A HISTORYo{

PHARMACYIn Pictures

,4 Seriu oJ Forty

Original Oil Painting;w ith brieJ commentarie.r

Pre.rented by

PARKE, DAVIS & COMPANY

Jntroduction

The 40 original oil paintings reproduced here were

commissioned by Parke, Davis & Company toimmortalize pictoriaily highlights in the history ofPharmacy-one of the oldest of the health pro-fessions.

Approximately eight vears of intensive researchand study, and some 250,000 miles of travel havegone into the preparation of the paintings andtheir accompanying stories. The stories are onlybriefly epitomized in this publication.

This project was conceived and directed byGeorge A. Bender, Editor of llodern Pharmacy.The pictures were painted by Robert A. Thom.The assistance of expert advisors has contributedgreatly to the accuracy and authenticity of thepaintings and the accompanying articles.

sr.-P

A Hrsrony oF Pnannacy rN PrcruRpsi.r pre,rented in behalJ oJ the proJearion oJ

Pharmacy by Parke, Dapi.r el Company.

1. BEFORE THE DAWNOF HISTORY

From beginnings as remote and as simple as these came

our proud profession of Pharmacy' Its development parallels

that of man himself.

Ancient man learned from instinct, from observation

of birds and beasts. Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud, rvere

his first soothing applications' By trial, he learned which

served him best. Eventually, he applied his knowledge

for the benefit of others' Though the caveman's methods

were crude, many of today's medicines spring from sources

as simple and elementary as those rvhich are pictured here'

2. PHARMACY IN BABYLONIA(ALo,t 2600 B.C.)

Babr-lon, jewel of ancient Mesopotamia, often called the

cradle of civilization, provides the earliest known record of

practice of the art of the apothecary.

Practitioners of healing of this era were priest, pharmacist

and physician, all in one. Medical texts on clay tablets

record first the symptoms of illness, the prescription and

directions for compounding, then an invocation to the gods.

Ancient Babylonian methods find counterpart in today's

modern pharmaceutical, medical and spiritual care of the sictrr.

3. PHARMACY IN ANCIENT CHINA(ALo.,t 2ooo B.C')

Chinese Pharmacy, according to legend, stems from Shen

Nung, emperor who sought out and investigated the

medicinal value of several hundred herbs. He is reputed to

have tested many of them on himsclf, and to have written

the first Pen T',rao, or native herbal, recording 365 drugs.

Still worshiped by native chinese drug guilds as their

patron god, Shen Nung is pictured examining familiar herbs'

barks and roots brought in from the fields, swamps and woods'

4. DAYS OF THE PAPYRT]S EBERS(15oo B.c.)

Though Egyptian medicine dates from about 2900 8.C.,

best known and most important pharmaceutical record is the

Papyru,r Eber,r, (1500 B.C.), a collection of g00 prescriptions,

mentioning 700 drugs.

Egyptian pharmacists, like other professional men, were

of the priesthood; learned and practiced their arts in the

temple. In a setting such as this, the papyru.r Eber.r might

have been dictated to a scribe by " priest-pharmacist

as he directed compounding in the temple,s drug room.

5. FAT}IER OF PHARMACOGNOSY(About 3oo B.C.)

Theophrastus, among the greatest early Greek philosophers

and natural scientists, is called "the father of botany." His

observations and writings d.ealing with the medical qualities

and peculiarities of herbs entitle hirn to be considered n'the

father of pharmacognosy." His pharmaceutical and phar-

macological observations are unusually accurate' even in

the light of present knowledge' He lectured to informal

groups of students who walked about with him' learn-

ing of nature by observing her treasures at first hand'

6. THE ROYAL TOXICOLOGIST(Abo.,t 1oo B.C.)

From men's fears, their cupidity and the drives of ambitionhave come many scientific advances. pharmacy and Medi-cine ha'e profited from the works of investigators abouts'hose motives there may hang a cloud of dubiety.

Of such was Mithridates VI, King of pontus, who, thoughhe battled Rome for a lifetime, found time to make not onlythe art of poisoning, but also the art of preventing andcounteracting poisoning, subjects of intensive study.unhesitatingly, he used himself as well as his victims as"gttinea-pigs." His famed formula of alleged pan:antidotalpowers, "Mithridatum," lived for over a thousand years.

7. TERRA SIGILLATAFirst "Tt'J" MttL"J" Dru$

Man Iearned early of the prestigious advantage of trade

marks as a means of identification of source and of gaining

customers' confidence' One of the first therapeutic agents

to bear such a mark was Terra SigitLata (Sealed Earth)' a

clay tablet originating on the Mediterranean Island of

Lemnos before 500 B'C'

One day each year clay was dug from a pit on a Lemnian

hillside in the presence of governmental and religious dignita-

ries. Formed into pastilles and impressed with an official seal

by priestesses, it was then widely distributed commercially'

8. PEDANIOS DIOSCORIDES(First Century A.D.)

In the evolution of all successful and enduring systems ofknowledge there comes a time when the observations ofmany men, or the intensive studies of one, transcend fromthe level of trade or vocation to that of a science. Pedanios

Dioscorides contributed mightily to such a transition inPharmacy.

In order to study materia medica, Dioscorides accompanied

the Roman armies throughout the known rvorld. He recorded

what he observed, promulgated excellent rules for thecollection of drugs, their storage and use. His texts rvere

considered basic science as late as the sixteenth century.

9. GALEN - E*Purirnenter inCo*porr, Jir.g (faf- 2Ol A'D')

Of the men of ancient times whose names are known and

revered in both the professions of Pharmacy and Medicine'

Galen, undoubtedly, is the foremost' Galen practiced and

taught both pharmacy and medicine in Rome; his principles

of preparing and compounding medicines ruled in the

western world for 1,500 years; and his name still is asso-

ciated with that class of pharmaceuticals compounded by

mechanical means-g alenical't' He was the originator of

the formula for a cold cream, essentially similar to that

known today. Many proced'ures Galen originated have their

counterparts in today's modern compounding laboratories'

10. DAMIAN ANJ COSMAS(Atout 3OO A.D.)

Trrinship of the health professions, pharmacy and Medicine,is nowhere more strikingly portrayed than by Damian,the apothecary, and Cosmas, the physician. Twin brothers ofArabian descent, and devout Christians, they offered thesolace of religion as well as the benefit of their knowledgeto the sick who visited them. Their twin careers were cutshort in the year 505 by martyrdom. For centuries theirtomb in the Syrian city of cyprus was a shrine. churches*'ere buiit in their honor in Rome and other cities. Aftercanonization, they became the patron saints of pharmacy

and Medicine, and many miracles were attributed to them.

11. MONASTIC PHARMACYCenturie s)(sth to L2th

During the Middle Ages remnants of the \\/estern l<nowledge

of Pharmacy and Medicine wcre presen'ed in tl're monas-

teries. These sciences are known to have been taught in

the cloisters as early as the seventh century' Manuscripts

from many lands were translated or copied for monastery

libraries. The monks gathered herbs and simples in the field,

or raised them in their own herb gardens, such as the one

pictured here. These they prepared according to the art of

the apothecary for the benefit of the sick and iniured'

L2. T}JE FIRST APOTIIECARY SHOP(Abo,t 754 A.D.)

The Arabs separated the arts of apothecary and physician,

establishing in Bagdad about Ts4 A.D. the first privately-

orvned-but governmentally supervised-drug stores. They

preserved much of the Greco-Roman wisdom, added toit, developing with the aid of their natural resources

syrups, confections, conserves, distilled waters and alco-

holic liquids. when the Moslems swept across Africa,Spain and Southern France, they carried a new patternof Pharmacy which Western Europe soon assimilated.

13. AVICENNA-the "Persian Grl.,,"(Abo,t 9SO -LO37 A.D.)

Among the brilliant contributors to the sciences of Phar-

macy and Medicine during the Arabian era was one genius

who seems to stand for his time-the Persian, Ibn Sena,

called Avicenna by the Western world'

Pharmacist, physician, poet, philosopher and diplomat'

Avicenna was an intellectual giant, a companion of Persian

princes and rulers. He wrote in Arabic, often while secluded

in the home of an apothecary friend' His pharmaceutical

teachings were accepted as authoritative in the West until

the ITth century; still are dominant influences in the orient.

14. SEPARATION OF PHARMACYAND MEDTcTNE \zao A.D.)

In European countries exposed to Arabian influence, publicpharmacies began to appear in the llth century. However,

it was not until 1240 A.D. that, in Sicily and Southern Italy,Pharmacy was legally separated from Medicine. I-red-

erick II of Hohenstaufen, Emperor of Germany as well as

King of Sicily, was a living link between oriental and occi-dental worlds. At his palace in Palermo , in 1240, he presented

his subject Pharmacists with the first European edict com-pletely separating their responsibilities from those of Medi-cine, and prescribing regulations for their professional prac tice.

15. FIRST PHARMACOPOEIA$aoa A.D.)

The idea of a pharmacopoeia with oflicial status, to be fol-

Iowed by all apothecaries, originated in Florence. The Nuoto

Receptario, originally written in Italian, was published and

became the legal standard for the city-state in 1498' It was

the result of collaboration of the Guild of Apothecaries and

the Medical Society-one of the earliest manifestations of

constructive interprofessional relations. The professional

groups received oflicial advice and guidance from the

powerful Dominican monk, Savonarola, (seated, fore-

ground) who, at the time, was the political leader in Florence'

L6. SOCIETY OF APOTIIECARIES(LorrJorr, L6L7 A.D.)

Trade in drugs and spices was rucrative in the Middre Ages.In the British Isles, it was monoporized by the Guild of Gro-cers, which had jurisdiction over the apothecaries. After yearsof effort, the apothecaries found alries among court physiciansand the philosopher-politician, Francis Bacon. upon theirpersuasion King |ames I granted a charter which formed a

separate company known as the ,.Master, Wardens and Society

of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the Cityof London" over vigorous protests of the grocers. This wasthe first organization of pharmacists in theAnglo-saxon worrd.

T7. LOUIS HEBERTFirst Apotl, ecax1 in Cur.ul'

Young Parisian Apothecary Louis H6bert answered the

call of the New World in 1605, when he helped de Monts

and Champlain build New France's first settlement, the

Habitation, at Port Royal (Nova Scotia, Canada)' H6bert

looked after the health of the pioneers, cultivated native drug

plants, and supervised the gardens' For a short time he

served as governor of the colony. when the Habitation was

destroyed by the English in 1613, he returned to his Parisian

apothecary shop. The lure of Canada was strong, however'

and in 1617,he and his family returned with Champlain to

Ouebec, where H6bert's "green thumb" gained him lasting

fame as the first successful farmer in what is now Canada'

18. GOVERNOR \THO HEALEDTHE SrcK ftoao A.D.)

Many Europeans "of quality and wealth, particularly thosewho were non-conformists in religion" were attracted to thepossibilities of the American coronies. From Britain came

/ohn Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colonyand founder of Boston. Governor winthrop, unabre to induceprofessionals to the Colony, sought advice from Englishapothecaries and physicians, and added to his small store ofimported drugs those derived from plants native to NewEngland. In his home, he made available as best he couldthe "art and mystery" of the apothecary for his citizens.

L9. TIIE MARSHALL APOTIIECARY(L72e-LBzs)

Christopher Marshall, Irish immigrant, established his apoth-

ecary shop in Philadelphra tn 1729. During the next 100

years, this pioneer pharmaceutical enterprise became a lead-

ing retail store, nucleus of large-scale chemical manufac-

turing; a "practical" training school for pharmacists; an

important supply depot during the Revolution; and finally, it

was managed by granddaughter Elizabeth, America's first

woman pharmacist. Christopher earned the title, "The fighting

Quaker," during the Revolution; his sons, Charles and Chris-

topher, |r., (shown as youths with their father, about L756),

earned individual fame and camied on his fine traditions.

20. AMERICA'S FIRST HOSPITALPHARMACY (About L775)

colonial America's first hospital (pennsylvania) nas estab-lished in Philadelphia rn LTSI; the first Hospital pharmacy

began operations there in LTE2. The ingenuity of BenjaminFranklin was helpful to both. First Hospital pharmacist was

|onathan Roberts; but it was his successor, /ohn Morgan(1755-56), whose practice as a hospital pharmacist and whoseimpact upon Pharmacy and Medicine influenced changesthat were to become of great importance to the deveropmentof professional pharmacy on this continent. First as phar-macist, later as physician, he advocated prescription writingand championed independent practice of the two professions.

2t. CARL SCHEELE, 0ZaZ't786)PHARMACIST.CHEMIST

During his few short years, carl wilhelm Scheele gave to the

world discoveries that have brought its people incalculable

advantages. Yet he never forgot that he was' first of all' a

pharmacist. Encouraged by enlightened preceptors' all of his

discoveries were made in the Swedish pharmacies in which he

worked, as apprentice, clerk, and finally as owner in K6ping'

He began in a corner of the stockroom of the Unicorn Apoth-

ecary in Gothenburg. With rare genius, he made thousands

of experiments, discovered oxygen, chlorine' prussic acid'

tartaric acid, tungsten, molybdenum, glycerin' nitrogl'c-

erin, and countless other organic compounds that enter

into today's daily life, industry, health' and comfort'

22. FIRST APOTHECARY GENERALArrJ.e* Craigie (P.rioJ z L77 5-17 $)

First man to hold the rank of a commissioned pharmaceu-tical oflicer in an American army was the Bostonian apothe-cary, Andrew Craigie. First appointed commissary of medicalstores by Massachusetts' Committee of Safety, April 50,

l775,he was present at the Battle of Bunker Hill, |une 17,

1775, ard probably assisted in taking care of the sick andwounded there in a makeshift station back of the lines. WhenCongress reorganized the Medical Department of the Armyrn 1777, Craigie became the first Apothecary General. Hisduties included procurement, storage, manufacture, and dis-tribution of the Army's drug requirements. He also de-veloped an early rvholesaling and manufacturing business.

23. FIRST ALKALOID CHEMISTFrieJrich Vllh"lrr. Sertiirn., (Ab"ut 1816)

Srvedish pharmacist Scheele paved the way for isolating

organic plant acids; but it remained for a young German

apothecary, Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertiirner, to give the

rvorld opium's chief narcotic principle, morphine; and torecognize and prove the importance of a new class of organic

substances: alkaloids. His first announcements challenged,

Sertiirner in 1816 conducted a new series of bold, startling

experiments in his apothecary shop in Einbeck, including a

series of physiologic tests on himself and three young friends.

Recognition and fame followed' Relocating in an apothecary

shop in Hameln, Sertiirner continued organic chemical

experimentation and discovery throughout his life.

24. CAVENTOIJ, PELLETIER,(Atout 1820),r'J QIIININE

Taking their cue from Sertiirner's alkaloidal experiments,two young French pharmacists, Pierre-)oseph Pelletier andfoseph-Bienaim6 Caventou, isolated emetine from ipecac-uanha in IBIT; strychnine and brucine from nux vomicain IB18; then, in their laboratory in the back of a Parisianapothecary shop, they tackled the problem that had baffledscientists for decades-wresting the secrets of the PeruvianBarks that were so useful against malaria. In IB20 Caventouand Pelletier announced the methods for separation of qui-nine and cinchonine from the cinchona barks; prepared puresalts, had them tested clinically, and set up manufacturingfacilities. Many other discoveries came from their phar-macy-laboratory, and high honors were accorded them.

25. AMERICAN PHARMACY'SFOT]NDATIONS

PhilrJ"lphl' Coll"g. o{ Ph"rmacy (rsZr)

Faced with two major threats: deterioration of the practice

of pharmacy, and discriminatory classification by the Uni-

versity of Pennsylvania medical faculty, the pharmacists

of Philadelphia held a tempestuous protest meeting in

Carpenters' Hall, February 23, l92l. At a second meeting,

March 15, the pharmacists voted formation of: an associa-

tion, which became the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy;

a self-policing board; and a school of pharmacy' 68 phar-

macists signed the constitution of the first pharmaceuti-

cal association in the United States; by November 9,

American Pharmacy's first educational institution opened.

26. SHAKERS AND MEDICINALHERBS (Atout 1830)

First U. S. industry in medicinal herbs was carried on by theUnited Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing,commonly known as the Shakers. Begun about 1820, andcommercially important by 1850, the medicinal herb industryflourished, hit its peak in the 1860's, then waned at the close

of the century. The Shakers gathered or cultivated some 200

varieties; dried, chopped, and pressed them into ,,bricks,,;

wrapped, labeled, and sold them to pharmacists andphysicians the world over. Tons of solid and fluid ex-tracts also were produced. The Shaker label was recog-nized for reliability and quality for more than a century.

27. AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL

ASSOCIATION (F."J"J i" L852)

Need for better intercommunication among pharmacists;

ed.ucational and apprenticeship standards; and quality con-

trol of imported d'rugs, Ied to calling of a convention of

representative pharmacists in the HaIl of the Philadelphia

College of Pharmacy, October 6 to 8' 1852' Under leadership

of first President, Daniel B' Smith' and first Secretary'

William Procter, )r., the 20 delegates launched the American

Pharmaceutical Association; mapped its objectives; and

opened its membership to "All pharmaceutists and drug-

gists" of good character who subscribed to its Constitution

and Code of Ethics. It continues to serve Pharmacy today'

28. ET]ROPEAN AND AMERICANPHARMACY MEET (1867)

Over the years, no real discord has existed between repre-sentatives of European and American Pharmacy as far asethical and scientific aims are concerned. But when the twogroups met for the first time, at the Second InternationalCongress of Pharmacy, in Paris, France, August 2l to 24,1867, there was a great divergence of opinion on the subjectof compulsory limitation of pharmacies. William procter,

/r., leading the delegates of the American PharmaceuticalAssociation, told the international body that "Public opinionis in America a forceful agent of reform," and that, in hiscountry, "there is not the slightest obstacle toward a multipli-cation of drug stores save that of lack of success." His decla-ration vividly documented the American Way of Pharmacy.

29.FATHER OF AMERICANPHARMACY

\[ilhrr.. Procter, J*- (faf Z-f 874)

Rarely has a titular distinction been so deserved. william

Procter, )r., graduated from Philadelphia College of Phar-

macy rn 1837 ;operated a retail pharmacy; served the College

as Professor of Pharmacy for 20 years; was a leader in found-

ing the American Pharmaceutical Association; served that

organization as its first secretary; Iater, as its president;

served 50 years on the u.s.P. Revision committee; was

for 22 years Ed.itor of the american Journal oJ Phar'

macy. From retirement he returned to PCP's chair of

Pharmacy in 1872; literally died "in the harness"' in 1874'

30. A REVOLT]TION IN EDT]CATIONfJniversity "[ Michigan (ALotrt 18 71)

When Dr. Albert B. Prescott launched the pharmacy courseat the University of Michigan in 1868, critical attentionwas aroused because he abandoned the traditional require-ment of pre-graduation appenticeship. At the 1871 con-vention of the American Pharmaceutical Association, he wasdenied membership and virtually ostracized. However, theMichigan course pioneered several other major changes:laboratory pharmacy, a definite curriculum that includedbasic sciences, and a program that demanded students'full-time attention. During the next 50 years, Dr. Prescotthad the satisfaction of seeing his once-revolutionary in-novations generall;r adopted by pharmaceutical faculties.

31. THE PHARMACOPOEIA COMES

OF AGE (Ab"ut 1878)

The first United States Pharmacopoeia' issued in 1820'

was the work of the medical profession' It was the first

book of drug standards from a professional source to have

achieved a nation's acceptance. In 1877, the u'S'P' was

in danger of dissolutio" it'" to the lack of interest of the

-"di"ui profession' Dr' Edward R Suuibb, manufac-

tr.irrg pt^u"-u"i.t as well as physician' took the problem

to the American Pharmaceutical Association convention'

The pharmacists formed a "Committee on Revision'"

Under chairmanship of hospital pharmacist Charles Rice'

assisted by ph""ti""i"t-educator |oseph P' Remington'

and their ind.efatigable collaborator, Dr' squibb' the

United, States Pharmacopoeia surged to new importance'

32. THE STANDARDIZATION OFPHARMACEUTICALS (Abo,t 1883)

Despite the professional skill and integrity of lgth-centurypharmacists, seldom did two preparations of vegetabledrugs have the same strength, even though prepared byidentical processes. Crude plant drugs varied widely inactive alkaloidal and glucosidal content. First answer tothis problem came when Parke, Davis & Company intro-duced standardized Liquor Ergotae Purifi.catur rn 1879.Dr. Albert Brown Lyons, as the firm's Chief Chemist,further developed methods of alkaloidal assay. Messrs.Parke and Davis recognized the value of his work, andin 1885, announced a list of 20 standardized "NormalLiquids." Parke-Davis also pioneered in developing pharma-cologic and physiologic standards for pharmaceuticals.

33. WRESTING TI{E II]NGLE'SSECRETS (Atout 1885)

Expeditions in search of new medicinal plants probably are

as old as Pharmacy. Scientific adventurers, such as Henry

Hurd. Rusby, opened vast new horizons for the advancement

of Pharmacy and Med'icine, Iate in the lgth century' Sent

by Parke, Davis & Company in 1884 to Peru for supplies

of coca leaves, Dr. Rusby crossed the Andes and iourneyed

down the Amazon to the Atlantic amid incredible hard-

ships. He returned with 45,000 botanical specimens'

Among them were many new drug plants' including

Cocillana Bark, pharmaceutical preparations of which

are still important to Medicine' Dr' Rusb;' later became

Dean of the college of Pharmacy of columbia university.

34. STANISLAS LIMOT]SINPhr.*rorl Inrentor (Abo.rt 1886)

One of those persons singularly gifted in combiningscientific knowledge with technical skill and inventivegenius was the French retail pharmacist, Stanislas Limousin(1851-1887). Among the many devices which he introducedto pharmacy and medicine were the medicine dropper; thesystem of coloring poisons (such as corrosive sublimate);and wafer cachets (which found much favor prior to theadvent of the gelatin capsule). His greatest contributions,however, were the development and perfection of apparatusfor the inhalation and therapeutic administration of oxygen;and invention of glass ampoules that could be sealed andsterilized for preservation of solutions for hypodermic use.

35. TI{E ERA OF BIOLOGICALS

When, in 1894, Behring and Roux announced the effec-

tivenessofdiphtheriaantitoxin'pharmaceuticalscientists

both in Europe and the United States rushed to put the

new discovery into prod'uction' Parke' Davis & Company

was among the pioneers' The serum became available in

1895, and lives of thousands of children were saved' The

painting d.epicts inoculation of a horse with diphtheria

toxin-first step of many in producing antitoxin' Parke-

Davis received U. S' Biological License No' I in 1905'

New, improved biological products have continued to be-

come available, climaxed in 1955 by poliomyelitis vaccine'

36. THE DEVELOPMENT OFCHEMOTHERAPY

Ernest F. A. Foo..re", (Ab o:uLt L92O)one of the most successful researchers in the developmentof new chemical compounds specifically created to fightdisease-causing organisms in the body was the Frenchpharmacist, Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau, whofor three decades headed chemical laboratories in theworld-renowned Institut Pasteur, in Paris. His earlywork with bismuth and arsenic compounds advancedthe treatment of syphilis. He broke the German secretof a specific for sleeping sickness; paved the way for thechain of life-saving sulfonamide compounds; and from hislaboratories came the first group of chemicals having recog-nized antihistaminic properties. His work led many otherinvestigators to broad fields of chemotherapeutic research.

37. PHARMACEI]TICAL RE SEARCII

Research in some form has gone hand in hand with the

development of Pharmacy through the ages' However' itwas the chemical synthesis of antipyrine in 1885 that gave

impetus and inspiration for intensive search for thera-

peutically-useful compounds' Begun by the Germans' who

dominated the field until world war I, the lead in pharma-

ceutical research passed thereafter to the United States.

Research in Pharmacy came into its own in the late 1950's

and early 1940's; has grown steadily since, due to the

support of pharmaceutical manufacturers, universities'

and. government. Today it uses techniques and trained

personnel from every branch of science in the unending

search for new life-saving and life-giving drug products'

38. PIIARMACEUTICALMANI]FACTURING COMES OF AGEPharmaceutical manufacturing as an industry apart fromretail Pharmacy had its beginnings about 1600; reallygot under way in the middle I700's. It developed first inGermany, then in England and France. In America, itwas the child of wars-born during the Revolution; grewrapidly during and following the Civil War; became in-dependent of Europe during World War I; and came ofage during and following World War II. Utilizing latesttechnical advances from every branch of science, manu-facturing pharmacy economically produces the latest andgreatest drug developments in immense quantities, sothat everywhere physicians may prescribe them andpharmacists dispense them for the benefit of all mankind.

39. THE ERA OF ANTIBIOTICS

Antibiotics are not new. Their actions probably were first

observed by Pasteur rn1877. However, the second quarter

of the 20th century marked the flowering of the antibiotic

era-a new and dramatic departure in the production of

disease-fighting drugs. Fleming's discovery of penicillin in

1929 went undeveloped until Florey and Chain studied itin 1940. Under pressure of World War II, pharmaceutical

manufacturers rapidly adapted mass production methods

to penicillin; have reduced its cost 1,000 per cent. Other

antibiotic discoveries came rapidly in the '40's, including

Chloromycetin@, first to be produced commercially by

synthetic methods. Intensive research continues to find anti-

biotics that will conquer more of man's microbial enemies.

40. PHARMACY TODAY ANDTOMORROW

Pharmacy, with its heritage of 50 centuries of service tomankind, has come to be recognized as one of the greatprofessions. Like its twin, Medicine, it has come thioughmany revolutions, has learned many things, has had 1odiscard many of its older ways. pharmacists are among thecommunity's finest, educated people. When today,s retailpharmacist fills a prescription written by . phy"i"i"n, heprovides a professional service incorporating-the bene-fits of the work of pharmacists i., "ll b.rrrJh"" of theprofession-education, research, development, standards,production, and distribution. Pharm""y," professionalstature will continue to grow in the future as this greatheritage and tradition of service is passed on from p"e""pto"to apprentice, from teacher to student, from father to son.

A"Lno*lnlgments

ACKNOWLEDGMENT of most helpful assistance, and sincere thanks, are extended

to the many persons, experts in their fields, who have assisted in the development

"rd "..th".rii."tion of these pictures, and of the stories which accompany them'

p.rtic.la" thanks are due Dr. ^G"o"g"

Urdang, Director, and Dr. Glenn Sonnedecker,

Secretary, of the America, Institute of the History of Pharmacy' lladison' Wis-

"orr.irr, iho"" assistance and criticism have guided the author-artist team throughout

the project, and without which the task *ould have been almost insurmountable'

Other persons who gave freely of their time, knowledge' advice and assistance in

connection with one or more "ub]e.t";

and sources of reference; include the following:

Dr, Charles C. Atlus, Director€meritus, New York State Museum' Albany' New York'

Edward Alexander, Colonial Willimsburg, Virgida'The American Journal o.f PharrucY.;.'ii.;ffi;;;;n'l,uiuLgoo"i"i"inalvtical Deputment' Parke' Davis & Companv' Detroit' Michigan'

T. d. A-;J";"";, Yice President, Pa"ke, Dati* & Companv' Detroit' Michigan'

O". na*."a D. Andrews, New York StaLe Mmeum, Albany' Nex York'n. Cf"""" B.fa, Assistan; Director, Michigan Histortal Collectiom' Ann Arbor' Michigan'

i';"f;;; E.'s;aa, Facult6 de Pharmacie, Universit6-de-Paris' Paris' France'

s..;;; ni".ta" Beldeo, Hancock Commuuitv, Pittsfield' Mmsachusette'

Bengt Bengtsson, Nordiska Musee, Stockholm, Sweden'

D;.'Alu ffi;il;, Universitv of Michigan, College of PhuullY' Ann Arbor' Michigan' -

Dr- Maurice Bouvet, Presiaenl UJon i{Lndiale ales Soci6t6sd'Ilistoire Pharmaceutique, Paris' France'

D;. wnit" T.-B;Jl"v, M"""^"h,""tts College of Pharmacv'^Bcton' Massachusetts'

i."f" C-.1"i, t "eth-a-,

Simpso., Ltd., Montreal, Quebec' Canada'

Etlward Chiera, TheY Wrote on ClqY.Charles Childs. Childs Gallery, Boston, Massachusetts'The Cloisters, New York CitY.Dr. E. Fullerton Cook, Media, Pennsvlvania'Mrs. W. A. Cooper. Long Boat Key. Florida'wriri* ii c*rir,'DireJtor riO""'ritv Control, Parke, Davis & Companv' Detroit, Miohigan'

O".--Cif"" B. D.*"oo, Corator oiBooks and Ma,uscripts, F-olger Shakespearean Lilirary,Washington, D' C.

'fhe Detroit Public Librarv, Detroit, Michigan'nA.-.-. St"Ut OlU, l-ibrariau, iarke, Davis & Company, Detroit' Michigan'The Eesex Ictitute, Salem, Massachusetts'The Firsl Centurv oJ Thc Philailclphia College oJ Pharmacv'Dr. Robert P. Fischelis, S".r"ti"i, ftt 'C;ttilan Pharmaceutical Association' Washingto,' D' C'

Folger Shakwpearean Library, Washington, 2 C-'

il;;;t C' F;i;;,-n*""rtir. vi"" P"mid"oi, Parke, Davis & Companv' Detroit' Michigao'

canou Aszrrik Gabriel, 0. p";;;., p;;i;;r, The Mediaeval Institute, university of Notre Dame'

South Bend, Indiana-Dr.F.W.Gers(deceased)AssociateProfessorofAssyriology,orientallnstitute,UniversityofChicago.Lauritz Gentz, Apothecary, Stockholm, Sweden'

R;;6.""r," Di."-"to", In.Iex oiChristian Art, Prinreton Universitv' Princeton- \ey Je1se1

d"rr*IE.it*u-"r*, e"ii"g C"..i"i Oi"i"il" "r

rUuaiciue and Public Health' Smithsonian I^titution'Washington. D. C.

or.'i"". B.ifrin, Dean, phitadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, Philadelphia, Pennsvlvania'

p"Jilc"rgr"i, ,t-*iit" c"."tJ. oi w*rirD Arr, Detroir rnstiture of Arts, Detroit, Michisan-

The t{abitaiioo, Annapolis Royal, Nova Scol'ia',-1\r;;.-r. w. C;;";., tiogt Mercet Apothecarv Shop' Frcdericksburg' Virginia'

b". ei"*.odr" Heidel Rlsearch Aseo-ciate, Oriental Institute, University of Chicago'

it L Ui"to.i.ut Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsvlwania'

Robert Hoke, Colonial Willimsburg, Virginia'Esther Anu Huebner, gardner, The Cloisters, New York City'

h.';"T*:'+ffiil't",i;I61i""r",,. Division, Librarv of congress, washington' D' c'M;.;J Ma". Charles E. Jackson, Carpenters'Hall',Philadelphia' Pennsvlvania'

Mrs. Elizabeth Johnson, f,m*-i.", pfrif.Aelphia College of Pht ^t.v and Science, Philadelphia'

Pennsylvania-Journal of tlte American Pharmaceutical Association'

Junglc Memries -

Dr. Gunther hentein. Ilameln. Ge,rmany.Dr. I\-ittop Korringr- Pharmacist. Amsterdam, Holtand.Fx* ud \\ . Kmu. Dean+meritus. college of I>harmacy. university of Michigan, {na Arbor, Michigan .

Iiremeel;-rdang. --l llislory o_f Pharmacv-(lrrnnar Krmh. Libmrian- _\grthekareaietenen. Stockholm. Swedcn.\Yilliam L- lasits. srnior curator of History antl Art, New York statc Museum. Albany, Ncw y6rk,Dr (iorge lahler- -{nthrolrclogist and .{ssistant Professor of History, Wayne University, Detroit,\lichioanDr, E- i. I*uallen. Den- Colleirc of Pharmacy, Columbia University, New york. New york.IIsu Liang. Orientalia Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C,Dr. Harrl- J. lo1nd. Praident- Parke, Davis & Company, Detroit, Michigan.Hulge \I:rgarian. Oriental Rug F)xpert, Detroit, Michigau-\omaa \lashall- Colonial \\'illiamsburg, Yirginia.Richard ,{. \lartin- cutator of Near Eastern Archaeology, chicag, Natural Hist,ry Mrrseum.Fabian -{. }Iaurina- Dirrctor of Analytical Laboratories, Parkc, Davis & company, Detroit, Michigan.\Ietretrclitan \Iu*um of Art, New York City.Dr- Lloyd C- fliller. Director of Pharmacopoeial Revision, New York, New york.G,:rud \Iorrixt. Asmiate Curator, Muserrm of the Provi.ce of Quebcc, euebec City, Ctrnada.\ls- K. D- \Iuir. Grand Rapids, Michigan.Cheter H- Newkirk, Registrar, The Newnrk Museum, Ncwark, Ncw Jersey.The \ew York Herald-Tribune.The New York Times.Dr-.- Adlr-y R. Nichots, secretary, 'I'he urrited states Pharmacolroeial convention, rnc., New york,

New York.Oriental lnstitrrte, University of Chioago.Ivan iistholm, ApoLhecary, Apotekens Komptxitionslaboratorium, Stockholm, Sweden.Dr. Hervey C. Parke, ProducLs Developrnent Dcpartment, Parko, Davis & Company, Detroit, MigSigau.Pennsylvania Hospilal, Philadelphia, Ponnsylvaoia.Pharmocal Noles.The, flnit.etl Slqles Phormacopoeio (various editious).The Pioleer's Yillage, Salem, Massilohusetts.Procmdings of the National Pharmaceutical Convcntion, lti52.Dr. E. M. Riley, U. S. National Park Service, Philadelphia, Pcnnsylvauia.Stcphen T. Riley, Librariarr, Massachusct[s flistq.ioal Society, I]oston, Massachusetts.!'rancis W. Rohinson, Curator of Ancient and Mcdiaeval Art, Detroit, Michigan.Dr. Tom C. Rowe, Dean, Collcge of Pharmacy, University of Miclrigal, Ana Arbor, Michigan.Agnes Scanlan, Veterans Association, First Corps Cadets, Iloston, Massachusetts,Dr. K. C. Seele, F)gyptologist, Oriental Institut€, University of Clricago.(ieorge S. Squibb, F). R. Squibb & Sons, New York, New York.Dr. Leon A. Sweet, Vice President, Parke, Davis & Cornpany, f)ctroit, Mictrigan.f)r. Mary Srvindler, Yisiting Profetsor of Fine Arts, Univcrsity of Michigau.Dr. F'ralk O- Taylor. South F'ort Mitchell, Kentucky.Thextpeulic Nol.es.C. J. S. 1'lrompsot, The Mysle1v and Art o! lhe Apolheutry.}{. & Mme. Jacqrres Trelbuill, l'Institut Paste ur, Paris, F-rarrce.Lierrlcnant de'I'retnigne, Arctriviste, Hdtel tles Invalides, Paris. Frarrcc.(i. A. \nhid. Counselor, Iraniau llrntrassy, Washington, D. Cl.

Dr. Henry R. Yiets, A Bric.f llistory oJ Medicite In Massachusell.s.Dr- Gustave ll.von Grunebaum, Orientalist and Prof'osor of Araby, Orieutal Institrrt,c, Univr:rsityof Clricrgo.lIm. M. C. von Hoegen, Oncco, Florida.IIva von Schilling, I{meln, Gerrnany.Ms. Lucita Wait, Fairchild 'I'ropioal Garden, Coconrrt (irove, Florida.Joseph Wang, Orientalia Division, Litrrary of Congress, Washington, D. C.I{rs. A. C. Weibel, Curator-emeril,us of Textiles and Islamic Art, Detroit Institute of Arts, f)etr(,it,

Michigar.John (i. Weld, Ileatl Custodian, The llostonian Sociel,y, Boston, Massachrrsetts.Sister Jennie M. Wells, tlancock Community, Pittsliekl. MassachDsetts.Warrerr (i. Wheolcr. Assistani Librarian, Massaohusetts l{istorical Society, Bostoo, Massaohqsotts.Dr. R. H. Wilson, Iioohester, Miohigan.Curt P. Wirnmer, The College ef Pharmocv oJ l.he Cilt oJ Neu York.\\'ong arr<l Wu, ',|'lrc History ql Chinesc Med,icine.Dr. Louis B. Wright, Director, !-olger Shakespearean Library, Washington, D. C.

A Historg of Plror*acY In Pictwres

is the property of Parke, Davis & Company'

Detroit 52, Michigan' All paintings, stories

and captions are copyrighted by Parke'

Davis & Company, and may not be repro-

duced except upon express permission from

the copyright owners.

qf,-rsJ

A Hrsronv oF PHARMACY IN PICTURES

i,r pre.rentetl in behaLJ oJ the proJearion oJ

Pharmac.rl by Parke, Daei'r eS Company'

PD-3089-tPRINTED IN U. S. A

cA Lle7-

\-r/ -L,

oIU

2'LeRtr