a look to the parasite

8/13/2019 A look to the Parasite

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Indian Science Cruiser, Vol. 27, No. 5, Special issue on Sir Ronald Ross.

A Look at the Parasites

Archi Ghosh

Department of MicrobiologyKasturba Medical CollegeManipal, Karnataka

Email : [email protected]

A B S T R A C T

Parasite, living body, lives in its host causes inds o! diseases. "hrough out the globe alllivingbodies are been affectedby #any inds o! parasiticdiseases. In short here authorhas tried to analyse di!!erent aspects o! parasites, its occurrences and causes o! parasiticdiseases.

Introduction : Sir Ronald Ross, born on 13 May 1857 at Almora, in ndia, t!e eldest son of"eneral #ir Campbell Claye "rant $oss of t!e %ritis! ndian Armyand Matilda C!arlotte

&lderton, 'as a doctor '!o recei(ed t!e)obel *ri+e for *!ysiology or Medicinein 1-. for !is

'ork on malaria/ 0is disco(ery of t!e malarial parasite in t!e gastrointestinal tractof

t!e$nopheles #os%uitoled to t!e reali+ation t!atmalaria'as transmitted by$nopheles, and laid

t!e foundation for combating t!e disease/

n .- August 187, in #ecunderabad, $oss made !is landmark disco(ery '!en !e identified t!e

malarial parasite, located in #ecunderabad near t!e %egumpet Airport, no' marked as a !eritage

site and t!e road leading up to t!e building is named #ir $onald $oss $oad, '!ile dissecting t!e

stomac! tissue of an anop!eline mos2uito fed four days pre(iously on a malarious patient, !efound t!e malaria parasite and 'ent on to pro(e t!e role of $nophelesmos2uitoes in t!e

transmission of malaria parasites in !umans/

According to t!e latest estimates, t!ere 'ere about .1 million cases of malaria in .-1- 'it! an

uncertainty range of 154 million to .8 million and an estimated 66- --- deat!s 'it! an

uncertainty range of 4- --- to 836 ---/ Malaria mortality rates !a(e fallen by more t!an .5

globally since .---, and by 33 in t!e 0 African $egion/ Most deat!s occur among

c!ildren li(ing in Africa '!ere a c!ild dies e(ery minute from malaria/ Country9le(el burden

estimates a(ailable for .-1- s!o' t!at an estimated 8- of malaria deat!s occur in :ust 14

countries and about 8- of cases occur in 17 countries/ ;oget!er, t!e Democratic $epublic oft!e Congo and )igeria account for o(er 4- of t!e estimated total of malaria deat!s globally/

Data of effected deseases due to ot!er parasites are also alarming/ 0a(ing seen t!ese information

no elaboration is needed to say t!at kno'ledge about parasites !a(e impotant rule in !ealt!

management/
mailto:[email protected]://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles_mosquitohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begumpet_Airportmailto:[email protected]://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles_mosquitohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begumpet_Airport


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Malaria is caused byPlas#odiu#parasites/ ;!e parasites are spread to people t!roug! t!e bites

of infected$nophelesmos2uitoes, called


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;!e midgut is in t!e lo'er !alf of t!e image, ocysts stages of malaria parasites de(eloping

and t!e oocysts appear as multiple sp!eres in t!e 'alls of a mos2uito midgut stomac!

embedded in t!e midgut>s 'all/ #uc! oocysts'ere seen, for t!e first time, by #ir $onald

$oss

As a protist, the plasmodium is a eukaryoteof the phylum Apicomplexa. Unusual characteristics of this organism incomparison to general eukaryotes

include the rhoptry, micronemes, and polarrings near the apical end. The

plasmodium is known best for the infection itcauses, malaria.

Plas#odiu# !alciparu#andPlas#odiu# viva&are t!e

most common/Plas#odiu# !alciparu#is t!e mostdeadly/;!e'oonoticspeciesP. no(lesi, pre(alent in

#out!east Asia, causes malaria in maca2uesbut can also

cause se(ere infections in !umans/ Malaria is pre(alentin tropical and subtropical regions because rainfall,

'arm temperatures, and stagnant 'aters pro(ide
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_knowlesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaqueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_knowlesihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaques


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!abitats ideal for mos2uitolar(ae/;!e orld 0ealt! rgani+ation!as estimated t!at in .-1-,

t!ere 'ere .1 million documented cases of malaria/ ;!at year, bet'een 66-,--- and 1/. million

people died from t!e disease, many of '!om 'ere c!ildren in Africa/ ;!e actual number ofdeat!s is not kno'n 'it! certainty, as accurate data is una(ailable in many rural areas, and many

cases are undocumented/

$emembering $oss?s contribution, 'orked in ndian soil, for combating disease effected !umanbeing and t!e e@isting scenerio of parasite effect aut!er !ere eleborated t!e aspects of parasites

and distribution of effected patients due to parasites/

Page from notebook where Ronald Ross recorded his discovery of the mosquito

transmission of malaria parasites, 20 August

1!"#

Origin of the term arasite : *arasite Bpar9u!9sa!yt originated during 153-94- from

atin 'ord paras)tus E "reekpar*s)tos one '!o eats at anot!er>s table, orig/ ad:/= feeding beside,e2ui(alent to para+para91 Fst os grain, food F +os ad:/ suffi@/ Also t!ere is an opinion t!at t!e

'ord


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inside t!e !ost, e@amples include !eart'orm, tape'orm, and flat'orms/ ne t!at in!abits t!e

spaces inside t!e !ost>s body is an intercellular parasite, '!ile an intracellular parasite in!abits

t!e cells of t!e !ost>s body, t!ese include bacteria or (iruses, and t!ey rely on a t!ird organismkno'n as t!e (ector carrier/ ;!e (ector transmits t!e endoparasite to t!e !ost/ ;!e anop!eline

mos2uito is a (ector, it transmits a proto+oan of t!e genus Plas#odiu#, '!ic! causes malaria/

E"i"arasite9 t!is one feeds on anot!er parasite, a relations!ip kno'n as !yperparasitism/ A flea'!ic! li(es on a dog may !a(e a proto+oan in its digesti(e tract, t!e proto+oan is t!e

!yperparasite/ arasitoid9 t!e lar(al de(elopment takes place inIon anot!er organism, t!e !ost

usually dies/ n t!is case t!ere are c!aracteristics of predation, because t!e !ost dies/

Ectoparasite Endo"arasite

Parasitoids

Epiparasitearasitic diseaseA parasitic disease is aninfectious diseasecaused or transmitted by aparasite/ Many parasites do

not cause diseases/ *arasitic diseases can affect practically all li(ing organisms,includingplantsandmammals/ ;!e study of parasitic diseases is calledparasitology/ #ome

parasites like"o&oplas#a gondiiandPlas#odiu#spp/ can cause disease directly, but ot!er

organisms can cause disease by t!e to@inst!at t!ey produce/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxins


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There are three main t#"es of "arasitic diseases:

roto$oa % t!is parasite is a single9cell organism/ *lasmodium, '!ic! causesmalaria, is an

e@ample/ A proto+oa can only multiply di(ide 'it!in t!e !ost/ &elminths % 'ormparasites/ #c!istosomiasisis caused by a !elmint!/ t!er e@amples include round'orm,

pin'orm, tric!ina spiralis, tape'orm, and fluke/

Arthro"ods % includes insects and spiders arac!nids/ ;!e insect is not t!e parasite, but itcarries it, it is a (ector of parasitic diseases/

To"ics of arasitic 'iseases : Hollo'ing are t!e topics related to !umanparasitic diseases/i/ Acant!amoeba keratitis, ii/ Amoebiasis, iii/ Ascariasis, i(/ %abesiosis, (/ %alantidiasis,

(i/ %aylisascariasis, (ii/ C!agas disease, (iii/ Clonorc!iasis, i@/ Coc!liomyia,

@/ Cryptosporidiosis, @i/ Dip!yllobot!riasis, @ii/ Dracunculiasiscaused by t!e "uinea 'orm,

@iii/ &c!inococcosis, @i(/ &lep!antiasis,@(/ &nterobiasis,@(i/ Hascioliasis, @(ii/ Hasciolopsiasis,

@(iii/ Hilariasis, @i@/ "iardiasis, @@/ "nat!ostomiasis,@@i/ 0ymenolepiasis, @@ii/ sosporiasis,@@iii/ Katayama fe(er, @ @i(/ eis!maniasis, @@(/ yme disease, @@(i/ Malaria,

@@(ii/ Metagonimiasis, @@(iii/ Myiasis, @@i@/ nc!ocerciasis,@@@/ *ediculosis, @@@i/ #cabies,

@@@ii/#c!istosomiasis, @@@iii/ #leeping sickness, @@@i(/#trongyloidiasis, @@@(/ ;aeniasiscause

of Cysticercosis, @@@(i/ ;o@ocariasis, @@@(ii/ ;o@oplasmosis, @@@(iii/ ;ric!inosis,@@@@i@/ ;ric!uriasis/

athogens are : i/ Acant!amoeba, ii/ Anisakis, iii/ $scaris lu#bricoides, i(/ %otfly,(/ alantidiu# coli, (i/ %edbug, (ii/ Cestoda tape'orm, (iii/ C!iggers, i@/ Cochlio#yia

ho#inivora&, @/ /nta#oeba histolytica, @i/ 0asciola hepatica, @ii/ 1iardia la#blia,

@iii/ 0ook'orm, @i(/ eish#ania, @(/ inguatula serrata, @(i/ i(er fluke, @(ii/ oa loa,@(iii/ Paragoni#us9 lung fluke, @i@/ *in'orm,@@/ Plas#odiu# !alciparu#, @@/ Schistoso#a,

@@i/ Strongyloides stercoralis, @@ii/ Mite, @@iii/ ;ape'orm, @@i(/ "o&oplas#a gondii,

@@(/ ;rypanosoma, @@(i/ !ip'orm, @@(ii/ 3uchereria bancro!ti/

(ectors and hosts are :Anop!eles, ouse,#andfly,;ick,"riato#a,;setse fly/

!hat are "arasites and "arasitoids)#ome animals and plants sur(i(e by obtaining t!eir nouris!ment from ot!er organisms, calledJ!osts?/ ;!e ma:ority of animals '!ic! follo' t!is lifestyle are in(ertebrates/ !ile 'e

understandably t!ink initially of t!e negati(e effects t!ese animals suc! as %ed bugs or tickscan !a(e on !umans, it is important to remember t!at t!e ma:ority of t!ese in(ertebrates only

affect ot!er animals and plants particularly ot!er in(ertebratesL
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150670.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150670.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173081.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170461.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthamoeba_keratitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoebiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascariasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babesiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babesiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balantidiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balantidiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylisascariasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagas_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonorchiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonorchiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochliomyiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochliomyiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosporidiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphyllobothriasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracunculiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracunculiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinococcosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascioliasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciolopsiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenolepiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosporiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katayama_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katayama_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmaniasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagonimiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onchocerciasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onchocerciasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scabieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosomiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosomiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_trypanosomiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongyloidiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongyloidiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeniasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysticercosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxocariasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasmosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuriasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthamoebahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthamoebahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisakishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascaris_lumbricoideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascaris_lumbricoideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botflyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balantidium_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balantidium_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedbughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedbughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiggershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochliomyia_hominivoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochliomyia_hominivoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entamoeba_histolyticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciola_hepaticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardia_lambliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardia_lambliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookwormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguatula_serratahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_flukehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loa_loahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragonimushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinwormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinwormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongyloides_stercoralishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapewormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipwormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuchereria_bancroftihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuchereria_bancroftihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandflyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandflyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_flyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_flyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_flyhttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150670.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173081.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170461.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthamoeba_keratitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoebiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascariasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babesiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balantidiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baylisascariasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagas_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonorchiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochliomyiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptosporidiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphyllobothriasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracunculiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinococcosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascioliasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciolopsiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenolepiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosporiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katayama_feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmaniasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metagonimiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onchocerciasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scabieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosomiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_trypanosomiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongyloidiasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeniasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysticercosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxocariasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasmosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuriasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthamoebahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisakishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascaris_lumbricoideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botflyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balantidium_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedbughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiggershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochliomyia_hominivoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochliomyia_hominivoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entamoeba_histolyticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciola_hepaticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardia_lambliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookwormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguatula_serratahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_flukehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loa_loahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragonimushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinwormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongyloides_stercoralishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapewormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipwormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuchereria_bancroftihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandflyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_fly


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An Ichneumon parasitoid wasp (Diplazon Polysphinctine parasitoid wasp larva onspider host laetatarius !o"er #ey !o"er #ey


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;!ese animals are absolutely fascinating, 'it! ama+ing life cyclesL

;!ere are t'o 2uite different lifestyles taken by suc! animals, '!ic! are kno'n as eit!er

Jparasites? or Jparasitoids?, depending upon '!ic! approac! t!ey follo', alt!oug! bot! may

li(e eit!er inside or outside of t!e !ost animal/ *arasitoid is a different type of parasite/ ;!e

parasitoidEncarsia pergandiellais a tiny 'asp t!at lays its eggs in de(eloping *hiteflies/

;!e 'asp lar(a e(entually kills t!e '!itefly, and t!en emerges as free9li(ing adults/ ;!is is'!y it is said t!at t!e 'asps are parasitic/ f you !a(e e(er seenAliens, t!e de(eloping

aliens are parasitoids/ *arasitods are different from normal parasites because t!ey kill t!eir

!osts '!en t!ey de(elop/

;!us one can differentiate *arasites and *arasitoids as follo's =Parasites: A parasite obtains itsnouris!ment from a !ost organism 'it!out benefiting or killing t!e !ost, and does not

pre(ent reproduction/

*arasites often !a(e interesting and complicated life cycles, '!ic! may in(ol(e a number of

different !ost organisms/ A 'ide range of animals are parasites, including many

in(ertebrates, suc! as species of flies, ticks, mites and (arious types of 'orm including

leec!es/ !ile t!e (ast ma:ority of parasites do not affect !umans, some are responsible fordiseases in people/ 0ere it is essential to note t!at (iruses and bacteria are not normally

considered as parasites/

Parasitoids : As 'it! parasites, parasitoids spend a part of t!eir life obtaining nouris!ment from

a !ost organism !o'e(er, unlike parasites, parasitoids ultimately kill t!eir !ost and pre(ent

reproduction/ Almost all parasitoids are insects, and most are 'asps/ 0o'e(er, parasitoids

include ot!er in(ertebrates, suc! as species of flies, beetles, mot!s, mites and 'orms/

*arasitoids are not kno'n to be responsible for any !uman diseases, but instead are (ery

important for controlling agricultural pests/ Alt!oug! some (iruses and bacteria do follo'

similar life strategies, t!ey are not generally considered as parasitoids/ Encarsiapergandiellade(elops in a strange 'ay/ nlike most parasitoid species, t!ey

areauto"arasitoids/ ;!is means females de(elop on '!itefly immatures and males de(elopon immature parasitoids/ ;!is means males are parasitoids of ot!er parasitoids, including

females of t!eir o'n speciesL

+ist of "arasites that affect humans

Endo"arasites9 *roto+oan organisms

Acant!amoeba9 atin name=$cantha#oeba/ Affects t!e eye andIor brain/ t e@ists all o(er t!e

'orld/ *eople can become infected if t!ey clean contact lenses 'it! tap 'ater/

%abesiosis9 atin )ames=abesia . divergens, . bige#ina, . e%ui, . #icro!ti, . duncani/Affects t!e red blood cells/ Different species li(e in (arious parts of t!e 'orld/ ;ransmitted bytick bites/

%alantidiasis9 atin name=alantidiu# coli/ i(es in t!e intestinal mucosa/

%lastocystosis9 atin name=lastocystis/ Affects t!e intestines/ &nters !umans t!roug!

ingested food contaminated 'it! !umanIanimal feces/
http://student.biology.arizona.edu/honors98/group15/glossary.htm#ENCARSIAhttp://student.biology.arizona.edu/honors98/group15/glossary.htm#WHITEFLYhttp://student.biology.arizona.edu/honors98/group15/glossary.htm#ENCARSIAhttp://student.biology.arizona.edu/honors98/group15/glossary.htm#ENCARSIAhttp://student.biology.arizona.edu/honors98/group15/glossary.htm#AUTOPARASITOIDhttp://student.biology.arizona.edu/honors98/group15/glossary.htm#ENCARSIAhttp://student.biology.arizona.edu/honors98/group15/glossary.htm#WHITEFLYhttp://student.biology.arizona.edu/honors98/group15/glossary.htm#ENCARSIAhttp://student.biology.arizona.edu/honors98/group15/glossary.htm#ENCARSIAhttp://student.biology.arizona.edu/honors98/group15/glossary.htm#AUTOPARASITOID


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Coccidia9 atin name=Cryptosporidiu#/ Affects t!e intestines/ &@ists 'orld'ide/ &nters

!umans t!roug! ingested food contaminated 'it! !umanIanimal feces/

Amoebiasis9 atin name=/nta#oeba histolytica/ Affects t!e intestines/ More likely in areas

'it! !ig! population density, poor sanitation, and tropical regions/ Hecal oral transmission/ "iardia9 atin name=1iardia la#blia/ Affects t!e lumen of t!e small intestine/ f !umans

ingest foodI'ater contaminated 'it! feces, dormantcystsmay infect t!e body/

sosporiasis9 atin name=Isospora belli/ Affects t!e epit!elial cells of t!e small intestine/

&@ists all o(er t!e 'orld/ Hecal oral route/

eis!maniasis9 atin name=eish#ania 9 Affects t!e skin andIor (iscera/ &@ists 'orld'ide in(arious forms/ ;ransmitted by types of sandflies/

*rimary amoebic meningoencep!alitis*AM 9 atin name=Naegleria !o(leri/ Affects t!e

brain/ nsufflation of contaminated soil, s'imming pools and contaminated 'ater/Malaria9 atin name=Plas#odiu# !alciparu#8- of cases,Plas#odiu# viva&,Plas#odiu# ovale, Plas#odiu# #alariae/ Affects t!e red blood cells/ &@ists in tropical regions/

;ransmitted by t!e anop!eles mos2uito/

$!inosporidiosis9 atin name=Rhinosporidiu# seeberi/ Affects t!e nose and nasop!aryn@/&@ists in ndia and #ri anka/ *eople '!o are bat!ing in common ponds can become

contaminated '!en t!e nasal mucosa is in contact 'it! infected material/

;o@oplasmosis/ *arasitic pneumonia9 atin name="o&oplas#a gondii/ Affects t!e li(er, !eart,eyes and brain/ idespread 'orld'ide/ *eople can become infected after ingesting

ra'Iundercooked pork, lamb, goat, milk/ Also may e@ist in contaminated food or soil 'it! cat

feces/

;ric!omoniasis9 atin name="richo#onas vaginalis/ Affects t!e female urogenital tract/ Can

e@ist in males, but 'it!out symptoms/ ;!is is an #; se@ually transmitted infection/

#leeping sickness9 atin name="rypanoso#a brucei/ Affects t!e central ner(ous system,blood lymp!/ t transmitted by t!e tsetse fly/

C!agas disease9 atin name="rypanoso#a cru'i/ Affects t!e blood, muscle, ner(es, !eart,esop!agus and colon/ ;ransmitted t!roug! an insect bite/

0elmint!s organisms 'orms

AncylostomiasisI0ook'orm9 atin name=$ncylosto#a duodenale, Necator a#ericanus/Affects t!e lungs, small intestine, and blood/Anisakiasis9 atin name=$nisais/ ;!e !uman !as an allergic reaction/ 0uman can become

infected '!en eating contaminated fis! and seafood/
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/160821.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/246491.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/160821.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/246491.php


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$ound'orm/ *arasitic pneumonia9 atin name=$scaris sp. $scaris lu#bricoides/ Affects t!eintestines, lungs, pancreas, li(er, appendi@ t!e patient de(elops Nffler>s syndrome/ ;ropicaland subtropical regions/

$ound'orm9 atin name=aylisascariasis, aylisascaris procyonis/ Affects t!e brain, lungs,

li(er and intestines/ nfection comes from contaminated raccon stools/ )ort! America rare/

;ape'orm/ ;ape'orm infection9 atin name=Cestoda/ Affects t!e intestine/ ;oday t!isparasite is rare/

Clonorc!iasi9 atin name=Clonorchis sinensis4 Clonorchis viverrini, icrocoeliu#dendriticu#/ Affects t!e gall bladder/ 0umans can become infected after ingesting

contaminated ants/Dioctop!yme renalis infection9 atin name=ioctophy#e renale/ suallyaffects t!e rig!t kidney/ &@ists all o(er t!e 'orld/ 0umans can become infected after eating ra'

or undercooked fres!'ater fis!/

Dip!yllobot!riasis/ ;ape'orm 9 atin name=iphyllobothriu# latu#/ Affects t!e intestines

and blood/ &@ists in C!ile, *eru, Oapan, ganda and &urope/ 0umans can become infected aftereating ra' fres!'ater fis!/

"uinea 'orm/ Dracunculiasis9 atin name=racunculus #edinensis/ *erson gets blisters andulcers, affects subcutaneous tissues and muscle/

Echinococcosis.

;ape'orm9 atin name=/chinococcus granulosus, /chinococcus #ultilocularis, /. vogeli, /.oligarthrus/ Affects t!e spleen, kidneys, lungs and li(er/ Mediterranean region/ ;!e !uman canbecome infected after eating foods contaminated by t!e feces of a carni(ore, or eating offal from

a !erbi(ore/*in'orm/ &nterobiasis9 atin name=/nterobius ver#icularis, /nterobius gregorii/ Affects t!e

intestines and anus/ ;!is bacteria is more common in temperate regions/

i(er fluke/ Hasciolosis9 atin name=0asciola hepatica, 0asciola gigantic/ Affects t!e gallbladder and li(er/ Common in (arious parts of t!e 'orld/ Contamination comes from fres!'ater

snails/

Hasciolopsiasis/ ntestinal fluke9 atin name=0asciolopsis busi/ Affects t!e intestines/Common in * Asia/ !en !umans ingest infested 'ater plants or 'ater t!ey can become

infected/"nat!ostomiasis9 atin name=1nathosto#a spinigeru#, 1nathosto#a hispidu#/ Affectspeople under t!e skin/ t is rare, and occurs in #out!east Asia/ Caused by eating fres!'ater fis!,pigs, snails, frogs, and c!icken/

0ymenolepiasis9 atin name=6y#enolepis nana, 6y#enolepis di#inuta/ 0umans canbecome infected by ingesting material contaminated by cockroac!es, meal 'orms and flourbeetles/


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oa filariasis, Calabar s'ellings9 atin name=oa !ilarial/ Affects t!e eyes, lungs and

connecti(e tissue/ Mainly in est Africa/ ;ransmitted by !orsefly bites/

Mansonelliasis/ Hilariasis9 atin name=ansonella streptocerca/ Affects t!e subcutaneouslayer of t!e skin/

Metagonimiasis/ ntestinal fluke9 atin name=etagoni#us yooga(ai/ Caused by eatingundercooked or salted fis!/ Hound in #iberia, %alkan states, srael, #pain and Manc!uria/

$i(er blindness9 atin name=8nchocerca volvulus, 8nchocerciasis/ Affects t!e eyes, skin,and tissue/ Hound in Africa, CentralI#out! America, near fast flo'ing, cool ri(ers/ ;ransmitted

by a fly/

C!inese i(er Hluke9 atin name=8pisthorchis viverrini, 8pisthorchis !elineus, Clonorchissinensis/ Affects t!e bile duct/ n $ussia 1/5 million people are affected/ Caused by eating ra',

slig!tly salted or fro+en fis!/

*aragonimiasis, ung Hluke9 atin name=Paragoni#us (ester#ani4 Paragoni#us a!ricanus4Paragoni#us caliensis4 Paragoni#us ellicotti4 Paragoni#us sr9abini4 Paragoni#usuterobilateralis/ Affects t!e lungs and sputum/ Causd by eating undercooked or ra'

fres!'atercrabs,crayfis!es and ot!er crustaceans/

#c!istosomiasis, bil!ar+ia, bil!ar+iosis or snail fe(er9 atin name=Schistoso#a sp./ Affectst!e skin/ Caused by e@posure to fres! 'ater snail infested 'aters/ Hound in #out! Americaeastern, Africa, t!e Caribbean, and t!e Middle */

ntestinal sc!istosomiasis9 atin name=Schistoso#a #ansoni/ Affects t!e skin, spleenintestine, li(er, and lungs/ 83 million people are affected/ Hound in t!e Middle *, Asia, #out!America, Africa and t!e Caribbean/ 0uman skin e@posed to 'ater infested 'it! a type of fres!

'ater snail can become infected/

rinary sc!istosomiasis9 atin name=Schistoso#a hae#atobiu#/ Affects t!e skin, lungs,ureters, bladder and kidneys/ Hound in t!e Middle * and Africa/ 0umans can become infected

if t!eir skin is e@posed to 'ater contaminated 'it! a type of snail/

#c!istosomiasis by, and li(er/ 0umans can become infected if t!eir skin is e@posed to 'ater

contaminated 'it! a type #c!istosoma :aponicum9 atin name=Schistoso#a 9aponicu#/

Affects t!e intestine, skin, spleen of snail/

Asian intestinal sc!istosomiasis9 atin name=Schistoso#a #eongi/ Hound in sout!east Asia/0umans can become infected if t!eir skin is e@posed to 'ater contaminated 'it! a type of snail/

#parganosis9 atin name=Spiro#etra erinaceieuropaei/ 0umans can become infected if t!eyeat foods tainted 'it! dog or cat feces/

#trongyloidiasis/*arasitic pneumonia9 atin name=Strongyloides stercoralis/ Affects t!elungs, skin and intestines/ ;!e parasite penetrates t!roug! t!e skin/

%eef tape'orm9 atin name="aenia saginata/ &@ists all o(er t!e 'orld/ Affects t!e intestines/Caused by eating undercooked beef/
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173681.phphttp://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173681.php


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*ork tape'orm9 atin name="aenia soliu#/ Caused by eating undercooked pork/

;o@ocariasis9 atin name="o&ocara canis, "o&ocara cati/ Affects t!e eyes, brain and li(er/Caused by eating ;o@ocara egg tainted foods/

;ric!inosis9 atin name="richinella spiralis, "richinella britovi, "richinella nelsoni,"richinella native/ Affects muscle, small intestine and periobital region/ Caused by eatingundercooked pork/

#'immer>s itc!9 atin name="richobilhar'ia regenti, Schistoso#atidae/ Affects t!e skin/Caused by going into contaminated 'ater/

!ip'orm9 atin name="richuris trichiura, "richuris vulpis/ Affects t!e large intestine andanus/ t is common all o(er t!e 'orld/ 0umans can become infected '!en ingesting t!e eggs indry goods, for e@ample rice, se(eral grains, beans, or soil tainted 'it! !uman e@crements/

&lep!antiasis ymp!atic filariasis9 atin name=3uchereria bancro!ti, ly#phatic syste#/Caused by mos2uito bites/

Ecto"arasites%edbug9 atin name=Ci#icidae Ci#e& lectularius/ Affects t!e skin and (ision/ Hound all o(ert!e 'orld/ #!aring clot!ing and bedding can spread infection/

0ead louse/ *ediculosis9 atin name=Pediculus hu#anus/ Affects t!e !air follicles/ Commonall o(er t!e 'orld/ #pread by !ead9to9!ead contact/

%ody louse/ *ediculosis9 atin name=Pediculus hu#anus corporis/ Common all o(er t!e'orld/ nfection can spread by se@ual acti(ity, skin9to9skin contact, and s!aring bedding andIor

clot!ing/

Crab louse/ *ediculosis9 atin name=Phthirus pubis/ Affects t!e pubic area and eyelas!es/Common all o(er t!e 'orld/ nfection can spread by se@ual acti(ity, skin9to9skin contact, and

s!aring bedding andIor clot!ing/

Demode@/ Demodicosis9 atin name=e#ode& !olliculoru#:brevis:canis/ Affects t!eeyebro' and eyelas!es/ Common all o(er t!e 'orld/ Caused by prolonged skin contact/

#cabies9 atin name=Sarcoptes scabiei/ Affects t!e skin/ Common all o(er t!e 'orld/nfection can spread by se@ual acti(ity, skin9to9skin contact, and s!aring bedding andIor

clot!ing/

#cre''orm/ Coc!liomyia9 atin name=Cochlio#yia ho#inivora&/ Affects skin and 'ounds/

Hound in Central America and nort! Africa/ ;ransmitted by a fly/*arasites are seen t!roug! out t!e 'orld/ Hollo'ing is t!e standard list of parasites seen in

different parts of t!e globe and also cause of deat! due to parasites/

arasites of India, a-istan and Sri +an-a


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arasites 'isease Occurrence ortalit#

Plasmodium sp alaria /.0 million 122,222

Leishmania sp 3ala%a$ar 422,222

Dracunculus medinensis 'racunculiasisreduced from 56,76/ to

82 from 0661%64

Ancylostoma duodenale &oo-*orm disease 522 millionStrongyloides stercoralis Strong#loidiasis 97 million

Ascaris lubricoides Ascariasis122 million

arasites of Africa

arasites 'isease Occurrence ortalit#

Plasmodium sp alaria /5 million /.8 million

Trypanosoma sp Tr#"anosomiasis9 522,222 under

estimate

Leishmania sp +eishmaniaisis )ort!and * Africa /%5 million

Entamoeba histolytica Amoeiasis 4 million 4222

Onchocerca

volvulus Wuchereria

bancroftiLoa loa

;ilariasis 0< million

Strongyloides stercoralis Strong#loidiasis 908.5 million

Ancylostoma duodenale

!ecator americanus&oo-*orm disease = 0.< million

Trichuris trichiura !hi"*orm disease

Ascaris lumbricoides Ascariasis =/22 million

Schistosoma mansoni S"

haematobiumSchistosomiasis 022 million 02,222

arasites of Eurasiaarasites 'isease Occurrence ortalit#

Diphyllobothrium latum 'i"h#lloothriasis / illion

Trichinella spiralis Trichinellosis 0.4 illion

#ymenolepis nana Rare 0.7 illion

Echinococcus granulosis datidosis 0 million

$iardia lamblia Giardiasis 02 million

arasites of the >SAarasites 'isease Occurrence ortalit#

Entamoeba histolytica Amoeiasis /6


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!aegleria fo&leririmar# amoeic

eningoence"halitis

rare fe* case?#r, /7

cases identified in Teas

since 067/

&igh

%lastocystis hominis Blastoc#stosis /5 /22/

$iardia intestinalis Giardiasis 7./

'ryptosporidium sp Cr#"tos"iridiosis 0,2


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ame of "lace of sam"le Sudiition?Talu- Colleted Sam"le *ith date Identified arasite

1/

./

3/

4/

Hrom t!is type of table not only occurance of parasites 'ill be re(ealed but also density of

certain types of parasites in particular area and time of occurance 'ill also be manifasted/

Conclusion :

$onald $oss made !is landmark disco(ery on .- August 187 '!en !e identified t!e malarial

parasite, located in #ecunderabad near t!e %egumpet Airport'as a mile stone of combating

malaria/ *resent micro scale study, particularly for ndia 'it! !ig! population density, 'ill !elpto understand !elt! problem in realistic manner 'it! details of areas effeceted by specific kinds

of parasites and distribution of affected areas 'it! time, dimension etc/ '!ic! undoubtedly 'ill

guide !ealt! planer for taking appropriate measures to protect affected persons and to minmise

parasitic deseases/ 0ere it is essential to note t!at instead of con(entional met!ods more simpleand rapid identification parasites procedure, if possible, 'ill be pat! breaking and no doubt t!ese

may be anot!er land mark of present century/

At t!e end it is essential to note t!at mat!ematical concepts of $onald $oss !elped !im to applyt!eory of *robabilities to t!e #tudy of a priori *at!ometry, '!ic! is lacking in many today?s

in(estigator comes from t!e field of biological sciences/

References

1) %eukeboom,// 14 = *!enotypic fitness effects of t!e selfis! % c!romosome, paternal se@ratio *#$ in t!e parasitic 'asp )asonia (itripennis/ &(ol/&col/ 8= 19.4/

2) Campbell, $eece, Mitc!ell/ 1 = %iology 5t! &dition, "len(ie', llinois= Addison esleyongman/

3) C!au ;ranand)at!an einberg18 = eb Design/ ni(/ of Ari+ona 0onors %iology 181 9

"roup 15/4) 0agan, */ G C!au!an, P/ 17 * $onald $oss and t!e problem of malaria)*arasitology ;oday,

13 8/ pp/ .-9.5/ ##) -16947585) 0agan, */ and C!au!an, P/ 17 = $onald $oss and t!e problem of malaria/ ;rends in

*arasitology, Polume 13, ssue 8,.-9.5, 1 August 176) 0unter, M/#/, et/ al/ 13 = rigin of males by genome loss in an autoparasitoid 'asp/

0eredity, 7-= 16.9171/7) e(akin, /A/, ose(, &/A/, )ikolae(, )/&/ Q "alaktiono(, K/P/ .-13 = n (itro encystment of

0imast!la elongata cercariae Digenea, &c!inostomatidae in t!e !aemolymp! of blue musselsMytilus edulis as a tool for assessing cercarial infecti(ity and milluscan susceptibility/ Oournal of

0elmint!ology, 87/ 18-9188$) $oss, $/ 116 = An Application of t!e ;!eory of *robabilities to t!e #tudy of a priori

*at!ometry/ *art /Proceedings o! the Royal Society $; athe#atical, Physical and/ngineering Sciences. 638 = .-4..6/ doi=1-/1-8Irspa/116/---7/ edit
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begumpet_Airportmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.cell.com/trends/parasitology/issue?pii=S0169-4758(00)X0021-Xhttp://www.cell.com/trends/parasitology/issue?pii=S0169-4758(00)X0021-Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1916.0007http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.1098.2Frspa.1916.0007&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begumpet_Airportmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.cell.com/trends/parasitology/issue?pii=S0169-4758(00)X0021-Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1916.0007http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.1098.2Frspa.1916.0007&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2


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%) $oss, $/G 0udson, 0/ */ 117 = An Application of t!e ;!eory of *robabilities to t!e #tudy of a

priori *at!ometry/ *art / Proceedings o! the Royal Society $; athe#atical, Physical and

/ngineering Sciences3 65- = .1./doi=1-/1-8Irspa/117/--14/ edit1&) $oss, $/G 0udson, 0/ */ 117 = An Application of t!e ;!eory of *robabilities to t!e #tudy of a

*riori *at!ometry/99*art / /Proceedings o! the Royal Society ; iological Sciences 8 6.1 =

5-7/ doi=1-/1-8Irspb/117/---8/ edit11) mberger, C/M/, de %uron, /, $oumillat, /A/ Q Mc&lroy, &/O/ .-13 = &ffects of a miscle9

infecting parasite nematode on t!e locomotor performance of t!eir fis! !ost/ Oournal of His!

%iology/ 8./ 1.5- 1.58/12) erren, O/0/, #kinner, #//, and C!arno(, &/ / 181 = *aternal in!eritance of a daug!terless

se@ ratio factor/ )ature/ .3= 4679468/13) erren, O/0/ 11 = ;!e *aternal9se@9ratio C!romosome of )asonia/ Am/ )at/, 137= 3.94-./
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1917.0014http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.1098.2Frspa.1917.0014&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1917.0008http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.1098.2Frspb.1917.0008&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1917.0014http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.1098.2Frspa.1917.0014&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1917.0008http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.1098.2Frspb.1917.0008&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2

a look to the parasite

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