1

2

A biosphere reserve is a natural protected area which is appreciated internationally. Its

characteristics are highly defined by UNESCO within ‘Man and the Biosphere’ Programme. Biosphere

reservations are extended on large surfaces and contain complex terrestrial and/or aquatic

ecosystems, lakes and streams, humid areas with unique floristic and faunisticbiocenotic

communities, with harmonious natural landscapes or traditional area developments, human

communities whom existence is highly based on the improvement of natural resources in order to

develop continuously and in harmony. Through 2012, the network contains 610 biosphere reserves,

of which 12 – cross-bordered in 117 countries.

An important category of biosphere reserves is represented by humid areas, especially as the

habitat of aquatic birds. The date of 2nd February of each year represents The Global Humid Areas Day

and it has been declared as such in order to mark the subscription of the Humid Area Convention on 2

February 1971 in the Iranian city of Ramsar located on the CaspicSea coastline. The humid areas were

defined as intertidal zones for everglades, marshes, natural or artificial waters, permanent or

temporary, where there are stationary or flowing waters, sweet or salty, including saltwater expenses

which do not reach the 6m depth at reflux conditions. According to the Convention, the choice of

these areas is based on the international part from ecological, botanical, zoological, limnological,

hydrological point of view, taking into consideration their international importance for the aquatic

birds in any season of the year. There are over 300 humid zones signed up on the list of International

Association of Nature Conservation and Natural Reserves up to the present.

The largest humid zone in the world is known as

Pantanal in Brazil, and it covers 200 000 square km. This

area is popular due to the little islands and lagoons that

can be found in the area and it represents a water and

wild animal oasis, whose variety and number is

remarkable. However, the ecosystem is in danger: hunters

keep doing their illegal activities and the residual water

coming from the collier areas placed at the mountain feet,

get closer and closer to this remarkably nice area.

3

WATER AND RESERVES IN BULGARIA

A network of three national and nine nature parks, a number of reserves and natural places represent

the natural treasure of Bulgaria. Here are some of the most valuable reserves.

Central Rila Reserve is the biggest reservation on the Balkan Peninsula. It has an

area of 12, 346.7 hectares in the high parts of east, middle and north-west

RilaMountain. The most valuable territory is so called ‘Marichiniezera’ (Marichini

lakes). Rare floral and fauna types can be found there.

Srebarna Natural Reserveis an important freshwater lake listed on the UNESCO

Heritage List since 1983. It is located in north-eastern part of Bulgaria, near the

village Srebarna. It is home to hundreds of species of birds. SrebarnaNatural

Reserve is located on the major migration route between Europe and Africa. Most of the birds are

very rare and endangered species. Among the most important you can see herons, the Dalmatian

pelican, glossy ibis, and others. The entire lake is surrounded by mosses, which reach a length of more than

1.5 km. The water covers an area of 638 hectares. You will find here also many rare plants. This place is a

paradise for nature lovers and ornithologists.

The Ropotamo Reserve is situated at a distance of about 50 km south from Burgas, around

the two banks of RopotamoRiver. The river current passes by large sand dunes before its

flowing into the Black Sea. It was declared a protected territory in 1940, and in 1992 it was

broadened and declared a reservation with a total area of 1,000.7 ha. The locality is a

shelter for many species of national and international significance, among which 7 globally

endangered bird species, 2 plant species, 8 spinal animals, and 7 mammals. 5 Bulgarian and 12 Balkan

endemites and 22 relict species have been found.

LakeAtanasovskois a salt coastal lake, located in direct proximity of theBlack Sea.

The lake is about 5 km long and divided into two by a strip of sand in the

middle.The lake is home to over 230 species ofvascular plants, of which 7

endangered in Bulgaria. It is also inhabited by the Etruscan Pygmy Shrew, the smallest mammal by

mass. LakeAtanasovsko is also one of the keyornithologicallocations in the country, with 314 species

of birds being present, 70% of all in Bulgaria. 12 of them are globally endangered, including thePygmy

Cormorant, theRed-breasted Goose and others. In addition, 17 local species of birds in danger of

extinction in Bulgaria also live in the lake, such as theCommon Tern and theAudouin’s Gull.

4

WATER AND RESERVES - PROTECTED AREAS IN FRANCE

In Brittany, we use natural reserves to develop and protect our water resources, using physical

resources: dams. Let us take the example of «Ille-et-Vilaine», our local, eastern part of Brittany.In Ille-

et-Vilaine, around Vitré, 3 dams were built. Ille-et-Vilaine provides project management of these

three local dams, which are aimed at producing drinking water, supporting low water and flood

management. These works are part of an ambitious modernization program. Haute-Vilaine was filled

with water in 1982, Valière in 1978, and Cantache in 1995.

With a surface of 7 million square meters, their goals are:

1) the storage of raw water for its purification (thanks to these dams, we can regulate the waters of a

drainage basin of about 310 km2, while providing an important source of drinking water in the area

for approximately 130 000 inhabitants);

2) protection against floods on the one hand (usually from January to March) and so contributing to

the fight against floods : the level of the water can be controlled especially during the yearly rises.

3) but also against the opposite, that is, protection against low flows (in the summer) ensuring a

minimum flow during low flow periods: keeping a continuous flow downstream of dams to avoid low

water in the river Vilaine which would lead to a poor quality of the river water. We thus make sure

the water quality of the river Vilaine is always good.

Moreover, between 2009 and 2012 Brittany took part in a program named «W.A.T.E.R.» which

means “Wetted-lands, the Assessment, Technics and Economics of Restoration”. It aimed to protect

wetted lands. These areas have a huge importance to preserve biodiversity and protecting flora is also

a way of protecting water: the quality of the water we drink in Brittany partly depends on the flora

ability to filter the water entering the wetted-lands of a catchment area.

The marais of Châteauneuf in Ille-et-vilaine, Brittany, is a

good example of these kinds of areas. It is located at the back of

the bay du Mont-Saint-Michel between Normandy and Britanny.

A restoration policy has been put in place: ponds, canals

and reaches have been built. It is now considered as a pilot area.

5

Peneda-GerêsNational Park, part of Montalegre

district

PROTECTED AREAS IN PORTUGAL

“The creation of a protected area is a suicide confession. A society that needs to protect nature from itself can not be correct.”

José Lutzemberger

The accelerated degradation of a wide range of patrimonial values and the planet's natural

resources, many of them non-renewable, started in society the awakening of a collective

consciousness opposing to such degradation, manifesting itself in various ways including some actions

that aim to promote and protect natural resources. A certain number of actions and practices became

an imperative of our days, one of them being the creation of protected areas. These are aimed at the

safeguarding of spaces and species and represent one of the possible responses to the evident

intensification of the (mis)use of the territory and the damage caused by it.

Peneda-GerêsNational Park, with an area of 72000 ha, covers

territories of 5 districts, including Montalegre. There are ecosystems little

altered by Man, geomorphologic sites and habitats of species with

ecological, scientific and educational interest. The creation of this protected

area aimed at the creation of this protected area pointed to the

development of a set of resources, natural, economic and cultural tourism.

*****

Around 64% of continental Portugal forms part of the basins of

international rivers shared with Spain. This is why the country is not independent, in terms of water quantity

and quality. There are also many other constraints besides

the need to share water resources and despite the

improvements brought about as a result of integrated

planning under the national water plan, river basin plans,

plans for the use of reservoirs and coastal development plans,

there is still a lot to be done in terms of waste collection and

processing systems in this country.

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WATER AND NATURAL RESERVES IN ROMANIA

One of the important classes of the biosphere is the wetlands. This importance was

emphasized by signing the Ramsar Convention in 1971, which Romania joined on 25 January 1991.

There are 89 wetlands in Romania, and there were also identified 44 important bird areas,

with a total area representing 3% of the country’s surface. At present, there are a total of 12 Ramsar

sites acknowledged nationally, according to the official list posted on the Convention’s website

(www.ramsar.org), covering an area of over 900,000 hectares, the largest being the Danube

Delta – 647.000 ha. The 8 Ramsar sites are: Comana Natural Park, The Danube Delta, The Dumbravita

Fishing Complex, The Iron Gates Natural Park, Techirghiol Lake, The Mures River Meadow, The

oligotroph swamp PoianaStampei and The Small Island of Braila, Bistreț Lake, Suhaia, The Olt-Danube

and LezerulCalarasi Confluence.

The Danube, the second largest river in Europe,

builds one of the most beautiful deltas in Europe at its

junction with the Black Sea. The Danube Delta is one of

the last wild areas of the world; it is the largest and most

intact wetland in Europe and the richest region in

biodiversity at the same time, being acknowledged in the

International Network of Biosphere Reserves in 1990.

The Danube flows into the Black Sea through three arms. Furthermore, there exists a

secondary hydrographical network within the Delta consisting of ponds, swamps, canals, backwaters,

side arms.Due to the 67 million tons of silt deposited by the Danube, the Delta grows annually by

about 40 m square. It is a paradise of plants, birds and, of course, fish. Studies have shown the

existence of approximately 5000 species of plants, animals and insects. The main plant species are:

reed, bulrush, sedge mixed with dwarf willow and many other species. As for the Delta’s wildlife, it

hosts unique species in Europe or even worldwide. The 300 bird species live in extremely favourable

conditions here,these creating the Delta’s fame of the birds’ paradise. The law protects ten

species – some have been declared natural monuments. The Danube Delta is a real biodiversity

museum, due to the impressive diversity of habitats and life forms that it hosts in a relatively small

space, one natural gene bank of invaluable universal natural heritage.

7

RESERVES AND NATURAL HABITATS IN TURKEY

By means of legislation adopted in 1990 Turkish governments have taken under protection

twelve areas and have granted these the status of Special Areas of Environmental Protection. These

areas have been selected not so much for their biological characteristics but in order to prevent

tourism and construction from encroaching on their natural beauty.

Among these Mugla-Köycegiz-Dalyan area has been brought under protection because it is

the habitat where Carettacaretta, which has recently become the focus of world public attention, lay

their eggs. The Ihlara Valley is also a protected area. Due the valley's plentiful supply of water and

hidden places, here was the first settlement of the first Christians escaping from Roman soldiers. In

the Ihlara Valley there are hundreds of old churches and temples from the Byzantine period

containing painting and frescoes in the volcanic rock caves. One of the most famous protected areas

is Pamukkale (‘cotton castle’ in Turkish). It is under protection because of its world famous calcareous

sediment. The terraces are made of a sedimentary rock deposited by water from the hot springs – 17

hot water springs in which the temperature ranges from 35 °C (95°F) to 100 °C (212 F).

In addition to the areas of environmental protection cited above, there are also enclosed

zones of smaller scale which are under protection. These serve to protect some animal species which

are either rare in Turkey or in the world, or face the danger of extinction. These animals are preserved

and bred under special care and some are released into nature when their populations reach a certain

level.

8

Demographic growth, changes in land occupation or climate change (provoked by humans)

lead to an increased need for water and, hence, to a shortage of water. Over the past 100 years, the

need for water has increased twice as fast as population growth, which has multiplied by four.In

addition to the latter, climate warming has impacts on freshwater resources which vary depending on

the region and season. In this context, the dry areas of the developing countries are particularly

vulnerable. Indeed, the adaptation possibilities are not sufficiently taken into account in the

anticipations. That is why these countries are considered particularly vulnerable to drought. Water is

becoming increasingly scarce and the offer is not able to meet the growing demand. Inequalities in

the distribution of water resources will even strengthen. The increase in population will alone

aggravate the water shortage, even without climate change. At the occasion of the World Day for

Water, the UNESCO reminds us that one in four people in the world lack access to safe drinking water.

It is also noted that it is likely that the continuation of climate warming might result in an increase in

climate variability. Extreme events related to water (floods, droughts) will be even more marked;

water resources will decrease while irrigation needs increase.

Among the impacts of global warming on water resources, we can notice that the reserve of

water contained in glaciers and snow cover is decreasing. This is due to changes in glacial lakes and

rivers fed by melting snow. Otherwise, the multiplication of extreme precipitation is projected to

increase flooding and favour the contamination of freshwater resources. Groundwater resources,

water wells and water used for irrigation will be threatened by salinization (accumulation of salt in the

soil), under the combined effect of drought

and rising sea levels that promote the

intrusion of salt water.

Water scarcity therefore affects every

continent. This phenomenon is both natural

and manmade. There is enough fresh water

on the planet for six billion humans, but its

distribution is uneven and too much water is

wasted, polluted and unsustainably managed.

9

WATER AND CLIMATE IN BULGARIA

You can enjoy four lovely and tender seasons in Bulgaria: beautiful blooming spring, dry and hot

summer, long and pleasant autumn, and mild winter with lots of opportunity for skiing.

Always lit by the sun Bulgaria has between 2200 and 2500 hours of sunlight per year. The average

yearly temperature is 14.7 °C.

Annual precipitation in Bulgaria varied considerably from year to year during the 20th century. In

some years, very low annual precipitation caused droughts of different intensities. The country has

experienced several drought episodes during the 20th century, most notably in the 1940s and 1980s.

The drought spells in the 1940s and 1980s were observed everywhere across the country. Drought in

Bulgaria was most severe in 1945 and especially year 2000 with precipitation 30% less than the

current climatic values. In some weather stations a significant wet spell occurred in the 1950s. It was

followed also by relatively high precipitation values in the 1960s and 1970s. Generally, the variations

of annual precipitation in Bulgaria showed an overall decrease.

Negative precipitation trends are observed mainly in the eastern and western parts of the

country, while positive trend occurs in some central and northwest areas. However, it should be

pointed out that the obtained trends in annual precipitation in Bulgaria for the period 1901-2000 are

insignificant at the 95% probability level.

Bulgaria is scarce in water resources, despite that over 60 rivers flow through the country. The

Danube is the biggest one with total length of 470 km on Bulgarian territory. There are also 6 lakes

with total area of 87 km² and water volume of 211 million cubic meters, and 23 dams with total area

of 376 km² and water volume of 4,571 million cubic meters.

During the droughts throughout the previous century the water demands applied for irrigation in

southern Bulgaria were higher than the irrigation demands in northern Bulgaria due to less

precipitation and higher air temperatures. Annual river runoff is expected to decrease up to 14% in 50

years and to be 20% less at the end of the century in respect of the current climate.

10

WATER AND CLIMATE IN FRANCE

Climate in France is mainly temperate even if there are some important differences between

low-lying areas and high-mountain regions.Air temperatures are changing all around the world and

surveys show that, in the 20th century global warming was 30% higher in France than the average in

rest of the world, which has consequences on water resources in France.

Many studies prove that there has been an increase in precipitation (rain and snow mainly)

during autumn and winter and some rainfall in summer. Moreover, high summer temperatures also

tend to increase evaporation. These dry conditions already have severe consequences in some

areas.Forest fires are one of the most dangerous problems for instance. During July and August they

tend to spread fast, especially in the south of the country and in Corsica where heat waves are

especially intense.

Moreover the lack of water during summer can also have an impact on electricity production.

During the summer 2003, which was extremely hot and dry, France lost 1600 MW of its electricity

power because the level of water in lakes and rivers was really low.Besides, global warming has an

impact on agriculture in France: in 2003 again, the soil was so dry that crop productivity decreased

sharply and the financial loss was an estimated 4 billion Euros.

As a consequence, the government often makes laws to decrease water consumption.

In August 2003, it was asked to reduce

water consumption in these 43 areas.

People were not allowed to water their

gardens, to wash their cars or to fill their

swimming pools.

And of course, everyone has to pay

attention to avoid spoiling water!

11

WATERAND CLIMATE IN PORTUGAL

Despite high annual average rainfall and flow values, and although Portugal is a relatively small

country, there is great spatial, seasonal and temporal variability in rainfall, which is exacerbated by

climate change, consequently making flooding or drought unpredictable and at times making it

difficult to sustain water flows.

Mainland Portugal

The climate in Portugal varies considerably from one region to another and is influenced by

the relief, latitude and proximity to the sea, which offers mild winters, especially in the Algarve (the

southern part of the country). In Porto, North area and particularly inland the winters are colder,

although the temperatures are still mild when compared to the rest of Europe. There is some

snowfall. It occurs most in the Serra da Estrela Mountains, where we find the highest point in

mainland Portugal (1,991 m) and where it is sometimes possible to ski. The summers are hot and dry,

especially in the inland areas (Trás-os-Montes in north-eastern Portugal and Alentejo plains).

Temperatures are slightly lower in the coastal areas, because of the influence of the sea. There are

often warm, sunny days in autumn.

The Azores

The climate in the Azores is influenced by the islands’ latitude and by the Gulf Stream, and

temperatures are mild there all year round. The same factors also influence the sea temperature,

which is very pleasant both in winter and summer and ideal for nautical sports all year round.

Madeira

The subtropical characteristics of the weather in the

Madeira Archipelago can be explained by its geographical

position and mountainous relief. The climate in Madeira is

exceptionally mild, with average temperatures varying between

24° and 19° C. The sea temperature is also very pleasant all year

round, thanks to the influence of the warm Gulf Stream. It

varies between 18° C in winter and 22° C in summer.

12

WATER AND CLIMATEIN ROMANIA

Insights and measurements performed on the territory of Romania indicate certain signals

which lead to the climate change assumption: global warming tendencies were shown on the

country’s territory in the last 10 years, the apparition of some meteorological events unspecific to

Romania’s climate (tornados), heavy rains with devastating effects, the increase of dry periods,

devastating floods, the increase of the annual maximum capacity of The Danube, the increase of The

Black Sea level rise. Romania ranges itself in a high risk desertification area among Spain, Italy and

Greece, in Southern Europe. The major effects will be clear starting with 2015 in case of Romania, and

will be mainly visible in the South-East, South and South-West.

Between 1901-2000, it was highlighted a general

tendency in the annual capacity of precipitation decrease

from pluviometric point of view, and the intensification of dry

period in the Southern part of the country after 1960. In

accord with this result it has been identified a maximum

duration interval increase without precipitations in South-

West (in winter time) and in West (in summer time). Due to a more obvious warming in the South-

East part of the country in summer, cumulated with an evident heat deficit, effects of aridity have

been identified in this area.

The multiannual precipitation variability analysis indicate the drought years occurrence on the

territory of Romania after 1980, due to precipitation decrease, connected with the average annual

high temperature tendency. The decrease of precipitation capacity in recent years has led to the

obvious decrease of rainfall run-off on the most of the country’s rivers and, especially, in the South

and South-East part of Romania, due to several aspects, such as: the decrease of annual precipitation

after 1980, the increase of average annual high air temperature has led to intense evaporation, the

decrease of groundwater level in flood plains and river terraces has negative aspects on supply in dry

seasons.

Climate change represents a global challenge, which involves serious responsibility. Romania is

actively participating in ONU and EU programs and it is fully involved in the international actions in

identifying the best solutions necessary for stopping global warming.

13

WATER AND CLIMATE IN TURKEY

The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea have a

temperate Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters. The coastal

areas of Turkey bordering the Black Sea have a temperate Oceanic climate with warm, wet summers

and cool to cold, wet winters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of

precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year.

The eastern part of that coast averages 2,500 millimeters annually which is the highest precipitation

in the country.

The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Sea of Marmara (including Istanbul), which connects

the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea, have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean

climate and a temperate Oceanic climate with warm to hot, moderately dry summers and cool to

cold, wet winters. Snow does occur on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea

almost every winter, but it usually lies no more than a few days. Snow on the other hand is rare in the

coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea.

Conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Mountains close to the coast

prevent maritime influences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian plateau of the

interior of Turkey a continental climate with sharply contrasting seasons.

Winters on the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of −30 °C to −40 °C can occur in

eastern Anatolia, and snow may lie on the ground at least 120 days of the year. In the west, winter

temperatures average below 1 °C (34 °F). Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures generally

above 30 °C (86 °F) in the day. Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimetres (15 in), with actual

amounts determined by elevation.

The driest regions are the Konya

plain and the Malatya plain, where

annual rainfall frequently is less

than 300 millimetres (12 in). May is

generally the wettest month,

whereas July and August are the

driest.

14

The amount of fresh water in rivers and lakes in the world, ready for consumption, is sufficient

to meet the 6 or 7 times the annual minimum that each inhabitant of the planet needs. However,

although it seems plentiful, this resource is scarce: only represents 0.3% of all fresh water on the

planet.The 2.5% fresh water can be found in groundwater and aquifers, in ice caps, glaciers,

permanent snow and in other shells, such as swamps, for example. If overall fresh water is enough for

everyone, its distribution is irregular in the territory. In addition, the needs are also different, being

stronger in developed countries.

The shortage was due not only to the irregularity in the distribution of water and an increase

of needs, but also to the fact that in the last 50 years the water quality degradation and abuse have

increased to alarming values.

Water is Earth's heritage and should always be preserved as public good and protected by a

strong, national and international legislation.

Through the challenge facing humanity for forwarding resolutions of issues relating to the

sustainability of water resources and human development, it would be impossible to imagine the

future without the availability of water and energy and, very rarely, imagine a sustainable future

without applying one as a source of the other.

Hydropower

Hydropower is a renewable energy that has

been used since ancient times. The ancient

civilizations took advantage of the relief of soils for

agriculture, in irrigated fields; the Romans began to

use water in a kind of hydraulic systems for the milling

of cereals and, over the years, these systems have had a wide use.Since the 20th century, hydropower

was used for the production of electrical energy. This alternative energy results from the movement

of waters, which go towards the sea carrying water from the springs and also collecting rainwater.

The movement of these waterfalls contains kinetic energy that can be saved to produce energy.

Nowadays, the purpose of hydropower is the production of electricity in hydroelectric plants.

15

WATER AND ENERGY IN BULGARIA

Electricity is the power that drives the world. Most of it is provided in the form of electricity that

is generated in different types of power plants. These power plants use fossil fuels, nuclear power,

wind, water or geothermal energy as the various sources of electricity.

AlthoughBulgaria is not very rich in natural fuels such as coal,oil and gas, it has very well developed

energy sector which is of crucial importance for the Balkansand the whole South Eastern Europe.

Bulgaria is a major producer and exporter of electricity in the region and plays an important role for

the energy balance in the Balkans. There is one Nuclear Power Plant, situated on the bank of the

Danube River, thermal and hydro power stations. In the last 10-15 years a number of solar and

photovoltaic power stations and wind turbines appeared in Bulgaria.

Hydropower stations

Due to the limited hydro-potential of the country (excluding the Danube), the importance of hydro

power is not so big. There are currently 87 hydro power plants with a combined capacity of 1,980

MW, most of them being located in the southern and south-western mountainous parts of Bulgaria.

The largest Hydro Cascades are: "Belmeken-Sestrimo"-700 MW, "Dospat-Vacha"-670 MW,

"BatashkiVodnosilov Pat"-220 MW. Most of these power plants are large-scale reservoir type.

Three major Hydroelectric power plants are under construction: "GornaArda" - 160 MW; "Sreden

Iskar" - 93MW, €60 million; "Tsankov Kamak"-90MW, €220 million.

Run-of-the-river Small Hydro Power Plants exist in Bulgaria, and before 2011 additional

investments in the sector are considered unattractive due to the very low feed-in tariff offered since

the approval of the Renewable Energy Act. In 2010, the French Energy

Company, which is one of the largest in Europe, invested a total of € 4.16 M

in the Dzherman hydro-power plant. The plant has a capacity of 3 MW; it

produces about 10 500 MW/h of electricity a year.

16

WATER AND ENERGY IN BRITTANY - FRANCE

Energy production is low in Brittany. Electricity production only represents about 8.5% of the

region’s total electricity consumption. During very cold winters, being the “Far West” of France,

Brittany is sometimes near the black out.

This electricity is produced mainly by hydro-electric plants, especially the tidal energy plant on the

Rance and the Guerlédan dam.

The Regional Council of Brittany has drafted an Energy Plan to reduce green-house gas

emissions and to increase the region’s electrical energy supply (to nearly 34 % of its consumption by

2020).The strong potential provided by Brittany in the wind power domain (2nd largest in France)

remains its main source of renewable electricity.Besides, Brittany has many assets in terms of marine

energy (wind, wave, currents, tides): it has some of the highest potentials in France. To exploit this

potential, the Region is leading a national partnership initiative for the development of marine energy

(IPANEMA) with 11 public and private actors. In March 2008, the first experimental wave power

generator, named Sabella, was launched at Bénodet in Finistère (Brittany) as a test.Sabella is a French

company located in Quimper (Finistère). Its subsea tidal turbine, positioned on the seafloor, is very

simple and robust. It is reliable and requires low maintenance in hostile environments.This is

appreciable for the 2013 project, near Ushant, one of the most dangerous areas due to tide streams

and rocks.

In fact, the 12 million € project is planned to be launched next

autumn (if the company finds investors for the last 5 million € it

requires).

FromveurPassage

(Ushant)

17

WATER AND ENERGY IN PORTUGAL

There is a direct relationship between water and energy. Portugal is a true

example of this. Nowadays, one of the main purposes of water is the production

of electricity in hydroelectric plants.

Hydropower in Portugal

Portugal is a country with a territory rich in hydropower, mountain ranges that allow large

currents of water from streams, rivers, natural sources, etc. This country has about 100 small hydro

systems, with a capacity of 256 MW (megawatts), which produce 815 GW/year. That is to say that

currently, 30% of electricity consumed in our country has water-borne, the areas with greater

potential being in the north and centre of the country.

Advantages of hydroelectric plants:

-The biggest advantage is the clean transformation of the

natural energy resource: water;

-There are no waste pollutants, so it is an energy that does

not pollute;

-Water is a renewable resource, it does not end.

Disadvantages:

-They occupy extensive areas of food production and forests;

-They alter the landscape and affect many species of living beings;

-It causes soil erosion that can have an impact on local vegetation;

-Much of the flooded forests decompose, producing methane;

-It causes climate change that will compromise fauna and the flora.

The new hydroelectric power station of Venda Nova

(in Montalegre) is an investment of around 300 million euros. The new plant will significantly increase

the power of the existing central and is expected to start producing power for the network in 2015. It

will consist of a central cave underground, a hydraulic circuit in tunnel and several wells and auxiliary

and access tunnels. The plant will be equipped with two reversible generators with a total power of

746MW that will be fed by new hydraulic circuit with capacity for a flow of 200 m3/s.

18

WATER AND ENERGY IN ROMANIA

Water and electricity

Romania’s inland water resources are defined by variability, both in time and space.

Therefore, large and important areas, such as the Romana Plain, the Moldavian and Dobrogea

Plateau, lack water. Throughout the year or even every year, a river’s discharge can change as well.

The first hydro-electric power stations began to produce electricity at the end of 19th century.

Nowadays, the hydro-electric energy represents 30% of the total energy produced in Romania.

Average hydro-electric energy production was estimated of 17.5 TWh. Reported to convertible

technical potentials of 33,8TWh/year, it results in a high development of hydro-energy potential of

about 52%. The highest hydro-energetic convertible streams’ potential are, as it follows: The Danube

(12 TWh/year), The Siret (5,5 TWh/year) and The Olt (5 TWh/year).

THE IRON GATES I is the largest hydropower dam on

the Danube River with an installed capacity of 1080 MW. There

is also The Iron Gates II hydro-electric power station

downstream, with an installed capacity of 250 MW of

electricity divided equally between the two countries (Romania

and Serbia). The lake encompasses The Danube Gorge area,

the largest gorge in Europe, just between Bazias and Orsova.

Water and geothermal energy

The geothermal energy is the thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Theoretically,

Romania has a considerable potential in this field, being the third country in Europe after Greece and

Italy from this point of view. The Pannonia Plain, including Banat and the West of Romania, is highly

rich in geothermal resources, with temperatures reaching 120 degrees Celsius. It is believed that the

cities located in the western part of Romania will seriously get to geothermal energy usage in the next

ten years. The geothermal energy currently generated in Romania is used for heating apartments, for

agriculture (greenhouses), in industrial processes, and for other purposes in a lower percentage. Beius

is currently the only city in Romania which is generated with geothermal resources for heating.

19

WATER AND ENERGY IN TURKEY

The Turkish Government has a long and successful history of developing both Turkey’s water

resources and its hydropower potential. The country has a huge hydropower potential of which only

one third is developed at present, and it has an evenly large water resources potential that has yet to

be developed for the benefit of its economy and society. Dams, and in particular dams for generating

hydropower, are therefore a key to national development (power demand increases annually

between 6 and 8 percent) and unavoidable to promote and safeguard the country’s social economic

development.

The country’s geography, a rectangular plateau peninsula surrounded on three sides by seas, is

highly conducive to hydroelectric power generation. Turkey has about 1% of the total world

hydroelectric potential.

There are many rivers in Turkey and five separate watersheds. The Persian Gulf watershed in

eastern Turkey includes the Tigris River (known in Turkey as the Dicle River) and the Euphrates River

(known in Turkey as the Firat River), which flow southwest into Iraq and eventually merge and empty

into the Bay of Basra at the northern end of the Persian Gulf.

The Aras/Caspian watershed in eastern Turkey includes the Aras River, which flows eastward

and whose waters eventually empty into the Caspian Sea. The Black Sea watershed covers much of

northern Turkey, and includes Turkey's longest river, the Kizilirmak.

The Mediterranean watershed covers

much of southwestern Turkey, where rivers

either flow south to the Mediterranean Sea or

west to the Aegean Sea. The fifth watershed

covers the region around the Marmara Sea,

which includes several smaller rivers.

20

Since the 1960s the global nutrition has considerably improved, providing more food per

capita at progressively lower prices. This performance was possible through high-yielding seeds,

irrigation and plant nutrition. As population keeps increasing more food and livestock feed need to be

produced in the future and more water applied to this purpose. Irrigate agriculture will have to claim

large quantities of water to produce the food required to feed the world. The main source of food for

the population of the world is agriculture: this term also includes livestock husbandry, manages

fisheries and forestry.

Cereals are by far the most important source of total food consumption: in developing

countries the consumption of cereals 30 years ago represented 61% of total calories. It decreased to

56% nowadays and this reflects diet diversification, proving that more countries achieve higher levels

of nutrition. It is expected that cereals will

continue to supply more than 50% of the food

consumed in the foreseeable future. For vegetative

growth and development plants require water in

adequate quantity and at the right time. Crops

have very specific water requirements, and these

vary depending on local climate conditions.

Agriculture will remain the dominant user

of water at the global level. In many countries, in

particular those situated in the arid and semi-arid

regions of the world, this dependency can be expected to intensify. The contribution of irrigated

agriculture to food production is substantial but in future the rate of growth will be lower than in the

past. Both irrigated and non-irrigated agriculture still have scope for increasing productivity, including

water productivity. Arguably, the expansion of irrigated agriculture protected people on the

nutritional fringe from premature death, and preserved tracts of land under forest and wetlands from

encroachment by hard-pressed farmers.However, pressures to encroach on such lands persist.

21

WATER, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is a major industry of the Bulgarian economy landscape because of the country’s

favourable geographic, climate, and natural characteristics. The country has a long history of tradition

in both plant-growing and livestock breeding.

Agricultural land accounts for about 6.2 Mio Ha (55% of the country's area), of which 4.2 Mio

Ha is arable and 1.7 Mio Ha is permanent grassland. Approximately 15% (700.000 Ha) of agricultural

land is currently uncultivated.

Wheat, barley, corn, oats, rye, rice, and sugar beets are the chief crops.Bulgariaas well

produces a variety of fruits and vegetables, which include apples, grapes, potatoes, pears, tomatoes,

and watermelons. A major specialty crop is roses, which yield attar of roses, an essential oil used in

making fine perfumes. Much ofBulgaria's crop production is exported, usually after some local

processing.

Irrigation activities in Bulgaria have a long tradition dating back in the 15th century when first

rice production along the Maritza River and, later, vegetable and fruit growing were supported by

means of irrigation. From the 1960s till the end of 1980s the main sources of water supply were large

dams located in the mountains and rivers. Ground water was used as a complementary source. In

1990, the total irrigated land was about 25 % of the arable land in Bulgaria.

The amount of water used for irrigation has sharply declined during transition in Bulgaria. The

share of actually irrigated areas to those that can be irrigated is low. Large sections of existing

irrigation systems were abandoned, and the onesstill in use are barely maintained. Crops such as

wheat and barley have replaced more water-intensive crops, including vegetables, rice and maize.

This problem has an impact on the future development of agriculture and the allocation of the

country's water resources.

22

WATER AND AGRICULTURE

Water in food:Half of the water needed by a human body is provided by food.

The rest is for drinks. Food provides about 1 liter of water each day. All foods contain water, in more

or less large quantities.The foods richest in water are represented by fresh vegetables and fruits,egg

white, milk and fresh cheeses. Their water content exceeds 80%.Meat and fish contain 65 to 70%.This

implies that growing plants and raising cattle needs a great amount of water.

Water in French agriculture:The agricultural sector represents 48% of the water consumption

and is the main user of water hence some specific strategies to protect both quantity of quality.

Adaptation strategies in France to reduce water consumption in agriculture:To prevent the

soil erosion and to prevent spoiling the water it is first recommended to increase the diversity of the

crops and to let plants live longer so that the soil is not left uncultivated for too long, which tends to

erode soils.Moreover collecting rainwater, even in the cities, can be helpful for agriculture. Besides

this, it is estimated that 60 % of irrigation is wasted, that is why in France new ways are promoted,

such as drip irrigation. In this system, water falls drop by drop directly near the roots, so that

evaporation is minimized.

Strategies to fight water pollution in France:Farmers have to limit their use of pesticides: the

government is aiming to reduce 50% of it between 2008 and 2018. They also have to protect water

bodies from the nitrates: one of the means is to decrease the number of cattle they are raising;

another is to avoid spreading nitrates at certain periods of the year and near catchment points for

drinking water. Finally, to follow the “Grenelle laws” farmers are encouraged or even obliged to grow

grass or hedges between their crops and water resources because these plants are able to fix water

and prevent chemicals from going directly into the river.

23

WATER AND AGRICULTURE

Europe has not yet been affected by the water crisis as much as African countries, which may

explain why European governments have not taken more serious and acute action to address the

problem of water scarcity.According to the European Commission publication, Water and agriculture:

contribution to an analysis of a critical but difficult relationship, “despite the significant differences

between countries, there are sufficient renewable resources at European level”.

Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units;

however, the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming export-oriented agribusinesses

backed by companies. When it comes to water consumption per sectors of economy, in Portugal,

water is mostly used for agriculture rather than other sectors and as for the development of irrigated

areas the annual increase has been limited and remains below 1000 ha/year, being subsoil water the

leading source of irrigation water.

The region of Alentejo is known as the "breadbasket of Portugal" due to its extensive farming and cereal production.

Terraced planting for the production of

the famous Port wine

Portugal is relatively well endowed with water resources, although huge differences exist

between the North and the South. Irrigated land constitutes about 61% of the nation’s total water

supply and 25% of the agricultural area. The main crops grown in Portugal are cereals (wheat, barley,

corn and rice), potatoes, grapes (for wine), olives and tomatoes. This country is one of the world's

largest exporters of tomato paste and a leading exporter of wines.

24

WATER IN AGRICULTURE

Agriculture plays an extremely important role in Romania, due to the high number of rural

population (45%). Romania is one of the richest European

countries with natural resources and it was once

considered the granary of Europe. One of the negative

effects that influence agricultural development is Romania’s

water resource, which is relatively low and unequally

distributed in time and space. This has a huge impact on

agricultural development, 30% of the fertile lands needing

irrigation.

Romania’s climate and soil condition in the sufficient rainfall areas in most years makes

possible the lack of irrigation in much of the country’s area. But there has been less rainfall than

needed in most parts of the country in recent years (every 25-30 years), and crops are absolutely at

risk (every 5-10 years), but one can get good crops in other years. One can get good crops only using a

proper non-irrigated agricultural technique or by using irrigation when needed. Furthermore, the

production of main crops can be increased by applying irrigation on about half of the agricultural area.

The biggest problem represents the sand clay soils in the South part of Oltenia and in other parts of

the country, which are unable to store more than 300-400 m3 of water to 1 hectare, enough for only

8-10 days, agriculture becoming impossible without irrigation in this area.

Unlike other European countries, soil properties in Romania haven’t been affected so much by

an industrialized or chemicalized agricultural process. An equivalent for traditional agriculture is the

organic agriculture. In recent years, this type of agriculture has been developed in Romania in an

average growth rate of 23% per year, which is a remarkable fact among European countries. An

organic farming area of 1.600 hectares is estimated for 2013.

In our country, desalination is still not an alternative source for surface water or deep water

when it comes to irrigation. Areas affected by aridity or desertification (such as Dobrogea, the South

part of Muntenia or Oltenia) are close to water sources or reservoirs which seem to be sufficient.

Prospectively, we hope that the situation will change for us, as well.

25

AGRICULTURE IN TURKEY

In Turkey almost half of the population is engaged in agriculture. The raw material that the

factories process is provided by agriculture. It also plays an important role in our country’s export and

it makes up 27 % of our national income. There are some factors which affect agriculture, like

irrigation, machinery, the use of fertilizers and pesticides that directly affect agriculture. In our

country, farmers have been using several methods, dry agriculture, intensive agriculture and

extensive agriculture. Our agricultural products; wheat, corn, barley, rice, oat, chickpea, lentil, beans,

tobacco, tea, cotton, sunflower, olive, soya beans, sesame, grapes, apples, nuts, banana, apricot, and

so on.

Increasing agricultural production by irrigation is one of the most important means for

combating poverty and hunger in developing countries. In regions where precipitation is generally

limited to four or five months a year, water resources development projects, especially storage

systems and irrigation networks, are indispensable for sustainable socio-economic development.

Rain-fed agriculture in Turkey is being realized almost to the maximum level.As a result, increasing

agricultural productivity has become primarily dependent upon irrigation by using modern

techniques.

In our country there are some agricultural institutions. They have been trying to make

agriculture improve. For example, agricultural research institutions, State Production Farms,

Agricultural Bank. There are also chambers of agriculture in almost every cities and towns.

In recent decades Turkey has made great progress in water resources development for various

purposes, agriculture in particular.

26

Water and sanitation are the two primary drivers of public health and are fundamental

resources of daily survival. Lack of sanitation leads to diseases, as was first noted scientifically in 1842.

The diseases associated with poor sanitation are particularly correlated with poverty and

infancy and alone account for about 10% of the global burden of disease. At any given time close to

half of the urban populations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America have a disease associated with poor

sanitation, hygiene, and water. Poor sanitation, hygiene, and water are responsible for about 50% of

the consequences of childhood and maternal underweight, primarily through the synergy between

diarrhoea diseases and under-nutrition, whereby exposure to one increases vulnerability to the other.

According to the World Health Organization, there are eight very important facts about health

and sanitation that we should take into account when addressing this issue:

1. An estimated 2.6 billion people lack access to adequate sanitation globally. If the current

trend continues, by 2015 there will be 2.7 billion people without access to basic sanitation.

2. Lack of sanitation facilities forces people to defecate in the open, in rivers or near areas

where children play or food is prepared. This increases the risk of transmitting disease.

3. Examples of diseases transmitted through water contaminated by human waste include

diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and hepatitis A. In Africa, 115 people die every hour from

diseases linked to poor sanitation, poor hygiene and contaminated water.

4. Health-care facilities need proper sanitation and must practise good hygiene to control

infection.

5. Each year more than 200 million people are affected by droughts, floods, etc. Sanitation is

an essential component in emergency response and rehabilitation efforts to stem the spread of

disease, rebuild basic services in communities and help people return to normal daily activities.

6. Studies show that improved sanitation reduces diarrhoea death rates by a third. Diarrhoea

is a major killer and largely preventable: it is responsible for 1.5 million deaths every year, mostly

among under-five children living in developing countries.

7. Hygiene education and promotion of hand washing are simple, cost-effective measures that

can reduce diarrhoea cases by up to 45%.

27

WATER, HEALTH AND SANITATION IN BULGARIA

Bulgaria is a country in the Balkan Peninsula with a population of about 7.500.000 people. About

88 % of the territory of the country is rural area. There are 3 850 settlements with a population below

2 000 people and in these settlements reside nearly half of the rural population. Almost 98,5% of the

territory of the country has central drinking supply system. The quality of the water is good though

shortages of water are observed in some places, especially during summer time. The lack of sanitation

in rural areas could be considered as a main problem in the countries of Eastern Europe. Insufficient

sanitation often leads to various diseases and to groundwater pollution in the rural areas.

Tap water is safe anywhere in Bulgaria and it often tastes really good. The water is especially

good and cold in most mountainous places.

Bulgaria is also famous for its mineral waters. Many of them are used for spa but there are also a

number of good waters for drinking.

There is a high level of water loses –– over 60%. The level of construction of the sewerage

networks is low. There is a necessity of construction of a large number of Waste Water Treatment

Plants.

Unfortunately, Bulgaria has one of the poorest records when it comes to water resource

availability compared with other countries in Europe. While the water supply infrastructure is

relatively well developed and 98.4% of the population has access to running water, the sewage

network and the urban treatment plants are unsatisfactory. Approximately, 95% of the towns have a

sewer network, but only 3.2% of the villages have access to the sewerage system.

In addition, many existing wastewater treatment plants do not meet minimum standards under

EU directives. Funding for the water sector will be provided through EU post-accession instruments.

Priority will be given to construction of wastewater treatment plants and sewerage networks of areas

of more than 10 000 population equivalent. Currently, the national budget is very limited for

developing water infrastructure projects.

28

WATER AND SANITARY PROBLEMS IN BRITTANY

The Breton coastline covers 2730 km of see coast and for each square kilometre of land

there are on average 10 km of rivers or streams. Would it mean Brittany is more exposed than other

regions to the sanitary problems related to water?Problems of water are not frequent because water

is treated. There aremore and more infrastructures for wastewater treatment; regular checks of

rivers and sea, which show that water quality remains the same; and water purification in both

collective and domestic use. A major problem, however: bathing water and the development of

micro-organisms. Green algae are not only an environmental

problembut foremost a public health problem. Several factors

lead to the phenomenon of 'green tides': the physical geography

of the area favours sea-weed (or algae) development, along with

the warming of waters which promotes its emergence and

proliferation.Also, urbanization and agriculture reject many

nitrates that algae feed on. Thus, intensive farming contributes significantly to this problem.

Brittany has 3 million inhabitants, but if we include the livestock, the region has to manage the

outflow of the equivalent of 60 million people!In any way, such discharges into surface waters can’t

be purified on a territory the size of Brittany alone. Especially since the particular hydrology of the

region increases its vulnerability.

Another aspect is the contamination of aquatic fauna.Phyto-

purification is a new cleaning system based on filtration by plants. This is

an innovative, highly effective no-smell system offering an ecological,

economic, sustainable and aesthetic alternative to traditional systems and

more and more used in Brittany. Its purification performance is excellent and durable and can be

installed on any terrain. It can be part of any sustainable development project, especially for private

homes.Phytheoremediation uses the bacteria in the root systems of the plants to purify water.

Bacteria decompose organic pollutants into minerals which plants can assimilate. In return, plants

provide oxygen to the bacteria through their roots. It works naturally with solar energy.

Brittany and Loire Valley regions Plan and Water Management aim at restoring the good

condition of all aquatic environments. For surface water, the goal is to reach 61% of good ecological

status by 2015, 77% in 2021 and finally 100% of the water masses in good condition in 2027. The

restoration of cleaner water has begun.

29

WATER, HEALTH AND SANITATION

After 48 years of dictatorship and slow development(until 1974) the level of access

to services, the technologies and the service quality were of very low quality. Most municipal

wastewater was discharged without any treatment at that time. However, substantial improvements

have been achieved since then, in particular after Portugal became a member of the European Union

in 1986. It is partly due to the EU funds that Water Supply and Sanitation Services in Portugal have

had important advances. However, sanitation still remains relatively low in mountain rural areas and

some people have their own sources of water controlled by municipalities.

Today in Portugal:

- 93% of households have access to drinking water through house connections (97% in urban

areas, but only 50% in rural areas) and 76% of households have access to sewer connections;

- Water supply is continuous, except during droughts;

- In some beaches bathing is restricted because of pollution;

- Drinking water quality is not consistently good, especially in smaller systems. Portugal does

not comply with a series of drinking water parameters set by the EU drinking water directive;

During the 1990s Portugal has put in place a modern institutional framework for the sector, which

includes a national regulatory agency (ERSAR – The Water and Waste Services Regulation Authority)

and multi-municipal water and sanitation companies. However Portugal does not yet fully comply

with EU regulations on wastewater discharges. Even where wastewater treatment plants exist they do

not always function properly. Especially in cities with combined sewers, sometimes it happens that

treatment plants do not function properly after heavy rains. Sewer overflows during heavy rains are

frequent, partly due to unauthorized storm water drain connections to the sewer system.

Partial view of Lisbon / The ÁguasLivres Aqueduct supplied water to Lisbon until 1974

30

WATER AND HEALTH

Accessibility to water resources is still an important factor in the development of a civilization.

Romania is one of the countries with the lowest water resources in Europe. Romania’s water

resources consist of both surface water and groundwater. A series of water resources features (such

as unequal geographical distribution, time-varying flows, the pollution of some inland rivers, the off-

center location of the Danube within the country) create difficulties in supplying the population with

drinking water, especially in a number of villages and urban areas. This confusion has had both social

and economic consequences in recent years, due to the drought period which affects our country

considerably. Studies made for improving water supply show that there are at least 25 areas and

cities lacking this resource.

If fresh water resources are reduced, mineral water

resources place Romania in one of the first places in Europe,

instead. According to studies, Romania has about 60% of

Europe’s mineral water reserves, but exploits only about 20%

of them. Mineral waters in Romania show a large hydro-

chemical variety. There have been built important resorts

alongside numerous springs. Romania currently has 70 spa

resorts, due to the high number of hot springs and mineral

springs all over the place. These waters are the natural factors in the treatment of a wide range of

diseases.

‘Baile Felix’ has been known for decades, mainly for its thermal waters and for the treatments

and rehabilitation programs inside the resort. Geothermal water temperature from ‘Baile Felix’ varies

between 45 degrees Celsius and 112 degrees Celsius.

Borsec mineral waters have been bottled since the sixteenth century in clay jugs and barrels in order

to reach various princely courts. In February 2004, Borsec was titled ‘The best mineral water in the

world’ at Berkely Springs International Water Tasting Awards in West Virginia, U.S.A. In 2005, Borsec

carbonated mineral water was given the Special Golden Medal Award, and Borsec non-sparkling

water was awarded the Gold Medal at The World Quality Selections organized by The International

Institute of Quality Selections in Bruxelles, Belgium.

31

HEALTH AND SANITATION IN TURKEY

Health care in Turkey used to be dominated by a centralized state system run by the Ministry

of Health. In 2003 the governing Justice and Development Party introduced a sweeping health reform

program aimed at increasing the ratio of private to state health provision and making health care

available to a larger share of the population.

Private healthcare has blossomed in Turkey in the last decade due to the long queues and

personal service in state run hospitals. Most private hospitals have contracts with various insurance

companies so it is now possible to receive better treatment. After rising competition from private

hospitals, there has been an increase in the quality of state hospitals. At 7.6 percent of gross domestic

product (GDP) in 2005, Turkey’s public expenditure on national health was below average than that of

the developed countries, although the percentage has increased steadily since 2000. In the early

2000s, about 63 percent of health expenditures came from public sources. In 2006 there was one

doctor for every 700 people, one nurse for every 580 people, and one hospital bed for every 380

people.. Between 80 and 90 percent of the population, including self-employed workers, have health

care provided by the national pension system, but the low quality of care encourages the use of

private health providers in urban areas

The most frequent causes of death, in order of frequency, are infectious and parasitic diseases,

cancer, heart disease, and cerebrovascular diseases. Since the 1980s, the occurrence of measles,

pertussis, typhoid fever, and diphtheria has decreased sharply because of improved availability of

potable water. More than 80 percent of one-year-olds received inoculations against childhood

diseases in 2004. Between 1980 and 2004, the infant mortality rate decreased by 65 percent.

PROJECT OF SANITATION IN ZONGULDAK

32

SOURCES:

Water and Natural Reserves

http://www.rilanationalpark.bg

http://www.best-of-european-union.eu/2011/05/17/srebarna-nature-reserve-home-to-hundreds-of-species-of-birds-

bulgaria/

http://bulgariatravel.org/en/object/190/Ropotamo_rezervat

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Atanasovsko

www.google.bg

http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/pt/soertopic_view?topic=freshwater

http://uc.socioambiental.org/introdu%C3%A7%C3%A3o/o-que-s%C3%A3o-%C3%A1reas-protegidas

http://www.icnf.pt/portal/naturaclas/ap

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%C4%83_de_rezerva%C8%9Bii_naturale_din_Rom%C3%A2nia

http://www.green-report.ro/ziua-zonelor-umede-sarbatorita-si-de-romania/

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Dun%C4%83rii

http://www.deltadunarii.ro/

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezerva%C8%9Bie_a_biosferei

http://www.eprim.ro/portal/portalpmg_ro.nsf/AllById/1.10.1

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Zone_umede

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantanal

http://www.baileherculane.ro/

http://www.borsec.ro/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihlara

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamukkale

Water and Climate

http://www.climateadaptation.eu/bulgaria/en#fresh-water-resources

http://www.motoroads.com/why_bul_climate.html

http://www.ewra.net/ew/pdf/EW_2003_1-2_04.pdf

http://www.visitportugal.com/climaportugal

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http://www.mae.ro/node/1663

www.site.judbrasov.ro/upload/files/Material.pdf

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20Decembrie%202009/Capitole%20Plan%20Management%20Bazinal/Cap%2011%20Schimbari%20climatice.pdf

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romania.ppt%20[Compatibility%20Mode].pdf

Water and Energy

http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=123327

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Bulgaria#Hydropower

http://www.bretagne.fr (English part)

http://www.planete-plus-intelligente.lemonde.fr (translated from JY Le Drian’s comment)

http://www.entreprises.ouest-france.fr/article/finistere-projet-dhydrolienne-sabella (translated)

http://www.sabella.fr (English part)

http://energiasalternativas.webnode.com.pt/

SIMÕES, Teresa. "Química em contexto", 1ª edição. Porto: Porto Editora, 2008

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_electric%C4%83_%C3%AEn_Rom%C3%A2nia

33

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energie_hidraulic%C4%83

http://www.mmediu.ro/protectia_mediului/evaluare_impact_planuri/2012-03-

15_evaluare_impact_planuri_planamenajarebazinehidro2011.pdf

http://www.energie-gratis.ro/hidrocentrale.php

http://totb.ro/energie-verde-romania-a-treia-tara-cu-potential-geotermal-din-europa/

http://www.die-gdi.de/CMS-Homepage/openwebcms3_e.nsf (energia Turquia)

Water and Agriculture

http://www.oikocredit.org/en/news-events/1600/interview-agriculture-vital-in-bulgaria

http://www.marsop.info

http://geography.howstuffworks.com

http://www.adagio-eu.org/documents/meeting_jois/21_V_Alexandrov_bulgarian_irrigation_adaptation.pdf

www.restaurantnewsresource.com/arti70054Ten_Strategies_for_Wise_Water_Use_Through_Food_and_Agriculture.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation

http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Where-does-the-main-water.html

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http://www.eu-water.eu/images/layman%20report%20-final.pdf

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romaneasca-in-2012.html

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http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-policy-on-water-issues.en.mfa (agriculture)

https://www.google.com/search?q=water,+food+and+agriculture+in+turkey

Water and Sanitation

http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/en/

http://www.plosmedicine.org

http://www.wecf.eu/english/about-wecf/issues-projects/projects/safe-sanitation/safesanitation-bulgaria.php

http://bulgariatravelhacker.com/a/drink/

http://www.waterworld.com/articles/wwi/print/volume-25/issue-4/regional-spotlight/easter-europe/bulgaria-s-

wastewater-mission.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Portugal

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_Rom%C3%A2niei

http://www.mdrl.ro/_documente/scheme_grant/doc_referinta/Strategia_APA.pdf

http://www.insp.gov.ro/cnmrmc/modules/mod_swfobject/Pdf/Klara_Jeszenszky.pdf

http://www.snam.ro/

http://www.bailefelix.net/

http://sn.gostudyinturkey.com/rssfeeds/jnews/study-in-turkey/useful-info/health-care-in-turkey

http://www.insideasia.co.nz/index.cfm/1,42,376,0,html/TURKEY

https://www.google.com/search?q=sanitation+in+turkey

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This project has been funded with support from the

European Commission.

This publication reflects the views only of the

author, and the Commission cannot be held

responsible for any use which may be made of the

information contained therein.