a journey to acadia-pauline labelle

A Journey to Acadia Settlers of the 1604 French Expedition to St. Croix Island, Maine

Champlain in an Indian Canoe, John Henry de Rinzy, Library and Archives Canada/John Henry de Rinzy collection/C-013320

Historical Archaeology – ANT 450

Pauline LaBelle

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 2

Constructing the Outpost ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Settlers of the 1604 Expedition ........................................................................................................................ 3

Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons ......................................................................................................................... 4

Samuel de Champlain........................................................................................................................................ 5

François Adenain ................................................................................................................................................ 5

Henri Beaufort ...................................................................................................................................................... 6

Artus Daniel ........................................................................................................................................................... 7

Pasque Symonneau ............................................................................................................................................ 7

René Nöel ................................................................................................................................................................ 7

Sieur de Beaumont ............................................................................................................................................. 7

Sieur de Boulay .................................................................................................................................................... 8

Pierre d’Angibault dit Champdoré .............................................................................................................. 8

Sieur de Fougeray ............................................................................................................................................... 9

Sieur de Genestou ............................................................................................................................................... 9

Sieur d’Orville .................................................................................................................................................... 10

Maître Simon ...................................................................................................................................................... 10

Sieur de Sourin .................................................................................................................................................. 10

Swiss Soldiers .................................................................................................................................................... 10

The People in the Graves ................................................................................................................................... 10

First Documented Cemetery....................................................................................................................... 10

Bones and Biographies .................................................................................................................................. 11

Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................ 12

Appendix 1: Tables & Charts ........................................................................................................................... 14

Appendix 2: Maps ................................................................................................................................................. 17

Works Cited ............................................................................................................................................................. 19

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................ 22

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INTRODUCTION

Over the course of several centuries, European explorers chartered the Atlantic

Ocean in search of new homesteads, economic prosperity, natural resources, and

passageways to other lands. They are recognized as Vikings1, Spanish2, Portuguese2,

French3, and British4. Each are well known for colonizing broad regions of the globe.

With their ventures, terrestrial expanses of North America were given a variety

of names including Vinland5, Norumbega6, Nouvelle France7, the New World8, Canada9,

Acadia10, and America11. Each reflects more than just labels on a manuscript; they

signify groups of people who dared to endure the perils of open seas. The ocean was not

the only formidable power they confronted; being on land would prove to be challenging

and in many cases fatal.

One such place is a modest island nestled in the middle of the Saint Croix River

north of Calais, Maine. Roughly six acres in size, Saint Croix Island, called Dochet Island

by locals, became the first French outpost and silent witness to many historical events

following European colonization.3

Previous examinations had been performed on the site. In 2003, a formal

excavation to study the archaeology of the island began in preparation for the

quadricentennial celebration. The United States National Park Service and Parks Canada

combined resources to provide the public with results of the investigation. The

published work is documented in Saint Croix Island, Maine: History, Archaeology, and

Interpretation by Steven R. Pendery and Harold W. Born.3

Reconstructing heritage requires an extensive amount of research, particularly

with following the chain of historical records. There are unresolved questions

surrounding the initial exploration team. Who were they from genealogical and

biographical perspectives? What became of their lives after they arrived in North

America? The objective of this research paper is to explore the identities and fates of the

first French settlers in Acadia.

CONSTRUCTING THE OUTPOST

In April of 1604, French pioneers sailed up the Saint Croix River in the Don de

Dieu and Bonne Renommée. Upon arrival to the quaint island, 79 men disembarked on

the rocky coast, sandy beaches, and fertile soil.

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Under the leadership of Huguenot Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons and a young

lieutenant Samuel de Champlain, they were tasked with exploring areas of Acadia.12 It

was not Dugua’s first effort at settlement and no small endeavor for him and his crew.3,9

Notwithstanding, Dugua and his team constructed the outpost on the island as planned.

Champlain’s 1613 map of the buildings shows houses, a main hall, kitchen, church, and

other buildings were constructed.13 Gardens had been cleared and planted. It had all the

appeal of a quaint village, but would soon take a turn for the worst when an early

October winter arrived.14

The area was surrounded by multitudes of ice and fierce weather conditions, set

in place by the Little Ice Age.3,16 Over the following months, 35 of Dugua’s team perished

from afflictions described as scurvy, and more than twenty were gravely ill.15 The

deceased were buried in a small cemetery on the island.

When spring arrived, survivors traded game for bread with members of a local

Passamaquoddy tribe. The exchange improved their health and allowed their ventures

to continue. Dugua directed their relocation to the mainland in what is now Port-Royal,

Nova Scotia.3,16

Today, Saint Croix Island is protected by the National Park Service and Parks

Canada as an international landmark site. A growing interest in heritage continues to

encourage this type of preservation, research, tourism, and celebration of cultural roots.

SETTLERS OF THE 1604 EXPEDITION

The feat of constructing historical biographies is a profound one. Investigation

requires sorting through vast amounts of information, often handwritten by clergy with

variant spellings and alternate names. This challenge is compounded by what the

author wrote and omitted. European genealogical records and other manuscripts have

been destroyed through various events and it is not uncommon to see individuals vanish

from written accounts. It is perhaps one of the most trying occurrences for biographical

research. Reconstructing the original rosters has produced an incomplete list with the

majority of crewmen left in anonymity. Many individuals had visited the island but were

not part of the original settlement. They are excluded to maintain the focus on first

settlers, but should not be disregarded in all other respects.

Those who could be identified by their full names were Pierre Dugua, Samuel de

Champlain, François Adenain, Henri Beaufort, Artus Daniel, Pasque Symonneau, Maître

Simon, and René Nöel. Seven of the nine men who were among the gentleman class17 are

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mentioned only by their respective titles: Beaumont, Boulay, Champdoré18, Fougeray19,

Genestou , Orville, and Sourin. Maître Simon and the “Swiss Soldiers” were reduced to a

brief inclusion while the remaining individuals are ambiguous.18

Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons

Governor of Pons, Lieutenant Governor of Canada, Governor of Acadia

Born into nobility, Dugua was the son of Guy Du

Gua and Claire Goumard. In 1596, he wedded a Catholic

woman, Judith Chesnel. His birth is ascertained to be

around 1588 CE in Saintonge, France and possibly at Le

Gua.3 Dugua passed away on February 22, 1629 at his

home in Ardennes, France.20

Dugua was a Calvinist (Protestant) who fought

for Henri IV during the Wars of Religions in France. As a

recompense for his service to the monarchy, the king

provided Dugua with an annual pension of 1,200 crowns

and a seat as governor of Pons in Saintonge. After peace

had been restored in France, he took on the role of an

explorer and trader, which led to his governance of Acadia.14 France was engaged with

the prospect of colonization and economics, particularly with the country’s treasury in a

depleted state. The king granted exclusive rights to explorers for trade with indigenous

peoples. Historian Dr. George MacBeath noted the agreement between Dugua and the

King:

“In 1603, de Monts was granted the privilege of trade and responsibility of

settlement by the king. Under the terms of his commissions, he was given a

trading monopoly and appointed lieutenant-general ‘of the coasts, lands and

confines of Acadia, Canada and other places in New France’ there to establish 60

colonists a year and to win the Indians to the Christian faith.”21

In September of 1605, Dugua returned to France and continued managing the

expansion. Aside from strife among inhabitants over the following years, he was

successful in colonization, yet greatly overshadowed by the achievements of Champlain.

MacBeath sought to correct what he felt was an imbalance in the historical record.

“Despite the tremendous contributions made by this far-seeing and broadminded

individual to the development of Canada, [Dugua] has seldom been accorded his

rightful place in accounts of its history. Here is the man who made possible so

Figure 1 400th Anniversary commemorative stamp for Pierre

Dugua de Mons. (Canada Post)

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much of what Champlain accomplished. He it was who, inspired with the noble

impulse of making a new France in America, founded the first permanent colony

here.”22

For the 2004 celebration of Saint Croix Island’s anniversary, Canada Post created

a commemorative stamp in his honor (Fig. 1). Dugua received public acknowledgement

for his role in establishing the first French colony in America.

Samuel de Champlain

Lieutenant, Non-titled Governor of New France

He is known as “Father of New France” and “Father

of Acadia.” Champlain’s name is etched among the greatest

geographers and cartographers with no shortage of fame

(Fig. 2). He was born during 1567 in Brouage, France and

was not a member of the noble class. Champlain lived out

his life exploring North America and passed away on the

Christmas of 1625 in Quebec.23

He was an exceptional man who was adept as a

mariner and soldier. 24 His artistic skill in cartography

credited him as the first to map coastlines with high

accuracy. Moreover, his ability to negotiate with First

Nations peoples forged productive relationships; in doing

so, he was able to engage in economic trade and successfully

explore measures of North America.

François Adenain

An attempt to locate vital records for François Adenain (Addenin, Adenayn) was

unsuccessful. He rode aboard the Don de Dieu in April of 1604 and, through historical

accounts, he was recognized as a domestic servant and bodyguard to Dugua.25 Adenain

was lauded as “one of the best shots in the settlement, who supplied the table

‘abundantly with gamebirds.’”26 Contrary to social hierarchies in France, his distinction

won his acceptance at any gentleman’s table in the New World.25

After surviving the treacherous winter, 27 he returned to France in 1605 and

signed an affidavit regarding René Nöel’s death. The following year, Adenain traveled

Figure 2 Samuel de Champlain with Astrolabe by Hamilton MacCarthy, 1915. Photograph by D. Gordon E. Robertson.

(Wikimedia Commons)

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back to Port-Royal, joining the Order of Good Cheer that winter. It remains indefinite if

he accompanied others back to France in the summer of 1607.25

Henri Beaufort

No authenticated genealogical records were located for Henri Beaufort. Joyce S.

Pendery included the following biographical quote as cited from Marcel Trudel’s Histoire

de la Nouvelle France. Verification of the source was ineffective, and the quotation is

included here with hesitation.

“Beaufort,* Henri of Paris, apothecary, according to Trudel, was born in Aix-le

Provence about 1583, son of the late merchant Antoine Beaufort. Henri Beaufort

was about twenty-one years of age in 1604. On 11 March 1604, before departing

for Canada, he wrote his will, leaving his pay to his mother, 600 livres to his sister

Catherine, and the remainder of his estate to his three brothers, Jean-Pierre,

Honoré, and Phillipe. His fate is not known.”27

It can be inferred that he left on the April voyage rather than August. An

additional cursory search uncovered vital information compiled by Charles Ordinis, a

Canadian author, historian, and genealogist.28

“…maître apothicaire et bourgeois d’Aix, nommé tuteur de son cousin Jean

Beaufort fils de Jacques, inhumé le 13 avril 1639 aux Observantins, devant la

chapelle de Notre-Dame de Grâce, épouse par contrat du 21 janvier 1612 à Aix et

le 23 en l’église de la Madeleine, Marguerite TAXIL fille d’Antoine, marchand, et

de Delphine BRUNI, en présence des témoins Jean Arnaud et Jacques Mille. Elle

est inhumée le 20 août 1665 aux Observantins. D’où…”29

Ordinis concurs that Beaufort was a master apothecary and wed by contract to

Marguerite Taxil on January 21, 1612 at the Church of Madeleine. This excerpt states

that Jean Arnaud and Jacques Mille were witnesses. He was interred on April 13, 1639

at Our Lady of Grace. While this material is remarkable, it remains unverified through

proper historical documentation and if confirmed, would resolve the ambiguity of

Beaufort’s life and fate.

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Artus Daniel

Also in service to Dugua, Artus Daniel sailed on the April journey via the Don de

Dieu and endured the icy winter. His vital records have not been located; however,

Pendery states that he was also in service to Dugua and the king. Daniel testified in

Paris regarding the death of René Nöel in Acadia but did not sign the affidavit claiming

he was illiterate.30

Pasque Symonneau

A search for Pasque Symmoneau’s ancestry proved to be unproductive. Joyce

Pendery notes that Symonneau is from “Catilly in Normandy near Caen,” though this

may be a misspelling; the probable town would have been Cantilly, which borders the

Réserve Naturelle de la Forèt de Cerisy and lies just west of Caen. He traveled with

Dugua on the Don de Dieu to France, probably in April, and signed the Nöel affidavit.31

René Nöel

René Nöel was born into nobility. As Sieur de la Motte Bourgjoli, he may have

been the second surviving son of Pierre Nouail (Nöel). His father was Sieur de Cohigne,

of Vitré, Îlle-et-Vilaine, France and mother Antoinette Lecoupvreux. Nöel was baptized

in November of 1573 at Notre Dame de Vitré. Scurvy claimed his life on March 31, 1605

at the age of 31. A marriage record for Nöel was not found in Vitré. Joyce Pendery

relates that Nöel may have been a bachelor at the time of his departure.

His higher social status likely prompted the formal documentation of his passing.

The affidavit identifies that his cousin, Sieur de Fougeray, was a member of the

expedition and may have joined at the same time, setting sail in August of 1604. The

cousins, whose exact relationship is not known, shared the same quarters in building

T.32

Sieur de Beaumont

He is simply known as Sieur de Beamont. Protestant church records in Vitré,

France allude to a possible identity: “Bellebon,______N…, Sieur [de] Beaumont, sergeant-

major in the regiment of M. de Terchant” was married and a father to Anne, born at Vitré

in 1594. Of note, he was housed in Building T with the other sieurs of Bourgjoli and

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Fougeray. Joyce Pendery suggests they made have had a personal relationship. His fate

was not established.27

Sieur de Boulay

Marcel Trudel was able to confirm the identity of Sieur de Boulay as Pierre Bosc-

Douyn. Bosc-Douyn had been mistaken for Eustache Boullé who was born in Paris on

November 19, 1600, and younger brother to Champlain’s future wife, Hélène Boullé.

Joyce Pendery mentions that Sieur de Boulay may still have had shared lineage with the

Boullé family and originated from the Fougères or Vitré are in Brittany. 33

Marc Lescarbot, an historian, poet, and writer who joined the Acadian expedition

in 160634, provided an account of Bosc-Douyn’s history. He indicated the Sieur de

Boulay had served as an officer in a company commanded by Jean de Poutrincourt.

Bosc-Douyn rode aboard the Don de Dieu with Dugua (presumably in April). Once the

village was constructed, he was housed in Building Q alongside other artisans, which is

peculiar for a military officer. Poutrincourt returned to France, leaving Bosc-Douyn in

command of the Saint Croix Island soldiers.

The sieur survived the harsh winter; he was one of the three survivors who

moved to Port-Royal and made Building O his home. He was a fellow of the Order of

Good Cheer and participated in Lescarbot’s The Theatre of Neptune in New France in

November of 1606. It is unknown if Bosc-Douyn returned to France in 1607.33

Pierre d’Angibault dit Champdoré

There are no known vital records for Champdoré; Lescarbot’s sonnet on Port-

Royal gives some insight into his life. He was mentioned as a notable individual and

“Captaine de Marine en la Nouvelle France.”

During the initial travel, Champdoré rode aboard the Don de Dieu with

Poutrincourt in April of 1604. He is credited with sighting Nicolas Aubry, a lost priest, at

St. Mary’s Bay during the latter part of that spring. Champdoré was housed in Building P

with Champlain and D’Orville, hinting they shared a similar rank. After enduring the

winter, Champdoré moved to Port-Royal as one of the three survivors, was a participant

of the Order of Good Cheer, and remained there until 1607. It is possible he joined on

the trip back to France on July 30, 1607, followed by his return to Acadia. He

participated in explorations up and down the coast. After Dugua had received an

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extension on his fur-trade from France, he sent Champdoré “back to Canada.

Champdoré he sailed up the St. John River for fifty leagues and explored the Maine coast

as far south as Saco.”

It appears that Champdoré’s reputation was the subject of criticism. While

Lescarbot praised him, Champlain and Gravé du Pont were blatantly critical. Champlain

was said to view Champdoré, an apparent master ship builder, as a good carpenter, yet

felt Champdoré was also poor at sailing them. Gravé du Pont accused Champdoré of

deliberate destruction of a boat and then placed Champdoré in manacles35 until he could

be tried in France.36 Gravé temporarily released him du Pont to build another boat, but

was returned to manacles once again until repairs were needed. Champdoré’s

companions persuaded Gravé du Pont to pardon him.

He returned to France in 1608 and his life from this time onward remains a

mystery; Champdoré may have been an informant for Lescarbot’s Histoire de la Nouvelle

France. 35

Sieur de Fougeray

The birth name of Sieur de Fougeray is unknown, leaving him without vital

information. He was identified as a cousin of René Nöel, Sieur de Bourgjoli of Vitré.

Obscurity comes from the history of the Fougeray title in that commune; from the late

sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, it was commonly used, and the southern

section region of Vitré was also called Fougeray. The practice allowed all landholders to

use the title.

It is presumed he was Protestant. He received a letter of recommendation from

Monsieur de Montgomery who was the governor of Pontorson, under the command of

Dugua and in service to the king. Sieur de Fougeray sailed on the Bonne Renommée with

his cousin René Nöel. He arrived in August of 1604 and endured the winter. He was one

of the three who relocated to Port-Royal where he joined the Order of Good Cheer and

participated in Lescarbot’s The Theatre of Neptune in New France. The sieur lived there

until returning to France in 1607.37

Sieur de Genestou

Material on Sieur de Genestou (Geneston) is essentially non-existent. He resided

in Building R with Sieur de Sourin among others. It is unclear if he survived the winter.31

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Sieur d’Orville

Vital records for Sieur d’Orville are unknown, and his identity is vague. He was

an architect who traveled on the Don de Dieu. His quarters were in Building P with

Champlain and Champdoré, indicating a similar social status. Despite suffering from

scurvy, he survived the winter.32

Maître Simon

Maître Simon was a master miner. No other record of him has been found.31

Sieur de Sourin

Other than his residence in Building R with Sieur de Genestou and other

craftsmen, nothing more is known about Sieur de Sourin.31

Swiss Soldiers

Building D13 housed a group of Swiss men in service to France. The sum and their

names remain a mystery. They are not present in known written sources and total

fatalities from scurvy remains uncertain.

Their inclusion here is reduced to generalities. From the fourteenth century

onward, European countries contracted mercenaries to increase armies. Over the next

century, the Swiss gained a reputation for being preeminent and preferred foot soldiers.

They chiefly served France by the sixteenth century and participated in the Wars of

Religion. In this context, their presence in the first European settlement is understood.31

THE PEOPLE IN THE GRAVES

First Documented Cemetery

Saint Croix Island produced more than burials from the first outpost; it is the

location of the oldest known cemetery in North America.39 It received the name “Bone

Island” in the 18th century when erosion exposed graves of the men who died between

1604 and the following months.38 Of the 35 who passed away during the winter, the

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remains of all but ten are on the island today. The missing bodies are thought to have

been claimed by the ocean or removed from the site, leaving no trace.

Champlain’s 1613 map13 and accounts were the first historical records of a

graveyard, and it was Champlain’s work that guided researchers to the cemetery locale.

Pendery underscores the richness of historically

known sites accompanied by a rich amount of

documentation.39

“This is particularly true for burial sites

associated with specific historical events,

especially those of short-term use with well-

defined beginning and end dates. Data

generated from these rare sites allow the

historical record to be reassessed, verified, or

revised, as warranted. This is one purpose of

bioarchaeology, triangulating archaeological

and historical evidence with skeletal data

generated through application of forensic

anthropological techniques to reconstruct the

past more accurately.”39

Bones and Biographies

For nearly three and a half centuries, the island persisted untouched until the

National Park Service conducted investigations. In 1950, the first excavation took place

by Wendell S. Hadlock during which 23 individual tombs were located.

Researchers from Temple University in Philadelphia re-excavated in 1969 under

the direction of Dr. Jacob W. Gruber. Bones and teeth were removed for analysis40 then

subsequently stored and used for additional studies; they were never returned to the

cemetery.

In 2003, a concentrated effort began to reunite them in situ with their originating

graves. Once again, the ground was opened, but this time, two more bodies were

discovered raising the total to 25. Further studies were performed to identify

demographic origins, analyze teeth and bones for health and overall pathology, and

determine the cause of death and record post-mortem treatment of remains (Fig. 3).

Figure 3 From left to right, Burials 17, 18, 8, and 19. Photo taken during 1969 Temple

excavation. (Pendery, NPS)

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Four of the physical anthropologists who were present during 1969 returned to

assist in the new project. An assortment of tests was run to determine the sex, age,

ancestry, disease, and cause of death. Additionally, the team was interested in correlating

Champlain’s account of scurvy. The pathology results included a variety of disorders, and

some markers of scurvy were present in bone lesions.41

The people who perished were young adults whose lifespans were greatly

reduced. Out of the 25 remains examined, twenty were identified as male42 with a median

age of 27.5 years43; the remaining five were inconclusive due to the absence of craniums

(Fig. 4). With few vital records available, forensic analyzes provided insight into the

impact of scurvy and lack of quality subsistence available during the initial winter.

The results of ethnicity

were generalized and insufficient

for identifying individual genetic

haplogroups; all remains with

craniums appeared to share a

similar European population with

the exception of Burial 21. The

latter, though not necessarily

non-European, displayed variant

characteristics from the other

bodies. 44 DNA testing would

afford a more detailed genetic profile and confirm gender for the five inconclusive bodies.

CONCLUSION

Saint Croix Island is an unusual exception in historical archaeology with its

manuscripts and material evidence. It is also an example of how incomplete records

were for explorers and the challenges of reconstructing their identities. Questions

remain about the identities of those aboard the Don de Dieu and Bonne Renommée. DNA

sequencing would provide a deeper insight into ancestral profiles and confirm if each

were male. Ethnic identity was limited to standard morphological features. With

advancements in modern technologies, facial reconstruction would give representative

identities to those who lost theirs long ago.

This picturesque island holds a great historic significance in American

settlements and French heritage. The National Park Service and Parks Canada continue

to protect Saint Croix Island’s fragile state. The journeys to Acadia continue through

Figure 4 Skeletal analysis of remains by burial location number.

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tourism and publications, memorializing the lives of the courageous men who sailed the

seas to the New World.

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APPENDIX 1: TABLES & CHARTS

Saint Croix Island Timeline

1604

Dugua and his company depart from France for North America, outfitted for an

ambitious endeavor involving a settlement (“habitation”) and trading post.

1604-1605 Saint Croix Island settlement. For details visit:

http://mms.nps.gov/ram/ner/sacr_timeline.swf

1605 Settlers move to Port Royal. Dugua returns to France to defend his trade monopoly,

never again to set foot on North American soil.

1606-1607 Samuel Champlain and Sieur de Poutricourt visit the island and note the gardens are

still producing. Dugua’s monopoly is revoked. The settlers return to France, leaving

the habitation in care of Membertou, chief of the Mi’kmaq.

1607 Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement, is founded in Virginia.

1608

Dugua’s monopoly is temporarily reinstated. Champlain explores farther west in

North America and founds the city of Quebec.

1613 Captain Argall of Virginia carries out orders to drive the French from the coast. He

destroys the remaining buildings on Saint Croix Island and sails to Port Royal,

burning down the habitation while the French are working in the fields.

1620 Pilgrims arrive in Plymouth.

1783-1797 The Saint Croix River is designated as the boundary between Canada and the United

States. The two nations disagree over which river is Saint Croix. Using Champlain’s

maps and documents to locate the island, Robert Pagan of Canada finds ruins, French

brick, and pottery, thus identifying both the island and the river and resolving the

dispute.

1800s The island is settled and quarried for sand, and a light station is erected. During this

time it was said that French brick was visible and that visitors carried much of it

away.

1949 Saint Croix Island is declared a national monument.

1950-1970s Light Station burns down. Historical and archeological resources on island are

documented.

1984 The island is redesignated an international historic site in recognition of the “historic

significance to both the United States and Canada.”

2004 400th anniversary of the French settlement on Saint Croix Island.

A1-1 Timeline of Colonization. U.S. National Park Service. "Saint Croix Island International Historic Site."

Accessed July 2, 2014. http://www.nps.gov/sacr/historyculture/upload/Timeline.pdf

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A1-2 Genealogy of Henri Beaufort as noted by Charles Ordinis. Ordinis, Charles. "Beaufort." Anciennes familles de Provence. Accessed July 4, 2014. http://genobco.free.fr/provence/Beaufort.htm.

Beaufort Family Tree

III - Antoine BEAUFORT marchand, trésorier de la Ville d’Aix au moment de son décès, baptisé le 26 avril

1541 à la Madeleine (parrain Antoine Albert, marraine Jeanne Guiran) ; teste à Aix le 28 février 1591 puis le 1er avril 1594, et meurt avant 1598 ; épouse vers 1570 Françoise d’ALBETTE fille de Florimond,

bourgeois de Pertuis, et de Catherine de LOQUES. Elle est tutrice de leurs enfants (compte de tutelle du 25 mai 1598), décédée à Aix et inhumée le 20 février 1639 aux Observantins. D’où :

1. Catherine BEAUFORT baptisée le 8 juin 1574 à la Madeleine (parrain Honoré Boyer avocat au parlement, marraine Catherine de Loques) épouse par contrat du 16 décembre 1592 à Aix, Guilhen GARRON fils de Jacques et d’Anne GASTIN.

2. Jean-Pierre BEAUFORT teste à Aix le 1er avril 1593, épouse le 10 avril 1600 à la Madeleine et suivant contrat passé la veille, Angélique de LA ROCHE, de la ville de Marseille, fille de feu Philippe, et de Marcelle de LASSONCE ; présents Antoine Olivier et Jean Luce.

3. Honoré qui suit, 4. Philippe de BEAUFORT notaire royal héréditaire d’Aix, greffier des Etats du pays de Porvence,

épouse par contrat du 10 juillet 1609 à Aix, Suzanne LIEUTAUD fille de Pierre, marchand, et de Marquise GRANOUX. Elle est inhumée le 30 janvier 1664 aux Observantins, devant la chapelle de Notre-Dame.

5. André de BEAUFORT baptisé le 7 janvier 1590 à la Madeleine (parrain André Audifredy, marraine Françoise Risse).

6. Henri BEAUFORT maître apothicaire et bourgeois d’Aix, nommé tuteur de son cousin Jean Beaufort fils de Jacques, inhumé le 13 avril 1639 aux Observantins, devant la chapelle de Notre-Dame de Grâce, épouse par contrat du 21 janvier 1612 à Aix et le 23 en l’église de la Madeleine, Marguerite TAXIL fille d’Antoine, marchand, et de Delphine BRUNI, en présence des témoins Jean Arnaud et Jacques Mille. Elle est inhumée le 20 août 1665 aux Observantins. D’où :

a. Françoise de BEAUFORT baptisée le 7 novembre 1612 à la Madeleine (parrain Antoine Taxil, marraine Françoise Aubet).

b. Antoine de BEAUFORT baptisé le 6 avril 1618 à la Madeleine (parrain Melchion Félix conseiller du roi en la cour des Comptes, marraine Jeanne Geoffroy).

c. Marie de BEAUFORT inhumée le 4 décembre 1649 aux Observantins d’Aix, épouse le 22 septembre 1642 à la Madeleine, Honorat REVEST, négociant, habitant d’Aix, veuf de Thérèse CHASSIGNOLLE, fils de Me Barthélémy, notaire royal de Saint-Zacharie, et de Françoise BLANC, témoins Jacques Maurin, Charles Bernard, notaire royal, Bernard Gardet, d’Aix, et Honoré Clenchard.

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A1-3 Inventory of bones and teeth removed during the 1969 Temple University excavation. Pendery, Saint

Croix, 188.

Burial No. Bones and Teeth Recovered

1

Calvarium; mandibular fragments, C1-C4; L|R femora; L|R tibae; L|R fibulae; L|R

calcanei; L|R tali; L|R naviluars; L|R cuboids; L|R 1st metatarsals; fragments of eight

metatarsals; three cuneiforms

2† Cranium (fragmented); mandible

3 Mandible

4 Mandible; L|R maxilla with intact palate

5 Mandibular fragments; L|R femora; L|R tibae; L (fragments) and R fibulae

6 Mandible

7 Cranium; C1-C2; mandible; R femur

8 Mandible

9 Mandible; C2-C3;

10 Mandible; R femur with unfused distal epiphysis

11 Mandible

12 Mandible

13/14 Both mandibular posterior rami with first and second molars present in sockets

15/16 Tooth crowns only (commingled)

17 Cranium; mandible

18 Mandible

19 Mandible

20 Mandible

21 Mandible

22 Mandible

23 Mandible

† “One set of long bones were incorrectly labeled ‘B-10’ and included both humeri, radii, ulnae, femora, tibiae, and

metatarsal fragments. It was determined during fieldwork in 2003 that these bones were from burial 2.”

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APPENDIX 2: MAPS

A2-1 Habitation on St. Croix Island by Samuel de Champlain (1613). Osher Map Library. "II. Samuel de

Champlain and New France." Accessed July 6, 2014. http://www.oshermaps.org/exhibitions/creation-of-new-england/ii-samuel-de-champlain-and-new-france.

1604-1605 Known Building Residency on Saint Croix Island

Building P Samuel de Champlain; Pierre d’Angibualt dit Champdoré; Sieur d’Orville.

Building Q Pierre Bosc-Douyn, Sieur de Boulay.

Building R Sieur de Genestou; Sieur de Sourin.

Building T René Nöel; Sieur de Beaumont; Sieur de Boulay; Sieur de Fougeray.

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A2-2 Map of Champlain’s explorations of coastal regions. The University of Maine. "Canadian-American Center - Champlain and the Settlement of Acadia 1604-1607." Accessed July 3, 2014.

http://umaine.edu/canam/publications/st-croix/champlain-and-the-settlement-of-acadia-1604-1607/.

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WORKS CITED

De Verrazano, Giovanni. "Plate 13 Facsimile Cartography 1492-1867. Verrazano Map,

1529." David Rumsey Historical Map Collection. Accessed July 2, 2014.

http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/

servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~248251~5516025:Plate-13-Facsimile-

Cartography-1492.

"Eiríks Saga Rauða" in The Sagas of Icelanders, Jane Smiley. New York: Penguin Books,

2001.

Encyclopedia Britannica. "Jacques Cartier." Accessed July 3, 2014.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/97444/Jacques-Cartier.

Encyclopedia Britannica. "New France." Last modified March 27, 2014.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/411492/New-France.

Encyclopedia Britannica. "Samuel de Champlain." Accessed July 3, 2014.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/105187/Samuel-de-Champlain.

Kelso, William M., and Rick Adamson. Jamestown, the Buried Truth. Mendocino:

University Press, 2010.

Library of Congress. "Portuguese Exploration along the Northeast Coast of North

America." Last modified July 15, 2010.

http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/portam/coast.html.

Linden, Eugene. "The Vikings: A Memorable Visit to America." Smithsonian. Last

modified December, 2004. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-

vikings-a-memorable-visit-to-america-98090935/?no-ist=&page=1.

MacBeath, George. "Biography Dugua du Monts, Pierre," in Dictionary of Canadian

Biography, Vol 1. Accessed July 3, 2014.

http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/du_gua_de_monts_pierre_1E.html.

New Netherland Institute. "Norumbega et Virginia, 1597 Charting New Netherland."

Accessed July 2, 2014. http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-

heritage/digital-exhibitions/charting-new-netherland-1600/the-

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maps/norumbega-et-virginia-1597/.

Northup, George T. "The Mundus Novus." Internet Archive. Accessed July 2, 2014.

http://www.archive.org/stream/vespuccireprints05prinuoft/vespuccireprints0

5prinuoft_djvu.txt.

Ordinis, Charles. "Beaufort." Anciennes familles de Provence. Accessed July 4, 2014.

http://genobco.free.fr/provence/Beaufort.htm.

Osher Map Library. "II. Samuel de Champlain and New France." Accessed July 3, 2014.

http://www.oshermaps.org/exhibitions/creation-of-new-england/ii-samuel-de-

champlain-and-new-france.

Parks Canada. "Saint Croix Island International Historic Site: Pierre Dugua, Sieur de

Mons." Last modified April 15, 2009. http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-

nhs/nb/stcroix/natcul/natcul2.aspx.

Pendery, Steven R., and H. W. Borns. "Preface." In Saint Croix Island, Maine: History,

Archaeology, and Interpretation, Augusta, Me: Maine Historic Preservation

Commission and the Maine Archaeological Society, 2012, xi.

The Bangor Daily News. "National Park Service researchers exploring waters off Saint

Croix Island" Accessed July 7, 2014. http://bangordailynews.com/2011/08/11/

news/down-east/national-park-service-researchers-exploring-waters-off-saint-

croix-island/.

Trudel, Marcel, "Biography – Angibault, Champdoré, Pierre,” in Dictionary of Canadian

Biography, Vol. 1. Accessed July 6, 2014.

http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/angibault_pierre_1E.html.

Trudel, Marcel, "Biography – Lescarbot, Marc,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Vol

1. Accessed July 6, 2014.

http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/lescarbot_marc_1E.html.

UNESCO. "Memory of the World Register." Accessed July 2, 2014.

http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/mow/no

mination_forms/usa_universalis_cosmographia_secundum_ptholomaei_tradition

em.pdf.

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U.S. National Park Service. "Saint Croix Island International Historic Site." Accessed July

2, 2014. http://www.nps.gov/sacr/index.htm.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 Linden, Eugene. "The Vikings: A Memorable Visit to America." Smithsonian. Last

modified December, 2004. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-vikings-a-

memorable-visit-to-america-98090935/?no-ist=&page=1. 2 Library of Congress. "Portuguese Exploration along the Northeast Coast of North

America." Last modified July 15, 2010.

http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/portam/coast.html. 3 Pendery, Steven R., and H. W. Borns. "Preface." In Saint Croix Island, Maine: History,

Archaeology, and Interpretation, Augusta, Me: Maine Historic Preservation Commission

and the Maine Archaeological Society, 2012, xi. 4 Kelso, William M., and Rick Adamson. Jamestown, the Buried Truth. Mendocino:

University Press, 2010. 5 "Eiríks Saga Rauða" in The Sagas of Icelanders, Jane Smiley. New York: Penguin Books,

2001. 6 New Netherland Institute. "Norumbega et Virginia, 1597 Charting New Netherland."

Accessed July 2, 2014. http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-

heritage/digital-exhibitions/charting-new-netherland-1600/the-maps/norumbega-et-

virginia-1597/. 7 Encyclopedia Britannica. "New France." Last modified March 27, 2014.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/411492/New-France. 8 Northup, George T. "The Mundus Novus." Internet Archive. Accessed July 2, 2014.

http://www.archive.org/stream/vespuccireprints05prinuoft/vespuccireprints05prinu

oft_djvu.txt. 9 Encyclopedia Britannica. "Jacques Cartier." Accessed July 3, 2014.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/97444/Jacques-Cartier.

Jacques Cartier’s previous attempts at Canadian settlement were acutely plagued by

scurvy, death, and enmity with local Iroquois. 10 Pendery, Saint Croix, ix. 11 UNESCO. "Memory of the World Register." Accessed July 2, 2014.

http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CI/CI/pdf/mow/nominatio

n_forms/usa_universalis_cosmographia_secundum_ptholomaei_traditionem.pdf. 12 See A2-2. 13 See A2-1. 14 Pendery, Saint Croix, 13. 15 Pendery, Saint Croix, 186.

16 U.S. National Park Service. "Saint Croix Island International Historic Site." Accessed July 2,

2014. http://www.nps.gov/sacr/index.htm.

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17 These men were landowners and afforded the respectful title of “sieur” which should

not to be confused with inherited titles through French nobility or royalty. 18 Pendery, Saint Croix, 269-76. 19 He arrived in August of 1604 onboard the Bonne Remonnée, captained by François

Gravé du Pont. 20 Parks Canada. "Saint Croix Island International Historic Site: Pierre Dugua, Sieur de

Mons." Last modified April 15, 2009. http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-

nhs/nb/stcroix/natcul/natcul2.aspx. 21 MacBeath, George. "Biography Dugua du Monts, Pierre," in Dictionary of Canadian


http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/du_gua_de_monts_pierre_1E.html. 22 MacBeath, George. "Biography Dugua du Monts, Pierre," in Dictionary of Canadian


http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/du_gua_de_monts_pierre_1E.html. 23 Encyclopedia Britannica. "Samuel de Champlain." Accessed July 3, 2014.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/105187/Samuel-de-Champlain. 24 Osher Map Library. "II. Samuel de Champlain and New France." Accessed July 3, 2014.

http://www.oshermaps.org/exhibitions/creation-of-new-england/ii-samuel-de-

champlain-and-new-france. 25 Fischer, David Hackett. Champlain's Dream. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, 210. 26 Fischer, Dream, 217. 27 Pendery, Saint Croix, 269. 28 See A1-2. 29 Ordinis, Charles. "Beaufort." Anciennes familles de Provence. Accessed July 4, 2014.

http://genobco.free.fr/provence/Beaufort.htm. 30 Pendery, Saint Croix, 272. 31 Pendery, Saint Croix, 275. 32 Pendery, Saint Croix, 274. See A2-1 for structures on the island. 33 Pendery, Saint Croix, 270. 34 Trudel, Marcel, "Biography – Lescarbot, Marc,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Vol 1. Accessed July 6, 2014. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/lescarbot_marc_1E.html.

35 Pendery, Saint Croix, 271. 36 Trudel, Marcel, "Biography – Angibault, Champdoré, Pierre,” in Dictionary of Canadian

Biography, Vol. 1. Accessed July 6, 2014.

http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/angibault_pierre_1E.html. 37 Pendery, Saint Croix, 273.

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38 The Bangor Daily News. "National Park Service researchers exploring waters off Saint

Croix Island" Accessed July 7, 2014.

http://bangordailynews.com/2011/08/11/news/down-east/national-park-service-

researchers-exploring-waters-off-saint-croix-island/. 39 Pendery, Saint Croix, 185-7. 40 See A1-3. 41 Pendery, Saint Croix, 186-217. 42 Pendery, Saint Croix, 193-4. 43 Mean age was obtained for all 20 individual before calculating the median age of 27.5;

Burials 13/14, 15/16, and 24 were not included. 44 Pendery, Saint Croix, 196-7.

a journey to acadia-pauline labelle

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