a mesh-free numerical method for three-dimensional nonlinear schrödinger equation department of...

A Mesh-free Numerical Method for three-dimensionalNonlinear Schrödinger Equation

Department of Computer Science and Information SystemsBirkbeck, University of London

Thomas C.L. [email protected]

Feb 09, 2011

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Overview

• Physical motivation of the problem– Dimensionless Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE)

• Introduction to Radial basis functions (RBF)– Global supported strictly positive definite radial basis functions– Compactly supported radial basis funtions– Kansa’s method (asymmetric collocation)

• Meshfree solution of cubic Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation– Numerical experiments and validation

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Physical Motivation

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Physical Motivation

History of Bose Einstein Condensation (BEC) [1,2]

• First predicted by Bose & Einstein (1924)• Experimentally observed in University of Colorado JILA lab (1995)

What is BEC? [1,2]

• A phase of matter where all particles occupy the same quantum state• Occurs when diulated bosons (integer spin particles) gas are cooled to

extremely low temperature (10-9K)• Individual particle wave functions behave as a single wave function

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Physical Motivation

4. T=0 Giant Matter Wave3. T=Tcrit Bose Einstein Condensate

2. Low temperature λdB α T -0.51. High temperature particle behaviour dominated

Fig1.A visual description of how a gas of bosonic-atoms behave at various temperatures (T). [1] 5

ETH (02’,Rb, 300,000)

Experimental Results of BEC

JILA (95’,Rb,5,000)

http://jilawww.colorado.edu/bec/hi_res_pic_album_macromedia/images/BEC_peaks_jpg.jpg

• Hartree–Fock approximation [1,2]– The many-body wavefunction is written as productsof individual wave functions of

each bosons [1,2]

• The Hamiltonian

• The conserved quantities

Gross–Pitaevskii equation


• At temperature T<<Tcirt the dynamics of BEC is modeled the Gross–Pitaevskii equation [1,2]

• Dimensionless variables introduced by Bao et al. (2003) [3]

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• Rearranging the equation and defining the following constants

• The dimensionless Gross–Pitaevskii equation

Note: This is mathematical equivalent to the cubic Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation (NLS)

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Existing numerical methods for Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation

Existing numerical methods for NLS

Spectral Methods– Pseudo-spectral method (Muruganandam et al)– Time splitting Fourier spectral approximation (Bao et al.) – Split-step Fourier spectral method (Weideman)

Mesh-based Methods– Galerkin spectral (Dion et al.)– Finite Element (Carl Joachim, Berdal Haga)– Split-step finite difference method (Wang)

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Existing numerical methods for Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation

Existing numerical methods for NLS

Spectral Methods– Pseudo-spectral method (Muruganandam et al)– Time splitting Fourier spectral approximation (Bao et al.) – Split-step Fourier spectral method (Weideman)

Mesh-based Methods– Galerkin spectral (Dion et al.)– Finite Element (Carl Joachim, Berdal Haga)– Split-step finite difference method (Wang)

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Require mesh generation and

re-meshing

Radial Basis Functions

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Radial basis function

• What is a radial basis function (RBF)? [4,5]

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• Given a set of data {x1...xN} and the corresponding known values {f(x1)..f(xN)}. Find the function f(x) that describes the data set.

• Is the system guaranteed to be solvable?• Are the solutions unique?

RBF scattered data approximation

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RBF scattered data approximation

Fig 2. Interpolation of f(x,y) with Gaussian RBF with c=1/3 and N=25. (left) shows the random generated data points, (mid) shows the centred at the collocation points, (right) shows the interpolated surface.

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Background of radial basis functions

• The system is solvable and unique provided the coefficient matrix is positive definite. [4,5,11]

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Globally supported strictly positive definite radial basis functions (GSRBF)

• Leads to dense coefficient matrix• In many cases the coefficient matrix is ill-conditioned • For matrix inversion Schaback (2007) suggested

– Singular Value Decomposition – Regularization techniques

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Compactly supported radial basis functions (CSRBF)

• Wu and Wendland introduced the compactly supported RBF (CSRBF) [4,5]• Leads to sparse coefficient matrix• Reduce ill-conditioning of the resultant coefficient matrix• The usage of CSRBF will be explored in 3D NLS numerical experiment

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Error Behaviour of RBF techniques

• Trade off principle Schaback (1995) [5]

Theorem: It is impossible to construct radial basis functions which guarantees good stability and small errors at the same time.

• Driscoll and Fornberg (2002) observed the "Flat Limit” [6]

c->∞ leads to highly ill-conditioned RBF interpolation matrix

c->0 implies highly localized RBFs such that it fails to approximate data between collocation points

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Error Behaviour of RBF techniques

• Wright, Fornberg, Larsson (2004) [7]– With increasing shape parameter, interpolation error decreases sharply until the

minimum numerical error is reached. – For any increasing shape parameter, interpolation error rapidly increases.

The rapid decrease of interpolation error

reaches a minimum.

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• Kansa (1990) proposed a direct approach to approximate the solution of PDE by

• where Ф represents any RBF and p(x) is basis polynomial of up to order m.• Consider a linear PDE boundary value problem

• where the linear operator L operates on the interior points Ω/∂Ω, the operator B specifies the boundary conditions for collocations on the

boundaries ∂Ω.

Solving PDE with radial basis functions

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• Applying the RBF approximation the domain with Ni interior points in Ω/∂Ω and Nb boundary points on ∂Ω yields N equations

• To remove the extra m degrees of freedom of the polynomial p(x)

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• Rewriting in matrix form

• Note: The resultant PDE matrix is asymmetric. Hence Kansa method is also known as asymmetric collocation method.

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Solving time-dependent PDE with θ-method and RBF

• Some common methods for time-dependent PDE– θ-method– Runge-Kutta – Laplace Transform

• θ-method– Based on the discretization of time-domain of the PDE. – The forward and backward time-step is weighted by (0≤θ≤1)

• Consider the following time-dependent linear PDE problem

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Solving time-dependent PDE with θ-method and RBF

• constructing a time-domain mesh for M units, such that each time increment is denoted by tn=ndt, n=1..M, dt=T/M.

• Hence the approximated PDE problem becomes

• Approximate spatial variables by radial basis functions (ie. Kansa method)

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Meshfree Numerical Method for Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation

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Mesh-free Numerical Method for Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation

• Recall: The equation for modelling dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensate (time-dependent Gross–Pitaevskii equation)

• The Gross–Pitaevskii equation is mathematical equivalent to the cubic Nonlinear Schrödinger equation.

• The parameter q controls the interaction between particles– q>0 defocusing interaction– q<0 focusing interaction

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• The full 3D cubic Nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLS) with initial and boundary conditions

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• Key-steps for deriving the mesh-free method for NLS

1. separate the original NLS into real r(x,t) and imaginary parts s(x,t)2. apply θ-method in time-domain 3. linearize PDE using the approach in Dereli (2009)4. apply Kansa asymmetric collocation to spatial variables

• Advantages of the proposed mathematical method

1. entirely meshfree2. solves NLS in various dimensions d ≤33. flexible for selecting radial basis functions4. easy to implement (~200 lines of matlab code)

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Derivation of the proposed method

• Separating the original NLS with respect to real r(x,t) and imaginary parts s(x,t) yields a system of PDEs.

• Applying θ-method in time-domain

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• Using the approach by Dereli et al (2009) [8] the variables (r*,s*) are introduced to approximate the solutions sufficient close to (rn+1,sn+1)

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• Defining an auxiliary variable

• Rewrite the real and imaginary parts of NLS using the definition of (r*,s*) and α:

(Real)

(Imaginary)

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• Apply the RBF approximation to the real part r(x,t) and imaginary part s(x,t) of the wavefunction Ψ (x,t) and its spatial derivatives


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• Final matrix form results a system of 2Nx2N equations

• Solved via Singular Value Decomposition at each time-step to find RBF coefficients ζn+1

• Specific cases of θ-method– θ=0 explicit method– θ=0.5 semi-implicit method– θ=1 implicit method

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Implementation flow-chart

startSet up physical

geometries and potential function

Compute initial conditions

Assemble matrices for computation

Conduct matrix inversion

(compute new coefficients)

while t<T

start

Output numerical solution

if(t==T)

Kernel of the method

Update coefficients

Visualize results

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Numerical Experiments

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Radial basis functions in this project

Globally supported strictly positive definite radial basis function (GSRBF)

Compactly supported radial basis function (CSRBF) for 3D problem

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1D NLS numerical example

• We consider a 1D test case in Deconinck et al. (2001) to model the stability of Bose Einstein Condensates and Wang (2005). [11]

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1D NLS numerical example

• Comparison of absolute error between split-step finite difference method (SSFD) in Weideman (1986) and split-step Fourier spectral (SSFS) in Wang (2005). [11]

Table 1. Absolute error comparison of RBF-θ and earlier methods. The solution is computed using RBF= Gaussian, θ=0.5, M=200, N=128, c=2.5.

Table 2. Maximum relative error and maximum RMS error of real and imaginary parts of the wavefunction at T=1 generated by different globally supported strictly positive definite RBFs with M=500, N=128.

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Fig 6. Real and imaginary parts of the numerical solution and the corresponding relative error at T=1 computed by RBF=Gaussian, M=500, N=128, c=2.5, θ=0.5. 42

Fig 7. Particle density (top) and relative error (bottom) of numerical solution at T=1 with M=500, N=128, c=2.5, θ=0.5, RBF=Gaussian.

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2D NLS numerical experiment

• Consider a 2D defocusing interaction where q=1, k=1

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2D NLS numerical results

Table 6. Maximum relative error and RMS error of particle density at T=1 generated by different GSRBFs with M=2000, N=100.

Table 5. Maximum relative error, RMS error for different GSRBFs with M=2000, N=100, T=1.

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Fig 10. Real and imaginary parts of numerical solutions and the corresponding relative error at time T=1 computed by M=2000, N=100, c=0.7, θ=1, RBF=Gaussian

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Fig 11. Particle density (top) and relative error (bottom) of numerical solution at T=1 computed by M=2000, N=100, c=0.7, θ=1, RBF=Gaussian 47

3D NLS numerical experiment

• Consider a 3D focusing example where q=-1, k=2

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Numerical results for all θ-methods and GSRBF combinations

Table 7. Maximum relative error and RMS error of particle density at T=1 generated by various GSRBFs.

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Fig 12. Real and imaginary parts of numerical solutions and the corresponding relative error at time T=1 computed by M=800, N=216, c=2.0, θ=1,RBF=IMQ. 50



Table 7. Maximum relative error and RMS error of particle density at T=1 generated by various GSRBFs.

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Table 7. Maximum relative error and RMS error of particle density at T=1 generated by various GSRBFs, M=800, N=216.

Can we speed up the simulation???

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Effects of shape parameter

• Accuracy: error behaviour is consistent with observation Wright, Fornberg, Larsson (2004)

• Computational time: 96% of the time is consumed by SVD

Fig 13. Computational time for various shape parameters

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Compactly supported radial basis functions (CSRBF)

• Combined implicit method (θ=1) with CSRBF to overcome computation-time barrier

• Matrix inversion is done via LU factorization• Reduced total simulation time by 85% compared to globally supported

strictly positive radial basis functions

Table 8. Illustration of maximum absolute error, maximum relative error and computation time for implicit RBF-θ method using various compactly supported radial basis functions.

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Fig 15. Real and imaginary parts of numerical solutions and the corresponding relative error at time T=1 computed by M=800, N=216, c=6.0, θ= 1, RBF=W13(Wu1,3) . 55

Table 9. Maximum absolute and relative error for various terminal time (T) generated using different RBFs with M=800, N=216, θ=1.

Summary of Results

• Globally supported strictly positive definite RBFs (GSRBF)• Relative error of O(10-4) -O(10-3), RMS error O(10-5)-O(10-3) • Leads to dense matrices• Require sophisticated matrix inversion method (SVD) [10]• 96% of the time per iteration is consumed by matrix inversion

• Compactly supported RBFs (CSRBF)• Offer same level of accuracy as GSRBF • Leads to sparse matrices• Can be solved by conventional methods such as LU factorization• Reduce the overall simulation time by 85%

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Future Work

• Shape parameter selection strategy

• More sophisticated time integration scheme– For time dependent external potentials (Nistazakis et al)

• On computational enhancements– Utilize more efficient data structures for large scale simulations– Explore parallelism using GPUs or High Performance Computing

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Conclusion

• Showed the physical motivation behind the BEC problem

• Introduced the basics of RBFs– Classification– Asymmetric collocation for PDE

• Proposed a new mesh-free method (RBF-θ) for cubic Nonlinear Schrödinger equation– θ-method in time – RBF approximation for spatial variables

• Validated the RBF-θ method via numerical experiments– Relative error: O(10-4) -O(10-3)– RMS error: O(10-5)-O(10-3)

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Thank you very much

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References

1. Stamper-Kurn D.M. Ketterle W., Durfee D.S. Making, probing and understanding Bose-Einstein condensates. Proceedings of International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi", pages 67-176, 1999

2. Clark C.W. Burnett K., Edwards M. The theory of Bose-Einstein condensation of dilute gas. Physics Today, 52:37-42,1999

3. Weizhu Bao, Dieter Jaksch, Peter A. Markowich, Numerical Solution of the Gross-Pitaevskii Equation for Bose-Einstein Condensation, J. Comput. Phys., Vol. 187, No. 1, pp. 318 - 342, 2003.

4. Fasshauer G.E. Meshfree Approximation Methods with MATLAB. World Scientific Co. Pte. Ltd., Singapore, 20075. Hon Y. C. Chen C. S. and Schaback R. Scientific Computing with Radial Basis Functions. Draft version 0.0,

Cambridge, 2003.6. T.A. Driscoll and B. Fornberg. Interpolation in the limit of increasingly at radial basis functions. Computer and

Mathematics Applications, 43:413-422, 2002.7. G. Wright B. Fornberg and E. Larsson. Some observations regarding interpolates in the limit of at radial basis

functions. Computer and Mathematics Applications, 47:37-55, 2004.8. Dereli Y., Dag I., Irk D. Soliton solutions for NLS equation using radial basis function. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals,

42:1227-1233, 20099. Golbabai A. Javidi M. Numerical studies on nonlinear Schrödinger equations by spectral collocation method with

preconditioning. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 333:1119-1127, 2007.10. G.H. Goloub and C.F. Van Loan. Matrix Computations. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1989.11. Wang H. Numerical studies on the split-step finite difference method for nonlinear Schrödinger equation.

Applied Mathematics and Computation, 175:17-35, 2005.

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a mesh-free numerical method for three-dimensional nonlinear schrödinger equation department of...

Documents

solution of pde

solving timedependent

basis polynomial

kansa method

asymmetric collocation

resultant pde matrix

rbf approximation

temperature t