a critical discourse analysis on the jakarta...

A CR IT IC AL DISC O U RSE AN AL YSIS O N T H E JAK A RT A PO ST T EXT

A T h es is

S u b m itted to L e tte rs an d H u m an itie s F acu lty in P a rtia l F u lfillm en t o f th e

R eq u irem en ts fo r S 1 D e g ree

M UDH O FAR

103026027660

ENG LISH L ETTE RS DE PA RT M E NT

LET TERS A ND H UM AN ITIES FA CU LT Y

STA TE ISLAM IC UN IVER SITY SY AR IF H IDAY AT UL LAH JAK A RTA

2009

ABSTR ACT

M u d h o fa r, A Critical Discourse Analysis on the Jakarta Post Text. A T h es is . Jak a rta :L e tte rs an d H u m an ities F acu lty , S ta te Is lam ic U n iv ers ity S ya rifH id aya tu llah , F eb ru ary 2 0 0 9 .

T h e p u rp o se o f th is re search is to d ev e lo p a research b e tw e en so c io -lin g u is ticsc ien ces w ith m ass co m m u n ica tio n in c ritica l d isco u rse an a lys is w h ichb ased o n d isco u rse th eo ry ab o u t so c ia l p ro b lem (C h in ese d isc rim in a tio n ) n ew s inm ass m ed ia w h ich is esp ec ia lly lad ed in th e Jak arta P o st tex t.

T h e m eth o d o f th is re sea rch is C ritica l D isco u rse A n a lys is w h ich is re la ted totex t an alys is ; R ep resen ta tio n , R e la tio n an d Id en tity w h ich is d esc rib ed an d sh o w n inth e tex t.

T h e rese a rch resu lt: R ep resen ta tio n lev e l. T h o se tex ts ab o v e n o t o n ly d esc rib eh o w th e ev en t is m ad e , b u t a lso sh o w h o w th e so c ia l p o w er isrep resen ted in th e n ew s. T h e tw o o f tex ts ab o v e a re re la ted to e th n icC h in ese life w h o is still d iscrim in a ted b y th e go v ern m en t. H e re , it can b e seenth at th e w h o le tex ts a re re la tedto e th n ic C h in ese life w h o s till g e t in ju s tice .

R e la tio n lev e l. T h e d isco u rse a lso can b e see n fro m h o w th ere la tio n is fo u n d ed in th e tex t. T h e tex t en clo ses tw o s id es ; th o se are e th n icC h in ese -In d o n esian an d th e In d o n esian g o v ern m en t (S o eh a rto R e g im e). T h etw o s id es a re d esc rib ed d ifferen tly in th e tex t. T h e e th n ic C h in ese is d escrib ed asw e ak sid e an d m arg in alized . A n d th e o th e r h an d , th e g o v e rn m en t (S o eh a rto re g im e)is d esc rib ed h ig h e r, s tro n ge r an d co n s id e red as d e te rm in an t fo r e th n ic C h in ese life .

Id en tity lev e l. B ased o n th e tex t ab o v e , th e jo u rn a lis t id en tifie s h im se lf a s p arto f In d o n es ia (g o v ern m en t). A lth o u g h , h e rea liz es th a t e th n ic C h in ese is d iscrim in a tedb u t h e su g g ests e rad ica tin g th e p ast an d lo o k in g fo rw ard to h av e b e tte rfu tu re to d ev e lo p In d o n es ia to g e th er. B ased o n th o se tex ts ab o v e , it can b eco n c lu d ed th a t th e jo u rn a lis t p o s itio n s h im se lf in th e n eu tra l p o s itio n .

A s th e co n clu s io n , tex t an a lys is o n th e sam p les sh o w s in ju s tice toso c ie ty w h ich fin a lly b ea rs so c ia l p ro b lem . T h e tex t o n ly ta lk s ab o u t th e m ise ry o f th eso c ie tyas th e resu lt o f in ju s tice in th e so c ie ty itse lf a n d th e reg u la tio n w h ich is m ad e b y th ego v e rn m en t an d a lso im p lies th e m yth th at b y d e liv erin g o r ex p o se th e m isery o f th eso c ie ty h as b ette r p o w er to rev eal th e m ean in g o f c o m m u n ica tio n m essag e .

i

APPRO VEM ENT

A CR IT IC AL DISC O U RSE AN AL YSIS O N T H E JAK A RT A PO ST T EXT

A T h es isS u b m itted to L e tte rs an d H u m an itie s F acu lty in P a rtia l A cco m p lish m en t o f th e

R eq u irem en ts fo r S 1 D e g ree

M u d h o farN o . 1 0 3 0 2 6 0 2 7 6 6 0

A p p ro v ed b y:

D r. F ran s S a yo g ie , M .P dS u p erv iso r

ENG LISH L ETTE RS DE PA RT M E NT

LET TERS A ND H UM AN ITIES FA CU LT Y

STA TE ISLAM IC UN IVER SITY SY AR IF H IDAY AT UL LAH

JAK AR TA

2009

ii

LEG AL IZAT IO N

T h e th es is en title “A C ritica l D isco u rse A n a lys is o n th e Jak arta P o s t T ex t” h asb een d e fen d ed b efo re th e L etters an d H u m an itie s F acu lty ’s E x am in a tio n C o m m itteeo n F eb ru a ry 1 9 , 2 0 0 9 . T h e th es is h as a lre ad y b e e n acc ep ted as a p artia l fu lfillm en t o fth e req u irem en t fo r th e d eg ree o f L e tte rs S ch o lar.

Jak a rta , F eb ru a ry 1 9 , 2 0 0 9

Exam ination C om m ittee

Chair Person,

Dr. H . M . Farkhan, M . Pd.N IP. 150 299 480

Secretary,

Drs. A. Saefuddin, M . Pd.N IP. 150 261 902

M em ber

Elve O ktafiyani, M . H um .NIP. 150 317 725

Dr. H . M . Farkhan, M . Pd.N IP. 150 299 480

iii

DEC LA RA TIO N

I h e reb y d ec la re th a t th is su b m issio n is m y o w n w o rk an d th a t, to th eb est o f m y k n o w led g e an d b e lie f, it co n ta in s n o m ateria l p rev io u s lyp u b lish ed o r w ritten b y an o th e r p e rso n n o r m ate ria l w h ich to a su b s tan tial ex ten th as b een accep ted fo r th e aw ard o f an y o th er d e g ree o r d ip lo m a o f th eu n iv e rs ity o r o th e r in s titu te o f h igh e r learn in g , ex cep t w h e re d u e ack n o w led g m en th as b een m ad e in th e tex t.

Jak a rta , F eb ru a ry 2 0 0 9

M u d h o fa r

iv

ACK NO W L ED G M EN T

In th e n am e o f A llah , th e B en eficen t, th e M erc ifu l. A ll p ra ises are

d u e to A llah , th e A lm igh ty , an d th e Lo rd o f a ll th a t ex is t. M a y A llah ’s p ea ce an d

b less in g b e u p o n H is fin a l P ro p h e t a n d M essen g er, M u h am m ad , h is fam ily an d h is

co m p an io n s .

T h is p ap e r is p resen ted to th e E n g lish L e tte rs D ep artm en t o f th e F acu lty o f

L e tte rs an d H u m an ities U IN S yarif H id a ya tu llah Jak a rta as a p artia l fu lfillm en t o f th e

req u irem en ts fo r S 1 d e gree .

It is a g rea t h o n o r fo r th e w rite r to m ak e ack n o w led g m en t o f in d eb ted n es s to

co n v e y h e r sin ce re g ra titu d e to D r. F ran s S a yo g ie , M .P d ., fo r h is v a lu ab le ad v ice an d

gu id an ce to acco m p lish th is resea rch .

T h e w rite r a lso w o u ld lik e to co n v e y h is s in ce re gra titu d e p articu la rly to :

1 . D r. H . A b d . C h a ir, M .A ., T h e D ean o f L e tte rs an d H u m an ities facu lty .

2 . D r. M . F ark h an , M . P d ., th e H ead o f E n g lish L e tte r D ep artm en t.

3 . D rs . A . S ae fu d d in , M . P d ., th e S ecre ta ry o f E n g lish L e tte rs D ep artm en t.

4 . A ll th e lec tu res o f E n g lish L e tte rs D ep artm en t fo r th e ir en co u rag em en t to th e

w rite r.

5 . T h e w rite r’s b e lo v ed p a ren ts , M u ch las an d M ira tu n fo r th e ir p a tien ts

an d sp irits in sp ired th e w rite r in h is ev e ry an x ie ty .

v

6 . H is b elo v ed b ro th e rs an d sis te rs , A b d u l S yu k u r, S .A g , S u lh ad iM S , N u r

H a ya ti an d M u a ’aw an ah , w h o h av e en co u rag ed th e w rite r in

ac co m p lish in g h is re search .

7. T h e B ig F am ily o f Korps Sukarela Palang Merah Indonesia (KSR PMI) State

Islamis University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

8 . T h e B ig F am ily o f Teater el Na’ma , Sanggar Altar an d Teater Syahid.

9 . T h e teach e rs an d s ta ffs o f Bimbingan Belajar Bintang Pelajar.

1 0 . N u r A jen g S o lek h a , fo r h e r p a tien t an d su p p o rt.

1 1 . A ll L ib rarian s o f U IN S ya rif H id a yatu llah L ib ra ry , U n iv e rs ity o f

A tm a jaya L ib ra ry , U n iv e rs ity o f In d o n es ia L ib ra ry, L ib rary o f

S ta te U n iv ers ity o f Jak a rta an d In s titu te o f S o c ia l an d P o litic S c ien ce

Jak a rta .

F in a lly , th e w riter h o p e s th is resea rch is n o t o n ly u se fu l b u t a lso

in v ites an o th e r resea rch g en es is w h ich d iscu sses ab o u t m ed ia p ra c tica l.

Jak a rta , F eb ru a ry 2 0 0 9

T h e W rite r

M u d h o fa r

v i

TAB LE O F CO NT ENT S

ABSTR ACT ............................................................................................................. i

APPRO VEM ENT .................................................................. .................................. ii

LEG AL IZAT IO N .................................................................................................... iii

DEC LA RA TIO N ...................................................................................................... iv

ACK NO W L ED G M EN T ......................................................................................... v

TAB LE O F C O NT EN TS ......................................................................................... v ii

LIST O F TA BLES ................................................................................................... ix

LIST O F APPE ND IC ES ......................................................................................... x

CH A PT ER I INT RO D UCT IO N

A . B a ck g ro u n d o f th e S tu d y .......................................................................... 1B . F o cu s o f th e S tu d y .................................................................................... 5C . R esea rch Q u es tio n ..................................................................................... 6D . T h e S ign ific an ces o f th e S tu d y ................................................................. 6E . R esea rch M eth o d o lo g y .............................................................................. 6

1 . M eth o d o f th e R esea rc h ................................. ................................... 62 . In s tru m en t o f th e R ese arch ................................................................ 73 . T ech n iq u es o f D a ta S tu d y ................................................................ 7

CH A PT ER II TH EO R ETICAL FRAM E W O R K

A . M ass M ed ia as In stitu tio n ......................................................................... 8B . N e w s an d O b je c tiv ity ................................................................................ 9C . T h e C o n cep t o f T ex t an d In te r-T ex tu al ..................................................... 1 1D . D isco u rse ................................................................................................... 1 7

1 . C ritica l P arad ig m .............................................................................. 2 12 . N o rm an F a irc lo u gh D isco u rse T h eo ry .............................................. 2 3

a . R ep resen ta tio n ................................ ................................................ 2 5b . R e la tio n .......................................................................................... 3 2c . Id en tity ............................................................................................ 3 5

v ii

CH A PT ER III T H E RE SEA RCH R ESULT AN D DA TA AN AL YSIS

A . R esea rch S u b jec t ....................................................................................... 3 7B . T h e R esea rch R esu lt .................................................................................. 3 7

1 . C h in ese N ew Y ear E u p h o ria an d P o litica l T rau m a .............................. 3 7a . R ep resen ta tio n .................................................................................. 3 9b . R e la tio n ............................................................................................ 4 4c . Id en tity .............................................................................................. 4 5

2 . F ittin g In ............................................................................................... 4 7a . R ep resen ta tio n .................................................................................. 4 9b . R e la tio n ............................................................................................ 5 5c . Id en tity ............................................. ................................................. 5 6

C . D a ta A n alys is ............................................................................................ 5 8

CH A PT ER IV CO N C L USIO N AN D SUG G ESTIO N

A . C o n c lu s io n ................................................................................................. 6 1B . S u g g es tio n ................................................................................................. 6 2

RE FER EN CES ......................................................................................................... 6 3

APPEN DICES

v iii

LIST O F T AB LES

1. Table of the Elem ent of Text Research… … … … … … … … … … … … … ... 7

2. Table of Defin ition of Discourse… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .. 18

3. Table of the Characteristic of Text Research… … … … … … … … … … … . 22

ix

LIST O F A PPEN D IC E S

1. Chinese New Year Euphoria and Political Traum a ................................. 64

2. Fitting In ....................................................................................................... 70

x

CH A PT ER I

INT RO DU CT IO N

A. Background of the Study

T o d ay , m ed ia h o ld im p o rtan t ro le s in h u m an life . M ed ia are

n o t o n ly fu n c tio n ed as so u rce o f in fo rm a tio n b u t a lso as trig g e rin g fac to r in ch an g in g

o f so c ia l, cu ltu re , p o litic an d eco n o m y.

H arso n o S u w an d i – lec tu re o f P o litic an d C o m m u n ica tio n P o s tg rad u a te F IS IP

U I – as ex cerp ted b y Ib n u H am ad , sa ys th a t th e re are fiv e asp ec ts fro m m ass m ed ia

w h ich m ak e it im p o rtan t.

“Pertama, daya jangkauan (coverage) yang sangat luas dalammenyebar- luaskan informasi politik; yang mampu melewati bataswilayah (geografis), kelompok umur, jenis kelamin dan social-ekonomi-status (demografis) dan perbedaan paham dan orientasi(psikografis). Kedua, kemampuannya melipat-gandakan pesan(multiplier of message) yang luar biasa. Ketiga, setiap media

massa bisa mewacanakan sebuah peristiwa sesuaipandangannya masing-masing. Keempat, tentu saja dengan fungsiagenda setting yang dimilikinya, media memiliki kesempatan yangsangat luas(bahkan hampit tanpa batas) untuk memberitakan sebuah peristiwa. Kelima,pemberitaan peristiwa oleh suatu media lazimnya berkaitan denganmedia lainnya hingga membentuk rantai informasi (media aslinks in other chains).”1

B ased o n th e ex p lan a tio n ab o v e can b e co n clu d ed , firs t, m ed ia h av e

la rg e co v e ra g e . N ew s w h ich is p ro d u ced b eco m es atten tio n in ev e ryw h ere an d ev ery

asp ect

o f so cie ty . S eco n d , m ed ia h av e a g re a t m u ltip lie r m essag es. A n ev en t n o t o n ly can b e

1 P refa ce o f H arso n o S u w a n d i, lec tu re o f P o litic an d C o m m u n ic a t io n P o s tg rad u a te F IS IP U I in Ib n uH a m ad , Konstruksi Realitas Politik dalam Media Massa: Sebuah Studi Critical Discourse Analysisterhadap Berita-berita Politik, (J ak a r ta : G ran it, 2 0 0 4 ). P re fac e p ag e .

m u ltip lied d ep en d s o n h o w m an y ex em p la rs w h ic h are n eed ed b u t a lso can b e p rin ted

m o re an d m o re . T h ird , m ed ia h av e th e ir o w n d isco u rse . It m ean s th a t m ass

m ed ia th ro u g h th e ir p o lic y d e te rm in e th e ap p earan ce an d th e co n ten t o f it th ro u gh th e

tex ts . F o u rth , m ed ia h av e larg e o p p o rtu n itie s fo r d eliv e r in g th e n ew s , an d th e n e w s

can b e fla sh ed o r n o t. A n d th e la s t, a s lin k s in o th e r ch a in s can ad d

sep a ra te d p o w er in d is trib u tin g in fo rm a tio n an d an e ffec t to th e p u b lic .

B y th is asp ec t, m ass m ed ia b eco m e s tro n g e r in m ak in g p u b lic o p in io n .

M ed ia a lso m ak e th e fram in g o f m essa ges p ro cess . In th e

fram in g o f m essag es , m ed ia c an ch o o se th e fa c t, w h ich w ill b e w ritten (o r n o t) in th e

n ew s tex ts . W h a tev er th e fac to rs , if m ass m ed ia h av e b eco m e an ag en t o f

p o litic , th e o b jec tiv itie s o f th e n ew s tex t w ill b e cru c ia l. M o reo v e r, o n e o f th e

ch a rac teris tic s o f

m ed ia is m ak in g p u b lic o p in io n .

Z e llin g S . H arries (1 9 5 2 ) firs tly in tro d u ces th e te rm o f tex t /

d isco u rse . H e s tarted to sea rch th e lan gu ag e p rin c ip les th a t ex p la in h o w th e

sen ten ce w ith in a tex t co n n ec ted b y a typ e o f e x ten d ed gram m atic a l.2

F a irc lo u gh d iv id ed d isco u rse an a lysis in to th re e d im en s io n : text,discourse

practice and socio-cultural practice.3 H o w ev er, in th is resea rch th e w rite r

o n ly fo cu ses o n th e tex t lev e l.

In th e F airc lo u g h m o d e l, an an alys is o f tex t is an a lyz ed lin gu is tica lly ;

b y see in g th e w o rd s , sem an tic , an d th e s tru c tu re . A ll o f th e e lem en ts ,

w h ich a re

2 G u y C o o k , Discourse, (O xfo rd : O xfo rd U n iv e rs ity P ress 1 9 8 9 ), p . 3 .

3 E riy a n to , Analisis Wacana: PengantarAnalisis Teks Media, (Y o g y a k ar ta : L K iS , 2 0 0 3 ) , p . 2 8 6 .

2

an a lyz ed , a re u sed fo r see in g th ree p ro b lem s, rep resen ta tio n , re la tio n an did en tity .

R ep resen ta tio n asp e ct w an ts to see h o w th e ev en t, p eo p le o r an y th in g is sh o w n an d

d escrib ed in th e tex t. R e la tio n asp ect w an ts to see h o w th e re la tio n b e tw een jo u rn a lis t

an d p u b lic are sh o w n an d d esc rib ed in th e tex t. Id en tity asp ect w an ts to see h o w th e

id en tity o f jo u rn a lis t an d p u b lic a re sh o w n an d d esc rib ed in th e tex t. A ll

o f th o se asp ec ts are re la ted to jo u rn a lis t an d th e in s titu tio n o f m ed ia as n ew s

m ak er. W e are g o in g to fin d th e ex am p les as fo llo w s:

(1 ) (a ) P o licem an rap ed a w o m an . (b ) P o licem an d id a rap e . (c ) A

w o m an ex p erien ced a rap e . (d ) A w o m an w as rap ed . (e )

R ap es h ap p en in an yw h ere .

(2 ) T h e s tu d en ts o f U G M a re fid g e ty w ith th e o ccu rrin g cam p u s au to n o m y.

T h e ex am p le (1 ) (a ) is c lea r en o u gh ca lled as a se n ten ce / tex t (su b jec t + v e rb

+ o b jec t) . T h e ev en t o n ly p u ts in to o n e p artic ip an t in th e tex t, e ith e r th e su b jec t o r th e

o b jec t. In (b ) th e tex t o m its th e o b jec t. In (c ) th e tex t o m its th e o b jec t. T h e ev en t is

in tran s itiv e sen ten ce (su b jec t + v e rb ). In (d ) th e tex t is o n ly sh o w n th e

situ a tio n , w ith o u t m en tio n in g an d m a y h id e th e su b jec t o f th e ac to r ’s ac tio n . It o n ly

d esc rib es th a t th ere w as a w o m a n w h o w as rap ed . A n o th e r typ e is

m en ta l p ro cess ; sh o w so m eth in g as p h en o m e n a , g en era l s ym p to m , w h ich

crea tes co n sc io u sn esses th e p u b lic , w ith o u t sh o w in g th e su b jec t/ ac to r an d th e

v ic tim s sp ecifica lly , lik e in th e tex t

(d ). It o n ly d esc rib es th e p h en o m en o n w h ich is h ap p en in g in th e so c ie ty .

T h e

d ifferen ce typ e is n o t o n ly s tru c tu ra l p ro b lem b ec a u se th e p u b lic w h o g e t th e m ean in g

are d iffe ren t b u t a lso h o w an ev en t, ac tio n , o r ac to r can b e sh o w n d iffe ren tly b y u s in g

d ifferen t s tru c tu ra l in lan gu ag e .4

T h e ex am p le (2 ) is am b iv a len ce n ew s. D o es th e sen ten ce co n stitu te v o ice o f a

stu d en t w h ich th en sh o w n b y jo u rn a lis t? O n th e o th e r h an d , d o es it co n s titu te v o ice o f

th e w riter? D o es th e w o rd co n s titu te ac tu a lity th a t is sp o k en b y th e

au th o rities o r s tu d en ts? T h e e lem en ts m ay b e fo rm ed fo r b ein g tran s la ted in th e

d if fe ren t w a y b y th e p u b lic o r read e r, an tic ip a ted an d in te r-tex tu a l is th e so u rce o f th e

am b iv a len ce .5

A n o rd e r o f d isco u rse is a so c ia l s tru c tu rin g o f sem io ticd iffe ren ce – a

p articu la r so c ia l o rd e rin g o f re la tio n sh ip s am o n gs t d ifferen t w a ys o f m ak in g m ean in g ,

ie d iffe ren t d isco u rse an d g en res an d s ty le s . O n e asp ect o f th is

o rd e rin g is d o m in an ce : so m e w a ys o f m ak in g m ean in g a re d o m in an t

o r m a in s tream in a p a rticu la r o rd e r o f d isco u rse , o th e rs a re m arg in a l, o r

o p p o s itio n a l, o r ‘a lte rn a tiv e’ . F o r in s tan ce , th e re m a y b e a d o m in an t w a y to

co n d u c t a d o c to r-p a tien t co n su lta tio n in B rita in , b u t th e re a re a lso v ario u s o th e r

w a ys , w h ich m a y b e ad o p ted o r d ev e lo p ed to

a grea te r o r le sse r ex ten t in o p p o s itio n to th e d o m in an t w a y . T h e

d o m in an t w a y p ro b ab ly s till m a in ta in s so c ia l d is tan ce b e tw e en d o c to rs

an d p a tien ts , an d th e au th o rity o f th e d o c to r o v e r th e w a y in tera c tio n p ro ceed s ;

b u t th e re are o th e rs w a ys w h ich are m o re ‘d em o cra tic ’ , in w h ich d o c to rs

p la y d o w n th eir au th o rity . T h e p o litica l co n cep t o f ‘h eg em o n y ’ can u sefu lly b e

u sed in an a lyz in g o rd ers o f d isco u rse

– a p articu lar so c ia l s tru c tu rin g o f sem io tic d iffe ren ce m a y b eco m eh eg em o n ic ,

4 Op .Cit, p. 292-293.5 Ibid, p. 3 0 6 – 3 0 7 .

4

b eco m e p art o f th e leg itim iz in g co m m o n sen se w h ich su s ta in sre la tio n s o f

d o m in a tio n , b u t h eg em o n y w ill a lw a ys b e co n tes ted to a grea te r o r lesse r ex ten t, in

h eg em o n ic s tru g g le . A n o rd e r o f d isco u rse is n o t a c lo sed o r rig id s ystem , b u t ra th e r

an o p en s ys tem , w h ich is p u t a t risk b y w h a t h ap p en s in ac tu a l in te rac tio n s .6

C ritica l D isco u rse A n a lys is – as a typ e o f d isc o u rse an a lys is w h ich

stu d ies h o w d o m in a tio n an d in ju s tice a re ca rried o u t an d p ro d u ced th ro u gh tex t –

co n s titu te p a rt o f e ffo rt fo r re tu rn in g so m eth in g cu ltu ra l s tu d ie s – w h ich is esp ec ia lly

d ev e lo p ed

in E n g lan d – to th e ir ro o ts as critica l s tu d ies .

B ased o n th o se rea lities , th e w rite r is go in g to an a lyz e th e tex t th e Jak arta P o st

b y u s in g critica l d isco u rse an alys is .

B. Focus of the Study

T h is resea rch u ses C ritica l D isco u rse A n a lys is (C D A ) as

m eth o d o lo g y ap p ro ach . T h is re sea rch is b ased o n th e in te rp re ta tio n an d

fo cu ses o n h o w th e rep resen ta tio n , re la tio n an d id en tities a re sh o w n an d

d escrib ed in th e tex t o f th e Jak a rta P o s t.7

6 N o rm a n F a irc lo u g h , The Dialectics of Discourse,h ttp ://w w w .g o o g le .co .id /se a rc h ?h l= id & q = id en ti ty % 2 C + re la t io n % 2 C + rep re se n ta tio n + th eo ry + N o rm an + F a irc lo u g h & b tn G = T elu s u r i+ d en g a n + G o o g le & m eta= & aq = f& o q = . A cc es sed o n F eb ru a ry 2 5 ,2 0 0 9 . p . 2 .

7 W h y is it b ased o n th e in te rp re ta tio n ? A cco rd in g to J o h n B . T h o m so n , if w e w an t tod o d ee p es t an a ly s is fro m c o n te n t, w e h a v e to d o in te rp re ta tio n b e cau se th e in te rp re ta tio n isa lw a y s re la ted to w h a t is n o t rea l o f w h a t w e s ee . T h e d ee p es t m ean in g ca n b e k n o w n if w e d oan a ly sis d ee p ly b y re la tin g to s tru c tu re a n d so c ia l co n te x t w h ic h co v er th e tex t. A n d th e p ro c essw h ic h re la te s th e te x t an d th e so c ia l co n tex t can n o t b e d o n e o n ly b y see in g b u t a lso b yin te rp re tin g . J o h n B . T h o m so n , Ideology and Modern Culture: Critical Social Theoryin the Era of Mass Communication,(C a m b rid g e : P o lity P ress , 1 9 9 0 ), p . 2 0 -2 2 . in E riy an to , ibid. p p . 2 3 9 .

C. Research Q uestion

B ased o n th e b ack g ro u n d o f th e s tu d y , th e m ain q u es tio n s o f th e resea rch a re :

1 . H o w is th e C h in ese rep resen ta tio n d escrib ed b y th e jo u rn a lis t in th e tex t o f th e

Jak a rta P o s t?

2 . H o w are th e re la tio n an d id en tities o f th e jo u rn a lis t sh o w n in th e tex to f th e

Jak a rta P o s t?

D. The Significances of the Study

T h e research w ill an a ly z e th e tex t o f T h e Jak a rta P o s t. T h en ,

th e w rite r ex p ec ts , th is re sea rch w ill b e u se fu l, esp ec ia lly fo r th e w rite r h im se lf to

stu d y ab o u t a tex t an d k n o w s m o re ab o u t so c ia l p ro b lem in In d o n es ia an d

gen e ra lly fo r b e in g refe ren c e fo r o th e r p eo p le .

E. Research M ethodology

1. M ethod of the Research

T h e m eth o d th at is u sed b y th e w rite r is C ritica l D isco u rse A n alys is (C D A ).

C ritica l D isco u rse A n alys is (C D A ) is an in terd isc ip lin a ry ap p ro ach to th e

stu d y o f d isco u rse w h ich v iew s " lan g u a g e as a fo rm o f so c ia l p rac tice" an d

fo cu ses o n th e w a ys so cia l an d p o litica l d o m in a tio n is rep ro d u c ed b y tex t an d ta lk .

C ritica l d isco u rse an a lys is is fo u n d ed o n th e id ea th a t th e re is u n e q u al ac cess to

lin gu is tic an d so c ia l

re so u rces th a t are co n tro lled in s titu tio n a lly. T h e p a tte rn s o f ac cess to d isco u rse an d

co m m u n ica tiv e ev en ts a re o n e essen tia l e lem en t fo r C D A .

2. Instrum ent of the R esearch

T h e in s tru m en t in th is re sea rch is th e w rite r h im self w ith co llec tin g , read in g

an d an alyz in g th e re lev an t d a ta w ith th e rese arch .

3. Techniques of D ata Analysis

T h e tech n iq u es o f d a ta s tu d y a re b eg u n b y co llec t in g th e m ateria l, in th is c ase

is n ew s tex ts o f T h e Jak a rta P o s t.

T h e seco n d p h ase is tex t an a lys is ap p lica tio n . T h is p h ase is d iv id ed

in to th ree lev e ls ; rep resen ta tio n , re la tio n an d id en tity . T h e d e ta ils are :

Table I

The E lem ent of Text R esearch

T h e E lem en t F o r se e in g

R ep resen ta tio n H o w th e ev en t, p eo p le , p u b lic , s itu a tio no r

an yth in g a re sh o w n an d d esc rib ed in th e tex t.R e la tio n H o w th e re la tio n b e tw e e n jo u rn a lis t, p u b lic an d

n ew s p artic ip an ts a re sh o w n an d d escrib ed

in th e tex t.

7

Id en tity H o w jo u rn a lis t’s , p u b lic’s an d n ew s

p artic ip an t’s id en tity a re sh o w n an d d esc rib ed

in th e tex t.

8

CH A PT ER II

TH E O R ET IC AL FR A M EW O RK

A. M ass M edia as Institution

R a y E . H ieb ert, in “M ass M ed ia an In tro d u c tio n to M o d ern C o m m u n ica tion ,”

ex ce rp ted b y S u rya F ah riz a l, says “T h e m ass m ed ia a re in s titu tio n

o f p u b lic co m m u n ica tio n . T h e y p a rtic ip a te in ev e ry p o litica l, eco n o m ic an d

cu ltu ra l asp ect o f o u r so c ie ty .1

O n e o f th e typ es o f m ass m ed ia is m agaz in e . T o to k D ju ro to , as ex ce rp ted b y

P riyo n o san to so , sa ys th a t m ag az in e is “co llec tio n o f n ew s ,

a rtic le , s to ry , ad v e rtisem en t, e tc , w h ich p rin ted in sh ee t o f p ap e r in le tte r o r fo lio

siz e , b an d ed in to b o o k . A m ag az in e u su a lly co m es o u t re gu larly , w eek ly o r m o n th ly .” 2

In Kamus Bahasa Indonesia is m en tio n ed th a t:

”Majalah adalah terbitan yg berisi berbagai liputan jurnalistik,pandangan topic aktual pembaca, penerbitannya dibedakan atasbulanan, tengah bulanan, mingguan, dsb, dan menurut isinya, dibedakanatas berita, wanita, remaja, olahraga, sastra, ilmu pengetahuan tertentu,dsb.”3

F ro m th e ex p lan a tio n ab o v e , th e w rite r tak es a co n c lu s io n th at m ag az in e is as

o n e o f m ass m ed ia w h ic h co m e o u t reg u la rly w ith a co v e r p ap er, u s in g p h o to

an d

1 S u ry a F ach r iza l, “W a can a S e ku la r is m e , P lu ra lis m e , d an L ib e ra lis m e (S P L ) P ad a P em b er i taan L K B NA n ta ra d an K o ran T e m p o M en g en a i H u k u m C a m b u k d i A c eh d an F a tw a M U I T en tan g S P L d anA h m ad iy a h ,” S k rip si, (J ak a r ta : In s titu t I lm u S o s ia l d an Ilm u P o litik , 2 0 0 6 ), p ..2 1 . u .p .

2 P riy o n o S a n to sa , “Ju rn a lis m e S as tra M B M T e m p o seb ag a i P rak tik E s te tik d an P o litik B a h asa M e d iap ad a P em b er itaan K a su s D u g aan K o ru p s i y an g M e lib a tk an P e jab a t N eg ara K ab in e tIn d o n esiaB ersa tu ,” sk r ip s i, (J ak a r ta : In s titu t Ilm u S o sia l d an I lm u P o litik , 2 0 0 6 ) , p .2 6 . u .p .

3 T im P en y u su n K a m u s P usa t B ah asa , Kamus Bahasa Indonesia , (J ak a r ta : P usa t B ah asa , 2 0 0 8 ), p . 9 6 9

illu s tra tio n an d co n sis t o f jo u rn a lis tic rep o rt, ac tu a l to p ic w h ich h as to b e k n o w n b y

th e read e r (p u b lic ).

B. New s and O bjectivity

K u rn iaw an Ju n aed i ex p la in s th a t n ew s is “rep o rt / an n o u n cem en t ab o u t e v en t

w h ich h ap p en o r gen e ra l s itu a tio n an d ac tu a l w h ic h is p resen ted b y jo u rn a lis t th ro u gh

m ass m ed ia .” 4

D jafa r H . A sseg a f d e fin es n ew s as “ rep o rt ab o u t a fa c t o r id ea ab o u tm ass ,

w h ich is ch o sen b y red u c tio n s taff fo r d is trib u tin g w h ich can in te rest read er, e ith e r it

is w o n d erfu l o r co v e r h u m an in teres t fo r in s ta n ce , h u m o r, em o tio n an d

stra in ed s itu a tio n .” 5

In an o th e r h an d , H o eta S o eh o e t d efin es n ew s b eco m e th ree , asP riy o n o

S an to so ex cerp ted , as fo llo w s:6

a) Berita adalah keterangan mengenai peristiwa atau isi pernyataan manusiab) Berita bagi seseorang adalah keterangan mengenai peristiwa atau isi

pernyataan manusia yang perlu baginya untuk mewujudkan filsafathidupnya

c) Berita bagi suatu surat kabar adalah keterangan mengenai peristiwa atau isipernyataan yang perlu bagi pembacanya untuk mewujudkan filsafat hidupnya

M o reo v er, H o e ta S o eh o et te lls th a t th e m ain p re req u is ites w h ich h av e to b e

fu lfilled b y a n ew s tex t is th e tru th , an d u se fu l fo r so c ie ty . T h e tru e

p rereq u is ite s

4 K u rn ia w an J u n ae d h ie , Ensiklopedi Pers Indonesia, (J ak a r ta : G ra m e d ia P u sta k a U ta m a , 1 9 9 1 ), p .2 65 D jafa r H . A sseg a f , Jurnalistik Masa Kini: Pengantar ke Praktek Kewartawanan , ( J ak a r ta : G h a lia

In d o n esia , 1 9 8 3 ) , p ..2 46 P riy o n o S a n to so , Op. .Cit. p . 3 1

p o in ts to th e fac t w h ich is o b jec tiv e th a t th e n ew s ev en t is rea lly h ap p en an d fac t, n o t

m o re an d n o t le ss , n o t in th e sam e m an n e r as jo u rn alis t w an t. L ik e o r d is lik e , rep o rter

m u st arran g e th e n ew s te x t ab o u t th e ev en t as in th e sam e m an n e r as th e fa c t.

B ased o n th e ex p lan a tio n ab o v e, th e re is ap p o s ite m ean in g in it. In o n e s id e ,

th e n ew s h as to b e w ritte n in th e sam e m an n er as fac t, b u t in an o th e r s id e th ere is an

effo rt to en clo se th e life p h ilo so p h y (id eo lo g y) in th e n ew s w h ich w ill b e d istrib u ted .

If m ass m ed ia w an ts to e n c lo se th e id eo lo g y, so it is im p o ssib le to d e liv e r th e

n ew s o b jec tiv e ly . W h en th e n e w s is w ritten s in ce th e jo u rn a lis t so u g h t,

w ro te , an d ch o se an d p lac em en t n ew s w h ich is d o n e b y th e red u c tio n

staff , au to m atica lly , re fo rm a tio n o f th e rea lity th ro u gh m ed ia d iscu rs iv e

p rac tice o n th e n ew s w ill b e d is trib u ted .

In th e te rm o f it, m ass m ed ia cap ita liz e in p ro d u c in g p re ju d ice , b e cau se

th e ev en t is n o t rep o rted o n th e sam e as th e rea lity o r o n p art o f th e ev en t. It can b e

sa id th a t m ed ia a re an ag en t th a t d efin e th e rea lity w h ich is in h id d en im p o rtan ce . 7

B ecau se o f th e id eo lo g y fro m th e m ass m ed ia itse lf , it cau ses th en e w s

b eco m e n o t o b jec tiv e . H en ce , fo r g iv in g m o re ex p lan a tio n , th e w rite r is g o in g to lo o k u p

in critica l p a ra d ig m .

7 A g u s S u d ib y o , e t a l., Kabar-kabar Kebencian , (J ak a r ta : In s titu te S tu d y A ru s In fo rm as i, 2 0 0 1 ) .P refac e p ag e .

1 1

C. The C oncept of Text and Inter-Textual

1. The Concept of Text

T ex t, acco rd in g to B a rth e s, is “an o b jec t o f p le asu re” .8 T h e p leasu re in read in g

o f tex t is th e p leasu re w h en fo llo w th e o b je c t p ag e b y p ag e , w h ich is

read . T h e read e rs th em selv es o n ly fee l th e p le asu re , w h ich is c rea ted . T h e read e r

p leasu re h as th e q u a lity ch a rac teris tic o f in d iv id u al. T h e in d iv id u a l p leasu re as th o u g h

fo u n d th e read e r’s w o rld , w h ich can b e im ag in ed free ly 9 . T h e im ag in a tio n s

co n s titu te an

en e rg y , w h ich rise s fro m h u m an , w h ich h as ch ara c te ris tic p erso n a l.1 0

F u rth e rm o re , B arth es sa y s th a t, th e p leasu re , n o t o n ly re la ted to lan gu ag e , b u t

a lso re la ted to b o d y . In The Pleasure of the text, B arth es sh o w s th a t th e

p leasu re co n cep t is re la ted to sem io tic ac tiv itie s an d tex tu a l an alys is .1 1

In o th e r h an d , acco rd in g to R ico eu r, tex t is d isco u rse 1 2 (it m ean s p ro n o u n ce)

w h ich is b ro u g h t in to w ritin g fo rm .1 3 T h ere fo re , it is c lea r th a t tex t is “ th e fix a tio n o r

8 T h e p leasu re o f read in g is d e sc r ib ed b y B arth es 1 9 7 5 , ( in K u rn ia w an 2 0 0 1 : 1 0 2 ) as: “W h at I en jo y insto ry , it’s n o t d irec tly its co n ten t, n o r ev en its s tru c tu re , b u t th e ab ra s io n I im p o se o nth e fin e su rfac e : I sp eed a h ead , I sk ip , I lo o k u p , I d ip in ag a in . A lex S o b u r , AnalisisTeks Media: Suatu Pengantar Untuk Analisis Wacana, Analisis Semiotik, dan Analisis Framing ,(B an d u n g : P T . R e m aja R o sd ak ary a , 2 0 0 4 ) , p . 5 2 .

9 K u rn ia w a n , Semiologi Roland Barthers, (Y o g y ak ar ta : Y ay a san In d o n e s ia T era , 2 0 0 1 ) , P . 2 0 2 .10 H . T ed jo w o ro , Imajinasi dan Imajinasi, Suatu Telaah Filsafat Postmodern, (Y o g y a k ar ta : K an is iu s,

2 0 0 1 ), P . 5 911 A le x S o b u r, loc. Cit.12 In lin g u is tic stu d y , d isco u rse sh o w s th e u n ity o f la n gu a g e , w h ich g e n era lly b ig g er th an

sen te n ce , e ith e r d e liv e r in g in sp o k en o r w ritten . D isco u rse is th e c o m p a tib le sen te n ceco m b in a tio n , w h ic hco n n ec t to o n e p ro p o s itio n to an o th e r p ro p o s itio n ; o n e se n te n ce to an o th e r se n te n ce , w h ic h m ak e o n eun ity . T h e m ea n in g o f o n e se n ten ce is re la ted to an o th e r se n ten ce an d is n o t in te rp re ted s en ten ce b ysen te n ce . T h e un ity o f lan g u a g e ca n b e lo n g o r sh o rt. A s a te x t, d isco u r se is n o t th es eq u en ce o f sen te n ce , w h ich d o es n o t h a v e b o n d each o th e r , n o t se n ten ces , w h ic h is co m b in eda lo n e . D isco u rse s tu d y in lin g u is tic co n s titu te a rea c tio n to lin g u is tic stu d y , w h ich o n ly resea rchlan g u ag e a sp e c t fro mw o rd o r sen ten c e . T h e w o rd s o r th e sen te n ce s a re s tu d ie d in d ep en d en tly , n o t re la ted toan o th e r

in s titu tio n a liza tio n an ev en t o f sp o k en d isco u rse in to w ritin g fo rm ” (H id a ya t, 1 9 9 6 :

1 2 9 -1 3 0 ).1 4

In th e d e fin itio n ab o v e, im p lic itly , sh o w s ab o u t th e re la tio n b e tw e en w rit in g

an d tex t. If th e w ritin g is lan gu a g e w h ich p o u red o u t in to w ritin g fo rm , tex t is sp o k en

d isco u rse w h ich p o u red o u t in to tex t fo rm .

H a llid ay an d H asan (1 9 8 5 ) d e fin e ‘ tex t’ as “ lan g u ag e th a t is fu n c tio n a l… th a t

is d o in g so m e jo b s in so m e co n tex t as o p p o sed to iso la ted w o rd s o r sen ten ces .” 1 5

A tex t is n o t ju st a s trin g o f sen ten ce . In an o th e r w o rd , it is n o t s im p ly a larg e

gram m atica l u n it, so m e th in g o f th e sam e k in d as sen ten ce b u t d ifferin g fro m its size .

A tex t is n o t a s a g ram m atica l u n it a t a ll, b u t ra th e r as a u n it o f

d iffe ren t k in d : a sem an tic u n it. T h e u n ity th a t is h ad is a u n ity o f m ean in g in

co n tex t, a tex tu re th a t ex p ress th e fac t th a t it co n n ec ts as w h o le .1 6

B ein g a sem an tic u n it, a tex t is rea liz ed in th e fo rm o f sen ten ce , an d th is h o w

th e re la tio n o f tex t to sen ten ce c an b es t in te rp re te d . A set o f re la ted sen ten ces , w ith a

sin g le sen ten ce o r ev en a w o rd as lim itin g case , is th e em b o d im en t o r re a liz a tio n o f

tex t.

sen te n ces . H ere , th e stu d y is o n ly p u t o n p h ra se o r sen ten c e , n o t re la ted to th e re la tio n sen ten ce b ysen te n ce as o n e u n ity . E r iy an to , Analisis Wacana: PengantarAnalisis Teks Media,(Y o g y a k ar ta : L K iS , 2 0 0 3 ) . p . 3 -4 .

13 N in u k K led e n -P ro b o n eg o ro , Pengalihan Wacana: Lisan ke Tulisan dan Teks, d a lamP u d en tia

M P S S (ed .) , Metodologi Kajian Tradisi Lisan, (J ak a r ta : Y a y asan O b o r In d o n es ia , 1 9 9 8 ) , p . 1 914 A le x S o b u r, ibid. p . 5 3 .15 T erry L o ck e , Continum Research Method Critical Discourse Analysis, (L o n d o n -N e w Y o rk :

C o n tin u u m In te rn a tio n a l P u b lish in g G ro u p , 2 0 0 4 ), p . 1 4 .16 M .A .K . H a llid a y an d H asa n , Cohesion in English , 1 st ed ., (L o n d o n : L o n g m a n G ro u p L im ited , 1 9 7 6 ) ,p . 2 .

1 3

A lth o u g h th e co n cep t o f th e tex t ex act en o u gh , an d can b e ad eq u ate lyan d

ex p lic itly d e fin ed , th e d efin itio n w ill n o t p ro v id e u s w ith au to m atic

crite ria fo r reco g n iz in g in a ll sen ten ces w h at is a tex t an d w h at is n o t. In a ll k in d

o f lin g u is tic co n tex t, fro m th e m o st fo rm a l to th e m o st in fo rm a l, w e co n s tan tly

h av e to d o w ith fo rm s o f in te rac tio n , w h ich lie o n th e b o rd erlin e b etw een

tex tu al co n tin u ity an d d isco n tin u ity . H o w ev er, th e ex is ten ce o f in d ete rm in a te

in s tan ces o f k in d d o es n o t d es tro y th e u se fu ln ess o f th e g en e ra l n o tio n o f th e

tex t a s th e b as ic sem an tic u n it o f lin g u is tic in te rac tio n .1 7

2 . The C oncept of Inter-textual

O n e o f th e im p o rtan t id eas o f F a irc lo u gh is ab o u t in te r-tex tu a l,1 8

w h ich is d ev e lo p ed b y Ju lia K ris tev a an d M ich ael B ack tin . In te r-tex tu a l is a term ,

w h ich tex t an d id io m are m ad e b y tex t, w h ich co m es b e fo re , p e rce iv es each o th e r an d

o n e o f th e p art o f tex t an tic ip a te to an o th e r.

In u n d e rs tan d in g o f B ac h tin , a s fa irc lo u gh s ta ted , a ll id io m s, e ith e r w ritten o r

sp o k en , fro m a ll o f k in d s o f tex t, su ch as sc ien ce rep o rt, n o v e l, an d n e w s are d iffered

b y th e ch an g in g o f th e sp eak e r (o r w rite r) an d p o in ted b y th e sp e ak e r o r w rite r b e fo re

(e ith e r sc ien ce rep o rt o r n o v e l).1 9

17 Ibid. p . 2 9 5 .18 In te r- tex tu a l is a so u rce w h ere can b e fo u n d a m b iv a len ce in th e te x t. If th e m ain te x t is d e te rm in ed

o r b ased o n th e o th e r te x t, w h ich co m e b e fo re an d tak e in to co m b in a tio n , th e e le m e n t o f m a in tex t c anb e co m e n o t c le a r w h ic h p lac e d in th e re la tio n w ith in te r- tex tu a l n e tw o rk , a n d th e m e an in g canb e am b iv a le n ce . O p . C it. p . 3 0 6

19 ibid. p. 305-306

1 4

T h e co n cep t o f in te r-tex tu a l re la tes to w a ys in w h ich tex ts are re ferred to o th e r

tex ts b y v irtu e o f s to ries (o r d isco u rse ) em b ed d ed in th em . M o reo v e r, tex ts can re fe r

fo rw ard o r b a ck w a rd .2 0

T h e p ro b lem o f in te r-tex tu a l in n ew s can b e d e tec ted fro m ex ce rp tin g

n ew s so u rce in n ew s . A cco rd in g to F a irc lo u gh , an o p in io n fro m th e n ew s

so u rce , w h ich w ill b e n ew s , can b e sh o w ed in d irec t d isco u rse o r in d irec t d isco u rse .2 1

W e are g o in g to fin d an e x am p le as fo llo w s:

D irec tA m ien R a is: “F ro m n o w , G u s D u r m u st s to psp eak in g

ab o u t p o litic”In d irec t A m ien R ais p ro c la im to G u s D u r to s to p sp eak in g p o litic .

In d irec tA m ien R a is b e g in b ra v in g to fo rb id G u s D u rsp eak

p o litic .

T h e ch o ice ex cerp tin g b e tw een d irec t an d in d irec t, is n o t th ep ro b lem o f

jo u rn a lis tic tech n iq u e o n ly, b u t in fac t, w h ich th e ch o ice is tak en ,

d escrib e th e d isco u rse s tra teg y, h o w th e jo u rn a lis ts p lace th em se lv es in th e cen tre o f

m an y v o ices w h ich is in o u ts id e o f th em se lv es .

In th e d ire c t ex ce rp tin g , s ign ed b y th e u s in g o f ap o s tro p h e to sh o w th at th e

p art in ap o s tro p h e is sp o k en b y A m ien R a is d irec tly . H ere , th e v o ic e o f

so m eb o d y

(A m ien R a is ) ex p lic itly is sh o w ed as h e sa id th ro u g h ex cerp tin g . O n th e o th e r h an d ,

20 T erry L o ck e , Op. Cit. p . 9 .21 E riy a n to , Op. Cit. p p . 3 0 6 -3 0 7 .

in th e in d irec t ex cerp ting , th e v o ice o f so m eb o d y (A m ien R a is ) is v o icedth ro u g h

m o u th an d v o ice o f jo u rn a lis t, b as ica lly , A m ien R a is d o es n o t sp e ak as h im se lf. It is

s ign ed , fo r ex am p le , th e u s in g o f w o rd as “ sa y , p ro c la im , req u ire , e tc .” a ltern a tiv e ly ,

u s in g ad v e rb “ th a t” w h ich asse rt th a t th e jo u rn a lis t w h o ex ten d w h at is

v o iced b y n ew s so u rce .

T h e a lte ra tio n fro m d irec t ex cerp tin g in to in d ire c t ex ce rp tin g a lso cau se

th e a ltera tio n o f sem an tic , b ecau se h av e to ad ju s t th e sen ten ce p a tte rn in

th e in d irec t ex cerp tin g .

T h e u s in g o f w o rd , as “n o w o r in th is m o m en t” w h ich d esc rib es

th e rea l o p in io n fro m th e n ew s so u rce w h en h e sa ys h is /h e r w o rd s, h as to b e

ch an g ed in to in d irec t ex cerp tin g .

In te rtex tu a lity , gen e ra lly , can b e d iv id ed in to tw o p arts ; m an ifest

in tertex tu a lity an d m an ifest in terd iscu rs iv ity .2 2

M anifest Inter-textuality: it is in tertex tu a lity fo rm w h ere an o th e r tex t

o r an o th e r v o ice is ap p ea rin g ex p lic itly in th e tex t.

Discourse Representation: it is u sed fo r sh o w in g a te rm h o w th e ev en t is

rep o rted . W h y th e jo u rn a lis t ch o se o n e typ e rep o rt o r c erta in d isco u rse , co m p a red to

an o th er; w h a t

is sh o w ed n o t o n ly sp o k e n b u t a lso w ritten an d n o t o n ly s tru c tu re im a g e b u t a lso ce rta in

d isco u rse typ e .

Presupposition: it is p ro p o s itio n w h ich is accep ted b y th e tex t m ak er th a t isread y

22 Ib id . p . 3 1 1 -3 1 5

p laced as so m eth in g th a t b eh e ld tru ly an d p lace d in th e tex t o rg an iza tio n in aw h o le

m an n er.Negation: th e leg a tio n se n ten ce is o ften u sed fo r p o lem ic p u rp o se .

Irony: gen era lly , iro n y is term w h ich is u sed fo r d esc rib in g th a t w h at is to ld is n o t w h a t

w an ts to b e to ld . It is o n ly fo r teas in g o r h u m o r, e tc .

M etadiscourse: it is th e fo rm fro m m an ife st in te rtec tu a lity w h ere th e tex t m ak er g iv es

th e d iffe ren t lev el in to th e tex t w h ich sh e /h e h av e an d m ak e d is tan c e fo r h er/h im se lf

w ith an o th e r tex t lev e l.

M anifest Interdiscursivity: th e o th e r tex t u n de rla y e lem en t co n figu ra tio n

w h ich is d iffe ren t fro m o rd e r o f d isco u rse .

G enre: it is p art o f co n v en tio n w h ich is re la ted to ac tio n .

Activity T ype: it is a ce rta in g en re w h ich is re la ted to co m p o s itio n

ce rta in s tru c tu re .

Style: a g en re w h ich is re la ted to ce rta in s tyle , it h assev e ra l

a lte rn a tiv es th ro u g h w h ere is d is trib u ted .Discourse: sh o w o n tex t d im en s io n w h ich is g en era lly d e fin ed as

co n ten t, id ea , th em e, to p ic an d e tc .

1 7

D. D iscourse

D isco u rse (L . discursus , "ru n n in g to an d fro m ") m ean s e ith e r

"w ritten o r sp o k en co m m u n ica tio n o r d eb a te" o r "a fo rm a l d iscu ss io n o r d eb a te ." 2 3

T h e term is o ften u sed in sem an tics an d d isco u rse an alys is .

In sem an tic s , d isco u rses are lin g u is tic u n its co m p o sed o f sev e ra l sen ten ces ; in

o th e r w o rd s , co n v e rsa tio n s , arg u m en ts , o r sp ee ch es . In d isco u rse an a lys is ,

w h ich cam e to p ro m in en c e in th e la te 1 9 6 0 s , th e w o rd "d isco u rse " is

sh o r th an d fo r

"d iscu rs iv e fo rm a tio n ," w h ich is w h a t M ich e l F o u cau lt ca lled co m m u n ica tio n

th at in v o lv es sp ec ia liz ed k n o w led g e o f v a rio u s k in d s. It is in th is sen se th a t th e

w o rd is m o st o ften u sed in acad e m ic s tu d ies .

S tu d ies o f d isco u rse h av e b een ca rried o u t w ith in a v arie ty o f trad itio n s th a t

in v es tig a te th e re la tio n s b e tw een lan gu ag e , s tru c tu re an d a gen c y , in c lu d in g fem in is t

s tu d ies , an th ro p o lo g y , e th n o g rap h y, cu ltu ra l s tu d ies , lite rary th eo ry an d th e h is to ry o f

id eas . W ith in th ese fie ld s , th e n o tio n o f "d isco u rse" is itse lf su b jec t to

d isco u rse , w h ich is , d eb a ted o n th e b as is o f sp ec ia liz ed k n o w led g e . D isco u rse c an b e

o b serv ed

in th e u se o f sp o k en , w ritten an d s ig n ed lan gu ag e an d m u ltim o d a l/m u ltim ed ia fo rm s

o f co m m u n ica tio n , an d is n o t fo u n d o n ly in "n o n -f ic tio n a l" o r v e rb a l m a te ria ls .

In th e so c ia l sc ien ces (fo llo w in g th e w o rk o f M ic h el F o u c au lt) , a d isco u rse is

co n s id ered to b e an in s titu tio n a liz ed w a y o f th in k in g , a so c ia l b o u n d ary d e f in in g w h at

2 3 C o m p ac t O xfo rd D ic tio n a ry , Thesaurus and Wordpower Guide, (N ew Y o rk : O x fo rd U n iv e rs ityP ress, , 2 0 0 1 ).

can b e sa id ab o u t a sp ecific to p ic , o r, a s Ju d ith B u tle r p u ts it, " th e lim its o f acc ep tab le

sp eech "— o r p o ssib le tru th . D isco u rses are seen to affec t o u r v iew s o n a ll th in g s; it is

n o t p o ss ib le to escap e d isco u rse . F o r ex am p le , tw o n o tab ly d is tin c t d isco u rses can b e

u sed ab o u t v ario u s g u e rr illa m o v em en ts d escrib in g th em eith e r as "freed o m fig h te rs"

o r " te rro ris ts ." In o th e r w o rd s , th e ch o sen d isco u rse d e liv ers th e

v o cab u la ry , ex p ress io n s an d p erh ap s a lso th e s ty le n eed ed to co m m u n ica te .

D isco u rse is c lo se ly lin k ed to d ifferen t th eo ries o f p o w er an d s ta te , a t leas t as lo n g as

d e fin in g d isco u rses

is seen to m ean d efin in g rea lity itse lf .2 4

T ab le b e lo w w ill ex p la in en o u gh ab o u t th e d efin itio n o f d isco u rse .2 5

Table II

Defin ition of D iscourse

Wacana: 1. Komunikasi verbal, ucapan, percakapan; 2. sebuahperlakuan formal dari subjek dalam ucapan atau tulisan; 3. sebuahunit teks yang digunakan oleh linguis untuk menganalisa satuan lebih darikalimat(Collins Concise English Dictionary, 1988)Wacana: 1. sebuah percakapan khusus yang alamiah formal danpengungkapan diatur dalam ide dalam ucapan dan tulisan; 2. pengungkapandalam bentuk sebuah nasihat, risalah, dan sebagainya; sebuah unityang dihubungkan ucapan atau tulisan.(Longman Dictionary of the English Language, 1984)Wacana: 1. rentetan kalimat yang berkaitan, yang menghubungkan proposisiyang satu dengan proposisi yang lainnya, membentuk satukesatuan, sehingga terbentuklah makna yang serasi di antara kalimat-kalimat itu; 2. kesatuan bahasa yang terlengkap dan tertinggi atau terbesardi atas kalimat atau klausa dengan koherensi dan

kohesi yang tinggi yang

2 4Discourse, h ttp ://e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w ik i/D isco u rse . A cc e sse d o n O cto b e r 2 9 , 2 0 0 8

25 E riy a n to , Op. Cit. p . 2

berkesinambungan, yang mampu mempunyai awal dan akhir yangnyata, disampaikan secara lisan atau tertulis.(J.S. Badudu 2000)Analsis wacana memfokuskan pada struktur yang secara alamiahterdapat pada bahasa lisan, sebagaimana banyak terdapat dalamwacana seperti percakapan, wawancara, komentar, dan ucapan-ucapan.(Crystal 1987)Wacana adalah komunikasi kebahasaan yang terlihat sebagaisebuah pertukaran di antara pembicaraan dan pendengar, sebagai sebuahaktivitas personal di mana ditentukan oleh tujuan sosialnya.(Hawthorn 1992)Wacana adalah komunikasi lisan atau tulisan yang dilihat dari titik pandangkepercayaan, nilai, dan kategori yang masuk di dalamnya; kepercayaan disini mewakili pandangan dunia; sebuah organisasi atau representasidari pengalaman.(Roger Fowler 1977)Wacana: kadang kala sebagai bidang dari semua pernyataan(statement), kadang kala sebagai sebuah individualisasi kelompokpernyataan, dan kadanng kala sebagai praktik regulatif yangdilihat dari sejumlah pernyataan.(Foucault 1972)

T h e im p o rtan t p o in t h ere is th a t fo r c ritica l d isco u rse an a lys ts su ch asv an

D ijk an d F a irc lo u g h , d isco u rse is lin k ed to p o w er an d so c ia l in te re sts . F ro m

su ch re la tio n sh ip s , th e re em erg e d iffe ren t p ersp ec tiv es o n th e w o rld . A s F a irc lo u gh

w rite s:

“I see discourses as ways of representing aspects of the world– the processes, relations and structures of the material world, the ‘mentalworld’of thoughts, feelings, beliefs and so forth and, the social world …different discourses are different perspectives on the world, and theyare associated with the different relations people have to the world” .26

F a irc lo u gh an d v an D ijk are p articu la rly co n ce rn e d w ith id eo lo g ica l effec ts o f

d isco u rse . A s F a irc lo u gh n o tes:

2 6 “ M ed ia G ro u p M eth o d s an d th e D isco u rse A n a ly s is o f N o rm a n F a irc lo u g h an d T eu n v an D ijk : aco m p ar iso n o f ap p ro ac h es .” A lso ap p e are d as : P h ilo , G . ‘C an D isco u rse A n a ly s isS u cc ess fu lly ex p la in th e C o n te n t o f M ed ia an d J o u rn a lis tic P rac tic e ’ in Journalism Studies ,V o l 8 N u m b er 2 . A cce ssed o n N o v e m b er 2 9 , 2 0 0 8 . w w w .sc rib d .co m . P . 2

“One of the causal effects of texts which have been of majorconcern forcritical discourse analysis is ideological affects … ideologies arerepresentations of aspects of the world which can be shown to contribute toestablishing, maintaining and changing social relations of power, dominationand exploitation” .27

In h is recen t w o rk o n tex tu al an a lys is , F airc lo u g h w rite s o n id eo lo g y in te rm s

w h ich h av e so m e reso n an ce w ith th is :

“A particular discourse includes assumptions about what there is, what is thecase, what is possible, what is necessary, what will be the case, and so forth.In some instances, one might argue that such assumptions, and indeedthe discourses they are associated with, are ideological” .28

In illu s tra tin g w h at is seen to b e ‘n ecessa ry ’ , F a irc lo u gh tak es th e ex am p le o f

g lo b al eco n o m ic ch an g e. H e n o tes th a t th is m a y b e p resen ted as an in ev itab le p ro cess ,

w ith o u t h u m an ag en c y a n d co m m en ts o n a tex t pu b lish ed b y th e E u ro p ean U n io n :

“It is similar to many other contemporary texts in representingglobal economic change as a process without human agents … aprocess in a general and ill-defined present and without a history(it is just what ‘is’) which is universal (or, precisely, ‘global’) in terms ofplace, and an inevitable process which must be responded to inparticular ways – an ‘is’ which imposes an ‘ought’, or rather a‘must’” .29

Id eo lo g y an d th e m an n er in w h ich so m e p ersp ec tiv es a re

leg itim iz ed an d ach iev e d o m in an ce rem a in s a cen tra l issu e in tex tu al an alys is .

T h e m eth o d s , w h ich a re em p lo yed , are th e fo c u s o f th e n ex t sec tio n .

27 ib id . p . 228 ib id . p . 429 ib id p . 4

1. Critical Paradigm

C ritica l p arad ig m is b ased o n th o u gh o f F ran k fu rt sch o o l. W h en

F ran k fu rt sch o o l g rew , in G e rm an , th ere w as H itle r’s p ro p ag an d a in la rg e

sc a le . M ed ia w ere fu ll o f p re ju d ice , rh e to ric an d p ro p ag an d a .

M ed ia b e cam e go v ern m e n t in s tru m en t to co n tro l p u b lic , to in sp ire w ar sp irit .

In fac t, m ed ia are n o t n eu tra l en titie s , b u t m ed ia are g o tten o f b es t o f

d o m in an t g ro u p .3 0 S o , s ta rtin g fro m F ran k fu rt sch o o l w h ere b o rn

d iffe ren t th o u g h t, aro se a sc ien ce w h ich w as k n o w n as critica l p a rad ig m .

A cco rd in g to c ritica l p a rad ig m v iew s, m ed ia are n o t a ch an n e l, w h ich a re free

an d n eu tra l. P rec ise ly , m ed ia a re o w n ed b y a g ro u p an d u sed fo r d o m in a tin g an o th e r

gro u p , w h ich is n o t d o m in an t. C ritica l p a rad ig m argu es ; se e th e co m m u n ica tio n an d

th e p ro cess , w h ich h ap p en s in s id e , sh o u ld in h o lis tic v iew , o v o id th e so c ia l co n tex t

th a t w ill p ro d u ce se rio u s d is to rtio n .3 1

C ritica l p arad ig m h as a b ig a tten tio n a t ex p o su re asp ec ts , w h ich ish id d en

in s id e o f v irtu a l rea lity fo r b e in g co n d u c ted critiq u e an d tran sfo rm a tio n th ro u gh so c ia l

s tru c tu re .3 2 T h at is w h y; th e an a lys is o f co n cen tra tio n in c ritica l p a rad ig m

is fo r fin d in g th e d o m in an t p o w er in m arg in a lizes an o th e r gro u p , w h ich is n o t

d o m in an t.3 3

30 E v ere tt M . R o g er, A History of Communication Study: A Biographical Approach , (N ew Y o rk : T h eF ree P ress , 1 9 9 4 ), p . 1 2 1 -1 2 2 in E r iy a n to , Op. Cit. p p . 2 3 .

31 E riy a n to , ibid., p . 4 632 C ritica l P a rad ig m is o n e o f th e re sea rc h p arad ig m s. E v er y p arad ig m prin c ip a lly h a s its o w n a lo o k

ab o u t th e re a lity , w h ich rese a rch e d . C ritic a l P a rad ig m se es v ir tu a l rea lity , in th is cas eis m ed ia rea lity , is “ap p a ren t” re a lity , w h ic h c rea ted b y h isto ric a l p ro cess an d so c ia l – cu ltu re an dec o n o m ic – p o litic p o w ers. S o , acc o rd in g to th is p a rad ig m , th e n e w s o f th e m ed ia in c lu d eth e o b je c t o f th is re sea rch , is th e rea lity , w h ich o b se rv ed as th e jo u rn a lis t co n s tru c tio n , w h ic h isin flu en c ed b y m ed iah is to r ica l m ed ia fac to r w h ere th e jo u rn a lis t w o rk an d o th e r p o w er. T h en , to k n o w m o re ab o u t k in d o f

E p is tem o lo g ica lly , c ritic a l p a rad ig m sees th e re la tio n b e tw een th e resea rch e r

an d th e rea lity , w h ich is , re search ed a lw a y s b rid ged b y th ece rta in v a lu e

(tran sac tio n a lis t/ su b jec tiv is t) . F o r u n d erstan d in g th e resea rch e r, rea lity m u st u se th e

ac to r p ersp ectiv e (m ak er) rea lity (n e w s). T h e rea lity m u st b e u n d ers to o d as

rea lity w h ich is m ed ia ted b y v alu es (v a lu e m ed ia ted fin d in gs) b e tw een th e ‘su b jec t’

an d th e tru ly rea lity .3 4

F u rth e rm o re , th e w rite rs w ill ex p la in o n e b y o n e th e ch a rac te ris tic o ftex t

re sea rch b y u s in g th is p a rad ig m .3 5

Table III

The Characteristic of T ext Reseach

Tujuan Penelitian Kritik social, transformasi,emansipasi,dan penguatan sosial.

Realitas

Historical realism: realitas yangteramati merupakan realitas semuyang telah terbentuk oleh prosessejarah dan kekuatan social, budaya,dan ekonomi po litik.

Posisi penelitia . Peneliti menempatkan diri

sebagai aktivis, advokat dantransformative intellectual.

co m m u n ica tio n resea rch p ara d ig m , read H id a y a t, D ed i N , Paradigma dan Perkembangan PenelitianKomunikasi, d a la m J o u rn a l IS K I V o l. II I /A p r il 1 9 9 9 , h lm .3 2 -4 3 . S ee a lso G u b a , E g o nG an d L in co ln , Y v o n n a S , Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research ,in D en z in ,N o rm an K , a n d Y v o n n e S L in co ln , (ed .,_ H an d b o o k o f Qualitative Research (L o n d o n : S ag eP u b lica tio n , 1 9 9 4 ) ,p .1 0 5 -1 1 6 . Ib n u H a m ad , Konstruksi Realitas Politik dalam Media Massa: Sebuah StudiCriticalDiscourse Analysis terhadap Berita-berita Politik, (J ak a r ta : G ran it, 2 0 0 4 ), p . 3 8 .

33 S ee T h o m a s S . P o p k e w itz , “W h o se F u tu re? W h o se P as t? : N o tes o n C rit ica lT h eo ry a n d

M eth o d o lo g y :, in E g o n G . G u b a (ed .) , T h e P arad ig m D ia lo g , N e w b u ry P ark , S a g eP u b lica tio n ,1 9 9 0 , p . 4 8 -4 9 . in E r iy a n to , Op. Cit, p . 4 9 .

34 Ib n u H a m a d , Op. Cit, p p . 4 3 .3 5

Source : Adaptation from Dedy N. Hidayat, “Paradigma dan PerkembanganPenelitian

Komunikasi,” Jurnal Ikatan Sarjana Komunikasi Indonesia, Vol. III, April, 1999, p. 39-40.

E riy a n to , Op. Cit. p p . 5 0 -5 1

2 3

b . Nilai, etika, pilihan moralbahkankeberpihakan menjadibagian yang tidakterpisahkan dati analisis.

Cara penelitian

a. SubjektifTitik perhatian analisis padapenafsiran subjektif peneliti atas teks.

b. PartisipatifMengutamakan analisis komprehensifkontekstual, dan multilevel analisis yangbisa dilakukan melalui penempatandiri sebagai aktivis/partisipan dalamproses transformasi social.

c. Kriteria kualitas penelitian:Historical situadness: sejauh manapenelitian memperhatikan kontekshistories, social, budaya, ekonomi,dan politik dari teks berita.

T h e tab le ab o v e ex p la in s h o w th e ch arac te ris tic o f tex t resea rch fro m critica l

v iew . F u rth erm o re , th e p arad ig m g az e th at so c ia l life re a lity is n o t n eu tra l rea lity , b u t

in flu en ced b y e co n o m y, p o litic , so c ia l p o w er.

2. Norm an Fairclough Discourse T heory

O n e o f th e fo u n d ers o f C ritica l D isco u rse A n a lysis (C D A ),N o rm an

F a irc lo u gh , h as d esc rib e d it a s a im in g :

“To systematically explore often opaque relationships ofcausality and determination between (a) discursive practices, eventsand texts, and (b) wider social and cultural structures, relationsand processes to investigate how much practices, events, and textsarise out of and are ideologically shaped by relation of power andstruggles over power” .36

36 T erry L o ck e , Op. Cit. p .1

D isco u rse an a lys is in C ritica l D isco u rse A n a lys is (C D A ) 3 7 m ean sth e

resea rch e r an a lyz e at th e lev e l o f tex t, h is to ry an d th e co n tex t o f th e d isc o u rse . T h e

resea rch o f d isco u rse is n o t o n ly co n d u c ted a t th e lev e l o f tex t b u t a lso co n tin u ed at

th e fac to rs w h ich in flu en t th e tex t.

F a irc lo u gh (1 9 8 9 ) se ts o u t th e so c ia l th eo ries u nd erp in n in g C D A an d

as in o th e r ea rly c ritica l lin g u is tic w o rk a v arie ty o f tex tu a l ex am p les a re

an alyzed to illu stra te th e fie ld , its a im an d m eth o d o f an a lys is . L a te r F airc lo u g h

(1 9 9 2 , 1 9 9 5 ) an d C h o u lia rik i an d F airc lo u g h (1 9 9 9 ) ex p la in ed an d elab o ra te

so m e ad v an ces in C D A sh o w in g n o t o n ly h o w th e an a ly tic a l fram e w o rk fo r

in v es tig a tin g lan g u ag e in re la tion

to p o w er an d id eo lo g y d ev e lo p ed b u t a lso h o w C D A is u se fu l fo r

d is c lo s in g th e d iscu rsiv e n atu re o f m u c h co n tem p o ra ry so c ia l an d cu ltu ra l ch an g e .3 8

P articu larly th e lan gu ag e o f th e m ass m ed ia is sc ru tin iz ed as a s id e o f p o w er,

o f s tru g g le an d as a s ite w h ere lan g u ag e is ap p a ren tly tran sp a ren t. M ed ia in s titu tio n

o ften p u rp o rt to b e n eu tra l in th a t th e y p ro v id e sp ace fo r p u b lic d isco u rse , th a t th e y

re fle c t s ta te s o f a ffa irs d is in te re s ted ly , an d th o se th e y g iv e th e

p e rc ep tio n s an d a rgu m en ts o f n ew sm ak ers . F a irc lo u gh sh o w s th e fa lla c y o f

su ch assu m p tio n s an d

37 C ritica l: a ce n tra l o u tco m e o f th e ac t o f a n a ly sis is to en a b le co n sid e ra tio n o f th e so c ia l e ffec ts o f th em ea n in g s a read e r b e in g p o si tio n ed o r ca lled u p o n to su b sc r ib e to in th e ac t o f read in g ,a n d th eco n tes ta tio n o f th ese m e a n in g . D isco u rse : co n c e rn ed w ith lan g u ag e in u se (o n e sen se o f th e w o rd‘d isco u rse ’ ) a n d w ith th e w a y in w h ic h p a tte rn o f m ean in g (as in s to rie s th a t m ak eth e w o rld m e an in g fu l) a re so c ia lly co n s tru c ted ( th e o th e r se nse o f th e w o rd ‘d isco u rse ’ ) . A n a ly s is:a d e ta iled sy ste m a tic ex a m in a tio n o f a p a r ticu la r su b jec t w ith a v iew to a rriv in g a t o n e o rm o re un d er ly in g p rin c ip le . Ibid . p . 9

38 R u th W o d ak an d M ich a e l M e y er , Method of Critical Discourse Analysis, (L o n d o n : S ag e , 2 0 0 1 ). p . 6

2 5

illu s tra te th e m ed ia tin g an d co n s tru c tin g ro le o f th e m ed ia w ith av arie ty o f

ex am p les .3 9

1. Representation

R ep resen ta tio n w an ts to see h o w so m eb o d y , a gro u p , ac tio n ,

ac tiv ity a re sh o w n in tex t. A cco rd in g to F a irc lo u g h , rep resen ta tio n is seen fro m tw o

th in g s; h o w p eo p le , g ro u p , an d id e as are sh o w n in c lau se an d th e co m b in a tio n o f

c lau se .4 0

S o c ia l ac to rs w ith in an y p rac tice p ro d u c e rep resen ta tio n s o f o th e r p rac tices , as

w e ll as (‘reflex ive ’) rep resen ta tio n s o f th e ir o w n p rac tic e , in th e co u rse

o f th e ir ac tiv ity w ith in th e p rac tice . T h e y “re -co n tex tu a liz e” o th e r p rac tices –

th a t is , th e y in co rp o ra te th em in to th e ir o w n p ra c tice , an d d iffe ren t so c ia l

ac to rs w ill rep resen t th em d iffe ren tly acco rd in g to h o w th e y a re

p o s itio n ed w ith in th e p rac tice . R ep resen ta tio n is a p ro c ess o f so c ia l

co n s tru c tio n o f p rac tices , in c lu d in g reflex iv e se lf-co n s tru c tio n – rep resen ta tio n s

en te r an d sh ap e so c ia l p ro cesses an d p ra c tice s .4 1

a. Representation in clause

T h is asp ect is re la ted o n h o w so m eb o d y , g ro u p , e v en ts an d ac tiv ity a re sh o w n

in tex t, in th is case in lan g u a g e w h ich is u sed . A cco rd in g to F a irc lo u gh , if th o se a re

39 Ibid . p . 6 -740 E riy a n to , Op .Cit., p . 2 9 04 1 N o rm a n F a irc lo u g h , The Dialectics of Discourse,

h ttp ://w w w .g o o g le .co .id /se a rc h ?h l= id & q = id en ti ty % 2 C + re la t io n % 2 C + rep re se n ta tio n + th eo ry + N o rm an + F a irc lo u g h & b tn G = T elu s u r i+ d en g a n + G o o g le & m eta= & aq = f& o q = . A cc es sed o n F eb ru a ry 2 5 ,2 0 0 9 . p . 2 .

sh o w n , th e lan gu a g e u se r w ill b e faced o n tw o ch o ices . First, th e v o cab u la ry lev e l,

w h a t k in d o f v o cab u lary, w h ich is u sed fo r ap p ea rin g an d d esc rib in g

so m eth in g , w h ich sh o w h o w th e th in g is p u t in to th e sam e c atego ry .

T h e v o cab u la ry ch o ice is v e ry im p o rtan t b e cau se re la te o n h o w th e rea lity is

ac ted in lan gu a g e an d h o w th e lan g u a g e sh o w s ce rta in d eriv a tiv e rea lity .

T h e in te re s tin g o n e fro m th is case is n o t o n ly h o w th e w o rd ch o ice w h ich is

ch o sen cau se d ifferen t re a lity , b u t a lso h o w th e sa m e rea lity is ex p ressed d ifferen tly .

W e are g o in g to fin d th e ex am p les as fo llo w s:

a. poor Poor people in the city mustbe employed.

b. destitute Destitute people in the city mustbe employed.

c. suburbanite Suburbanite people in the citymust be employed.

d. oppressed people Oppressed people in the city must beemployed.

A ll o f th e w o rd s ch o ices ab o v e cau se ce rta in asso cia tio n in th e rea lity , w h ich

is re fe rred .

B y u s in g th e w o rd s ab o v e (ex am p le ‘a ’ an d ‘b ’) , th e p o v e rty

p ro b le m is lim ited o n p o o r c itiz en s th em se lv es . T h e y a re p o o r b ecau se th ey

are n o t lu ck y , o r ex p erien ce in e ffo rt fa ilu re .

In an o th e r h an d , th e w o rd s ch o ice (ex am p le ‘c ’ a n d ‘d ’) , th e p o v e rty p ro b lem

is n o t o n ly th e p ro b le m s o f th em selv es , b u t a lso re la te s o n u n b a lan ce o f

so c ia l s tru c tu re . T h e p o v erty , in th is w o rd s a re n o t o n ly so m eo n e fa il in

effo r t, b u t a lso

b ecau se th e y h av e n o th e sam e access an d o p p o rtu n ity o r d e lib e ra te ly m ad e p o o r b y

gro u p w h ich is s tro n g e r in th e so c ie ty .

b. Representation in the com bination of clause

T h e rea lity can b e fo rm e d th ro u g h lan g u ag e w ith m erg e r b e tw een o n e cla u se

an d an o th e r c lau se . F o r ex am p le , th e re is fac t; th e re a re m an y d em o n stra t io n s w h ich

is co n d u c ted b y u n iv e rs ity s tu d en ts , an d an o th e r fac t, th e in c reas in g o f

ru p iah ex ch an g e v a lu e . T h e tw o fac ts can b e jo in ed to ge th e r; b ecau se

th e re a re m an y d em o n stra tio n s o f u n iv e rs ity stu d en ts , ru p iah ex ch an g e v a lu e

b eco m e w eak . B u t, it can b e gazed as tw o fac ts w h ich are sep a ra ted . T h e

in cre as in g o f ru p iah ex ch an g e v a lu e is n o t co n sid e red a s th e cau se an d th e tw o facts

are sep a ra ted , in d e ed .

T h e m erg e r b e tw een tw o clau ses w ill m ak e local co h e ren ce ; th e

fo u n d ed m ean in g fro m th e m erg e r o f o n e c lau se an d an o th e r c lau se w ith th e

re su lt th a t th e sen ten ce h as m ean in g .

T h e co h eren ce in th e certa in p o in t sh o w s th e id eo lo g y fro m th e lan g u ag e u se r.

F o r in s tan ce , a fac t, a w o m an ex p erien ce rap in g , an d an o th e r fac t, th e

w o m an is w id o w ap p aren tly . T h e tw o fac ts can b e sh o w n as th e fac ts w h ich re la ted

each o th e r, b u t can m ad e as sep ara te d fac ts . If th e fac ts is jo in ed , it w ill m ak e

asso c ia tio n to th e p u b lic th a t w id o w sta tu s o f th e w o m an in flu en c e , b e fac to r w h y sh e

is rap ed . in o th e r h an d , if th e tw o fac ts a re sep a ra ted , it w ill m ak e asso c ia tio n th at

th ere is re la tio n at a ll b e tw een th e w id o w sta tu s an d th e rap in g ev en t.

T h e co h e ren c e b e tw een tw o c lau ses h as so m e fo rm s .4 2 F irs t, e lab o ra tio n - o n e

clau se b eco m es c la rifie r fro m an o th e r c lau se . T h e seco n d c lau se h as

fu n c tio n as sp ec ify th e d eta ils o f th e firs t c lau se . G en era lly , th e fo rm

is re la ted b y u s in g co n ju n c tio n , su ch as ‘ th a t’ , ‘so ’ , o r ‘fu rth e rm o re’ .

S eco n d , th e ex ten s io n – o n e c lau se co n stitu te ex ten s io n o f an o th e r

c lau se . H ere th e fu n ctio n o f se co n d c lau se is co n tin u ity o f firs t c lau se . G en era lly , th e

fo rm is re la ted b y u s in g co n ju n c tio n , su ch as ‘an d ’ , ‘b u t’ , ‘a lth o u g h ’ , ‘in sp ite o f’ , e tc .

T h ird , en h an ce – th e p o s itio n o f o n e c lau se is h igh e r th an an o th e r

c la u se . G en e ra lly , th e fo rm is re la ted b y u s in g co n ju n c tio n , su ch as, ‘b e cau se ’ , ‘c au sed ’ .

T h e co h e ren c e co n stitu te s ch o ice , it m ean s tw o c lau se can b e g az ed o n ly as

c larifie r, ad d itio n , o r b e in co n trad ic tio n , d ep en d o n h o w a fac t is g azed

re la ted to each o th e r.

c. Representation in the com bination of inter sentence.

T h is rep resen ta tio n re la tes to w h ich p a rt in th e sen ten ce

w h ich m o re p ro m in en t an d co m p ared w ith an o th e r p art. O n e o f th e im p o rtan t

asp ec ts is w h e th e r p a rtic ip an t co n s id ers stan d a lo n e o r w h e th e r sh o w ed b y g iv in g

reac tio n in a tex t.

T h e im p o rtan t is h o w a s ta tem en t is sh o w ed in a tex t.

A cco rd in g to F a irc lo u g h , a t leas t, th e re are th re e fo rm s h o w th e s ta tem en t is

sh o w ed in th e tex t. F irs t, b y ex cerp tin g d irec tly w h a t an a c to r sa ys. S eco n d , b y

co n c lu d in g w h at th e m ain

42 Ibid, p . 2 9 5 .

id ea is w h ich th e ac to r sh o w s. T h ird , b eyo n d ev a lu a tio n , w h ere th e ac to r’s s ta tem en t

is ev a lu a ted , th en w ritten in n ew s .

T h e d iv is io n o f th re e p a rts ab o v e esp ec ia lly can b e seen m o re in title an d le ad .

H o w a s ta tem en t is sh o w ed n o t o n ly jo u rn a lis t tech n ica l p ro b lem , b u t

a lso b rin g ce rta in id eo lo g y co n seq u en ce . G en era lly , n ew sp ap e r w h ich d o es

n o t lik e certa in d isco u rse , p re fe r sh o w in g an ev alu a tio n fro m th e ac to r’s sta tem en t.

F o r ex am p le , G u s D u r su b m itted m o tio n w it d raw l ab o u t MPRS d ec is io n . G u s

D u r’ m o tio n go t reac tio n s, su ch as fro m A m in R a is w h o g aze d irec tly th e m o tio n .

H o w are th e tw o sen ten ce co m b in ed ? T h e co m b in a tio n o f th e sen ten ce ,

n o t o n ly re la tes to th e w ritin g tech n ica l, b u t a lso th e co m b in atio n in flu en ce th e

m ean in g

o f sen ten c e w h ich is sh o w ed to th e p u b lic .

beginning

The President of Indonesia, GusDur sugg ested to MPR removed TapMPRS/XXV/1966. the suggestion was extendedin front of Jamaah Mas jid Almunawwaroh,Ciganjur, yesterday. The reason was, TapMPRS was not appropriate with justiceprincipal, and sameness in law. Perceive theGus Dur’s suggestion, the chairman of MPR,Amien Rais, said his disagreement.

end

Amien Rais refused the Gus Dur’ssuggestion who wished for removing TapMPRS/XXV/1966. When gave speech in frontof Jamaah Masjid Al-Munawwaroh, yesterday,Gus Dur suggested MPR for

removing Tap MPRS/XXV/1966, Thereason was, Tap MPRS was not appropriate with

justice principal, and sameness inlaw

B ased o n th e ex am p le ab o v e , G u s D u r’s o p in io n can b e sh o w ed infro n t,

ge ttin g ah ead o f A m ie n R a is ’ o p in io n . O n th e o th e r h an d , th e n e ga tiv ereac tio n o f

A m ien R ais can b e sh o w ed a t th e firs t, th en th e G u s D u r’s o p in io n .

T h e firs t fo rm an d th e seco n d o n e h av e d iffe ren t m ean in g . In th e firs t fo rm ,

th e A m in R a is ’ rea c tio n is p laced at th e u n im p o rtan t p lace , o n ly a little p a rt o f m an y

o p in io n s. O n th e o th e r h an d , th e seco n d fo rm , th e effec t o f it a s th o u g h m an y p eo p le

w h o d isag ree w ith G u s D u r’s o p in io n .

In ad d itio n , th e im p o rtan t asp ect w h e th e r th e re is in fo rm a tio n

w h ich is sh o w ed as b ack g ro u n d o r fo re g ro u n d . In th e c lau se w h ich p lace

as b ack g ro u n d , gen e ra lly w h ich is sh o w ed is th e co n c lu s io n o f n ew s

th em e th en g iv en o th e r in fo rm a tio n as p lan e o f ev en t.

Support to each other

The chairman, Amien Raissaid his disagreement with theGus Dur’s suggestion for completelyremoving Tap MPRS /CCV/1966.according to Amien, if the decision(Tap) was removed, there was

possibility for IndonesianCommunist Party would be renascent, inthe mean time, in Solo there isdemonstration which is conductedby young Moslem, who refuse theabolition of Tap MPRS. In Jakartaalso there is same demonstrationwhich raps the Gus Dur’s suggestion.

Contradiction to eachother

The chairman, Amien Raissaid his disagreement with theGus Dur’s suggestion for completelyremoving Tap MPRS/CCV/1966. But,several observer support the Gus

Dur’s suggestion.Political observe from UI, ArbiSanit, believes the society has beenadult. The

same thing is proposed by Hendardi, whosays the communism has died in anotherpart of the world. Hendardi also said thatthe society had to beeducated for respecting law anddemocation.

T h e ex am p le ab o v e , in th e firs t sen ten ce , A m ien R a is b eco m e leg itim a te , h is

o p in io n as th o u g h is ad v o ca ted m an y p eo p le . O n th e o th e r h an d , b y

p lac in g th e A m ien R a is ’ o p in io n b e in co n trad ic ted w ith o th e r ex p ert, b e im p ressed

th at A m ien R a is ’ o p in io n is n o t p o p u lar. W ith o u t ex p la in in g A m ien R a is’

o p in io n len g th an d w id th an d in th e co n trary ex p la in an o th e r a rgu m en t len g th an d

w id th , b e im p ressed th a t A m ien R a is ’ o p in ion is n o t ra tio n a l, b ecau se fo rb id

an id eo lo g y th a t h as b een p ro v en b an k ru p t in th e w o rld an d is n o t d em o cra tic .

W h a tev e r n ew s w h ich is ch o sen fo r b ein g sh o w ed b y m ass m ed ia , sh o w in fa r

lim ita tio n , h o w th e d iffe ren t sen ten ce is , an d d iffe ren t o p in io n , can b e co m b in ed an d

seem b e in g re la ted to jo u rn a lis t an d ce rta in d isco u rse s tra teg y.

D isco u rse in th e rep resen ta tio n an d se lf-rep resen ta tio n o f so cia l

p rac tices co n s titu tes d isco u rses (n o te th e d iffe ren ce b e tw e en ‘d isco u rse ’ as an

ab s trac t n o u n , an d ‘d isco u rse (s )’ as a co u n t n o u n ). D isco u rses a re d iv erse

rep resen ta tio n s o f so c ia l life w h ich are in h eren tly p o s itio n ed – d iffe ren tly

p o s itio n ed so c ia l ac to rs ‘see ’ an d rep resen t so cia l life in d ifferen t w a ys, d iffe ren t

d isco u rses . F o r in s tan ce , th e liv es o f p o o r an d d isad v an tag ed p eo p le are

rep resen ted th ro u gh d iffe ren t d isco u rses in th e so c ia l p rac tices o f g o v ern m en t,

p o litic s , m ed ic ine , an d so c ia l sc ien ce , an d th ro u gh d iffe ren t d isco u rses

w ith in each o f th ese p rac tices co rre sp o n d in g to d ifferen t

p o s itio n s o f so c ia l a c to rs . F in a lly , d isco u rse as p a rt o f w a ys o f b e in g co n s titu tes s ty le s

– fo r in s tan ce th e s ty les o f b u s in ess m an a g e rs , o r p o litica l lead ers .4 3

2. Relation

If rep resen ta tio n is re la te d to q u es tio n s h o w so m eo n e , g ro u p , a c tiv ity , ac t, o r

so m eth in g w h ich a re sh o w ed in a tex t, so re la tio n is re la ted h o w th e

p artic ip an t in m ed ia is re la ted an d sh o w ed in a tex t.

M ed ia , h e re , is b eh e ld a s so c ia l aren a , w h ere a ll g ro u p , c la ss , an d th e p u b lic

w h o are in th e so c ie ty a re re la ted to each o th e r an d co n v e y an o p in io n an d id ea in

v arie ty .

A t leas t, acco rd in g to F a irc lo u gh , th e re a re m a in p a rtic ip an t

ca teg o rie s in m ed ia . T h o se a re : Jo u rn alis t (rep o rte r, red acto r an d p resen te r fo r

te lev is io n o r rad io ), T h e P u b lic o f M ed ia , an d T h e P u b lic P artic ip an t (P o litic ian ,

b u s in ess m an , p ro m in en t fig u re o f so c ie ty , a rtis t, ulama ,4 4 sc ien tis t, e tc ). B u t

n o w th e q u es tio n s are h o w th e re la tio n fo rm s am o n g th e th ree ac to rs w h ich are

sh o w ed in a tex t: am o ng jo u rn a lis t an d th e p u b lic , an d am o n g jo u rn alis t an d th e

p u b lic p a rtic ip an t.4 5

T h e an alys is ab o u t th is re la tio n co n s tru c tio n in m ed ia is v e ry im p o rtan t an d

sign ifican t, e sp ecia lly if re la ted to so c ia l co n tex t b ecau se th e u n iq u e in flu en ce fro m

th e ir p o s itio n w h ich is sh o w ed in m ed ia p o in t o u t so c ie ty co n tex t.

43 N orm a n F a irc lo u g h , Loc. Cit44 T h e b o d y o f M u lla h s (M u slim sc h o la rs tra in ed in Isla m a n d Is la m ic la w ) w h o are th e in te rp re te rs o f

Is la m ’s sc ien ce s an d d o c tr in es an d la w s an d th e ch ie f g u ara n to rs o f co n tin u ity in th e sp iritu a l an din te llec tu a l h isto ry o f th e Is la m ic co m m u n ity (W o rd W eb D ic tio n a ry ).

45 Eriyanto, Op. Cit. p . 3 0 0

A cco rd in g to F a irc lo u g h , th e n a tu re o f th e p o w e r re la tio n s en a c ted in m ass-

m ed ia d isco u rse is o ften n o t c lear, in v o lv in g h id d en p o w er b e tw ee n

p ro d u cers an d in te rp re te rs (co n su m e rs). B e cau se it is n o t p o ss ib le fo r p ro d u c ers to

k n o w w h o is in th e au d ien ce , th e y m u st in m in d p ro d u ce w ith so m e in terp re te rs— an

id ea l su b jec t an d ac tu a l v iew ers o r lis ten e rs o r read e rs h av e to n e go tia te a

re la tio n sh ip w ith it. T h en , w h o is th e id ea l su b je c t in th e w e lco m e m essag e th e

p res id en ts a re in te rac tin g w ith ?

In sam p le 1 , it is o b v io u s ly m en tio n ed :4 6

“A university president or a representative from a research institute seekingfor high-level academic exchange and cooperation; an international investorthinking about investment in a vigorously developing educational institution;a research or business representative interested in theincubation and industrialization of research achievements; a high-school orcollege graduate looking for undergraduate or graduate studies in differentfields of learning;a foreign citizen who wants to know more about the Chinese languageand culture; or a visitor just wanting to learn more about Zhejiang University.”

T h e an a lys is is im p o rtan t in tw o th in gs . First, if sa id th a t m ed ia is

so c ia l sp ace , w h ere ev ery gro u p w h o is in so cie ty su b m it an o p in io n an d lo o k fo r

in flu en ce

in o rd e r to b e ac cep te d b y p u b lic . S o , th e re la tio n an alys is w ill g iv e

v a lu ab le in fo rm a tio n h o w so cia l p o w er is sh o w ed in a te x t. A g ro u p , w h o h as h igh

p o s itio n , g en era lly is p lac ed h igh e r in re la tio n w ith jo u rn a lis t th an a m in o rity g ro u p .

Related toPapua

During this time, Papua citizensare being son in law. Papua has bigwealth, more over, may be as one of thebiggest in the world. From gold mining tooil are in Papua land. Ironically, Papuacitizens’ life still in less

4 6Promotional university institutional discourse: a case analysis related to Chinese content

w w w .sis .z ju .ed u .c n /w y x y z y /c o n fe ren ce /re se a rch g ro u p /s tu _ w o rk s /d u % 2 0 b e i_ P ro m o tio n a l% 2 0 u n i

v ersity % 2 0 d isc o u rse .d o c . A cc essed o n F eb ru a ry 2 5 , 2 0 0 9 .

3 4

developed, only a little citizen who hashigh education. The property is taken andbrought out from the territory and only partly ofit which can be enjoyed by Papua citizens.This is one of thing which make many peoplefeel disappointed and wish to release fromIndonesia

Related toGovernment

Government, during this time, isnot serious in solving Papua problem.Especially, during “Orde Baru” there was notpolicy which is made by government which gaveadvantage to Papua citizens. In fact,Government brought Papua into beingmilch cow, especially for the sake of thechronic that enjoyed a flood of money fromPapua. Government also, frequently, takesstrong steps to receive actionswhich are conducted by Papua citizens. So, ifthey wish to release from Indonesia, that thecost which has to be paid by government.

T h e tw o ex am p les ab o v e d esc rib e p h en o m en o n d em an d P ap u a c itizen ry w h o

w an t freed o m . H ere , it c an b e seen h o w th e n ew s is fo rm ed . In th e firs t s e n ten ce , th e

n ew s p lac e m o re ab o u t th e re la tio n w ith P ap u a c itizen ry, in o th e r h an d in th e seco n d

sen ten ce th e P ap u a’s p ro b lem is seen m o re in re la tio n w ith g o v ern m en t.

T h e tw o n ew s, n o t o n ly d esc rib e h o w th e ev en t is en cased , b u t a lso sh o w h o w

th e rea l so cia l p o w er w h ich is rep resen ted in th e n ew s .

G en era lly , d o m in an t g ro u p w h ich b e o f p o w er g e t m o re ad v an ta ges in n ew s .

In th e firs t sen ten c e , th e p u b lic read e r is re la ted to P ap u a c itiz en ry. O n th e o th e r h an d ,

th e p u b lic read e r is p la ced as th o u gh th ere is g ap am o n g P ap u a

citizen ry w ith g o v e rn m en t.

3 5

Second, th e re la tio n an alys is is a lso im p o rtan t to see h o w th e p u b lic w ill b e

p laced in n ew s. H o w th e re la tio n fo rm s am o n g th e jo u rn a lis ts w ith an o th e r p artic ip an t

w an t to b e co m m u n ic a te d to th e p u b lic . In o th e r w o rd , h o w a tex t b u ild th e re la tio n

am o n g th e p u b lic w ith th e so c ia l p a rtic ip an t w h o is b u ilt .

3. Identities

T h e id en tity asp ec t is m a in ly se en b y F a irc lo u g h b y see in g th e

jo u rn alis t’s id en tity w h ich is sh o w ed an d co n s tru c ted in n ew s tex t.

A cco rd in g to F a irc lo u g h , h o w th e jo u rn a lis t p lace an d id en tify h im /h e r

se lf w ith th e p ro b lem o r so c ia l g ro u p w h o is m ix ed up w ith : in w h ich gro u p d o es h e/

sh e id en tify h im /h e r se lf as p a rt o f g ro u p ? D o es th e jo u rn a lis t w an t to id en tify

h im /h e r as p a rt o f th e p u b lic o r sh o w an d id en tify h im /h e r se lf s tan d a lo n e? 4 7

H o w th e jo u rn a lis t id en tify h im /h e r se lf – fo r in s tan ce th e d isco u rseab o u t

“Papua Merdeka” - , it can b e an a lyz ed w h a t h e /sh e p laces h im /h e r se lf a s p art

o f P ap u a c itiz en ry w h o w a n t freed o m o r as p a rt o f P ap u a c itizen ry w h o d isag ree

w ith freed o m o f P a p u a .

Identificationwith Papua citizen

In Papua citizen congressyesterday, decided that Papua releasedfrom Indonesia. That was for the firsttime, formally in the meeting wherepresented by thousands people, Papuacitizen extended their desirability torelease from Indonesia. As a matter of fact, longtime ago, they wanted to release from Indonesiaand yesterday, decided formally. The main point,they want to fight for their life to be better after

47 Ibid, p . 3 0 4

3 6

many years fusing with Indonesia, doesnot change life.

Identificationwith Indonesian citizen

In Papua citizen congressyesterday, decided that Papua releasedfrom Indonesia. Although it was notadvocated by all Papua citizens, thegovernment and Indonesia citizen shouldpay attention to the decision. In orderthat does not happen like Timor Timur, it is thetime for us to pay attention to Papuacitizens’ asp iration.

T h e sen ten ces ab o v e sh o w h o w th e jo u rn a lis t id en tifies h im /h e r se lfin th e

cen tre o f v a rio u s so c ia l fac to rs w h ich is m ix ed u p w ith .

T h e firs t sen ten ce , th e jo u rn a lis t id en tifies h im /h er se lf as P ap u a c itizen ry

w h o h as liv ed in su ffe r fo r a lo n g tim e an d w an ts to b e free fro m In d o n esia . In th e

co n tra ry , th e seco n d sen ten c e , th e jo u rn alis t id en tifie s h im /h e r se lf a s p a rt o f

In d o n es ian , ev en th o u gh , a w are w ith th e su ffe rin g w h ich is ex p erien c ed

b y P ap u a c itizen ry . T h e seco n d n ew s tex t w an ts th a t erro r can b e rep a ired .

T h e id en tity w ill d e te rm in e h o w a tex t w ill b e m ad e, h o w th e

q u es tio n is su b m itted to re so u rce p e rso n 4 8 an d h o w th e m ateria ls a re w ritten in to n ew s

tex t.

T h e id en tity is n o t o n ly a g g lu tin a ted an d re la ted to jo u rn alis t, b u t a lso h o w th e

p u b lic p artic ip an t id en tified an d h o w th e p u b lic id en tified .

48 A cco rd in g to F a irc lo u g h , th e q u estio n w h ic h is s u b m itted to re so u rce p erso n is d e te rm in ed b yh o w jo u rn a lis t id en tifie s h im /h e r s elf an d h o w reso u rce p erso n is id en tified b y jo u rn a lis t.G e n era lly if h e /sh e is d isag ree , th e q u es tio n w h ich is m a d e an d s u b m itted w ill b e in v a lu a t io nfo rm , th en a sk edth e an s w er to th e reso u rce p erso n .

3 7

CH A PT ER III

RESEA RCH FIN DIN G S AN D D AT A A NA LY SIS

A. Research Subject

U p o n th in k in g o f so m a n y k in d s o f tex ts , th e resea rch fo cu ses o n th e Jak arta

P o s t tex t. T h e tex t w h ich is se lec ted p u rp o s iv e ly as m an y as tw o tex ts . It en ab le s th e

w rite r to ga in a w e ll to d o d a ta .

T h o se are :

No. Title Edition

1 .

C h in ese N ew Y earE u p h o ria an d P o litica l

T rau m aJan u ary 2 4 , 2 0 0 4

2 . F ittin g In Jan u ary 2 3 , 2 0 0 8

B. Research Result

1. Chinese New Year euphoria and political traum a

T h e tex t d esc rib es ab o u t th e eu p h o ria o f C h in ese N ew Y e ar w h ich th e y n e v e r

go t w h en S o eh a rto re g im e h e ld th e p o w er.

“Indonesians, and especially those of Chinese descent, have justcelebrated Chinese New Year. Chinese-Indonesians who, for over 30years during the New Order regime, were forced to celebrate this eventbehind closed doors, are now free once again to celebrate it publicly.” (Firstparagraph)

3 8

T h e tex t a lso d esc rib es ab o u t th e d ifferen ce eth n ic C h in ese co n d itio nw h en

D u tch co lo n ia l, S o eh a rto reg im e an d th e p resen t d a y w h ere e th n ic

C h in ese ge t d iffe ren t co n s id era tio n b e tw een each p o w er h o ld e r.

“Whereas during the 300 years of Dutch colonial subjugation this event couldbe celebrated freely, in an independent Indonesia under the Soeharto regime,ironically, basic cultural, religious and language rights wereseverely restricted. Citizens of Chinese descent were even required tochange their names and could not attend Chinese schools.”(Secondparagraph)

T h e tex t ab o v e d esc rib es th a t C h in ese N ew Y ea r co u ld b e ce leb ra ted

free ly w h en D u tch co lo n ia l su b ju g a tio n . It w as d iffe ren t fro m S o eh arto re g im e w h ere

eth n ic C h in ese w as d iscrim in a ted . M o st o f th e ir ac tiv ities w ere res tric ted . B u t, in th e

p resen t d ay , ev en th e eth n ic C h in ese can ce leb ra te C h in ese N ew Y ear free ly , th ey

still h av e

n o freed o m in h u m an rig h t esp ec ia lly p o litica l rig h ts .

“It is true that now many of the cultural rights of the ethnicChinese have been restored. In actuality, however, the government is still farfrom going all the way in recognizing the human rights of our ethnicChinese population. Many of their political rights are still limited,and as human rights are universal, to grant some cultural rights and todeny others is simply wrong.”(Third paragraph)

M o stly, th e tex t d esc rib e s ab o u t th e freed o m o f e th n ic C h in ese w h ich is still

fa r f ro m p erfec t an d still n eed m o re s tru g g le s to h av e it. T h e tex t a lso

g iv es m o re a tten tio n in C h in ese h u m an rig h ts w h ich a re s till d isc rim in ated b y th e

p o w e r h o ld er.

“There is euphoria now as we celebrate Chinese New Year; but theactual struggle for equality before the law is only begun and it maybe some time before real equality can be achieved. Ethnic Chineseyouth need to get involved in politics and join in the reformstruggle with other democratic forces.” (17 th paragraph)

a. Representation

a.1. Representation in clause

T h e d isco u rse o f d isc rim in a tio n to e th n ic C h in ese c an b e seen fro m

h o w eth n ic C h in ese is sh o w ed (rep resen ted ) b y th e jo u rn a lis t.

“Many ethnic Chinese have tried to deny their identity in various ways due tothis political pressure that, at times, associated their " " C h in esen ess" " withC om m u n ism , betraya l, d is loya lty , in su la rism , with their ancestra lcou n try and various other u n desirab le a ttr ibu tes that added to the politicalpressure and stigma weighted against them.” (Fifth paragraph)

B ased o n th e tex t ab o v e , it can b e sa id th a t C h in ese a re n o t p ro u d w ith th e ir

id en tity an d tried to d en y it b ecau se th e p o litica l p ressu red . C h in ese is a lso co n s id e red

as C o m m u n ism , b e traya l , d is lo ya lty , an d in su la rism , w ith th e ir an ces tra l c o u n try an d

v ario u s o th e r u n d es irab le a ttrib u te s w h ich cau se th e y are

d isc rim in a ted an d m arg in a liz ed .

“Ethnic Chinese are pa ssen gers in this ship we call Indonesia, and what isexperienced by some passengers will also be experienced by others.” (Eighthparagraph)

B ased o n th e tex t ab o v e , th e jo u rn a lis t m ak es illu stra tio n th at e th n ic C h inese

is “p assen g er” in th e sh ip w h ich is ca lled In d o n e sia . S o , w h a tev e r th e ca p ta in d o es ,

th e p assen g e r ju st fo llo w it an d w h a tev e r th e e th n ic C h in ese ex p erien ce s, it

is a lso ex p e rien ced b y o th e rs .

“Many of the cultural rights of the ethnic Chinese have beenrestored”

(Third paragraph)

4 0

T h e sen ten ce ab o v e o n ly d escrib es th e co n d itio n o f th e e th n ic C h in ese cu ltu ra l

rig h ts w h ich h av e b e en res to red w ith o u t m en tio n in g an d h id in g th e su b jec t (th e ac to r)

o f th e ev en t. H ere , th e jo u rn a lis t o n ly d esc rib es th a t th ere are m an y o f th e

cu ltu ra l righ ts o f th e e th n ic C h inese h av e b een resto red an d d o es n o t m en tio n th e

ac to r w h o h av e resto red it.

“Human rights are something that cannot be abolished or limited in any way”(fourth paragraph)

T h e sen ten ce ab o v e a lso o n ly d esc rib es th e co n d it io n th a t h u m an rig h ts can n o t

b e ab o lish ed an d lim ited . T h e tex t d o es n o t sh o w th e su b jec t w h o ab o lish o r lim it th e

h u m an righ ts . T h e jo u rn alis t o n ly d esc rib es th e co n d itio n th a t th e re a re h u m an rig h ts

w h ich is ab o lish ed an d lim ited .

T h e d esc rib in g th e co n d itio n o n ly, can a lso b e seen fro m th e

sen ten c e as fo llo w s:

“Already from birth, citizens are classified according to race and ethnicity”(11 th paragraph)

T h e sen ten ce o n ly d escr ib es th a t th e c lass ified o f th e citizen s h av e

alread y b een s in ce b irth w h ich a re c la ss ified a cco rd in g to race an d e th n ic ity .

a.2. Representation in the com bination of clause

“Chinese-Indonesians who, for over 30 years during the New Order regime,were forced to celebrate this event behind closed doors, are nowfree once again to celebrate it publicly.”(First paragraph)

T h e tex t ex p la in s th a t th e C h in ese -In d o n es ian g o t d isc rim in a tio n an d in ju s tice

m o stly w h en th e N e w O rd er re g im e h e ld th e p o w er w h ere th e y h ad to

ce leb ra te

C h in ese N ew Y ea r c lo se ly an d fe lt n o fre e . B u t it h as ch an ged n o ww h ere th e

S o eh a rto re g im e fe ll. C h in ese -In d o n es ian can ce le b ra te C h in ese N e w Y ea r free ly an d

o p en ly .

“Whereas during the 300 years of Dutch colonial subjugation this event couldbe celebrated freely, in an independent Indonesia under the Soeharto regime,ironically, basic cultural, religious and language rights wereseverely restricted. Citizens of Chinese descent were even required tochange their names and could not attend Chinese schools.” (Secondparagraph)

B ased o n th e tex t ab o v e , it can b e seen th at th e re is o p p o s ite ac tio n w h ich is

ex p e rien ced b y C h in ese-In d o n es ian fo r liv in g in In d o n es ia . T h e jo u rn a lis t

w an ts to co m p are b e tw een D u tch co lo n ia l su b ju g a tio n an d S o eh a rto re g im e

in co n s id erin g C h in ese -In d o n esian . T h e tex t te lls th a t s in ce D u tch co lo n ia l

su b ju g a tio n , C h in ese- In d o n es ian co u ld ce leb ra te th e C h in ese N ew Y ea r free ly

w ith o u t b e in g lim ited . B u t, w h en th e S o eh arto re g im e h eld th e p o w er,

C h in ese-In d o n es ia is fo rb id d en to ce leb ra te th e ev en t, fo rb id d en to u se th e

C h in ese n am e an d cam e to sch o o l. T h ro u gh th e tex t, th e jo u rn a lis t te lls th a t ac tu a lly

th e d isc rim in a tio n w as b eg u n w h en S o eh arto reg im e h e ld th e p o w er.


T h e jo u rn a lis t, th ro u gh th e tex t ab o v e, w an ts to sh o w th e g o v e rn m en t is n o t

se rio u s in reco gn iz in g th e h u m an rig h ts o f e th n ic C h in ese p o p u la tio n ,

sh o w ed th at p o litica l rig h ts a re s till lim ited . H ere , th e re is o p p o site ac tio n w h ich is

sh o w ed . O n e

sid e m an y o f cu ltu ra l rig h ts o f C h in ese a re res to re d b u t an o th e r s id e th e re is lim ita tio n

o f th e ir p o litica l righ ts . A n d b y g iv in g lim ita tio n in h u m an rig h t is so m eth in g w ro n g

b ecau se h u m an rig h ts are u n iv ersa l.

“Such restrictively encompassing political pressure as suffered byChinese- Indonesians during the Soeharto regime has caused asection of the Indonesian community to lose their identity.” (fifthparagraph)

T h e tex t ab o v e sh o w s a b o u t cau sa l sen ten c e , w h ere o n e c lau se is p o s itio n ed

h igh e r th an an o th e r. T h e jo u rn a lis t w an t to te ll th a t C h in ese -In d o n es ia le ft o u t th e ir

id en tity ju s t b ecau se p o litica l p re ssu re w h ich w as co n d u c ted b y S o eh a rto re g im e.

“This is the second year in which Chinese New Year has been celebrated as anational holiday. There is a kind of euphoria about markingChinese New Year, but the rights of ethnic Chinese -- like other humanrights conditions in this country -- are still far from perfect due toviolations by power-holders who do not respect law and human rights.” (12 th

paragraph)

T h e tex t d esc rib es th e o p p o s ite sen ten ce w h ich ex p la in s th a t ev en

eth n ic C h in ese h as o p p o rtu n ity to ce leb ra te C h in ese N ew Y ea r as a n a tio n a l

h o lid a y, b u t th ey a re still d isc rim in a ted b y p o w er h o ld e r w h o d o es n o t

re sp ec t law an d h u m an righ ts . T h ro u gh th e sen ten ce , th e jo u rn a lis t w an ts to te ll

th a t e th n ic C h in ese s till g e t d isc rim in a tio n esp ec ia lly fo r rig h ts o f e th n ic

C h in ese . It can b e sa id in s im p le sen ten ce th at e th n ic C h in ese is s till fa r fro m

freed o m .

“The struggle to abolish discrimination is still a long one,because discriminative laws against ethnic Chinese still exist and theDPR and the government show no political will to abolish them. Althoughthe government has annulled the Indonesian Citizenship Certificate requiredsolely by ethnic Chinese (SBKRI), in practice it is still oftenrequired in day-to-day adm inistrative processes.” (13 th paragraph)

T h e tex t d esc rib es ab o u t th e cau sa l s en ten c e w h ich ta lk s ab o u t th e trea tm en t

w h ich is g o tten b y eth n ic C h in ese w h o still g o t d isc rim in a tio n ev en

th o u gh th e g o v ern m en t h as an n u lled th e In d o n es ian C itiz en sh ip C ertifica te ,

in p rac tice th e p ro b lem co m es fro m ad m in is tra tiv e p ro cess w h ich is s till o ften

req u ired lo n g tim e to h av e th e ce rtif ica te . H ere , th e jo u rn a lis t ex p la in s th a t,

acco rd in g to th e la w , th e y can h av e In d o n esian C itiz ensh ip C ertifica te as n a tiv e

In d o n esian , b u t in fa c t th e y s till h av e to face th e p ro cess (b u reau c ra c y).

“There is euphoria now as we celebrate Chinese New Year; but theactual struggle for equality before the law is only begun and it maybe some time before real equality can be achieved.” (16 th paragraph)

T h e tex t sh o w th at th e tru ly s tru g g le fo r e th n ic C h in ese is o n ly b eg u n

ev en th o u gh th e y can celeb ra te th e C h in ese N e w Y ear fre e ly . T h ro u g h

th e tex t, th e jo u rn a lis t rem in d th e e th n ic C h in ese th a t th e y s til l h av e to fa ce

an o th e r b a rrie r b e fo re th e rea l eq u a lity can b e ach iev ed .

a.3. Representation in the com bination inter sentence

Acknowledging the cultural rights of the Chinese does notgive the government an excuse to forget about the recognition of otherrights. Human rights are something that cannot be abolished or limited inany way. For 30 years under the New Order regime, the politicalrights of ethnic Chinese citizens were violated and completely ignored-- a fact that, to the present day, causes unease and trepidation amongChinese communities throughout Indonesia.

T h e tex t te lls th a t th e d iscrim in atio n an d abo lish m en t o r

lim ita tio n o f C h in ese’s h u m an righ ts is go v ern m en t m is tak e . T h ro u gh th e

tex t, th e jo u rn a lis t ex p lic itly b lam es th e g o v ern m en t o n th e d isc rim in a tio n ;

ab o lish m en t an d lim ita tio n o f

C h in ese’s h u m an rig h ts , esp ec ia lly N ew O rd er reg im e w h ich is c lea rly p o litica l righ ts

o f C h in ese c itiz en s w ere v io la ted an d ig n o red .

b. Relation

T h e d isco u rse a lso can b e seen fro m h o w th e re la tio n is fo u n d ed in th e tex t.

T h e tex t en c lo ses tw o s id es ; th o se are e th n ic C h in ese -In d o n es ian an d th e In d o n es ian

go v e rn m en t (S o eh a rto R eg im e ). T h e tw o s id es a re d escrib ed d iffe ren tly in th e tex t.

T h e e th n ic C h in ese is d e sc rib ed as w eak s id e an d m arg in a liz ed . A n d th e o th e r h an d ,

th e g o v e rn m en t (S o eh a r to reg im e ) is d esc rib ed h igh er, s tro n g e r an d

co n s id e red as d e te rm in an t fo r e th n ic C h in ese life .

T h e re la tio n fo rm o f th e tex t w h e th e r th e p u b lic s a re p o s itio n ed in toe thn ic

C h in ese s id e o r th e g o v ern m en t s id e can b e seen a s fo llo w s:


T h e tex t ab o v e sh o w s th a t th e n ew s is re la ted to e th n ic C h in ese w h o g et

lim ita tio n in p o litica l rig h ts .

“Acknowledging the cultural rights of the Chinese does notgive the government an excuse to forget about the recognition of otherrights. Human rights are something that cannot be abolished or limited inany way. For 30 years under the New Order regime, the politicalrights of ethnic Chinese citizens were violated and completely ignored-- a fact that, to the present day, causes unease and trepidation amongChinese communities throughout Indonesia.” (Fourth paragraph)

B ased o n th e tex t, th e p u b lics are p o s itio n ed as if th ere is d is tan ce b e tw een

eth n ic C h in ese an d th e G o v ern m en t (N ew O rd er reg im e ).

“The SBKRI requirement has been perpetuated through a newcitizenship law, although the original intent was to provide proof thata foreigner had been naturalized as an Indonesian citizen. Worse still,Karawang and Bekasi still issue national identity cards that specifyketurunan, which indicates persons of Chinese descent). This mayhave occurred through ignorance, stupidity or because the official wasracist -- nevertheless, the discriminative mentality is evident.” (15 th

paragraph)

T h e tex t ab o v e p o s itio n s th e p u b lics in th e re la tio n o f th e go v ern m en t

an d th e re is d is tan ce b e tw een th e g o v ern m en t an d e th n ic C h in ese .

T h o se tex ts ab o v e n o t o n ly d esc rib e h o w th e ev en t is m ad e , b u t a lso

sh o w h o w th e so c ia l p o w e r is rep resen ted in th e n ew s .

c. Identity

T h e tex t d escrib es h o w th e jo u rn a lis t p o sitio n s h im se lf w h e th e r ase th n ic

C h in ese o r th e p o s itio n o f go v e rn m en t. It can b e seen fro m th e tex t as fo llo w :


B ased o n th e tex t ab o v e , th e jo u rn a lis t id en tify h im se lf a s e th n ic

C h in ese w h ich is s till co n s id e red as m in o rity , ev en cu ltu ra l rig h ts o f

C h in ese h av e b een res to red . T h e jo u rn a lis t c o n s id ers th e go v ern m en t h as n o b ig

in ten tio n to g iv e e th n ic C h in ese freed o m .

“Acknowledging the cultural rights of the Chinese does notgive thegovernment an excuse to forget about the recognition of other rights. Humanrights are something that cannot be abolished or limited in any way. For 30years under the New Order regime, the political rights of ethnicChinese citizens were violated and completely ignored -- a fact that,to the present day, causes unease and trepidation among Chinesecommunities throughout Indonesia.”(Fourth paragraph)

“This is the second year in which Chinese New Year has been celebrated as anational holiday. There is a kind of euphoria about markingChinese New Year, but the rights of ethnic Chinese -- like other humanrights conditions in this country -- are still far from perfect due toviolations by power-holders who do not respect law and human rights.” (1 2 th

para g rap h )

T h e tw o o f tex ts ab o v e also d esc rib e th e jo u rn a lis t w h o id en tifie s h im se lf a s

e th n ic C h in ese w h o is still d iscrim in a ted in fie ld o f h u m an righ ts esp ec ia lly

in th e p o litica l righ ts .

“In this struggle, we must eradicate the fears of the past and look forward toa new day when democracy, human rights and the rule of law are respected.Ethnic Chinese enter fields like public administration, law, national defense,policing, the judiciary and education in order to develop Indonesiain the right direction in partnership with other ethnic groups ofthis great and diverse nation.” (18 th paragraph)

B ased o n th e tex t ab o v e , th e jo u rn a lis t id en tifie s h im se lf as p a rt o f In d o n esia

(g o v ern m en t). A lth o u g h , h e rea liz es th a t e th n ic C h in ese is d isc rim in a ted

b u t h e su g g es ts e rad ica tin g th e p as t an d lo o k in g fo rw ard to h av e b e tte r

fu tu re to d ev e lo p In d o n es ia to ge th e r.

B ased o n th o se tex ts a b o v e can b e co n c lu d ed th a t th e jo u rn a lis t

p o s itio n s h im se lf in th e n eu tra l p o s itio n .

2. Fitting In

T h e tex t te lls ab o u t th e d iscrim in a tio n w h ich is e th n ic C h in ese go tsin ce

1 9 6 0 s . T h e y go t it d a y b y d a y. It b ecam e w o rse w h en th e M a y rio ts h ap p en ed . T h e y

lo st th e ir sh o p an d o f co u rse th e y h o m e also w h ich is v an d a lized an d lo o ted d u rin g

M a y rio ts . It w as n o t o n ly h ap p en ed in Jak arta b u t a lso h ap p en ed in S u rak a rta

an d o th e r c itie s in Jav a , an d S u m atra as s ta ted in th e te x t in fifth p a rag rap h .

“The ’98 riots’ in which an orgy of violence overtook thepredominantly ethnic Chinese commercial center of Glodok in Jakarta,Surakarta, and other cities in Java and Sumatra,…… “

T h e d isc rim in a tio n n o t o n ly o c cu rs p h ys ic a lly b u t a lso o ccu rs in

id en titie s p ro b lem . F o r in stan c e , id en tifica tio n ca rd (K T P ), b irth ce rtif ica te o r

ev en m arriag e certif ic a te , th a t is w h y , th ey h av e n ev e r b een to p a rtic ip a te in g en e ra l

e lec tio n b ec au se

o f it. A n d a lso th ey are ca lled as fo re ign c itiz en .

“Some have never been to participate in general election because they do nothave identification card (KTP) required to register.”( 2 9 th p arag rap h .)

“I never had a birth certificate,” says Yin Fang, a native of Bangka province.“(The government) make it so difficult for me to process any paper work. I’vebeen married for 30 years and I don’t even have a marriage certificate.”( 3 0 th

p ara g rap h .)

“one of the most discriminatory among them was the labeling ofChinese- Indonesians as “foreign citizens” (WNA),…” (27 th paragraph)

G en era lly , th e tex t is tak in g ab o u t th e d iscrim in a tio n w h ich e th n ic

C h in ese go t. T h e tex t o n ly ta lk s ab o u t su fferin g o f C h in ese , an d d o es n o t ta lk m o re ab o u t

w h y

it h ap p en s to C h in ese .

T h e tex t is im p lic itly is tea s in g th e go v ern m en t, w h y till n o w , th eeth n ic

C h in ese as if s till ge ts d isc rim in a tio n ev en o ffic ia lly , th ey req u ire to g e t a ce rtif ica te

o f c itiz en sh ip s in ce 1 9 9 6 an d a lso in s tru c ted c lea rly b y p res id en t B J . H ab ib ie in 1 9 9 9 .

“Officially, the regulations are no longer in existence. PresidentialDecree No. 56/ 1996 scraped the rules and regulations requiring that ethnicChinese- Indonesians obtain a certificate of citizenship. An instructionissued by BJ. Habibie during his presidency in 1999 abolished all otherregulations which required ethnic Chinese-Indonesians to applyfor the certificate.”(30 th paragraph)

In d eed , e th n ic C h in ese b eco m es a v ic tim o f d iscrim in a tio n in In d o n es ia , a n d

m a y b e th e In d o n es ian g o v e rn m en t is th e o n e w h o resp o n s ib le . B u t, th e

d isco u rse w h ich is d ev elo p ed o n ly tak e th e d isc rim in a tio n w h ich is a ccep ted b y

eth n ic C h in ese n o t ta lk ab o u t w h y it h ap p en s to th em ; is it g o v e rn m en t fau lt? O r

in d eed , In d o n es ian p eo p le fau lt?

T h e tex t d o es n o t en c lo se th e go v ern m en t p o in t o f v iew . T h e o n ly d esc rib ed is

th e d isc rim in a tio n to e th n ic C h in ese in th e ea rly 1 9 6 0 s-in th e w an in g ye a rs

o f th e S o ek a rn o re g im e .

“In the waning years of Soekarno regime, Chinese-Indonesia alsoendured discriminatory regulations. Under the draconianPP10/1959 regulation, trader in rural areas were forced to moveto urban centers (some were repotedly killed when they resisted), andethnic Chinese told to “choose” if they wished to remain in Indonesiaor depart for the People’s Republic of China.” (24 th paragraph)

A ll th e tex t d o es n o t en clo se th e g o v ern m en t s ta tem en t w h y it s till h ap p en s , an d th e

o n ly s ta tem en t is s ta ted b y P res id en t S u s ilo B am b an g Y u d h o yo n o in th ird las t o f th e

tex t.

4 9

“…… President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono publicy acknowledged the manyunfortunate “misconceptions” against ethnic Chinese citizens as aresult of mistakes made by past administrations. He promised changes wouldbe made for the better.” (36 th paragraph)

a. Representation

T h e d isco u rse o f d isc rim in a tio n to e th n ic C h in ese c an b e seen fro m

h o w eth n ic C h in ese is sh o w ed (rep resen ted ) in th e tex t b y th e jo u rn a lis t.

a.1. Representation in C lause

T h e eth n ic C h in ese is n am ed “ th e scap e go ats” o r “v ic tim ” . T h e

w o rd s asso c ia te th a t th e y are p eo p le w h o are p ressu red .

“… .Chinese-Indonesians were the scap egoa ts , part of an uglyhistorical legacy that dates back to colonial times when they in the precariouspositionof middlemen between the Dutch overloads and the local population,could always find themselves vic tim s to the anger of one side or theother.” (5 th paragraph)

It in d ica tes th a t th ey a re p eo p le w h o are b lam ed o r p u n ish fo r th e w ro n g d o in g

o r fau lts o f so m eb o d y e lse an d also th ey are in ju re d , k illed , o r d es tro yed as a resu lt o f

crim e , b ad lu ck , e tc .

T h e tex t a lso u ses th e w o rd s “ seco n d -c lass c itizens” an d “m arg in a lized” . T h e

w o rd s im p lic itly te lls th a t e th n ic C h in ese is n o t m a in c itizen s an d o n ly a s m in o rity

c itizen s .

“… .they could quickly be reduced to secon d-cla ss c itizen s simply due to theirethnic origin (the word pribumi, meaning indigenous, was hurriedly paintedon many storefronts to “exempt” them for looting).” (6 th paragraph)

5 0

“… .approach to leadership that had m argina lized Chinese-Indonesians andprohibited any displays of Chinese culture has been change.” (8 th paragraph)

It in d ica te s th a t th e y a re p eo p le w h o b eco m e o r fee l le ss

im p o rtan t o r p o w erfu l in In d o n esia .

T h e o th e r w o rd is th e u sin g o f “o rien ta l” . T h e w o rd sta ted c lea rly th a t e th n ic

C h in ese a re p eo p le fro m E as tern co u n try an d a re n o t n a tiv e In d o n es ia .

“The “oriental” look, signifying almond-shaped eyes and light skin, becametrendy in fashion, ….”

A n d e th n ic C h in ese a re a lso n am ed “o u tcas t” w h ich in d ica te s th a t th e y a re n o

h o m e an d as p eo p le w h o are d riv en aw a y fro m h o m e , frien d s, so cie ty o r w h o h as n o

p lace in so c ie ty , d eserv e d ly, th e y g et d isc rim in a tio n , an d as if th e y h av e n o p lace fo r

th em an ym o re . A n d th e w o rd “ lim bo ” in d ica ted th at th e re is n o p lace w h e re is p ro p e r

fo r th em .

“One of the most discriminatory among them was the labeling ofChinese- Indonesians as “foreign citizens” (WNA), thereby makingthem an ou tcast community rather than a minority.” (27 th paragraph)

“Many find that their citizenship status still remains in lim bo although theyhave lived all their lives in the country.” (28 th paragraph)

a.2. Representation in the com bination of clause

“In a nation made up of diverse ethnic groups, Chinese-Indonesians stand outfor their historical and cultural contributions as well as for the persecutionthey have endured. B u t 10 years after the bloody riots inwhich ethnic Chinese were targeted, is there greater acceptance of them asIndonesians?”(lead of the news)

T h e tex t ab o v e sh o w s a co n tras t tex t w h ich is s ig n ed w ith “b u t .” T h e tex t trie s

to ex p la in to th e p u b lic (read e r) b y g iv in g th e q u es tio n w h ich is o p p o s itew ith th e

sen ten ce b e fo re w h ich ex p la in s im p lic itly th a t C h in ese -In d o n es ia go tp ersecu tio n

d u rin g M a y rio ts . B y u s in g th e w o rd “b u t” th e jo u rn a lis t w an ts to sh o w w h eth e r th e re

is d ifferen ce b e tw een trea tm en t w h ich is g o tten b y C h in ese - In d o n esia d u rin g

M a y rio ts an d th e trea tm en t a fte r it o r it is s till th e sam e , C h in ese-

In d o n es ia s till ge t d iscrim in a tio n an d in ju stice .

“Lim Hwee stands behind the cash register at his store in ManggaBesar, West Jakarta, and asks a couple of questions that continue to haunt him.“What did we do wrong? Why does it keep on happening?”(first Paragraph)

B ased o n th e tex t ab o v e, th e jo u rn a lis t tr ies to m ak e th e p u b lic im ag in es th e

L im H w ee’s fee lin g b y d ram atiz in g th e co n d it io n . T h e jo u rn alis t a lso

lad es th e q u es tio n s w h ich as if co n stitu te L im H w ee ’s ta lk . It sh o w s th at th e tex t

w h ich is lad ed b rin gs th e ce rta in co n seq u en ts id eo lo g y.

“Ten years ago, the 56-year-old ethnic Chinese man’s shop was oneof the many in the area th a t was vandalized and looted during the May riots.”(third paragraph)

T h e u sag e o f th e w o rd “ th a t” co n s titu te e lab o ra tio n clau se w h ich

ex p la in s C h in ese m an ’s sh o p w as v an d a liz ed an d lo o ted d u rin g th e M a y

rio ts . H ere th e jo u rn a lis t tr ie s to co n n ec t th e v an d a liz in g an d lo o tin g ju st b ecau se

th e M a y rio ts .

“The ’98 riots, in which an orgy of violence overtook the

predominantly ethnic Chinese commercial center of Glodok in Jakarta, Surakarta and

other cities in Java and Sumatra, followed the shooting of four university students

during a protest against the Soeharto regime.”

T h e tex t sh o w s th at th e p ro te st ag a in st th e S o eh a rto re g im e is th e cau sa l fa c to r

w h ich cau ses v io len ce o r v an d a liz in g to w ard C h in ese co m m erc ia l cen te r ,

fo llo w ed

5 2

th e sh o o tin g o f fo u r u n iv e rs ity s tu d en ts . B y p lac in g th e v io len ce o rv an d a liz in g

to w ard C h in ese co m m ercia l cen te r in th e firs t, th e jo u rn a lis t tr ies to ex p la in s th a t th e

m o st su fferin g p eo p le w h o g et th e e ffec t o f M a y rio ts is e th n ic C h in ese .

A n d th e fo u rth stu d en t w h o is sh o t is o n ly as an o th e r v ic tim o f M a y rio ts .

“Many Indonesians – ethnic Chinese and otherwise – contend that broachingthe issue of ethnicity, even in a joking way, simple serves to bringlurking hostility and stereotypes to the fore. Part of the reticence can beattributed to Indonesia’s fickle and painful history, for acknowledging one’sethnicity has been dangerous for Chinese-Indonesians.”Others, h ow ever , feel the failure to look at the issues head-on, and confrontthe discrimination that Chinese-Indonesians face, means the issues will neverbe resolved.” (14 th paragraph)

T h e tex t in d ica tes th a t in o n e s id e C h in ese - In d o n es ia w an t to co m e o u t fro m

th e p ressu re an d th e h o s tility b u t in o n e s id e th e y h av e n o o p tim ism to face it, an d still

co n s id e r th a t th e p ro b le m w ill n ev e r b e reso lv ed . H ere , th e jo u rn a lis t

sh o w s th e o p p o s ite ac tio n b e tw een o p tim ism an d p ess im istic ac tio n w h ich

are as if sa id b y C h in ese -In d o n es ia .

“School textbooks have rarely included the names of Lim KoenHian, Tan Eng Hoa, Oey Tiang Tjoe, Oey Tjong Hauw and Drs. Yap TjwanBing even th ou gh they helped draw up the Constitution. Others,including So Beng Kong, Tan Djin Sing and Sie Kong Liong, are practicallyunheard of. Yet eachof them is a national hero.” (20 th paragraph)

T h e tex t ab o v e sh o w s th a t C h in ese -In d o n esia a lso th e fo u n d er o f

In d o n es ia co u n try an d p artic ip a te to d raw u p th e co n stitu tio n . Im p lic itly , th e

jo u rn alis t w an t to say th a t it is n o t fa ir if C h in ese-In d o n esia are d isc rim in a ted b ecau se

th e y a lso d raw u p th e co n s titu tio n . S o , sch o o l tex t b o o k sh o u ld h av e in clu d ed

th e ir n am e as n a tio n a l h ero .

“Many find that their citizenship status still remains in limbo a lth ou gh theyhave lived all their lives in the country. Some have never beenable to participate in a general election because they don’t have theidentification card (KTP) required to register.” (27 th paragraph)S till re la ted to o p p o s ite ac tio n . T h e tex t ab o v e te lls th ere is o p p o s iteac tio n

w h ich co n s id e r th a t C h in ese-In d o n es ia s till h av e n o h o m e ev en th e y h a v e

liv e fo r lo n g in In d o n es ia . T h e y a lso s till h av e n o id en tifica tio n ca rd an d it cau ses

th e y can n o t p a rtic ip a te in g en e ra l e lec tio n . T h ro u gh th e tex t, th e jo u rn a lis t

w an t to sh o w th a t m an y C h in ese -In d o n es ia a re co n s id ered as n o t In d o n es ian

citizen ev en th ey liv e in In d o n es ia fo r lo n g tim e .

a.3. Representation in the com bination of inter sentence

T h e rep resen ta tio n can b e seen fro m th e jo u rn a lis t p o sitio n s th e s id e o f

th e p u b lic in th e tex t.

“This time, though, there was a difference. Unlike the quicklyhushed-up incidents of the past that were relegated to historical footnotes,there was an international audience watching the devastation. Cable newsstations beamed images of the anarchy to the world, and showed Chinese-Indonesians fleeing the capital or barricading their neighborhoods againstmarauding groups.”(sixth paragraph)

“Local media also took note, with mainstream publications and TV programsdetailing the singling out of the ethnic Chinese in thedestruction.”(seventh paragraph)

B ased o n th e tex t ab o v e , th e jo u rn a lis t p o s itio n s th e cab le n ew ssta tio n

(in te rn a tio n a l m ed ia ) in th e firs t b e fo re th e lo ca l m ed ia . It in d ica te s th a t th e jo u rn a lis t

w an t to sa y th a t th ere a re m an y p eo p le in th e w o rld w h o w atch th e d ev as ta tio n an d

k n o w ab o u t In d o n es ian p ro b lem . It a lso in d ica te s th a t th e in te rn a tio n a l m ed iah av e

b ig g e r a tten tio n to th e p ro b lem th an lo ca l m ed ia .

“Things are better, and I think we can continue to improve, because we arestill behind Singapore and Malaysia but we are going in the right direction,there is recognition of us,” says businessman JohnnyAndrean, who rebounded from losing dozens of his hairdressingsalons in the riots to establish the successful chain of J.CO donutstores.” (ninth paragraph)

“That’s for the better and will help create a feeling of nationalism. It helps usfeel that we belong. We were born in Indonesia … what’s important is that weare all the same. When that feeling [of acceptance] arises, then it will be goodfor Indonesia.” (tenth paragraph)

T h e jo u rn a lis t, th ro u gh tex t ab o v e , tries to stre n g th en th e fac t th a t

e th n ic C h in ese ge t d iscrim in a tio n an d so m etim es h av e b een p u t lo w b y few p eo p le .

It a lso sh o w s th at m o s t o f th e e th n ich C h in ese h av e th e sam e feelin g th at

th e y are

still d iscrim in a ted b y ce rta in p eo p le an d th e g o v ern m en t th ro u g h th e re gu la tion

an d th e b u reau c ra c y o f th e go v ern m en t. A s th e tex t fo llo w s:

“Helmi, a middle-aged executive, is an advocate of pluralism anddoes his best to ensure minorities – from ethnic Chinese topeople from Eastern Indonesia – are given priority for hiring in hisoffice. But even he says that underlying distinctions remain, most ofthe time unspoken. He uses the analogy of Indonesia’s badmintonstars, many of whom are ethnic Chinese.”“When they win, they’re Indonesian,” he says with a smile. “But when theylose, people will say, ‘Ah, he’s Chinese after all.” (twelveth paragraph)

“I never had a birth certificate,” says Yin Fang, a native of Bangka province.“[The government] makes it so difficult for me to process any paperwork. I’vebeen married for 30 years and I don’t even have a marriage certificate.” (28 th

paragraph)

th e tex t sh o w s th at e th n ic C h in ess s till ge t th e d iscrim in a tio n b y n o t h av in g a

b irth ce rtif ica te ev en h av e b een m a rried fo r 3 0 ye ars . T h ro u g h th is tex t th e jo u rn a lis t

w an t to sh o w th e d iscrim in a tio n w h ich is accep ted b y e th n ic C h in ese .

b. Relation

T h e d isco u rse a lso can b e seen fro m th e re la tio n w h o w an ts to b e fo u n d e d in

th e tex t. T h e tex t en c lo ses th ree s id es w h o are co n n ec ted o n e an o th e r; e th n ic C h in ese

(L im H w e e , Jo h n n y A n d rean , H e lm i, A n g ie , Y in F an g ), G o v ern m en t o fIn d o n es ia

(S o ek arn o reg im e , th e N ew O rd er, P res id en t B J . H ab ib ie , P res id en t

M eg a w ati S o ek a rn o P u tri, P re s id en t S u s ilo B am b an g Y u d h o yo n o ) an d

so c ie ty (n a tiv e In d o n es ian ).

In th e tex t, ev en th o u gh so c ie ty is n o t m en tio n ed c learly , th e y a re m en tio n ed

im p lic itly as so m eo n e w h o v an d a liz e an d lo o t d u rin g th e M a y rio ts . T h e tex t is n o t

re la ted d irec tly to so c ie ty , n o t o n ly th e y a re n o t in terv iew ed b u t a lso th e re is n o an y

ex p lan a tio n ab o u t th em . E v en th o u gh in th e s to ry , th e so c ie ty p o s itio n is im p o rtan t

b ecau se e th n ic C h in ese is a p a rt o f th e so c ie ty .

“Ten years ago, the 56-year-old ethnic Chinese man’s shop was oneof the many in the area that was vandalized and looted during the Mayriots. He had experienced upheaval before; during a wave of anti-Chinesesentiment in the early 1960s, 11-year-old Lim and his family fled their homein Jakarta to take refuge with a friend in Cirebon, West Java.” (Secondparagraph)

P rac tica lly , in th e n ew s tex t w h ich is ex p la in ed c learly , th e re are :e th n ic

C h in ese an d G o v e rn m en t. T h e tw o s id es a re d esc rib ed d iffe ren tly in th e tex t.

E th n ic C h in ese a re d esc rib ed as th e o n ly v ic tim w h o go t d isc rim in a tio n an d as

if b eco m e o u tcas t co m m u n ity an d s ta y in lim b o . T h e o th e r h an d ,

go v e rn m en t is d esc rib ed as p o ssesso r w h o h as s tro n g p o w er an d h as

u n lim ited d o m inan ce w h ich w ill m ak e easy o r d ifficu lt in p ro cess in g so m eth in g .

“One of the most discriminatory among them was the labeling ofChinese- Indonesians as “foreign citizens” (WNA), thereby makingthem an outcast community rather than a minority. During theNew Order regime, all Chinese-Indonesians were obligated bylaw to acquire a certificate of citizenship (SKBRI) which serves as ahard proof of their Indonesian identity(WNI). To do this, a copious set of requirements had to be met and, often, alarge sum of money paid to ensure its processing.” (27 th paragraph)

“Many find that their citizenship status still remains in limbo althoughthey have lived all their lives in the country. Some have neverbeen able to participate in a general election because they don’thave the identification card (KTP) required to register.” (2 8 th p ara g rap h )

T h e tw o o f tex ts ab o v e a re re la ted to eth n ic C h in ese life w h o

is s till d isc rim in a ted b y th e g o v ern m en t. H ere , it can b e seen th at th e w h o le tex ts are

re la ted

to e th n ic C h in ese life w h o s till g e t in ju s tice .

c. Identity

T h e tex t d esc rib es h o w th e jo u rn a lis ts p o s itio n th em se lv es w h e th e r as e th n ic

C h in ese o r in th e p o s itio n o f g o v ern m en t.

“One of the most discriminatory among them was the labeling ofChinese- Indonesians as “foreign citizens” (WNA), thereby makingthem an outcast community rather than a minority. During theNew Order regime, all Chinese-Indonesians were obligated bylaw to acquire a certificate of citizenship (SKBRI) which serves as ahard proof of their Indonesian identity(WNI). To do this, a copious set of requirements had to be met and, often, alarge sum of money paid to ensure its processing.” (27 th paragraph)

“Many find that their citizenship status still remains in limbo althoughtheyhave lived all their lives in the country. Some have never beenable to participate in a general election because they don’t have theidentification card (KTP) required to register.” (2 8 th p ara grap h )

B ased o n th e tex t ab o v e , th e jo u rn a lis ts id en tify th em se lv es as

In d o n e s ian p eo p le w h o is in th e n eu tra l p o s itio n . It can b e se en fro m th e u sa g e o f w o rd s

“ th e y” o r

“ th em .”

T h e jo u rn alis ts a lso id en tify th em se lv es as e th n ic C h in ese b y lad in geth n ic

C h in ese a rgu m en t in to th e tex t, as fo llo w s:

“Things are better, and I think we can continue to improve, because we arestill behind Singapore and Malaysia but we are going in the right direction,there is recognition of us,” says businessman JohnnyAndrean, who rebounded from losing dozens of his hairdressingsalons in the riots to establish the successful chain of J.CO donutstores.”(Eighth paragraph)

“That’s for the better and will help create a feeling of nationalism. It helps usfeel that we belong. We were born in Indonesia … what’s important is that weare all the same. When that feeling [of acceptance] arises, then it will be goodfor Indonesia.” (Ninth paragraph)

“I never had a birth certificate,” says Yin Fang, a native of Bangka province.“[The government] makes it so difficult for me to process any paperwork. I’vebeen married for 30 years and I don’t even have a marriage certificate.” (29 th

paragraph)

B ased o n th o se tex ts , th e jo u rn a lis ts a lso p o sitio n as e th n ic C h in ese w h o fee ls

d isc im in a ted an d g et in ju stice fro m th e go v ern m en t.

T h e tex t p ersu ad es th e p u b lic to d ip in to th e life o f e th n ic C h in ese w h o a lw a ys

ge t d isc rim in a tio n in th e ea rly 1 9 6 0 s till n o w in o rd e r to fe lt fo r th em . T h a t is w h y , in

th e tex t, fro m th e b eg in n in g till th e en d , is co n s is t o f s to ry o f e th n ic

C h in ese’s s tru g g le an d sac rifice till th e y g et a little b it ad m iss io n in In d o n es ia .

C. Data A nalysis

R eferrin g to th e resu lt o f an a lys is , o n th is p a rt th e w rite r w ill an sw er th e m ain

q u es tio n s w h ich th e w riter h as to ld in C h ap te r I in th is rese arch . A s th e firs t s tep in

d a ta an a lys is , f irs tly , th e w rite r w ill co n c lu d e th e th ree lev e ls o f tex t an a lys is . T h en , it

is co n tin u ed b y co n c lu d in g th e an sw er o n m ain q u estio n b y re fe rrin g o n th e

d a ta an alysis .

R ep resen ta tio n lev e l. T h e d isco u rse o f d isc rim in a tio n to e th n ic C h in ese can b e

seen fro m h o w eth n ic C h in ese is sh o w ed (rep resen ted ) in th e tex t b y th e jo u rn a lis t.

T h e e th n ic C h in ese is n a m ed “ th e scap e go a ts” o r “v ic tim ” . It in d ica tes th a t th e y a re

p eo p le w h o are b lam ed o r p u n ish fo r th e w ro n g d o in g o r fau lts o f so m eb o d y e lse an d

also th e y are in ju red , k illed , o r d estro yed as a resu lt o f crim e , b ad lu ck , e tc .

T h e tex t a lso u ses th e w o rd s “ seco n d -c lass c itizens” an d “m arg in a lized” . T h e

w o rd s im p lic itly te lls th a t e th n ic C h in ese is n o t m a in c itizen s an d o n ly a s m in o rity

c itizen s . E th n ic C h in ese are a lso n am ed “o u tcas t” w h ich in d ica te s th a t th ey

are n o h o m e an d as p eo p le w h o are d riv en aw a y fro m h o m e, frien d s , so c ie ty o r w h o

h as n o p lace in so c ie ty , d eserv ed ly , th e y g et d isc rim in a tio n , an d as if th e y h av e n o

p lace fo r th em an ym o re . A n d th e w o rd “ lim b o ” in d ic a ted th a t th e re is n o p lace w h ere

is p ro p e r fo r th em .

T h e tex t sh o w s th at th e p ro te st ag a in st th e S o eh a rto reg im e is th e cau sa l fa c to r

w h ich cau ses v io len ce o r v an d a liz in g to w ard C h in ese co m m erc ia l cen ter ,

fo llo w ed th e sh o o tin g o f fo u r u n iv e rs ity s tu d en ts . B y p lac in g th e v io len c e

o r v an d a liz in g to w ard C h in ese co m m erc ia l cen te r in th e firs t, th e jo u rn alis t tr ies to

ex p la in s th a t th e

m o st su fferin g p eo p le w h o g et th e effec t o f M ay rio ts is e th n ic C h in ese .A n d th e

fo u rth s tu d en t w h o is sh o t is o n ly as an o th e r v ic tim o f M a y rio ts .

T h e tex t in d ica tes th a t in o n e s id e C h in ese - In d o n es ia w an t to co m e o u t fro m

th e p ressu re an d th e h o s tility b u t in o n e s id e th e y h av e n o o p tim ism to face it, an d still

co n s id e r th a t th e p ro b le m w ill n ev e r b e reso lv ed . H ere , th e jo u rn a lis t

sh o w s th e o p p o s ite ac tio n b e tw een o p tim ism an d p ess im istic ac tio n w h ich

are as if sa id b y C h in ese -In d o n es ia .

T h e tex t ab o v e sh o w s th a t C h in ese -In d o n esia a lso th e fo u n d er o f

In d o n es ia co u n try an d p artic ip a te to d raw u p th e co n stitu tio n . Im p lic itly , th e

jo u rn alis t w an t to say th a t it is n o t fa ir if C h in ese-In d o n esia are d isc rim in a ted b ecau se

th e y a lso d raw u p th e co n s titu tio n . S o , sch o o l tex t b o o k sh o u ld h av e in clu d ed

th e ir n am e as n a tio n a l h ero .

T h e jo u rn a lis t tr ies to stren g th en th e fa c t th a t e th n ic C h in ese

ge t d isc rim in a tio n an d so m etim es h av e b een p u t lo w b y few p eo p le . It a lso sh o w s

th at m o s t o f th e e th n ich C h in ese h av e th e sam e fee lin g th a t th e y a re s till

d isc r im in a ted b y ce rta in p eo p le an d th e g o v ern m en t th ro u g h th e reg u la tio n an d th e

b u re au crac y o f th e go v ern m en t.

R e la tio n lev e l. T h e d isco u rse a lso can b e see n fro m h o w th e

re la tio n is fo u n d ed in th e tex t. T h e tex t en clo ses tw o s id es ; th o se are e th n ic

C h in ese -In d o n esian an d th e In d o n esian g o v ern m en t (S o eh a rto R e g im e). T h e

tw o s id es a re d esc rib ed d ifferen tly in th e tex t. T h e e th n ic C h in ese is d escrib ed as

w e ak s id e an d m a rg in a liz ed .

6 0

A n d th e o th e r h an d , th e go v e rn m en t (S o eh a rto re g im e) is d escrib ed h ig h e r, s tro n g e r

an d co n s id e red as d e te rm in an t fo r e th n ic C h in ese life .

T h o se tex ts ab o v e n o t o n ly d esc rib e h o w th e ev en t is m ad e, b u t

a lso sho w h o w th e so cia l p o w er is rep resen ted in th e n ew s. T h e tw o o f tex ts ab o v e

a re re la ted to e th n ic C h in ese life w h o is s till d isc rim in a ted b y th e g o v ern m en t. H e re ,

it can b e seen th at th e w h o le o f tex t are re la ted to e th n ic C h in ese life w h o s till ge t

in ju s tice .

Id en tity lev e l. B ased o n th e tex t ab o v e , th e jo u rn a lis t id en tifie s h im se lf a s p art

o f In d o n es ia (g o v ern m en t). A lth o u g h , h e rea liz es th a t e th n ic C h in ese is d iscrim in a ted

b u t h e su g g ests e rad ica tin g th e p ast an d lo o k in g fo rw ard to h av e b e tte r

fu tu re to d ev e lo p In d o n es ia to g eth e r. B ased o n th o se tex ts ab o v e can b e

co n c lu d ed th at th e jo u rn a lis t p o sitio n s h im se lf in th e n eu tra l p o sitio n .

G en era lly an d as th e co n clu s io n , tex t an a lys is o n th e sam p le sh o w s in ju s tice

to e th n ic C h in ese w h ich fin a lly b ea rs d iscrim in a ted a c tio n . T h e tex t o n ly ta lk s ab o u t

th e m ise ry o f e th n ic C h in ese as th e resu lt o f in ju s tice in th e so cie ty itse lf

an d th e reg u la tio n w h ich is m ad e b y th e go v ern m en t. In o th e r w o rd s, it

o n ly e x p o ses th e m ise ry o f th e so cie ty a n d a lso im p lies th e m yth th at b y

d e liv erin g o r ex p o se th e m ise ry o f th e so c ie ty h as b e tter p o w e r to rev ea l

th e m ean in g o f co m m u n ica tio n m essag e .

6 1

CH A PT ER IV

CO N CL USIO N A ND SUG G EST IO N

A. Conclusion

A s th e c lo s in g o f th is re sea rch , th e w rite r is g o in g to tak e

co n c lu s io n as fo llo w s:

F irs t, in th e “C h in ese N ew Y ear E u p h o ria an d P o litica l T rau m a” sam p le . In

th e rep resen ta tio n lev e l, th e C h in ese is d esc rib ed as e th n ic w h o

still ge t d iscrim in a tio n esp ec ia lly in th e h u m an righ ts . In th e re la tio n lev e l,

th e tex t m o s tly d escrib es as if th e re is d is tan ce b e tw een e th n ic C h in ese an d

th e G o v ern m en t. It is m o s tly re la ted to e th n ic C h in ese . In th e Id en tity lev e l, th e

jo u rn a lis t p o s itio n s h im self

in th e n eu tra l p o s itio n , e ith e r in e th n ic C h in ese o r th e go v ern m en t.

S eco n d , in th e “F ittin g In ” sam p le . In th e rep resen ta tio n lev e l, th e C h in ese a re

d escrib ed as scap e go a ts , v ic tim s , seco n d c la ss c itizen s an d lim b o th at n eed

to b e p itied b y th e so c ie ty . In th e re la tio n lev e l, m o s tly , it is re la ted to th e e th n ic

C h in ese .

In th e id en tity lev e l, th e jo u rn a lis ts p o s itio n th em se lv es as e th n ic C h in ese w h o fee ls

d isc rim in a ted an d g et in ju s tice fro m th e g o v e rn m en t.

A s th e co n c lu s io n , tex t an a lys is o n th e sam p le s sh o w s in ju s tice toe th n ic

C h in ese w h ich fin a lly b e ars d iscrim in ated a c tio n . T h e tex t o n ly ta lk s ab o u t th e m ise ry

o f e th n ic C h in ese as th e resu lt o f in ju s tice in th e so c ie ty itse lf an d th e

re gu la tio n w h ich is m ad e b y th e g o v ern m en t. In o th e r w o rd s , it o n ly ex p o ses th e

m ise ry o f th e so cie ty an d a lso im p lie s th e m yth th a t b y d e liv e rin g o r

ex p o se th e m isery o f th e

6 2

so c ie ty h as b e tte r p o w er to rev ea l th e m ean in g o f co m m u n ica tio nm essag e .

F u rth e rm o re , th e re is d ifferen t p o in t o f v iew if it is seen fro m th e jo u rn a lis ts’ p o in t o f

v iew in d escrib in g C h in ese d iscrim in a tio n . T h e firs t jo u rn a lis t (firs t sam p le )

sh o w s m o re ab o u t d isc rim in a tio n in C h in ese h u m an righ ts esp ec ia lly in

p o litica l rig h ts in In d o n es ia . T h e seco n d jo u rn a lis ts (seco n d sam p le )

d esc rib e m o re ab o u t C h in ese d iscrim in atio n g en era lly , esp ec ia lly in S o eh a rto

reg im e, M a y rio ts an d ten yea rs afte r

it.

B. Suggestion

C o n sid ered fro m critica l d isco u rse an a lys is , as th e w rite r te lls b e fo re , th e n ew s

ab o u t C h in ese d isc rim in a tio n w h ich is lad ed in th e Jak a rta P o st o n ly

ex p o ses th e m arg in a liz ed g ro u p th a t n eed to b e p itied . H en c e , th e w rite r su g g es t,

firs t, m ass m ed ia sh o u ld lad e a lso n o t o n ly th e cau se o f d iscrim in a tio n

b u t a lso th e so lu tio n fo r o v e rco m in g th e p ro b lem , so th at th e read e r h av e m o re

in fo rm a tio n an d k n o w w h at th e read e r h as to d o .

S eco n d , in th e fu tu re , m ed ia g iv e m o re a tten tio n to th e so lu tio n . T h e fu n c tio n

o f m ed ia w ill m o re o p tim al if m ed ia g iv e m o re d irec tio n s in c re a tin g p u b lic o p in io n .

6 3

RE FER EN CES

Book

A rik u n to , S u h a rs im i. Prosedur Penelitian; Suatu Pendekatan Praktek (E d isiR ev isi

V I). Jak a rta : P T R in ek a C ip ta , 2 0 0 6 .

A sseg af, D ja fa r H . Jurnalistik Masa Kini: Pengantar ke PraktekKewartawanan , Jak a rta : G h a lia In d o n es ia , 1 9 8 3 .

B u n g is , B u rh an . Pornomedia: Konstruksi Sosial Teknologi Telematika dan PerayaanSeks di Media Massa . B o go r: K en can a , 2 0 0 3 .

C o o k , G u y . Discourse. O x fo rd : O x fo rd U n iv ers ity P ress , 1 9 8 9 .

C o m p act O x fo rd D ic tio n ary , Thesaurus and Wordpower Guide. N ew Y o rk : O x fo rdU n iv ers ity P ress , , 2 0 0 1 .

E riyan to . Analisis Wacana: Pengantar Anlasis Teks Media . Y o g yak a rta : L K iS , 2 0 0 3 .

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . Analisis Framing: Konstruksi, Ideologi dan Politik Media.Y o g yak arta : L K iS , 2 0 0 2 .

F a rh an , M u h am m ad . Penulisan Karya Ilmia. Jak a rta : P en e rb it C e lla , 2 0 0 4 .

H a llid ay , M .A .K . an d H asan . Cohesion in English 1 st ed . L o n d o n : L o n g m an G ro u pL im ited , 1 9 7 6 .

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . Bahasa, Konteks dan Teks: Aspek-aspek bahasa dalampandangan semiotik sosial. T ran s la to r, A sru d d in B aro ri T o u .Y o g yak arta : G a jah M ad a U n iv e rs ity P ress , 1 9 9 2 .

H am ad , Ib n u . Konstruksi Realitas Polotik dalam Media Massa: Sebuah Studi CriticalDiscourse Analysis terhadap Berita-berita Politik. Jak a rta : G ran it, 2 0 0 4 .

H u sa in , Id a S u n d ari d an R ah a yu H id a yat. Meretas Ranah: Bahasa, Semiotikadan

Budaya. Y o g yak a rta : Y a ya san B en tan g B u d a ya, 2 0 0 1 .

Ju n aed h ie , K u rn iaw an . Ensiklopedi Pers Indonesia. Jak arta : G ram ed iaP u s tak a

U tam a, 1 9 9 1 .

T im P en yu su n K am u s P u sat B ah asa . Kamus Bahasa Indonesia. Jak a rta :P u sat

B ah asa , 2 0 0 8 .

K led en , N in u k – P ro b o n ego ro . Pengalihan Wacana: Lisan ke Tulisandan Teks, d a lam P u d en tia M P S S (ed .). Metodologi Kajian Tradisi Lisan,Jak a rta : Y aya san O b o r In d o n es ia , 1 9 9 8 .

K u rn iaw an . Semiologi Roland Barthers, Y o g yak a rta : Y a yasan In d o n es ia te ra , 2 0 0 1 .

L o ck e , T e rry . Continuum Research Method Critical Discourse Analysis.

L o n d o n -N ew Y o rk : C o n tin u u m In te rn a tio n a l P u b lish in g G ro u p , 2 0 0 4 .

S o b u r, A lex . Analisis Teks Media: Suatu Pengantar Untuk Analisis Wacana, AnalisisSemiotik, dan Analisis Framing . B an d u n g : P T . R e m aja R o sd ak a rya , 2 0 0 4 .

S to k es , Jan e . How To Do Media and Cultural Studies. Y o g ya k a rta : B en tan g , 2 0 0 3 .

S u d ib yo , A gu s , e t a l. Kabar-kabar Kebencian . J ak arta : In s titu te S tu d yA ru s

In fo rm as i, 2 0 0 1 .

T ed jo w o ro , H . Imajinasi dan Imajinasi, Suatu Telaah FilsafatPostmodern.

Y o g yak arta : K an is iu s , 2 0 0 1 ,

W o d ak , R u th an d M ich ael M e ye r. Method of Critical Discourse Analysis.L o n d o n : S ag e , 2 0 0 1 .

Thesis

F ach riz a l, S u rya . Wacana Sekularisme, Pluralisme, dan Liberalisme (SPL)Pada Pemberitaan LKBN Antara dan Koran Tempo Mengenai HukumCambuk di Aceh dan Fatwa MUI Tentang SPL dan Ahmadiyah ,Skripsi. Jak a rta : In s titu t Ilm u S o sia l d an Ilm u P o litik , 2 0 0 6 .

S an to sa , P riyo n o . Jurnalisme Sastra MBM Tempo sebagai Praktik Estetik dan PolitikBahasa Media pada Pemberitaan Kasus Dugaan Korupsi yangMelibatkan Pejabat Negara Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu, skripsi. J ak arta : In s titu tIlm u S o s ia l d an Ilm u P o litik , 2 0 0 6 .

Journal

Hidayat, Dedy N. “Paradigma dan Perkembangan Penelitian Komunikasi,”Jurnal

Ikatan Sarjana Komunikasi Indonesia, Vol. III, April, 1999.

Internet

Discourse. A c cessed o n O cto b e r 2 9 , 2 0 0 8 h ttp ://en .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w ik i/D isco u rse .

N o rm an F a irc lo u g h , The Dialectics of Discourse A ccessed o n F eb ru a ry 2 5 ,

2 0 0 9 ,h ttp ://w w w .g o o g le .co .id /search ? h l= id & q = id en tity % 2 C + re la tio n % 2 C + rep resen ta tio n + th eo ry+ N o rm an + F airc lo u gh & b tn G = T e lu su r i+ d en g an + G o o g le & m eta = & aq = f& o q = .

“Media Group Methods and the Discourse Analysis of Norman Fairclough and Teunvan Dijk: a comparison of approaches.” A lso ap p eared as: P h ilo ,G . ‘C an D isco u rse A n a lys is S u cc ess fu lly ex p la in th e C o n ten t o f M ed ia an dJo u rn a lis tic P rac tice ’ in Journalism Studies , V o l 8 N u m b er 2 . A ccessed o nN o v em b er 2 9 ,2 0 0 8 . w w w .scrib d .co m .

Promotional university institutional discourse: a case analysis related toChinese

content, A ccessed o n F eb ru a ry 2 5 , 2 0 0 9 .w w w .s is .z ju .ed u .cn /w yx yz y /co n fe ren c e /resea rch g ro u p /s tu _ w o rk s /d u % 2 0 b e i_ P ro m o tio n a l% 2 0 u n iv ers ity % 2 0d isco u rse .d o c .

w w w .th e jak a rtap o s t.co m

Appendix I

C hinese N ew Year euphoria andpolitical traum a

The Jakarta Post , Jak a rta | S a t, 0 1 /2 4 /2 0 0 4 3 :3 3 P M | O p in io n

Frans H . W inarta , M e m b er o f th e A d v iso ry B o ard IB A H u m an R igh tsIn s titu te , J ak arta

In d o n es ian s , an d esp e cia lly th o se o f C h in ese d escen t, h av e ju s t ce leb ra te dC h in ese N ew Y ear. C h in ese- In d o n es ian s w h o , fo r o v e r 3 0 yea rs d u rin gth e N ew O rd er reg im e , w ere fo rced to c e leb ra te th is ev en t b eh in d c lo sed d o o rs ,are n o w free o n ce ag a in to ce leb ra te it p u b lic ly .

W h ereas d u rin g th e 3 0 0 yea rs o f D u tch co lo n ia l su b ju ga tio n th is ev en tco u ld b e ce leb ra ted free ly , in an in d ep en d en t In d o n es ia u n d e r th e S o eh a rto reg im e,iro n ica lly , b as ic cu ltu ra l, re lig io u s an d lan gu ag e righ ts w ere sev e re lyre stric ted . C itizen s o f C h in ese d escen t w ere ev en req u ired to ch an g e th e irn am es an d co u ld n o t a tten d C h in ese sch o o ls .

It is tru e th a t n o w m an y o f th e cu ltu ra l rig h ts o f th e e th n ic C h in eseh av e b een res to red . In actu a lity , h o w ev er, th e go v ern m en t is s till fa r fro m g o in g allth e w a y in reco gn iz in g th e h u m an rig h ts o f o u r e th n ic C h in esep o p u la tio n . M an y o f th e ir p o litica l righ ts a re s till lim ited , an d as h u m a nrig h ts a re u n iv ersa l, to g ran t so m e cu ltu ra l righ ts an d to d en y o th e rs is s im p lyw ro n g .

A ck n o w led g in g th e cu ltu ra l rig h ts o f th e C h in ese d o es n o t g iv e th e go v ern m en tan ex cu se to fo rg et ab o u t th e reco gn itio n o f o th e r rig h ts . H u m an righ ts a reso m eth in g th a t can n o t b e ab o lish ed o r lim ited in an y w a y . F o r 3 0 yea rs u n d e r th eN ew O rd e r re g im e, th e p o litica l rig h ts o f e th n ic C h in ese c itizen s w ere v io la ted an dco m p le te ly ign o red -- a fa c t th a t, to th e p resen t d a y , cau ses u n ease an dtrep id atio n am o n g C h in ese co m m u n itie s th ro u g h o u t In d o n es ia .

S u ch restric tiv e ly en co m p assin g p o litica lp ressu re as su ffe red b yC h in ese - In d o n es ian s d u rin g th e S o eh arto re g im e h as cau sed a sec tio n o fth e In d o n es ian co m m u n ity to lo se th e ir id en tity . M an y e th n ic C h in eseh av e tried to d en y th e ir id en tity in v a rio u s w a ys d u e to th is p o litica l p ressu reth a t, a t tim es , a sso c ia ted th e ir""C h in esen ess "" w ith C o m m u n ism , b e tra yal, d is lo ya lty , in su la rism , w ithth e ir an ces tra l co u n try an d v ario u s o th e r u n d esirab le a ttrib u tes th a t ad d ed to th ep o litica l p re ssu re an d s tig m a w eig h ted a ga in s t th em .

Appendix I

T h e resu lt is th a t th e C h in ese co m m u n ity is s till a fra id to b eco m e en ga g ed in o r ev enta lk ab o u t p o litic s , le t a lo n e , b eco m e p o litic ian s th em se lv es . T h e reare few co m m u n itie s in th e w o rld as ap o litica l a s C h in ese -In d o n es ian s.

It is d ifficu lt to co n v in ce th em th a t, in o rd e r to s tru g g le fo r eq u a lity in p o li tica l rig h tsan d eq u a lity b e fo re th e law , th ey m u st lin k u p w ith o th e r d em o cra ticfo rc es in In d o n es ia . E th n ic C h in ese are p assen g ers in th is sh ip w e ca ll In d o n es ia ,an d w h at is ex p e rien ced b y so m e p assen g ers w ill a lso b e ex p e rien ced b y o th e rs .

W h a t m u st b e fo u gh t fo r is th e d es tin y o f In d o n es ia as a w h o le -- th estru g g le fo r d em o cra c y , ru le o f law a n d resp ec t fo r h u m an rig h ts . If th ese th in g s canb e ach iev ed , th en d iscrim in a tio n ag a in st th e e th n ic C h in ese w ill su re ly b e e rad ica ted .

T h e d iscrim in a tiv e lega l sys tem in h erited fro m th e D u tch an d p ro p a ga ted b y th e N ewO rd er reg im e th ro u g h p o litica l seg re ga tio n m u st b e ab o lish ed in its en tire ty , b e cau seit c rea te s d iffe ren t c la sse s o f c itiz en s b ased o n e th n ic ity .

A lread y fro m b irth , c itizen s are c la ss ified acco rd in g to race an d e th n ic ity . T h e s ta tegaze tte o n c iv il reg is tra tio n m u st b e rep laced w ith a n a tio n a l law o n c iv il reg is tra tio nth at is m o re h u m an e an d resp e c ts eq u a lity b e fo re th e law . T h e C o n s titu tio n m u st a lsogu a ran te e d em o crac y , re sp ect fo r h u m an rig h ts a n d ad h eren ce to th e id e a l o f ru le o flaw .

T h is is th e seco n d ye a r in w h ich C h in ese N ew Y ear h as b een ce leb ra ted a s a n a tio n a lh o lid ay . T h ere is a k in d o f eu p h o ria ab o u t m ark in g C h in ese N e w Y ea r, b u t th e rig h tso f e th n ic C h in ese -- lik e o th e r h u m an rig h ts co n d itio n s in th is co u n try -- are s till fa rfro m p erfe c t d u e to v io la tio n s b y p o w er-h o ld e rs w h o d o n o t resp ect law an d h u m anrig h ts .

F o r in s tan ce , th e an ti-C h in ese rio ts o f M ay 1 9 9 8 are s till ye t to b ein v estiga ted p ro p e rly an d th o se resp o n sib le h e ld acco u n tab le fo r th e ir crim es . T h isin c reases th e p o ss ib ility th a t su ch trag ed ies can recu r. It is iro n ic th a t C h in ese N e wY ear is b e in g ce leb ra ted as a n atio n al h o lid a y ju s t fiv e ye ars a fte r th e trag ed y o f M a y1 9 9 8 .

T h e s tru g g le to ab o lish d iscrim in atio n is still a lo n g o n e , b ecau se d iscrim in a tiv e law sag a in s t e th n ic C h in ese s till ex is t an d th e D P R an d th e go v ern m en t sh o w n o p o litica lw ill to ab o lish th em . A lth o u g h th e go v ern m en t h as an n u lled th eIn d o n es ian C itizen sh ip C ertifica te req u ired so le ly b y e th n ic C h in ese (S B K R I),in p rac tice it is s till o ften req u ired in d a y -to -d a y ad m in is tra tiv e p ro cesses .

T h e S B K R I req u irem en t h as b een p e rp e tu ate d th ro u g h a n ew citizen sh iplaw , a lth o u gh th e o rig in a l in te n t w as to p ro v id e p ro o f th a t a fo re ig n e r h ad b eenn a tu ra lizedas an In d o n es ian c itizen . W o rse s till , K araw an g an d B ek as i s till is su en a tio n a l

id en tity ca rd s th a tsp ec ify keturunan ,w h ich in d ica te sp e rso n s o f C h in esed esc en t). T h is m a yh av e o ccu rre dth ro u gh ig n o ran ce ,s tu p id ity o r b ec au seth e o ffic ia l w as rac is t-- n ev erth e le ss , th ed isc rim in a tiv e m en ta lityis ev id en t.

A cco rd in g to th ep rin c ip les o f h u m anrigh ts , a ll h u m an b e in g sa re eq u al a n d m u st n o tb e d isc rim in a tedag a in s t b ased o nrace , re lig io n , sk inco lo r, so c io -eco n o m icsta tu s, cu ltu ra l id en tity ,p o litica l b e lie f o re th n ic ity . In d o n es iah as s ig n ed th eIn tern a tio n alC o n v en tio n o n th eE lim in a tio n o f A llF o rm s o fD isc rim in a tio n an dth e re fo re m u st b eco n s is ten t inim p lem en tin g th is in itsleg al, p o litic a l, cu ltu ra lan d e co n o m ic sp h eres .

T h e re is eu p h o ria n o was w e ce leb ra te C h in eseN ew Y ear; b u t th eac tu a l s tru g g le fo req u a lity b efo re th e lawis o n ly b e gu n an d itm a y b e so m e tim eb efo re re a l eq u a lity canb e ach iev ed . E th n icC h in ese yo u th n eed tog e t in v o lv ed in p o litic san d jo in in th e re fo rmstru g g le w ith o th e rd em o cra tic fo rces .

In th is s tru g g le , w e m u st erad ic a te th e fea rso f th e p as t an d lo o k fo rw ard to a n ew d a yw h en d em o cra c y , h u m a n rig h ts an dth e ru le o f law are resp ec ted . E th n icC h in ese m u st en te r fie ld s lik e p u b licad m in is tra tio n , law , n a tio n a l d e fen se ,p o lic in g , th e ju d ic ia ry an d ed u c a tio nin o rd e r to d ev e lo p In d o n es ia inth e righ t d irec tio n in p artn e rsh ip w itho th e r e th n ic g ro u p s o f th is g rea t an d d iv e rsen a tio n .

A t th e sam e tim e , th e g o v e rn m en t an dleg is la tu re n eed to o p en u p toC h in ese - In d o n es ian s so th at th e y , to o , canco n trib u te fu lly to n a tio n al d ev e lo p m en t.

h ttp ://w w w .th e jak artap o s t.co m /n ew s/2 0 0 4 /01 /2 4 /ch in ese-n ew -yea r-eu p h o ria -an d -p o litica l-trau m a.h tm l

Fitting In Appendix II

The Jakarta Post | W ed , 0 1 /2 3 /2 0 0 8 1 0 :3 5 A M | C en te r P iece

In a nation made up of diverseethnic groups, Chinese-Indonesiansstand out for their historicaland cultural contributions as

well as for thepersecution they have endured. But10 years after the bloody riots inwhich ethnic Chinese were targeted,is there greater acceptance of

them as Indonesians? BruceEm ond and M aggie

Tiojakin reports.

L im H w ee s tan d s b eh in d th e

cash re g is te r a t h is s to re in

M an g g a B esa r, W est Jak a rta , an d

ask s a co u p le o f q u es tio n s th a t

co n tin u e to h au n t h im .

“W h at d id w e d o w ro n g ? W h y d o es it k eep o n h ap p en in g ? ”

T en ye ars a go , th e 5 6 -ye ar-o ld e th n ic C h in ese m a n ’s sh o p w as o n e o f th e m an y in th e

area th a t w as v an d a lized an d lo o ted d u rin g th e M a y rio ts . H e h ad

ex p erien ced u p h eav al b e fo re ; d u rin g a w av e o f an ti-C h in ese sen tim en t in th e ea rly

1 9 6 0 s, 1 1 -yea r- o ld L im an d h is fam ily fled th e ir h o m e in Jak a rta to tak e

re fu g e w ith a frien d in C ireb o n , W est J av a .

T h e ’9 8 rio ts , in w h ich an o rg y o f v io len ce o v e rto o k th e

p red o m in an tly e th n ic C h in ese co m m erc ia l cen ter o f G lo d o k in Jak arta , S u rak a rta

an d o th e r c ities in Jav a an d S u m atra , fo llo w ed th e sh o o tin g o f fo u r

u n iv e rs ity s tu d en ts d u rin g a p ro tes t ag a in s t th e S o eh a rto reg im e . O n ce a ga in ,

C h in ese -In d o n es ian s w ere th e scap e g o a ts , p a rt o f an u g ly h is to rica l leg ac y th at

d a tes b ack to co lo n ia l tim es w h en th e y, in th e p reca rio u s p o s itio n o f

m id d lem en b e tw een th e D u tch o v erlo rd s an d th e lo cal

Appendix II

p o p u la tio n , co u ld a lw a ys fin d th em selv es v ic tim s to th e an g e r o f o n e s id e

o r th e o th er.

It w as a sh o ck in g rem in d er th a t, d esp ite b e in g b o rn h ere o r a ch iev in g su c c ess in th e ir

in d iv id u al fie ld s , th e y co u ld q u ick ly b e red u ced to seco n d -c la ss c itiz en s s im p ly d u e to

th e ir e th n ic o rig in (th e w o rd pribumi, m ean in g in d ig en o u s , w as h u rried ly p a in ted o n

m an y s to re fro n ts to “ex e m p t” th em fro m lo o tin g ).

T h is tim e , th o u gh , th e re w as a d ifferen ce . U n lik e th e q u ick ly h u sh ed -u p in c id en ts o f

th e p ast th a t w ere re le ga ted to h is to rica l fo o tn o tes , th e re w as an

in te rn atio n al au d ien ce w a tch in g th e d ev as ta tio n . C ab le n ew s s ta tio n s

b eam ed im ag es o f th e an a rch y to th e w o rld , an d sh o w ed C h in ese-

In d o n es ian s flee in g th e cap ita l o r b a rric ad in g th e ir n e igh b o rh o o d s a ga in s t

m arau d in g gro u p s .

L o ca l m ed ia a lso to o k n o te , w ith m a in s tream p u b lica tio n s an d T V p ro g ram s d e ta ilin g

th e s in g lin g o u t o f th e e th n ic C h in ese in th e d es tru c tio n . In th e en su in g ye ars , w ith th e

d em ise o f th e N ew O rd er an d its co lo n ia lis tic “d iv id e an d co n q u er”ap p ro ach to lead e rsh ip th a t h ad m arg in a liz ed C h in ese-In d o n es ian s an d p ro h ib ited

an y d isp lays o f C h in ese cu ltu re , th e re h as b een ch an g e.

T h e “o rien ta l” lo o k , s ig n ify in g alm o n d -sh ap ed e y es an d ligh t sk in , b ecam e tren d y in

fash io n , In d o n es ian en te rta in e rs o f C h in ese d escen t su ch as A gn es M o n ica ,

O lg a L yd ia an d D elo n a re p o p u la r, th ere is a C h in ese-b ack ed p o litica l p a rty an d th e

L u n ar N ew Y e ar in F eb ru ary h as b een m ad e a n atio n a l h o lid ay .

“T h in g s a re b e tte r, an d I th in k w e can co n tin u e to im p ro v e , b ecau se w e

are s till b eh in d S in gap o re an d M ala ys ia b u t w e are g o in g in th e rig h t

d irec tio n , th e re is reco gn itio n o f us ,” sa ys b u s in essm an Jo h n n y A n d rean , w h o

reb o u n d ed fro m lo s in g d o zen s o f h is h aird re ss in g sa lo n s in th e rio ts to estab lish th e

su ccess fu l ch a in o f J .C O d o n u t s to res .

“T h a t’s fo r th e b e tte r an d w ill h e lp c rea te a fee lin g o f n a tio n a lism . It h e lp s u s fee l th a t

w e b e lo n g . W e w ere b o rn in In d o n es ia … w h at’s im p o rtan t is th a t w e are

a ll th e sam e. W h en th at fee lin g [o f accep tan ce] a rises , th en it w ill b e g o o d fo r

In d o n es ia .”

Appendix II

S o d o es th e in c reas in g v isib ility ac tu a lly tra n s la te in to gre a te r

accep tan ce as In d o n esian s? O r d o es ge ttin g p as t th e su p erfic ia l ges tu res o f

reco g n itio n rev eal th a t o ld s te reo typ es d ie h a rd ?

H e lm i, a m id d le-ag ed ex ecu tiv e , is an ad v o ca te o f p lu ra lism an d d o es h is

b es t to en su re m in o ritie s – fro m e th n ic C h in ese to p eo p le fro m E as te rn In d o n es ia –are g iv en p rio rity fo r h irin g in h is o ffice . B u t ev en h e sa ys th a t u n d erlyin g

d is tin c tio n s rem a in , m o s t o f th e tim e u n sp o k en . H e u ses th e an a lo g y o f In d o n esia ’s

b ad m in to n s ta rs , m an y

o f w h o m are e th n ic C h in ese .

“W h en th e y w in , th e y ’ re In d o n es ian ,” h e sa ys w ith a sm ile . “B u t w h en th e y

lo se , p eo p le w ill sa y , ‘A h , h e ’s C h in ese a fte r a ll.’”

M an y In d o n es ian s – e th n ic C h in ese an d o th e rw ise – co n ten d th at b ro ach in g th e issu e

o f e th n ic ity , ev en in a jo k in g w a y, s im p le se rv es to b rin g lu rk in g

h o s tility an d s tereo typ es to th e fo re . P a rt o f th e re ticen ce can b e a ttrib u ted to

In d o n esia ’s fick le an d p ain fu l h is to ry , fo r a ck n o w led g in g o n e’s e th n ic ity h as b een

d an ge ro u s fo r C h in ese - In d o n es ian s .

O th e rs , h o w ev er, fee l th e fa ilu re to lo o k a t th e issu es h ead -o n , an d

co n fro n t th e d iscrim in atio n th at C h in ese -In d o n es ian s face , m ean s th e

issu es w ill n ev e r b e reso lv ed .

“W e ju st n ev e r ta lk ed ab o u t w h o w e w ere w h en I w as gro w in g u p ,” sa ys A n g ie , a 2 5 -

ye a r-o ld ad co m p an y e m p lo yee . “ I rem em b er so m etim es w h en w e w e re

k id s w e w o u ld jo k e ab o u t ‘c ik ’ a n d ‘ko ko ’ (C h in ese ap p e lla tio n s) an d m y m o th e r

w o u ld te ll

u s to h u sh , th a t w e sh o u ld n ’ t say su ch th in gs .”

Iro n ica lly , sh e b e cam e fu lly aw are o f h e r b a ck g ro u n d o n th e m o rn in g th at th e M a y

rio ts b eg an , w h en a M u s lim w o m an p u lled h e r o ff th e s tree t an d sh e lte red h e r in h e r

h o u se .

“ I d id n ’t w an t to g o w ith h er, b u t sh e sa id , ‘yo u h av e to , yo u ’re

C h in ese , it’s d an g e ro u s fo r yo u n o w ’ . A n d I k ep t o n say in g th at I w asn ’t C h in ese ,

w h a t w as sh e

Appendix II

ta lk in g ab o u t? W h en I e v en tu a lly g o t h o m e , I a sk ed m y m o th e r an d sh e sa id q u ie tly ,

‘Y es , w e are’.”

S h e recen tly b ro ach ed th e su b jec t o f an artic le sh e re ad ab o u t C h in ese- In d o n es ian s to

h e r p aren ts an d au n t a t a fam ily ga th e rin g . “ A t firs t th e y sa id th e y w ere ex cited b y it,

an d th en th e y w en t q u ie t an d w e sa t th e re sa yin g n o th in g . It’s fu n n y th at

w e s till can n o t ta lk ab o u t it.”

A n alleg a tio n o ften lev eled at C h in ese -In d o n es ian s, as if to ju s tify th e d isc rim in a tio n

th e y fac e , is th a t th e y h a v e fa iled to ass im ila te in to In d o n es ian so c ie ty , esp ec ia lly th e

totok co m m u n ity w h o co n tin u e to sp eak C h in ese d ia lec ts an d h o ld to

trad itio n al w a ys.

It’s an a rgu m en t th a t n o t o n ly b e littles th e s ig n ifican t ro le p eo p le o f C h in ese d escen t

h av e p la yed in In d o n e s ian so c ie ty , b u t a lso h as b een u sed to su p p o rt

v ario u s leg is la tio n to “en fo rc e” th e ir a ss im ila tio n .

S ch o o l tex tb o o k s h av e rare ly in c lu d ed th e n am e s o f L im K o en H ian , T a n E n g H o a,

O e y T ian g T jo e , O e y T jo n g H au w an d D rs . Y ap T jw an B in g ev en th o u g h th e y h e lp ed

d raw u p th e C o n s titu tio n . O th e rs , in c lu d in g S o B en g K o n g , T an D jin S in g an d

S ie K o n g L io n g , are p rac tica lly u n h ea rd o f. Y e t ea ch o f th em is a n a tio n al h ero .

“W e fo llo w ed a s tan d ard cu rricu lu m se t b y th e g o v ern m en t,” sa ys M iran d a Ju an d i, a

re tired h is to ry teach e r. “D u rin g th e N ew O rd er re g im e , h is to ry w as n o th in g

b u t a b u n ch o f fic titio u s sto ries s tru n g to g eth e r as fac ts .”

A n d n o w ?

“ It’s g e ttin g b e tte r,” sh e says. “B u t I w o u ld n ’t b e t m y m o n e y o n it, e ith er.”

In th e w an in g yea rs o f th e S u k arn o reg im e , C h in ese -In d o n esian s a lso

en d u red d isc rim in a to ry re gu la tio n s . U n d er th e d raco n ian P P 1 0 /1 9 5 9

regu la tio n , trad e rs in ru ra l a reas w ere fo rced to m o v e to u rb an c en te rs (so m e w e re

rep o rted ly k illed w h en th e y res is ted ), an d e th n ic C h in ese to ld to “ch o o se”if th e y w ish ed to rem a in in In d o n es ia o r d ep a rt fo r th e P eo p le ’s R ep u b lic o f

C h in a .

Appendix II

T h o se h a rd sh ip s w ere n o th in g co m p ared to w h a t la y in s to re w h en th e N ew

O rd er to o k p o w er a fte r an attem p ted co u p b lam ed o n th e In d o n es ian C o m m u n ist

P arty w ith su p p o sed b ack in g fro m asso c ia te s in C h in a .

R eferen ces to e th n ic C h in ese in v o lv em en t in th e h is to ry o f th e n a tio n w ere e rased an d

ev en tu a lly d en ied . E x p ress io n s o f C h in ese cu ltu re w ere o u tlaw ed , e th n ic

C h in ese o rd ered to tak e m o re In d o n esian so u n d in g n am es an d n e w

citizen sh ip re gu la tio n s w ere estab lish ed th a t c rea ted g rea te r d iv id es b e tw een

eth n ic C h in ese an d so -ca lled in d igen o u s In d o n esian s .

O n e o f th e m o st d iscrim in a to ry am o n g th em w as th e lab e lin g o f C h in ese - In d o n es ian s

as “fo re ig n c itizens” (W N A ), th e reb y m ak in g th e m an o u tcas t co m m u n ity ra th e r th an

a m in o rity . D u rin g th e N ew O rd er re g im e , a ll C h in ese -In d o n es ian s w ere o b liga ted b y

law to acq u ire a certif ic a te o f c itizen sh ip (S K B R I) w h ich se rv es as a h ard p ro o f o f

th e ir In d o n es ian id en tity (W N I). T o d o th is , a co p io u s se t o f req u irem en ts h ad to b e

m et an d , o ften , a la rg e su m o f m o n ey p a id to en su re its p ro cess in g .

M an y fin d th a t th e ir c itizen sh ip s ta tu s s till rem a in s in lim b o a lth o u g h th e y h av e liv ed

all th e ir liv es in th e co u n try . S o m e h av e n ev e r b een ab le to p artic ip a te in a gen e ra l

e lec tio n b ecau se th e y d o n ’t h av e th e id en tifica tio n ca rd (K T P ) req u ired to re g is te r.

“ I n ev e r h ad a b irth certif ica te ,” sa ys Y in F an g , a n a tiv e o f B an gk a p ro v in ce . “ [T h e

go v e rn m en t] m ak es it so d ifficu lt fo r m e to p ro ces s an y p ap e rw o rk . I’v e b e en m arried

fo r 3 0 yea rs an d I d o n ’ t e v en h av e a m arria g e c ertifica te .”

O ffic ia lly , th e re gu la tio n s are n o lo n ge r in ex is ten ce . P res id en tia l D ec re e N o .5 6 /

1 9 9 6 sc rap p ed th e ru le s an d regu la tio n s req u irin g th at e th n ic -C h in ese

In d o n es ian s o b ta in a certif ica te o f c itizen sh ip . A n in s tru c tio n issu ed b y B J

H ab ib ie d u rin g h is p re sid en c y in 1 9 9 9 ab o lish ed a ll o th e r re gu la tions w h ich

req u ired e th n ic -C h in ese In d o n es ian s to ap p ly fo r th e certifica te .

U n fo rtu n a te ly , C h in ese -In d o n esian s sa y th e y co n tin u e to face

d isc rim in a tio n in d ea lin g w ith th e b u reau c rac y . M an y reg io n al go v e rn m en t o ffices

rep o rted ly req u ire th em to p ro d u ce th e S K B R I an d re fu se to p ro cess an y le ga l

p ap e rw o rk in its ab sen ce .

Appendix II

O ccas io n a lly , th e issu e m ak es h ead lin es , in c lu d in g in 2 0 0 4 w h en S u sy

S u san ti an d A llan B u d i K u su m a, th e m arried b ad m in to n p la ye rs w h o w ere

In d o n esia ’s firs t ev er g o ld m ed a lis ts , w e re req u ired to sh o w p ro o f o f

c itizen sh ip fo r th e ir p assp o rt ex ten s io n s . T h en p res id en t M eg aw ati

S o ek a rn o p u tri aga in re ite ra ted th a t su ch d o cu m en ts w ere n o t req u ired (sh e

also in te rv en e d to en su re th a t an o th e r b ad m in to n p la ye r, H en d raw an , a fo rm er

w o rld m en ’s s in g le s ch am p io n an d co ac h , re ce iv ed h is c itiz en sh ip ).

A v as t an d d iv erse n a tio n , In d o n es ia is h o m e to m o re th an 2 3 0

m illio n p eo p le . A lth o u gh th e re a re n o firm figu res o n th e n u m b e r o f e th n ic

C h in ese in th e co u n try , th ey a re b e liev ed to acco u n t fo r 3 p e rcen t o f th e to ta l

p o p u la tio n an d u p to 8 p ercen t

in th e cap ita l Jak a rta .

M o st o f th em d o n ’ t k n o w h o w o r w h y th e ir an c es to rs c am e to th is co u n try ; a ll th e y

k n o w is th a t th e y h av e liv ed h ere a ll th e ir liv es .

“W h at’s h o ld in g th is ex trao rd in a ry co u n try to g e th e r is … a sh a re d

h is to ry ,” sa ys p o litica l sc ien tis t S id n e y Jo n es. “A n d I th in k o n e o f th e

g rea te st ch a llen g es o f th e p o s t-1 9 9 8 go v e rn m en t is to g iv e e th n ic an d re lig io u s

m in o rities a sen se th a t th ey are n o w an d a lw a ys w ill b e o n an eq u a l fo o tin g w ith th e

m ajo rity .”

L ast yea r, am id th e celeb ra tio n o f C h in ese N e w Y ear, P res id en t S u s ilo

B am b an g Y u d h o yo n o p u b lic ly a ck n o w led g ed th e m an y u n fo rtu n a te

“m isco n cep tion s” a g a in st e th n ic C h in ese c itizen s as a re su lt o f m is tak es

m ad e b y p ast ad m in is tra tio n s. H e p ro m ised ch an ges w o u ld b e m ad e fo r th e

b e tte r.

“ I’m p ast an g er. I d o n ’ t k n o w h o w I fee l ab o u t a ll th is , an ym o re ,”m u m b led L im , s ittin g o n a b lack s to o l ju st o u ts id e o f h is sh o p , sta rin g in to th e

cro w d ed s tree t. A sk ed

if h e ev e r th o u g h t o f leav in g th e co u n try fo r an o th er, h e rep lied w ith an o th e r q u es tio n :

“W h ere w o u ld I g o ? ”

H e sh o o k h is h ead . “ I’m alread y h o m e .”

h ttp ://w w w .th e jak artap o s t.co m /n ew s/2 0 0 8 /0 1 /2 3 /fittin g .h tm l

a critical discourse analysis on the jakarta...

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