a gastrovascular cavity…
DESCRIPTION
A gastrovascular cavity…. Functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients. All of the above. Is found in cnidarians and annelids. Has a single opening for ingestion and elimination, but a separate opening for gas exchange. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
A gastrovascular cavity…
Functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients
All of the above
Is found in cnidarians and annelids
Has a single opening for ingestion and elimination, but a separate opening for gas exchange
Which of the following is NOT a similarity between open and closed circulatory systems?
Some of the circulation of blood is a result of movements of the body
All tissues come into close contact with the circulating body fluid so that the exchange of nutrients and wastes can take place
Some sort of pumping device helps to move blood through the body
The blood and interstitial fluid are distinguishable from each other
A heartbeat in humans is initiated by the
AV node
None of the above
SA node
Superior and inferior vena cavae
If all the body’s capillaries were open
at one time… Resistance to blood flow
would increase
The amount of blood returning to the heart would increase
Blood pressure would fall dramatically
Blood would move too rapidly through the capillary beds
Fibrinogen is… A cell fragment involved in
the blood clotting mechanism
Both B and C
A blood protein that escorts lipids through the circulatory system
A blood protein that is converted to fibrin to form a blood clot
In countercurrent exchange…
Oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide
The capillaries of the lung pick up more oxygen than do tissue capillaries
The flow of fluids in opposite directions maintains a favorable diffusion gradient along the length of an exchange surface
Double circulation keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate
In which vessel would blood pressure be the
highest? Pulmonary vein
Aorta
Vena cava
Right atrium
In which vessel would velocity of blood flow be
the lowest? Pulmonary capillaries
Vena cava
Left ventricle
Pulmonary vein
Of these structures, which would have the thickest
muscle layer? Right atrium
Vena cava
Aorta
Left ventricle
The nurse tells you that your blood pressure is 112/70. What does the
70 refer to? The velocity of blood
during diastole
The diastolic pressure from the recoil of the arteries
Your heart rate
The systolic pressure from ventricular contraction
Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its effect?
Histamine – Causes blood vessels to dialate
Lysozyme – attacks cell walls of bacteria
Gastric juice – kills bacteria in the stomach
Vaccination – creates passive immunity
Antibodies are… Proteins circulating in the
blood that tag foreign cells for destruction
B and C are both correct
Proteins embedded in T-cell membranes
Proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains
A secondary immune response is more rapid and
greater in effect than a primary immune
response because…
Chemical signals cause the rapid accumulation of phagocytic cells
The secondary response is an active immunity, whereas the primary one was a passive immunity
Memory cells respond to the pathogen and rapidly clone more effector cells
Helper T-cells are available to activate other blood cells
A transfusion of type B blood given to a person who has type A blood would result
in
The recipient’s B antigens reacting with the donated anti-B antibodies
No reaction, because B is a universal donor type of blood
The recipient's anti-B antibodies reacting with the donated red blood cells
The recipient forming both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Which of the following destroys a target cell by
phagocytosis? Cytotoxic T-cell
Plasma cells
Neutrophil
Natural Killer cell
Clonal selection is responsible for the…
Proliferation of clones of effector and memory cells specific for an encountered antigen
Formation of cell cultures in the commercial production of monoclonal antibodies
Recognition of class I MHC molecules by cytotoxic T-cells
Rearrangement of antibody genes for the light and heavy chains
All of the following are involved with innate
immunity except… Chemicals that attract
phagocytes
The inflammatory response
Plasma cells
Antimicrobial proteins such as lysozymes
Helper T-cells play which of the following roles in an acquired immune
response? Produce interferons and
histamines that help initiate a specialized inflammatory response
Bind to class I MHC molecules and activate complement proteins to attack and lyse cancer cells
Present antigens of an engulfed pathogen in its class II MHC molecules to B-cells, which are then stimulated to develop into a clone of plasma cells.
Activate both the humoral and cell-mediated immunities by releasing cytokines after recognizing class II MHC molecule-antigen complexes on an antigen-presenting cell.
What accounts for the huge diversity of antigens to which B
cells can respond? The rearrangement of the
antibody genes during development results in millions of possible combinations of randomly combined light and heavy polypeptide chains
B cells have thousands of copies of antibodies bound to their plasma membranes
The antibody genes have millions of alleles
The antigen-binding sites at the arms of the molecule can assume a huge diversity of shapes in response to the specific antigen encountered
A freshwater fish would be expected
to… Produce copious quantities
of dilute urine
Have scales that reduce water loss to the environment
Pump salt out through salt glands in the gills
Diffuse urea across the epithelium of the gills
Which is the correct pathway for the passage of urine in
vertebrates? Renal vein—renal ureter—
bladder--urethra
Cortex—medulla—bladder--ureter
Collecting tubule—Ureter—bladder--urethra
Nephron—urethra—bladder--ureter
The process of reabsorption in the formation of urine ensures
that… Drugs and other poisons
are removed from the blood
Glucose, salts, and water are returned to the blood
Excess H+ is removed from the blood
Urine is always hyperosmotic to interstitial fluid
What is the mechanism for the filtration of blood within the
nephron? Both active and passive
secretion of ions, toxins, and NH3 into the tubule
A lower osmotic pressure in bowman’s capsule compared to that in the glomerulus
The active transport of Na+ and glucose, followed by osmosis
High hydrostatic pressure of the blood forcing water and small molecules out of the capillary
Which of the following hormones is incorrectly paired
with its origins? Growth hormone – anterior
pituitary
TSH - Thyroid
Releasing hormones - hypothalamus
Progestins - ovary
Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback
mechanism? The ability of the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine to cause skeletal muscle to contract, heart muscle to relax, and cells of the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine.
The action of secretin on the pancreas, stimulating the release of bicarbonate
The liver’s production of insulin-like growth factors in response to growth hormone, which promote skeletal growth
Prostaglandins released from placental cells promoting muscle contraction during childbirth, with muscle contractions stimulating more prostaglandin release
Ecdysone… Is involved in
metamorphosis in amphibians
Is secreted by prothoracic glands in insects and triggers molts and development of adult characteristics
Is a steroid hormone produced in insects that promotes retention of larval characteristics
Is a hormone secreted from specialized neurons that triggers the formation of a pupa
The anterior pituitary… Receives releasing and
inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus through portal vessels connecting capillary beds
Is responsible for nervous and hormonal stimulation of the adrenal glands
Stores oxytocin and ADH produced by the hypothalamus
Produces several releasing and inhibiting hormones
Which of the following hormones is not involved with increasing the blood glucose
concentration?
epinephrine
insulin
glucagon
glucocorticoids
Which of the following is not true of
norephinephrine? It serves as a
neurotransmitter
All of the above
It is secreted by the adrenal medulla
It is part of the fight-or-flight response
The function of the corpus luteum is to…
Produce progesterone and estradiol
Maintain pregnancy by production of human gonadotropin
Nourish and protect the egg cell
Produce estradiol and disintegrate following ovulation
Which of the following hormones is incorrectly paired
with its function? Oxytocin – stimulates
uterine contractions during birth
FSH – acts on sertoli cells that nourish sperm, promoting spermatogenesis
Androgens – responsible for primary and secondary male sex characteristics
Estradiol – responsible for secondary female sex characteristics
How does meiosis differ in the production of human sperm and
ova? Meiosis occurs in the testes
of males but in the oviducts of females
Meiosis is an uninterrupted process in males, whereas it resumes when a follicle matures and is only completed in human females when a sperm penetrates the egg cell.
Each meiototic division produces four sperm but only two ova
Primary oocytes stop dividing by mitosis before birth, whereas male stem cells continue to divide throughout life
In what location does fertilization usually take place in a human
female? Oviduct
Cervix
Ovary
Uterus
Which hormone stimulates ovulation and the development of
the corpus luteum? FSH
Progesterone
LH
hCG
Which hormone is produced by the developing follicle?
Progesterone
FSH
Estradiol
LH
Which hormone is produced by by the embryo and is necessary for
maintaining a pregnancy? FSH
hCG
LH
Progesterone
Which hormone is produced by the corpus luteum and
later by the placenta and is responsible for
maintaining a pregnancy?
progesterone
FSH
Estradiol
LH
Which of the following is/are involved in triggering and
maintaining labor? Oxytocin produced by fetus
and mother, and prostaglandins produced by the placenta
Prolactin produced by the fetus and mother
hCG produced by the fetus
A drop in progesterone caused by the disintegration of the corpus luteum
Which of the following is not true of the resting potential of a typical
neuron? There are concentration
gradients with more sodium outside the cell and a higher potassium concentration inside the cell
It results from the combined equilibrium potentials of potassium and sodium.
The inside of the cell is more negative than the outside
It is formed by the sequential opening of voltage-gated channels
After the depolarization of an action potential, the fall in the membrane
potential occurs due to the…
Closing of potassium and sodium channels
Opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the closing of sodium inactivation gates.
Closing of sodium inactivation gates
Refractory period in which the membrane is hyperpolarized
Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its
function? Schwann cells – create
myelin sheath around axon
Synaptic terminal – receptor that is part of an ion channel that is keyed to a specific neurotransmitter
Axon hillock – region of neuron where action potential originates
Synapse – space between presynaptic and post-synaptic cell into which neurotransmitter is released
How is an increase in the strength of a stimulus communicated by a
neuron? The frequency of action
potentials generated along the neuron increases
All action potentials are the same the nervous system cannot discriminate between different strengths of stimuli.
The spike of the action potential reaches a higher voltage
The length of an action potential increases
Why is signal transmission faster in
myelinated axons? These axons use electrical
synapses rather than chemical synapses
These axons are thicker and provide less resistance to voltage flow.
These axons are thinner, and there is less resistance to the voltage flow.
The action potential can jump from node to node along the insulating myelin sheath.