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Хичээлийн зорилтот суралцахуйн үр дүн
Орчин үеийн нийгэм дэх нийтийн секторын хамтын шийдвэр гаргалтын
загваруудыг үнэлэх
Төрийн бодлогын нийгэм болон хувь хүнд нөлөөлөх нөлөөллийг
тодорхойлох
Нийгмийн асуудлуудыг тодорхойлох, оновчтой шийдлийн бодлогын
харьцуулалт хийх, үнэлэлт өгөх
Иргэдийн болон оролцогч талуудын оролцоог шийдвэр гаргалтад хангах
зарчмыг бодлогын шийдвэр гаргалтад ашиглах
Салбарын бодлогын харьцуулсан судалгаа хийх
Бодлогын оновчтой шийдлүүдийг тодорхойлох
Хичээлийн зорилтот суралцахуйн үр дүн
Зорилтот суралцахуйн үр дүн Сургалтын арга, хэлбэр
CLO 1 Орчин үеийн нийгэм дэх нийтийн секторын хамтын шийдвэр
гаргалтын загваруудыг үнэлэх
Тойм лекц, судалгааны өгүүлэл
унших
CLO 2 Төрийн бодлогын нийгэм болон хувь хүнд нөлөөлөх
нөлөөллийг тодорхойлох
Тойм лекц, судалгааны өгүүлэл
унших, хэлэлцүүлэг хийх
CLO 3 Нийгмийн асуудлуудыг тодорхойлох, оновчтой шийдлийн
бодлогын харьцуулалт хийх, үнэлэлт өгөх
Кейс дээр ажиллах
CLO 4 Иргэдийн болон оролцогч талуудын оролцоог шийдвэр
гаргалтад хангах зарчмыг бодлогын шийдвэр гаргалтад
ашиглах
Кейс дээр ажиллах
CLO 5 Салбарын бодлогын харьцуулсан судалгаа хийх Салбарын бодлогын асуудлуудаар
хэлэлцүүлэг хийх, постер илтгэл
хэлэлцүүлэх
CLO 6 Бодлогын оновчтой шийдлүүдийг тодорхойлох Аман илтгэл хэлэлцүүлэх
Суралцахуйн зорилтот үр дүнг үнэлэх
Судалгааны өгүүлэл унших, хэлэлцүүлэг хийх
Тодорхой салбарын бодлогын асуудалд үнэлгээ хийн, дүгнэлт
гаргах /постер илтгэл 1 удаа/
Судалгааны үр дүнг тайлан хэлбэрт шилжүүлэн, аман илтгэл
хэлэлцүүлэх
С.Эрдэнэтуул – [email protected]
Хичээлийг удирдан явуулах багш
Хичээлд ашиглах нээлттэй эхүүд
www.jstor.org
www.sciencedirect.com
www.scholar.google.com
www.sciencedirect.com
www.citeseerx.ist.psu.edu
www.getcited.org
www.mendeley.com
www.free-management-ebooks.com
Required reading:
Young, E.,Quinn, L.Writing effective Public Policy Papers. A Guide for
Policy Advisors in Central and Eastern Europe. Open Society Institute.
2002
Morse K., Struyk R. Policy Analysis for Effective Development. Lynne
Rienner Publishers, Inc.2006
JSTOR articles:
Richard M.Walker. Globalized Public management: An interdisciplinary
design Science?
David M.Konisky, Christopher Reenock. Case selection in Public
management research: problems and solutions.
Public policy
Some definitions:
• In any society, governmental entities enact laws, make policies,
and allocate resources. Public policy can be generally defined as
a system of laws, regulatory measures, courses of action, and
funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a
governmental entity or its representatives.
• Numerous issues can be addressed by public policy including
foreign policy, health, and social welfare.
• The process to create a new public policy typically follows three
steps:
• Agenda setting
• Option formulation
• Implementation
Public policy as a study – A brief history
Theoretical approaches
• Institutional,
• Process,
• Group,
• Elite,
• Rational,
• Incremental,
Models
• game theory,
• Public choice
• Systems model
Approaches to public policy
• Analycentric
• Focuses on individual problems and their solutions
• Micro scale
• Its problem interpretation is usually of a technical
nature
• Policy process
• Focal point onto political process and involved
stakeholders
• Its problem interpretation is usually of a political
nature
• Meta – policy approach
• Systems and context approach
• Macro scale
• Its problem interpretation is usually of a structural
nature
Бодлогын шинжилгээ эрдэмтдийн тодорхойлсоноор:
1. Chochran & Malone , 1995:
Policy analysis describes investigations that produce accurate and useful information for decision makers
2. Dunn , 1981 :
Policy analysis is an applied social science discipline which uses multiple methods of inquiry and argument to produce and transform policy -relevant information that may be utilzed in political setting to resolve policy problems
3. Jenkins-Smith, 1990 :
Policy analysis is a set of techniques and criteria with which to evaluate public policy options and select among them .... to rationalize the development and implementation of public policy .... and as the means to greater efficiency and equity in allocation of public resources
14
CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS
( H.Lasswell , 1971 )
1. MULTI-METHODS
2. MULTI-DISCIPLINARY
3. PROBLEM-FOCUSED
4. CORCERNED TO MAP THE CONTEXTUALITY OF THE POLICY PROCESS,
POLICY OPTION AND POLICY OUTCOMES
5. WHOSE GOALS IS TO INTEGRATE KNOWLEDGE INTO AN OVERARCHING
DISCIPLINE TO ANALYSE PUBLIC CHOICES AND DECISION MAKING AND
THEREBY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEMOCRATIZATION OF SOCIETY
15
Two Main Concerns : Positive & Normative Analysis( C.L.Cochran & E.F.Malone , 1995 )
Positive Analysis Normative Analysis
1. A concern with understanding how the
policy process works
2. Strives to understand publc policy as it is
3. Endeavors to explain how various social
and political forces would change policy
4. Tries to pursue truth through the process of
tesing hypotheses by measuring them
against the standard of real-world expe-
riences
5. Usually deals with assertions of cause and
effect :
“ If the Indonesian government raises
interest rates , then consumers will borrow
less “. This statement may be tested by
setting-up an experiment within a state. The
results may confirm or refute the statement
.
1. Is directed toward studying what public
policy ought to be to improve the general
welfare
2. Deals with statement involving value
judgments about what should be. For
example : “ The cost of health care in
Indonesia is too high”. This statement
cannot be confirmed by referring to data.
Whether the cost is too high or is
appropriate is based on a given criterion. Its
validity depends upon one’s values and
ethical views. Individuals may agree on
the facts of healthcare costs but disagree
over their ethical judgments regarding the
implications of “the cost of health care”.
16
Approaches to Policy Analysis( J.P.Lester & J.Stewart ,Jr., 2000 )
Type of Approach Primary Objective
1. Process approach
2. Substantive approach
3. Logical-positivist approach
4. Econometric approach
5. Phenomenological ( Postpositivist )
approach
6. Participatory approach
7. Normative approach
8. Ideological approach
9. Historical approach
1. To examine a part of the policy process
2. To examine a substantive area
3. To examine the causes and consequen-
ces of policy using scientifc methods
4. To test economic theories
5. To analyze events through an intuitive
process
6. To examine the role of multiple actors in
policymaking
7. To prescribe policy to decisons makers
or others
8. To analyze from a liberal or
conservative point of view
9. To examine policy over time
17
THE POLICY CYCLE AND THE INFORMATION CYCLE
Problem Definition
Forecasting needs,
defining targets
Decision
analysis
Defining nature
size, distributions
of problem
Political
feasibility analysis
Summative
evaluation
Formative
evaluation
Opinion polls,
surveys,
etc.
Policy DesignAgenda
Setting
Termination
Impact
Policy
Legitimation
Implementation Source : W.Persons, 1997, public policy
The expansion and control of agendas
Initiator
Trigger
device
Issue
creation
Issues
characteristics
Symbol
Utilization
Mass
media
emphasis
Expansion
to larger
publics
Patterns
af access
Agenda
of decision
makers
Systemic agenda
• All issues commonly
perceived by members of
a political community as meriting
public attention of public
authorities.
• To get access to systemic agenda
an issue must have :
widespread attention/awarness
shared concern of a sizeable portion
of public
shared perception that it is a matter
of concern to a public authority
• Explicitly up for active and
serious consideration by
decision makers.
• May be an old item which is
up for regular review or is
of periodic concern. Or it may
be a ‘new’ item.
Or governmental/ formal
Institutional
agenda *
*
Source : Adapted from Cobb and Elder (1972)
THE POLICY ARENA
Administrative Process
1. Competence and
capacity
2. Decision - Action
(Values)
Political Process
1. Pressure
2. Supports
(Values)
Policy Making ArenaNegotiating
(Actors) Bargaining (Groups)Struggling
(Values)
1. Review -
Investigation
2. Enactments
Legislative Process
Judicial Process
1. Restraint
2. Performance
(Values)
• GOVERNMENTAL MIX• SECTORAL MIX• ENFORCEMENT MIX• VALUE MIX
MARKET
HIERARCHY-BUREAUCRACY
COMMUNITY-NETWORK
MIX
DELIVERY MIX
(W. Parsons. 1995. P. 492)
An Analytical Approach for Analyzing Implementation Processes( T.Bredgaard,L.Dalsgaard & F.Larsen , 2003 )
24
POLICY INSTRUMENTS
NO R. Lineberry G. Edwards III C. Hood
1. Organizational Units Bureaucratic Structure Organization
2. Standard Operating Procedures Disposition Authority
3. Coordination & Communication Communication Nodality
4. Allocation of Resources Resources Treasure
Direct and Indirect Impacts on Implementation
Communications
Bureaucratic
Structure
Resources
Dispositions
Implementation
Source : G.C. Edwards III, 1980, Implementating Public Policy, pp. 148
Communications
• Transmission
• Clarity
• Consistency
Resources
• Staff
• Information
• Authority
• Facilities
Bureaucratic Structure
• Standard Operating Procedures
• Fragmentation
Dispositions
• Effect of Dispositions
• Staffing the Bureacracy• Incentives
A Spectrum of Policy Instruments
Level of State Involvement
Voluntary
InstrumentsMixed
Instruments
Compulsory
Instruments
Low High
Fa
mil
y a
nd
Co
mm
un
ity
V
olu
nta
ry O
rg
an
izati
on
s
P
rivate
Ma
rke
ts
In
form
ati
on
an
d E
xh
orta
tio
n
S
ub
sid
ies
A
uc
tio
n o
f P
rop
erty
Rig
hts
T
ax
an
d U
se
r C
ha
rg
es