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A History of Atomic A History of Atomic Theory Theory And And Structure Structure

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Page 1: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

A History of Atomic TheoryA History of Atomic Theory

AndAnd

StructureStructure

Page 2: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

History of the AtomHistory of the AtomNot the history of atom, but Not the history of atom, but the idea ofthe idea of

Original idea began Ancient Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Democritus - Greek Democritus - Greek philosopher (460-370 BC)philosopher (460-370 BC)

Worked with his mentor Worked with his mentor Leucippus to develop first Leucippus to develop first atomic theory.atomic theory.

Page 3: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

History of AtomHistory of AtomFelt that had to be the Felt that had to be the smallest piece making up smallest piece making up everythingeverything

For example: If you look For example: If you look at the beach...made of at the beach...made of sandsand

CouldnCouldn’’t you cut the sand t you cut the sand into smaller sand? into smaller sand? Eventually - noEventually - no

Atomos - Greek for Atomos - Greek for indivisibleindivisible

Page 4: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

DemocritusDemocritus’’ (The Original) (The Original)

Atomic TheoryAtomic TheoryAll matter consists of invisible particles called atoms.All matter consists of invisible particles called atoms.

Atoms are indestructible, solid - but invisible.Atoms are indestructible, solid - but invisible.

Atoms are homogenous (all one phase).Atoms are homogenous (all one phase).

Atoms differ in size, shape, and arrangement.Atoms differ in size, shape, and arrangement.

For example:For example:

Solids are made of small, pointy atoms.Solids are made of small, pointy atoms.

Liquids are made of large, round atoms.Liquids are made of large, round atoms.

Oils are made of very fine, small atoms that can easily Oils are made of very fine, small atoms that can easily slip past each other.slip past each other.

Page 5: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Along comes another GreekAlong comes another GreekAristotle - Famous philosopherAristotle - Famous philosopher

Said Democritus was wrong...Said Democritus was wrong...

Said - All substances are Said - All substances are made of 4 elementsmade of 4 elements

Fire - HotFire - Hot

Air - lightAir - light

Earth - cool, heavyEarth - cool, heavy

Water - wetWater - wet

Blend these in different Blend these in different proportions to get all substances proportions to get all substances

Page 6: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Who Was Right?Who Was Right?Greek society was slave basedGreek society was slave based

Felt that beneath Famous to work with handsFelt that beneath Famous to work with hands

Means did not experimentMeans did not experiment

Greeks settled disagreements by debateGreeks settled disagreements by debate

Aristotle was more famousAristotle was more famous

Therefore, he wonTherefore, he won

This caused people to ignore DemocritusThis caused people to ignore Democritus’’ for more for more than 2000 years!than 2000 years!

During that time was when alchemists came to During that time was when alchemists came to be.be.

Page 7: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Law of Conservation of Matter Law of Conservation of Matter (Mass)(Mass)

Antione Lavosier Antione Lavosier

(1743 - 1794)(1743 - 1794)

Matter cannot be Matter cannot be created or created or destroyed under destroyed under normal conditions.normal conditions.

Page 8: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Joseph ProustJoseph Proust(1754-1826)(1754-1826)

Law of Definite Proportions (published 1794 - not accepted until 1812) - compounds are made in a definite ration by mass

Law of Multiple Proportions - two compounds can be made by the same elements

Page 9: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

John DaltonJohn Dalton(1766-1844)(1766-1844)English, public lecturer English, public lecturer

and teacher, 1803and teacher, 1803

Fun Fact - started Fun Fact - started teaching at the age of teaching at the age of 12!12!

Summarized results of his Summarized results of his experiments and those of experiments and those of otherother’’ss

DaltonDalton’’s Atomic Theory - s Atomic Theory - combined ideas of combined ideas of elements with atomselements with atoms

Page 10: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

DaltonDalton’’s Atomic Theorys Atomic TheoryAll matter is made of tiny indivisible particles All matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms.called atoms.

Atoms of the same element are identical, those Atoms of the same element are identical, those of different atoms are different.of different atoms are different.

Atoms of different elements combine in whole Atoms of different elements combine in whole number ratios to form compoundsnumber ratios to form compounds

Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms. atoms.

No new atoms are created, destroyed, or No new atoms are created, destroyed, or subdivided.subdivided.

Page 11: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Fun Facts about DaltonFun Facts about Dalton

When John Dalton died, 40,000 people When John Dalton died, 40,000 people attended his funeral procession.attended his funeral procession.

He discovered color blindnessHe discovered color blindness

Still sometimes referred to as Still sometimes referred to as "Daltonism"."Daltonism".

He was, himself, afflicted with color He was, himself, afflicted with color blindness.blindness.

Page 12: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Michael FaradayMichael Faraday(1791-1867)(1791-1867)

English, 1832 English, 1832

Studied the effect of Studied the effect of electricity on solutionselectricity on solutions

Coined the term Coined the term electrolysis for splitting electrolysis for splitting molecules with molecules with electricityelectricity

He was not a proponent He was not a proponent of of ““atomismatomism””

Page 13: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

John Newlands John Newlands (1837 - 1898)(1837 - 1898)

English, 1864English, 1864

Very FIRST periodic tableVery FIRST periodic table

Established the law of octaves,Established the law of octaves,

elements are arranged according to elements are arranged according to increasing increasing atomic weightatomic weight

similar physical and chemical properties similar physical and chemical properties occur after each interval of seven elements. occur after each interval of seven elements.

Page 14: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

John NewlandsJohn Newlands

Text

Newlands was Newlands was one of the first one of the first to detect a to detect a pattern in pattern in properties of properties of the elements the elements

Fun Fact - Fun Fact - Newlands had Newlands had to petition for to petition for credit to be credit to be given for his given for his work!work!

Page 15: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Lothar MeyerLothar Meyer(1830 - 1895)(1830 - 1895)German, 1869 German, 1869

Contemporary Contemporary of Mendeleev - of Mendeleev - created a PT at created a PT at the same time. the same time.

His was not His was not widely widely accepted.accepted.

Page 16: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Dmitri MendeleevDmitri Mendeleev(1834-1907)(1834-1907)

Russian, 1869Russian, 1869

Arranged elements into the Arranged elements into the first first acceptedaccepted periodic table. periodic table.

Widely accepted because it Widely accepted because it was published in a textbookwas published in a textbook

Predicted missing elementsPredicted missing elements

Determined that elements Determined that elements were a function of their atomic were a function of their atomic weights.weights.

Became known as periodic Became known as periodic lawlaw

Page 17: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

MendeleevMendeleev’’s Periodic Tables Periodic Table

Page 18: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Sir William CrookesSir William Crookes(1832-1919)(1832-1919)English, 1879 English, 1879

Discovered the Discovered the propertiesproperties of of Cathode Ray Tube Cathode Ray Tube

Note: CRT was Note: CRT was MADEMADE by J. by J. Plucker in 1859Plucker in 1859

Rays travel in straight lines from Rays travel in straight lines from cathodecathode

Causes glass to fluoresceCauses glass to fluoresce

Deflected by electric and Deflected by electric and magnetic fieldsmagnetic fields

The CRT is a vacuum tube with a The CRT is a vacuum tube with a voltage source flowing through it. voltage source flowing through it. (Pic next page)(Pic next page)

FUN FACT: CRTs used to be our FUN FACT: CRTs used to be our TVsTVs

Page 19: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

CRTCRTVoltage source

+-

Vacuum tubeVacuum tube

Metal DisksMetal Disks

Page 20: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

GJ (George Johnstone) StoneyGJ (George Johnstone) Stoney(1826-1911)(1826-1911)

Irish, 1894Irish, 1894

Proposed the Proposed the idea of a idea of a negative particle negative particle existingexisting

Wanted to call it Wanted to call it the electron the electron (DID (DID NOT FIND IT)NOT FIND IT)

Page 21: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Wilhelm RoentgenWilhelm Roentgen(1845-1923)(1845-1923)

German, 1895. German, 1895.

Found that very Found that very penetrating rays penetrating rays from CRT from CRT

Not were not Not were not deflected by deflected by magnetic field.magnetic field.

Named them Named them X-raysX-rays

Page 22: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Henri BecquerelHenri Becquerel(1852-1908)(1852-1908)

French, 1896 French, 1896

Discovered Discovered radioactivity - he radioactivity - he defined as defined as spontaneous spontaneous emission from a emission from a nucleusnucleus

By studying the By studying the effect of x-rays on effect of x-rays on photographic filmphotographic film

Page 23: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

He proposed three types of He proposed three types of radiation...radiation...

The real definitions came later...The real definitions came later...

Alpha Alpha

Positive Radiation - High speed helium Positive Radiation - High speed helium nucleus nucleus

BetaBeta

Negative Radiation - High Speed electronNegative Radiation - High Speed electron

GammaGamma

Neutral Radiation - High Energy radiationNeutral Radiation - High Energy radiation

Page 24: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

J.J. (Joseph John) ThomsonJ.J. (Joseph John) Thomson(1856-1940)(1856-1940)

English physicist, 1897English physicist, 1897

UsedUsed CRT to discover the CRT to discover the electronelectron

Did so by finding the Did so by finding the charge to mass ratiocharge to mass ratio

He was also the first person to He was also the first person to notice that the atom can be notice that the atom can be divided (First person to divided (First person to actually do itactually do it - not him) - not him)

Page 25: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

ThomsonThomson’’s Experiments Experiment

Voltage source

+-

Page 26: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Voltage source

+-

ThomsonThomson’’s Experiments Experiment

Page 27: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Voltage source

+-

ThomsonThomson’’s Experiments Experiment

Page 28: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Passing an electric current makes a beam Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the appear to move from the negative to the

positive endpositive end

Voltage source

+-

ThomsonThomson’’s Experiments Experiment

Page 29: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Passing an electric current makes a beam Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the appear to move from the negative to the

positive endpositive end

Voltage source

+-

ThomsonThomson’’s Experiments Experiment

Page 30: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Passing an electric current makes a beam Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the appear to move from the negative to the

positive endpositive end

Voltage source

+-

ThomsonThomson’’s Experiments Experiment

Page 31: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Passing an electric current makes a beam Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the appear to move from the negative to the

positive endpositive end

Voltage source

+-

ThomsonThomson’’s Experiments Experiment

Page 32: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Voltage source

By adding an electric field By adding an electric field

ThomsonThomson’’s Experiments Experiment

Page 33: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Voltage source

By adding an electric field By adding an electric field

+

-

ThomsonThomson’’s Experiments Experiment

Page 34: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Voltage source

+

- By adding an electric field By adding an electric field

ThomsonThomson’’s Experiments Experiment

Page 35: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Voltage source

+

- By adding an electric field By adding an electric field

ThomsonThomson’’s Experiments Experiment

Page 36: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Voltage source

+

- By adding an electric field By adding an electric field

ThomsonThomson’’s Experiments Experiment

Page 37: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Voltage source

+

- By adding an electric field By adding an electric field

ThomsonThomson’’s Experiments Experiment

Page 38: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Voltage source

By adding an electric field he found that the By adding an electric field he found that the moving pieces were negative moving pieces were negative

+

-

ThomsonThomson’’s Experiments Experiment

Page 39: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

1904, Said the atom 1904, Said the atom was like plum puddingwas like plum pudding

Called the Called the ‘‘Plum Plum Pudding ModelPudding Model’’ of the of the atomatom

A bunch of positive A bunch of positive stuff, with the electrons stuff, with the electrons able to be removed able to be removed

ThomsonThomson’’s Experiments Experiment

Page 40: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Marie Curie & Pierre CurieMarie Curie & Pierre Curie(1867-1934)(1867-1934) (1859-(1859-

1906)1906)Polish & French, 1898Polish & French, 1898

Studied Uranium and Thorium and Studied Uranium and Thorium and called their spontaneous decay called their spontaneous decay process process ‘‘radioactivityradioactivity’’

She and Pierre, husband, also She and Pierre, husband, also discovered Polonium and Radiumdiscovered Polonium and Radium

Fun Fact: While she died of Fun Fact: While she died of illness, her husband was run illness, her husband was run over by a horse drawn cart. He over by a horse drawn cart. He slipped while crossing the street slipped while crossing the street in the rain.in the rain.

Page 41: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Ernest RutherfordErnest Rutherford(1871-1937)(1871-1937)

New Zealand, 1898New Zealand, 1898

Studied radiation and Studied radiation and labeled them alpha and labeled them alpha and beta radiation. (need to beta radiation. (need to know for future know for future experiment)experiment)

Page 42: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Frederick SoddyFrederick Soddy(1877-1956)(1877-1956)

English, 1903English, 1903

Proposed the idea of Proposed the idea of isotopesisotopes

Discovered half-lifeDiscovered half-life

Page 43: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Max PlanckMax Planck(1858-1947)(1858-1947)

German, 1900German, 1900

Developed the Developed the idea of idea of ‘‘quantaquanta’’

packets of packets of energyenergy

Page 44: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Richard AbeggRichard Abegg(1869-1910)(1869-1910)

German, 1904German, 1904

Discovered the Discovered the inertness of Nobel inertness of Nobel Gases because of their Gases because of their stable electron stable electron configurationconfiguration

Fun Fact - Actually died Fun Fact - Actually died at the age of 41, in a at the age of 41, in a balloon crashballoon crash

Page 45: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein(1879-1955)(1879-1955)

German, 1905German, 1905

Explains the photoelectric Explains the photoelectric effecteffect

Electrons are emitted Electrons are emitted from matter when they from matter when they absorb energy from light. absorb energy from light.

Developed E=mcDeveloped E=mc22

Page 46: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Hans GeigerHans Geiger(1882-1945)(1882-1945)

German, 1906German, 1906

Developed an Developed an electrical electrical ‘‘clickerclicker’’ to to register alpha register alpha emissionemission

Called a Geiger Called a Geiger Counter Counter

Page 47: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Lise Meitner & Otto HahnLise Meitner & Otto Hahn(1878-1968)(1878-1968)

(1879-1968)(1879-1968)Lise Meitner - AustrianLise Meitner - Austrian

Otto Hahn - GermanOtto Hahn - German

1907, Worked together to 1907, Worked together to discover that Uranium can discover that Uranium can cause nuclear fissioncause nuclear fission

without them we would without them we would not have nuclear power not have nuclear power (and the world may (and the world may never have experienced never have experienced the nuclear bomb.)the nuclear bomb.)

Page 48: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Robert MillikanRobert Millikan(1868-1953)(1868-1953)

American, 1909American, 1909

Oil Drop Oil Drop ExperimentExperiment

Determined the Determined the charge and the charge and the mass of an mass of an electronelectron

Page 49: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Geiger - AgainGeiger - Again

1909, Developed an experiment called the 1909, Developed an experiment called the foil experimentfoil experiment

discovered large angle deflections of alpha discovered large angle deflections of alpha particles by thin metal foils particles by thin metal foils

Alpha particlesAlpha particles - positively charged - positively charged pieces given off by uranium pieces given off by uranium

Shot them at gold foil which can be made Shot them at gold foil which can be made a few atoms thick a few atoms thick

Page 50: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Lead Lead blockblock

UraniumUranium

Gold FoilGold Foil

Florescent Florescent ScreenScreen

Page 51: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

What he expectedWhat he expected

Page 52: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

What he gotWhat he got

Page 53: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

RutherfordRutherford - Again - Again

Ernest Rutherford English physicist. Ernest Rutherford English physicist.

- Fun Fact - he had 11 siblings!Fun Fact - he had 11 siblings!

Believed in the plum pudding model of the Believed in the plum pudding model of the atom.atom.

1911 - He interpreted the results of Geiger 1911 - He interpreted the results of Geiger (1909) that showed that there must be a (1909) that showed that there must be a small dense core at the center of the atom.small dense core at the center of the atom.

- Thus disproving plum pudding Thus disproving plum pudding

Page 54: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

+

Page 55: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

How he explained itHow he explained it

+

Atom is mostly Atom is mostly emptyempty

Small dense, positive Small dense, positive piece at centerpiece at center

Alpha particles are Alpha particles are deflected by it if they deflected by it if they get close enoughget close enough

Page 56: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Nucleus TheoryNucleus Theory The atom is mostly The atom is mostly

empty spaceempty space

Two regionsTwo regions

NucleusNucleus

Surrounded by Surrounded by electronselectrons

Called Nuclear Called Nuclear ModelModel

Page 57: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Rutherford - AgainRutherford - Again

• 1914, suggests the ideas of protons in the 1914, suggests the ideas of protons in the nucleusnucleus

• Rutherford coins the term proton.Rutherford coins the term proton.

Page 58: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Henry MoseleyHenry Moseley(1887-1915)(1887-1915)

• 1914, Determined the 1914, Determined the charges on nucleuscharges on nucleus

• Called this atomic Called this atomic numbernumber

• Used this to reorganize the Used this to reorganize the periodic table based on periodic table based on atomic number atomic number

• Fun Fact: Died at the age Fun Fact: Died at the age of 27 during WWIof 27 during WWI

• Periodic Table SongPeriodic Table Song

Page 59: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Neils Bohr Neils Bohr (1885-1962)(1885-1962)

• 1922 - 1922 - (HONORS WILL DISCUSS IN DEPTH) (HONORS WILL DISCUSS IN DEPTH) Bright line spectrumBright line spectrum

• Tried to explain presence of specific Tried to explain presence of specific colors in hydrogen's spectrum colors in hydrogen's spectrum

• Energy levels Energy levels

• Electrons can only exist in specific Electrons can only exist in specific energy statesenergy states

• Ground StateGround State

• Excited StateExcited State

• Developed planetary modelDeveloped planetary model

• electrons moved in circular orbits electrons moved in circular orbits with specific energy levelswith specific energy levels

Page 60: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Louis de BroglieLouis de Broglie(1897-1987)(1897-1987)

• 1923, Discovered 1923, Discovered that electrons have that electrons have a dual nature - a dual nature - similar to particle similar to particle and waves.and waves.

• Supported work Supported work done by Einstein.done by Einstein.

Page 61: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Gilbert N. LewisGilbert N. Lewis(1875-1946)(1875-1946)

• Introduces the term Introduces the term photonphoton

• quanta of lightquanta of light

Page 62: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Edwin Schrodinger Edwin Schrodinger (1887 - 1961)(1887 - 1961)

• 1926 - Quantum Mechanical Model (modern 1926 - Quantum Mechanical Model (modern day model)day model)

• Electrons are in Electrons are in probability zonesprobability zones called called orbitalsorbitals not orbits and the location cannot be not orbits and the location cannot be pinpointedpinpointed

• Electrons are particles and waves at same Electrons are particles and waves at same time (using de Broglie)time (using de Broglie)

• Developed quantum numbers based on Developed quantum numbers based on theories of Albert Einstein and Max Planck theories of Albert Einstein and Max Planck (HONORS)(HONORS)

Page 63: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Werner Heisenberg Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976)(1901-1976)

• 1927, Heisenberg 1927, Heisenberg Uncertainty PrincipleUncertainty Principle

• You cannot know the You cannot know the velocity and position of a velocity and position of a particle at the same time.particle at the same time.

Page 64: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Friedrich Hund (1896-1997)Friedrich Hund (1896-1997)Robert Milliken (1868-1953)Robert Milliken (1868-1953)

• German & American, German & American, 1928 1928

• HONORS ONLY -HONORS ONLY -Introduce concept of Introduce concept of molecular orbitalsmolecular orbitals

Page 65: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

James ChadwickJames Chadwick(1891-1974)(1891-1974)

• 1932 - Discovered neutrons 1932 - Discovered neutrons

• Combined his work and others Combined his work and others work - found that there was work - found that there was more mass in the nucleus than more mass in the nucleus than the protonthe proton

• Neutral particles in nucleus of an Neutral particles in nucleus of an atom - mass close to protonatom - mass close to proton

• Fun Fact - Student of Rutherford Fun Fact - Student of Rutherford and Rutherford was a student of and Rutherford was a student of ThomsonThomson

Page 66: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Werner Heisenberg - AgainWerner Heisenberg - Again(1901-1976)(1901-1976)

• German, 1932German, 1932

• Revised Electron Cloud Revised Electron Cloud Model to include NeutronsModel to include Neutrons

• Uses it to explain isotopesUses it to explain isotopes

Page 67: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Enrico FermiEnrico Fermi(1901-1954)(1901-1954)

• Italian, 1934Italian, 1934

• Uses beta decay to produces Uses beta decay to produces neutrinosneutrinos

• no charge, subatomic no charge, subatomic particleparticle

• extremely tiny mass. extremely tiny mass.

• mass has never been mass has never been measured accurately.measured accurately.

Page 68: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Carl AndersonCarl Anderson(1905-1991)(1905-1991)

• American, 1936American, 1936

• Discovers Discovers muonmuon

• subatomic particlesubatomic particle

• 207 x bigger than 207 x bigger than the electronthe electron

• same chargesame charge

Page 69: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Atomic BombAtomic Bomb

• Actually began in 1919 with RutherfordActually began in 1919 with Rutherford

• Ernest Rutherford, Albert Einstein, and Ernest Rutherford, Albert Einstein, and Niels Bohr regarded particle bombardment Niels Bohr regarded particle bombardment as useful in furthering knowledge but as useful in furthering knowledge but ““unlikely to meet public expectations of unlikely to meet public expectations of harnessing the power of the atom for harnessing the power of the atom for practical purposes anytime in the near practical purposes anytime in the near future.future.””

Page 70: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

EinsteinEinstein’’s Letter to FDRs Letter to FDR

• 1939, FDR and advisors met to review Einstei1939, FDR and advisors met to review Einsteinn ’’s letters letter

• ““recent research on chain reactions utilizing recent research on chain reactions utilizing uranium made it probable that large amounts uranium made it probable that large amounts of power could be produced by a chain of power could be produced by a chain reaction and that, by harnessing this power, reaction and that, by harnessing this power, the construction of "extremely powerful the construction of "extremely powerful bombs..." (was conceivable.)bombs..." (was conceivable.)

• Roosevelt became convinced of the value of Roosevelt became convinced of the value of exploring atomic energy.exploring atomic energy.

Page 71: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project

• 1939, epic, secret, wartime (WWII) effort 1939, epic, secret, wartime (WWII) effort

• Design and build the world's first nuclear weapon. Design and build the world's first nuclear weapon.

• Used efforts of the world's greatest physicists and Used efforts of the world's greatest physicists and mathematiciansmathematicians

• Cost $20 billion (2 billion at the time)Cost $20 billion (2 billion at the time)

Page 72: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project

• Over 90% of the cost was for building factories and Over 90% of the cost was for building factories and producing materialsproducing materials

• less than 10% for development and production less than 10% for development and production of the weapons. of the weapons.

• Grew to employ more than 130k peopleGrew to employ more than 130k people

• Note: Considerable controversy surrounds Note: Considerable controversy surrounds HeisenbergHeisenberg’’s work for the Germans work for the German’’s on atomic s on atomic research during World War II.research during World War II.

Page 73: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project

• Driven by fear of Hitler's Germany Driven by fear of Hitler's Germany

• Monumental project - but took less than Monumental project - but took less than four yearsfour years

• Fission Fission chain reaction chain reaction from from U and PuU and Pu that that released the bombs' destructive released the bombs' destructive energyenergy. .

• United States exploded a nuclear bomb United States exploded a nuclear bomb over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.

Page 74: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Murray Gell-MannMurray Gell-Mann(1929 - present)(1929 - present)

• Fun Fact: Entered Yale at the age of 15!Fun Fact: Entered Yale at the age of 15!

• 1964, Coined the term 1964, Coined the term ““quarkquark””

• Quark = fast moving point of energy (every p and n are Quark = fast moving point of energy (every p and n are made up of three)made up of three)

• The quark makes up the neutrons and protons in the The quark makes up the neutrons and protons in the nucleusnucleus

- It can never be isolatedIt can never be isolated

- There are up quarks and down quarksThere are up quarks and down quarks

- They are 10They are 10-15-15mm in sizemm in size

• 1969, awarded the Nobel prize in Physics for his 1969, awarded the Nobel prize in Physics for his contributionscontributions

Page 75: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Common ParticlesCommon Particles• Proton - previous slideProton - previous slide

• Neutron - previous slideNeutron - previous slide

• Electron - previous slideElectron - previous slide

• you should know that the charge of proton and you should know that the charge of proton and electron are not +1 and - 1electron are not +1 and - 1

• aka – aka – FermionFermion

• Muon – 200x bigger than an electorn, negative Muon – 200x bigger than an electorn, negative chargecharge

• Quark - previous slideQuark - previous slide

• Boson - particle with no spin, may be any number Boson - particle with no spin, may be any number of particles in the same state.of particles in the same state.

Page 76: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Hadron ColliderHadron Collider

• Hadron - composite particle made up of quarks Hadron - composite particle made up of quarks held together by a strong force.held together by a strong force.

• Located @ CERN (European Organization for Located @ CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) - located in Geneva, Nuclear Research) - located in Geneva, SwitzerlandSwitzerland

Page 77: A History of Atomic Theory AndStructure. History of the Atom Not the history of atom, but the idea of Original idea began Ancient Greece (400 B.C.E.)

Hadron ColliderHadron Collider

• Searching for Higgs boson particle (theorized in Searching for Higgs boson particle (theorized in 1964)1964)

• 2012 - CERN announces discovery of a new 2012 - CERN announces discovery of a new particle with properties consistent with Higgs particle with properties consistent with Higgs boson after experimentsboson after experiments

• The HB Particle has been referred to as The HB Particle has been referred to as the God particlethe God particle

• B/c it makes up all massB/c it makes up all mass


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