A Level Sport and Physical Education

Motor Programmes

04/19/23 .1

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

BY THE END OF THIS CHAPTER YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

Understand the make up of a motor programme

Describe motor programmes through the use of practical examples

Demonstrate How Open and Closed Loop Theory explains how skills are controlled

Understand SCHEMA theory and compare it to Open and Closed Loop theory

04/19/23 .2

MOTOR AND EXECUTIVE PROGRAMMES

04/19/23 .3

MOTOR PROGRAMME or EXECUTIVE MOTOR PROGRAMME• IS A PLAN of the whole skill or pattern of movement• defined as a set of movements stored as a whole in the long-term memory• contains all the information required to make a movement :

– which muscles to use– the order in which muscles are used– the phasing and degree of contraction of muscles

• enables a skill to be performed• can be made up of a large number of subroutines• must be adaptable so that it can be altered when the environment /

surroundings change

SUBROUTINES• component parts of an executive programme• structured in layers

– some subroutines can be in turn broken down into further subroutines which form smaller parts of a skill

• which when fully learned can be performed automatically• without conscious control

MOTOR AND EXECUTIVE PROGRAMMES

04/19/23 .4

STRUCTURE OF EXECUTIVE PROGRAMME FOR A DISCUS THROW

D I SCUS THR OWEXECUTI VEPR OGR AM M E

prelim inarysw ings

initialstance

transitioninto turn

turnpow er

positionthrow ing

actionrecovery SUBR OUTI NES

feet / legaction

trunkaction

armaction

MOTOR AND EXECUTIVE PROGRAMMES

04/19/23 .5

STRUCTURE OF EXECUTIVE PROGRAMME FOR A TENNIS SERVE

TENNI S SER VEEXECUTI VEPR OGR AM M E

stancegrip throw sw ingw eighttransfer

strike SUBR OUTI NES

feet / legaction

trunkaction

armaction

MOTOR CONTROL

04/19/23 .6

OPEN LOOP CONTROL• this applies to executive programmes whose subroutines are

simple and well-learned• and are automatic (no conscious thought is necessary)• they are then completed rapidly without time for feedback• and apply to closed and self-paced skills• examples :

– tennis serve– discus throw

M OTOR CONTR OLM ECHANI SM

M OTOR COM M AND S

M OVEM ENT

MOTOR CONTROL

04/19/23 .7

CLOSED LOOP CONTROL• this applies to ongoing movements• in which only part of the information necessary to complete a

movement is sent to effector organs (neuromuscular system)• the remaining information is sent following feedback via

kinaesthesis• information about balance and body position can be used to change

these factors during a movement• examples :

– riding a bike– performing a gymnastic move– performing a complex dive

M OTOR CONTR OLM ECH AN I SM

M OTOR COM M AND S

M OVEM ENT

KI NAESTHETI CFEED BACK

SCHEMA (SCHMIDT’s THEORY)

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• SCHEMA: IS A BUILD UP OF EXPERIENCES, which can be adapted and used to meet the demands of new situations.

• It explains how sports performers can undertake so many actions with very little conscious control

• The bigger the schema the more efficient the movement

• Large amounts of varied practice are needed to improve a schema

• Feedback is very important to correct and update a schema

CAN YOU DESCRIBE ANY SCHEMA’S YOU HAVE BUILT UP FOR YOUR SPORT?

SCHEMA

04/19/23 .9

• a schema is the information about :– where the performer is (knowledge of the environment)– what the performer has to do to perform successfully (response

specifications)– what a movement feels like (sensory consequences)– what happens when the performer responds (response outcomes)

• which is stored and used to update a motor programme when used next

RECALL SCHEMA• this is all the information needed to start a relevant movement• the knowledge of the environment (initial conditions)

– playing conditions (pitch, playing surface, weather)– positions of team mates and opposition– condition of equipment (kit, bike, car)

• the response specifications (the correct technical model)– speed and force required– size and shape of movement required– techniques and styles used

SCHEMA

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RECOGNITION SCHEMA

• information needed to correct errors and remember correct performance

• information about evaluating the response

• sensory consequences (knowledge of performance)– the feeling and look of the performance

• response outcomes (movement outcomes)– the results of performance– knowledge of results (how far / fast / many)

• used when there is enough time to process feedback• or for evaluating performance