongperiodstofeedandbreed• CanbefoundinmanylocationsaroundAustralia• Theyeatfish,dolphins,turtles,birds,molluscs,echinoderms,

andsometimesterrestrialanimals.

Page 42: A North Australian Food Web Gameprimary consumers, supporting 100 secondary consumers. All these organisms support only one tertiary consumer. • In the ocean, phytoplankton are at

SARATheFoodWebGameV1.4November2018 42

Barramundi

Facts:

• Speciesname:Latescalcarifer• Cangrowupto60kgandalengthof120cm• Recognisablebypointedhead,concaveforehead,largejaw

extendingbehindtheeyeandroundedcaudalfin• Smallfisharemale,largeonesarefemale

• Livesinarangeofconditionsincreeks,rivers,andestuariesincleartoturbidwaters.

• Theyeatarangeoffood,smallfish,prawns,crayfish,crabs,andaquaticinsects

• MostimportantfreshwatercommercialfishinAustralia

Page 43: A North Australian Food Web Gameprimary consumers, supporting 100 secondary consumers. All these organisms support only one tertiary consumer. • In the ocean, phytoplankton are at

SARATheFoodWebGameV1.4November2018 43

Barramundi

Facts:

• Speciesname:Latescalcarifer• Cangrowupto60kgandalengthof120cm• Recognisablebypointedhead,concaveforehead,largejaw

extendingbehindtheeyeandroundedcaudalfin• Smallfisharemale,largeonesarefemale

• Livesinarangeofconditionsincreeks,rivers,andestuariesincleartoturbidwaters.

• Theyeatarangeoffood,smallfish,prawns,crayfish,crabs,andaquaticinsects

• MostimportantfreshwatercommercialfishinAustralia

Page 44: A North Australian Food Web Gameprimary consumers, supporting 100 secondary consumers. All these organisms support only one tertiary consumer. • In the ocean, phytoplankton are at

SARATheFoodWebGameV1.4November2018 44

Barramundi

Facts:

• Speciesname:Latescalcarifer• Cangrowupto60kgandalengthof

120cm• Recognisablebypointedhead,

concaveforehead,largejawextendingbehindtheeyeandroundedcaudalfin

• Smallfisharemale,largeonesarefemale

• Livesinarangeofconditionsincreeks,rivers,andestuariesincleartoturbidwaters.

• Theyeatarangeoffood,smallfish,prawns,crayfish,crabs,andaquaticinsects

• MostimportantfreshwatercommercialfishinAustralia

Page 45: A North Australian Food Web Gameprimary consumers, supporting 100 secondary consumers. All these organisms support only one tertiary consumer. • In the ocean, phytoplankton are at

SARATheFoodWebGameV1.4November2018 45

Algaeandseagrass:

Facts:• Plantsmakesugarsfromsunlightandnutrientsfromtheground• Theyarefoodandshelterformanyorganisms• Foundinshallow,shelteredsoftbottomedmarinecoastlinesandestuaries• Nurserygroundsforfishandprawns• Protectcoralreefsastheytrapsedimentsthatarewashedoutfromrivers• Seagrassalgaebedsareconsideredthe3rdmostvaluableecosystemglobally–play

importantrolesfortheecosysteminwhichtheyoccurandotherecosystemsaroundit

Page 46: A North Australian Food Web Gameprimary consumers, supporting 100 secondary consumers. All these organisms support only one tertiary consumer. • In the ocean, phytoplankton are at

SARATheFoodWebGameV1.4November2018 46

Algaeandseagrass:

Facts:• Plantsmakesugarsfromsunlightandnutrientsfromtheground• Theyarefoodandshelterformanyorganisms• Foundinshallow,shelteredsoftbottomedmarinecoastlinesandestuaries• Nurserygroundsforfishandprawns• Protectcoralreefsastheytrapsedimentsthatarewashedoutfromrivers• Seagrassalgaebedsareconsideredthe3rdmostvaluableecosystemglobally–play

importantrolesfortheecosysteminwhichtheyoccurandotherecosystemsaroundit

Page 47: A North Australian Food Web Gameprimary consumers, supporting 100 secondary consumers. All these organisms support only one tertiary consumer. • In the ocean, phytoplankton are at

SARATheFoodWebGameV1.4November2018 47

Algaeandseagrass:

Facts:• Plantsmakesugarsfromsunlightandnutrientsfromtheground• Theyarefoodandshelterformanyorganisms• Foundinshallow,shelteredsoftbottomedmarinecoastlinesandestuaries• Nurserygroundsforfishandprawns• Protectcoralreefsastheytrapsedimentsthatarewashedoutfromrivers• Seagrassalgaebedsareconsideredthe3rdmostvaluableecosystemglobally–play

importantrolesfortheecosysteminwhichtheyoccurandotherecosystemsaroundit

Page 48: A North Australian Food Web Gameprimary consumers, supporting 100 secondary consumers. All these organisms support only one tertiary consumer. • In the ocean, phytoplankton are at

SARATheFoodWebGameV1.4November2018 48

Seamullet

Facts:

• Speciesname:Mugilcephalus• Mostcommonlength35cm,maximumtotallength91cm;• Canweighbetween0.5kgto1.5kg;• Pelvicfinsarepaleyellow;• Likeswatertemperaturesbetween12degand25deg• Animportantfoodsourceformanyspeciessuchasstingrays,sawfish,largerfish;

somesharks• Feedson

Page 49: A North Australian Food Web Gameprimary consumers, supporting 100 secondary consumers. All these organisms support only one tertiary consumer. • In the ocean, phytoplankton are at

SARATheFoodWebGameV1.4November2018 49

Seamullet

Facts:

• Speciesname:Mugilcephalus• Mostcommonlength35cm,maximumtotallength91cm;• Canweighbetween0.5kgto1.5kg;• Pelvicfinsarepaleyellow;• Likeswatertempsbetween12degand25deg• Animportantfoodsourceformanyspeciessuchas,stingrays,sawfish,largerfish;

somesharks

Page 50: A North Australian Food Web Gameprimary consumers, supporting 100 secondary consumers. All these organisms support only one tertiary consumer. • In the ocean, phytoplankton are at

SARATheFoodWebGameV1.4November2018 50

Seamullet

Facts:

• Speciesname:Mugilcephalus• Mostcommonlength35cm,maximumtotallength91cm;• Canweighbetween0.5kgto1.5kg;• Pelvicfinsarepaleyellow;• Likeswatertempsbetween12degand25deg• Animportantfoodsourceformanyspeciessuchas,stingrays,sawfish,largerfish;

somesharks


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