a contribution to bontoc ethnobotany

A Contribution to Bontoc Ethnobotany

CONNIE COX BODNER 2 AND ROY E. GEREAU 3

This paper presents the basic data gathered in a study of plant names, uses, folklore, and cultivation practices among the residents of Tukukan in the central Bontoc region of the northern Philippines. Scientific names and phytogeographic statuses are provided for 325 specimens representing 265 genera and 109 families. In addition to expanding our knowledge of Bontoc ethnobotany, the study has provided insights into past plant use with important implications for understanding agricultural evolution in the region.

Una Contribuci6n a la Etnobotfinica Bontoc. Presentamos en este articulo los datos recopilados en un estudio de los nombres, usos y cultivo de las plantas y su papel en las tradiciones orales de los residentes de Tukukan en la regi6n Bontoc central en el norte de las Filipinas. Indicamos los nombres cienffficos y las categorias fitogeogrrficas de 325 ejemplares de herbario que representan 265 gOneros en 109 familias. Ademrs de aumentar nuestros conocimientos de la etnobotrnica bontoc, este estudio nos permite profundizar en el conocimiento del antiguo uso de las plantas y sus implicaciones en la evolucirn agrfcola de la regirn.

As part of an archaeological and ethnobotanical research project designed to further the current understanding of agricultural evolution in the central Bontoc region of northern Luzon in the Philippines (Fig. 1), Bodner conducted a limited ecological survey and plant collection program over the course of 13 mo in 1982- 1983 and for two shorter periods in 1985. The primary goals were to identify the basic vegetation zones within a geographically and culturally defined area and to collect living plants and soil samples to be used for comparative purposes in paleoethnobotanical and phytolith analyses associated with the archaeological excavations (Bodner 1986). At the same time information pertaining to vernacular names, uses, folklore, and cultivation practices associated with the plants collected was elicited from local residents.

Specimens of leaves, roots, wood, seeds, flowers, and/or fruits of over 350 cultivated and non-cultivated plants were collected. Herbarium specimens were prepared in multiple sets as vouchers for each field number, extra flowers were dried for eventual pollen extraction, fleshy roots were preserved in alcohol so- lutions, and portions of most seed samples and each wood sample were carbonized for a seed and wood charcoal reference collection. Duplicates of all collections made during the project have been deposited in the Philippine National Herbar- ium (PNH) in Manila, and Bodner maintains an additional complete set. Other duplicates have been deposited in the John G. Searle Herbarium of the Field Museum of Natural History (F) and the Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium (MO). Gereau has examined all specimens for which collection numbers are provided in this paper and is responsible for those determinations. Bodner accepts responsibility for the determinations made in the field for the 20 crop plants that

Received 9 December 1986; accepted 23 December 1987. 2 Research Division, Rochester Museum and Science Center, 657 East Avenue, Rochester, NY

14607. 3 Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299.

Economic Botany, 42(3), 1988, pp. 307-369 �9 1988, by the New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458

308 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 42

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1988] BODNER & GEREAU: BONTOC ETHNOBOTANY 309

do not have voucher specimens and thus do not have collection numbers in this paper.

THE STUDY AREA

This study was carried out largely within the boundaries of the ca. 2,400 ha territory of the village of Tukukan, located some 7 km northeast of Bontoc, the provincial capital. Tukukan is one of 13 villages situated within the administrative unit of Bontoc Municipality, which in turn is one of l0 municipalities making up Mountain Province in northern Luzon, Republic of the Philippines. Latitude- longitude coordinates for this area are 17~176 120~176 and elevations range from approximately 720 m to just under 1,700 m AMSL.

In addition to the administrative usages of "Bontoc" as the name of a town and of a municipality, the term is also a label for a minority ethnolinguistic group whose members are diverse in local customs and some aspects of dialect but have in common such features as house style, certain clothing styles, and traditions of myth and ritual (see Conklin 1980; Eggan 1954, 1963; Jenks 1905; Keesing 1949, 1962; Prill-Brett 1985, 1986; Reid 1961a,b, 1972; Scott 1969, 1977). The com- bined territories of the villages ofTukukan, Challic, Guinaang, Mainit, Malegcong, Samoki, and Bontoc are often referred to as central Bontoc in contrast to western and eastern Bontoc; however, these divisions are neither clearly defined nor ab- solute.

Natural setting

Within the highly dissected and ruggedly mountainous Cordillera Central, central Bontoc is situated in the upper valley of the Chico River, one of the major drainage systems of northern Luzon and an area of high drainage density. The area's geological foundation varies from limestone-capped sandstone and shale to dioritic, metarock, and volcanic mountain formations. Soils in the Tukukan area are generally sandy loams.

The climate of central Bontoc is characterized by two distinct seasons: a cool wet May through October and a warm dry November through April. The region is protected from the northeast monsoons and tradewinds but is subjected to the southwest monsoon, blowing from May to December, and to typhoons, occurring any time but most frequently between June and December. Average maximum daily temperatures as recorded in Bontoc for the period 1974-1980 ranged from 260C in December to 32~ in April, while minimum average temperatures ranged from 14~ in February to 20~ in July. Seasonal contrasts in temperature are minimal, but diurnal fluctuations are significant, particularly during the dry season, and can be as great as 150C. Average monthly rainfall figures recorded for the same period ranged from 13 mm in January to 290 mm in July, totalling an average of 1,875 m m annually. Eighty percent of annual precipitation falls between May and October, producing a distinct dry season but not one that threatens human, plant, or animal survival (Bodner 1986).

The fauna of the study area is generally depauperate; indigenous and/or natu- ralized vertebrate species in the study area total only 31 mammals, 173 birds, 27 reptiles, 11 anuran amphibians, and 4 fishes. Large mammals are few, and bat and rodent species constitute 78% of the total mammal assemblage (Bodner 1986).


The native flora of the Cordillera Central as a whole is quite distinct from that of the remainder of the Philippines. It is of Asiatic rather than Malayan affinity, and it exhibits a high degree of species endemism. Plant families usually associated with temperate regions are surprisingly strongly developed in Benguet and Moun- tain provinces, while families characteristic of low and medium altitudes in the Philippines are either represented by only a few species or are totally absent from the region (Bodner 1986; Merrill in Dickerson et al. 1928; Merrill 1922-1926, 1945; Merrill and Merritt 1910).

Non-agricultural vegetation in the central Bontoc area includes montane forest, pine forest, and grassland associations. Kowal (1966) defined and described each of these, and Bodner (1986) provided a summary with currently accepted taxo- nomic designations. A mossy forest, characterized as a dense stand of dwarfed, irregularly shaped trees of several species with mosses, liverworts, lichens, epi- phytic ferns, and orchids, is found at higher elevations in Benguet and Mountain provinces; Kowal (1966) considered this a physiognomic variation of the montane forest.

Before human settlement of the area, the vegetation above 1,000 m elevation was probably montane forest with small patches of pine forest restricted to the drier steeper slopes. The extensive pine forests and grasslands found at these altitudes today are pyrogenic communities that are succeeded by broad-leaved montane forest in the absence of fire (Kowal 1966). Through clearing the original vegetation and creating the fires necessary to maintain and expand grassland and pine forest, people have been the single most important factor modifying this vegetation since their arrival in the Cordillera.

Cultural setting

Bontoc villages are large, nucleated, autonomous settlements with populations of 800-3,000 and are located within river valleys and on the slopes of adjacent mountains (Prill-Brett 1986). Although increasing numbers of Bontocs are now securing their livelihoods as wage-earners, either locally or in larger towns and cities, the majority continue to devote their energies to agriculture and associated activities. The agricultural subsistence base is augmented by hunting wild pigs, deer, large rodents, bats, civet cats, monitor lizards, and wild chickens and other birds; gathering edible fungi, wild plant foods, crustaceans, insects, and shellfish; fishing in rivers and streams; and collecting a variety of plants and animals from the pond fields. Animals traditionally husbanded by Bontocs are limited to water buffaloes, pigs, dogs, and chickens, but in some villages geese, ducks, cats, goats, and cattle are now also kept.

In Tukukan, four major categories of land are used for agricultural production. Parcels of land within the village (ba'ang) (Fig. 2), such as potential or abandoned houselots and areas surrounding existing houses within the settlement boundaries, are used for the cultivation of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum, S. sinense), sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas), fruit trees, coffee (Coffea arabica, C. liberica), bananas (Musa spp.), beans (e.g., Vigna spp., Phaseolus spp., Psophocarpus tet- ragonolobus), edible Job's-tears ( Coix lacryma-jobi var. mayuen), taro ( Colocasia esculenta), rattan (Calamus spp.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, G. barbadense), and vegetables.


Fig. 2, 3. Tukukan agriculture. Fig. 2. This ba'ang within village boundaries has been planted in manioc and sweet potatoes. Fig. 3. Tukukan 'uma are used for dry shifting cultivation and have fallow periods of 5-15 yr.

Tukukan's mountainside swidden plots ('urea) (Fig. 3) are located as much as a 3-hr hike from the village and are often situated within the immediate vicinity of small water sources. Typically considered corporate property, swidden plots are characterized by minimal improvements, although small thatch huts, fencing,


Fig, 4, 5. Tukukan agriculture. Fig. 4. This buwag, or dry permanent field, is planted in rice beans (Vigna umbellata) and sweet potatoes. Fig. 5. Rice seedlings have just been transplanted into these these payew, or pond fields, from seedbeds such as that located in the center of the photograph.

and low walls serving as b o u n d a r y markers are some t imes cons t ruc ted . Plots are cu l t iva ted for 3 to 5 consecu t ive yr and are ideally then fal lowed for 10 to 15 yr, a l though the actual fal low t ime is b e c o m i n g increasingly shor ter and current ly averages 5 y r (Pril l-Brett 1986). In its first year o f cu l t iva t ion a swidden is likely


to be planted in millet (Setaria italica), mung bean (Vigna radiata), rice bean (Vigna umbellata), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), eggplant (Solanum melon- gena), squash ( Cucurbita maxima), bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), and manioc (Manihot esculenta). As yields of these decrease, maize (Zea mays), pigeon pea (Ca janus ca jan), and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) may be substituted. Large portions of swidden fields may be devoted to single crop production (e.g., sugarcane, tobacco, kidney beans, black beans). Fallow cover is frequently con- trolled insofar as bananas and fruit trees are planted and continue to produce harvestable fruits while the remainder of the plot is left uncultivated.

Dry permanent fields (buwag) (Fig. 4) are used to grow crops typically produced in the swiddens (e.g., grains, legumes, vegetables, sweet potatoes, manioc) but are distinguished by virtue of their individual ownership, permanency, and attendant permanent improvements. Minimally, these involve levelling the surface and constructing stone retaining-walls. A pond field that no longer receives adequate irrigation water may also be used and referred to as a buwag.

Distinctive stone walled, flooded, and terraced pond fields (payew) (Fig. 5) constitute the most noticeable features of Bontoc agricultural landscapes. They are individually owned, are built on mountain slopes wherever water is available for irrigation or flooding, and are used primarily but not exclusively for the cultivation of rice. When the fields are flooded, taro is often planted around the edges of the rice, and beans, guava, pigeon peas, ti, and sweet potatoes may be planted on the tops and sides of the walls. Areas bordering pond fields are cleared of vegetation, which may harbor rice pests, and are used for the incidental cultivation of fruit trees, root crops, bananas, and legumes. When pond fields are not flooded, they may be converted to ditch-mounded fields (baliling) (Fig. 6) for growing sweet potatoes, or less frequently, cash crops such as garlic, beans, maize, or peanuts.

Non-cultivated plants, exploited in Tukukan for a variety of purposes, are procured from nearly every resource zone identified for the study area, including broadleafmontane forests, pine forests, open grassland, creeks and streams, rivers, river edges, the lake, the lake edge, fallow swiddens, flooded pond fields, clearings adjacent to pond fields, and houseyards (Bodner 1986). Many non-cultivated plants are weeded, fenced, selectively gathered, or otherwise protected. Still others are wild in the sense that no human effort is exerted in looking after the plants, although they may be exploited for one or more purposes.

TUKUKAN PLANT SURVEY

The current work constitutes an addition to the already substantial body of ethnobotanical literature for the Cordillera Central. Reports of plant collections with accompanying ethnographic data and the results of other kinds of ethnobotanical investigations have been published for the Ifugao (Conklin 1967a,b, 1980; Yen 1974), Lepanto Kankanay (Vanoverbergh 1933, 1981), Tinguian (Abra Province) (Cole 1922), Iloko (Vanoverbergh 1927), and Isneg (Kalinga-Apayao Province) (Vanoverbergh 1941) regions as well as Bontoc (Reid and Madulid 1972; Yen 1974). Merrill's (1922-1926) comprehensive Enumeration includes many vernacular names and some information pertaining to local uses for plants in Bontoc and elsewhere in northern Luzon, and much of it is repeated in Brown (1941-1943).


Fig. 6. Tukukan agriculture. Baliling, or d i tch-mounded fields, are used during the off season for growing sweet potatoes, as shown here, or cash crops such as garlic, beans, maize, or peanuts.

In Table 1, entries are organized alphabetically by Tukukan vernacular name, and each has been assigned a reference number in brackets to facilitate cross- referencing between and among tables. The spelling system used in this paper for Tukukan is phonemic and employs the following vowels and consonants:

a b d e g i k 1 m n ng p s t u w y ' (glottal stop)

Important aUophonic variations in Tukukan speech include/b/ -. [f],/d/-~ [ch], a n d / g / --, [k hI in syllable initial position, and/1/ -. [r] where adjacent to any vowel other than i and where it follows any consonant other than t, d, s, or n unless the consonant is preceded by i (see Reid 1976:ix-x).

Following the reference number, Tukukan name, and English name (when known) are the scientific name, collection number, acronyms of herbaria where vouchers are deposited, coded information pertaining to the taxon's phytogeographic status, its cultural use and treatment, and additional comments regarding the plant's use or status within Tukukan. Phytogeographic status is coded as endemic, indigenous, cosmopolitan, or introduced following Backer and Bak- huizen van den Brink (1963-1968), Copeland (1958, 1960), Holttum (1959-1982), Li et al. (1975-1979), Merrill (1922-1926), Pancho (1983), and/or van Steenis (1948-1986). No distinction is made here between prehistoric and later plant introductions on the grounds that: (1) definitions of these terms may differ for the anthropologist and the botanist; (2) delimiting a line between prehistory and history for a small isolated region such as the study area is difficult at best; and (3) the movements of plants and people are central to the larger research effort


of which this work is a part, and such precise categorization should be made (if at all) only on the basis of solid botanical, archaeological, or similar evidence so as to limit errors and avoid misunderstandings wherever possible. Table 2 is arranged alphabetically by genus with reference numbers keyed to the Table 1 entries, and Table 3 is arranged similarly by family.

DISCUSSION

A study of ethnobotanical nomenclature and the economic functions of plants collected in Guinaang, a village west and slightly north of Tukukan, by Reid and Madulid (1972) provides a basis for comparing Tukukan plant-naming and -use practices with those of other Bontoc villages. Differences in investigators, purposes, approaches, informants, and time between that study and this one preclude specific types of analyses that would be both possible and desirable in future ethnobotanical studies. Nevertheless, certain patterns are apparent.

Reid and Madulid (1972) identified several means by which plants are named and generic terms are expanded in Guinaang, and parallel examples may be found among the Tukukan plant names included in our paper. Plants are frequently named by means of the linguistic process of analogy (Berlin 1972), whereby the new name reflects some conceptual similarity to an already named plant. In Guinaang and Tukukan, the primary grammatical device for generating new names is that of reduplication of the first syllable, CIVC2 (see Reid and Madulid 1972 and Reid 1976 for details). Thus, kelkeldis [128], or kel + keldis reflects a resem- blance to keldis [127]; and lublubban [ 150] or lub + lubban implies comparability with lubban [149]. The same device is used to generate new names referring to some characteristic of the plant itself, such as the texture or shape of its leaf, stem, bark, fruit, root, or inflorescence, its odor, taste, color, or even its use. Thus, 'ak'akkus [010], or 'ak + 'akkus, refers to the similarity in shape of the plant's root to the marine shells ('akkus) used as ornaments on women's belts.

Analogies are also expressed by the use of descriptive phrases in naming plants, such as bab'alangban si 'anitu [051 ], meaning "the bab'alangban of the spirits," and kupkuppit si payew [132], or "the kupkuppit of the pond field." In each of these cases, a new plant name is generated by using a descriptive phrase to expand an already existing generic term (e.g., bab'alangban, kupkuppit).

Eighty of the vernacular names recorded for plants in Tukukan are included in Reid and Madulid's (1972) list for Guinaang. When the identifications of the Tukukan specimens corresponding to these 80 names are compared with those of the Guinaang specimens, 66 overlap at the family level, 58 at the generic level, and 50 at the specific level. In Table 1 of our paper, the reference numbers of those entries overlapping with Guinaang determinations at the generic level are underlined (e.g., [001 ]). Determinations for 14 of the 80 are of different families, but at least 4 of these 14 names are analogies generated by C~VC2-reduplication, which, as indicated above, only reflects some similarity between the plant being named and another known plant. Differing determinations even to family for these specimens are therefore not surprising.

Similar patterns of exploitation of specific herbaceous plants for use as human and/or pig food (e.g., [018], [095]), certain trees for both their useful wood and their edible fruit (e.g., [040], [259]), and particular fiber-producing plants (e.g.,


[049]) are reported for both villages. On the basis of information supplied by Reid and Madulid (1972) and by Tukukan informants familiar with both Tukukan and Guinaang practices, the general uses, cultivation techniques, and relative importance of many crop plants are also the same (e.g., [061 ], [ 117], [ 120], [ 123], [142], [ 157], [ 158], [ 165], [ 179], [222], [231 ]). Nevertheless, there is also strong evidence for considerable temporal and spatial variation in cropping patterns, cultivation techniques, and planting and harvesting techniques in Bontoc agriculture. Ques- tions concerning the foods that people used to eat, crops that might have been grown before but not now, and the ways in which foods and beverages were prepared in the past constituted an important part of the ethnobotanical portion of this research project, and the answers given by older informants from the villages of Tukukan, Bontoc, Samoki, Talubin, Anabel, and Bituagan have provided valuable insights into the nature of agricultural evolution in this region.

The cultivated food plants mentioned most often as important in the diet of "those who lived before before" can still be found in the Bontoc region although not in every village nor with ease in many cases. Among these are Coix lacryma- jobi var. mayuen [006]; Pueraria lobata, [049]; Vigna umbellata, [062], [114]; Sorghum bicolor, [076]; Mucuna pruriens var. utilis, [122]; Cajanus cajan, [127]; Dioscorea esculenta, [ 147]; Vigna radiata, [ 162]; Setaria italica, [ 198]; Colocasia esculenta, [235]; Dioscorea alata, [247]; and Saccharum sinense, [255]. Fiber- producing plants frequently mentioned as having been of greater importance in the past include Pueraria lobata, [049]; Gossypium hirsutum, [099]; and Boehmeria nivea, [ 184].

Of these, only Vigna umbellata, V. radiata, Ca janus cajan, Colocasia esculenta, and Saccharum sinense are still commonly cultivated in Tukukan, although the others are grown in a few swiddens and houseyards. Setaria italica is still very common in Bituagan, Anabel, Talubin, and Bayyu (see Yen 1974), and Coix lacryma-jobi var. mayuen is grown in significant amounts in Bituagan. Dioscorea alata, D. esculenta, and Pueraria lobata have descended to the status of relict cultivates or famine food in Tukukan. They can be found in abandoned swiddens and in secondary growth and are exploited, especially when other food supplies are low, but they are not commonly planted today.

Setaria italica and Colocasia esculenta were by far the most frequently mentioned as staple crops in discussions of former agricultural practices. That Setaria italica lost its place as a dominant cultigen to Oryza sativa is reflected in such commonly made statements as "Rice drove the millet away."

This ethnobotanical information, in combination with data collected in the course of ethnographic, ethnohistoric, linguistic, and archaeological investigations, constitutes the basis for postulating that an agricultural system dominated by Setaria italica and Colocasia esculenta preceded the current system that em- phasizes the pond-field cultivation ofOryza sativa and dry swiddening oflpomoea batatas.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Financial support for the fieldwork upon which this paper is based was provided by U.S. National Science Foundation Dissertation Improvement Grant BNS-82-04098 awarded to Bodner and is grate- fully acknowledged. Financial assistance for publication costs has been kindly and generously provided by the Research Division of the Rochester Museum and Science Center and by the Missouri Botanical


Garden. Special thanks are extended to the residents of Tukukan and Bontoc, Mountain Province, for their kindness, cooperation, tolerance, and good will, and especially to Fred Awichen, Tukukan, who served as an extremely competent research assistant, plant collector, interpreter, and guide throughout the course of the project. We also thank the following for their assistance in identifying plants: T. B. Croat, M. Dillon, C. H. Dodson, P. Fryxell, A. H. Gentry, P. Goldblatt, Hongya Gu, M. J. Hurl, R. Liesner, P. P. Lowry II, P. Matekaitis, D. Madulid, J. S. Miller, C. Niezgoda, Ching-I Peng, T. Plowman, J. C. Regalado, Jr., R. L. Robbins, D. D. Soejarto, J. A. Steyermark, R. G. Stolze, H. van der Werff, and E. M. Zardini.

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1988] B O D N E R & G E R E A U : B O N T O C E T H N O B O T A N Y 319

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TABLE 2. INDEX TO PLANTS COLLECTED ARRANGED BY GENUS.

Scientific Name Ref. No.

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medikus

subsp, tetraphyllus (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Borssum Waalkes vat. pungens (Roxb.) Hochr.

Acalypha amentacea Roxb. subsp, amentacea var. velutina (Muell. Arg.) Fosb.

Asanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr. Acmella ~randiflora (Turcz.) R.K. Jansen Acorus calamus L. Adinandra elliptica C. Robinson Adinandra cf. luzonica Merr. Aeschynomene americana L. Agave cantula Roxb. A~eratum houstonianum Miller Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Allium cepa L. Allium sativum L. Alocasia lon~iloba Miq. Amaranthus spinosus L. An~annla Xcoccinea Rottb. Amomum sp. Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv.

var, hancei (Planchon) Rehder Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Annona muricata L. Annona squamosa L. Anodendron sp. Antidesma bunius (L.) Sprengel Antidesma sp. Arachis hypogaea L. Ardisia sali~na Mez Ardisia squamulosa C. Presl Arisaema polyphyllum (Blanco) Merr. Artemisia capillaris Thunb. Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosb. Artocarpus heterophylla Lam. Asclepias curassavica L. Aster ovalifolius Kitam.

Bambusa blumeana Blume ex Schultes f. Berchemia philippinensis S. Vidal Bidens pilosa L. Bischofia ~avanica Blume Bixa orellana L. Blechum brownei A.L. Juss. Blumea lacera (Burman f.) DC.

[249] [260]

[o81]

[213] [261] [082]

[002],[207] [003] [257] [153] [008] [169] [214] [070] [262] [168] [263] [115] [047]

[1891 [096] [044] [264] [075] [007] [158] [230] [233] [265] [11oi [1671 [142] [266] [267]

[072] [089] [O95] [246] [041] [268] [269]

1988] 359 BODNER & GEREAU: BONTOC ETHNOBOTANY

TABLE 2. CONTINUED.


Boehmeria multiflora C. Robinson Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. Brassica rapa L. Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr. Breynia rhamnoides (Retz.) Muell. Arg. Bridelia ~labrifolia (Muell. Arg.) Merr. Buddle~a asiatica Lout.

[092] [184] [182] [182] [196] [019] [094]

Cajanus ca~an (L.) Millsp. [127] Calamus elmerianus Becc. [148] Callistemon cltrlnus (Curtis) Skeels [270] Canscora dlffusa (Vahl) R. Br. ex Walllch [271] Capillipedium parviflorum (R. Br.) Stapf [250],[251] Capsicum frutescens L. [215] Cardamine hlrsuta L. [140] Carex oli~ostachya Nees [272] Carica papaya L. [177] Cassia divaricata Nees & Blume [027] Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnepain [091] Cenchrus echinatus L. [034] Centella asiatica (L.) Urban [273] Centrosema pubescens Benth. [176] Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. [236] Champereia manillana (Blume) Merr. [151] Chenopodlum ambrosioides L. [005] Chin~ia christil (Copel.) Holttum [274] Chingia ferox (Blume) Holttum [275] Chonemorpha blancoi Merr. [152] Christella hispidula (Decne.) Holttum [276] Christia obcordata (Polret) Bakh. f, [277]

ex van Meeuwen Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. King & H. Robinson [278] Chrysophyllum cainlto L. [102] Citrus maxima (Burman) Merr. [149] Citrus microcarpa Bunge [113] Clematis ~avana DC. [121] Cleome viscosa L. [107] Cocos nucifera L. [i00] Coffea arabica L. [123] Coffea liberica Bull ex Hiern [124] Coix lacrymajobi L. [045] C0ix lacr)nna~obi L. var. mayuen (Rom. du Gaill.) [006] Stapf ex Backer

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott [235] Commelina ben~halensis L. [279] Conyza floribunda Kunth [280]

360 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL, 42

TABLE 2. CONTINUED.


Corchorus olitorius L. Cordia dichotoma Forster f. Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. Cosmos caudatus Kunth Costus speciosus (J. KDnig) Smith Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore Crotalaria zanzibarica Benth. Crypsinus taeniatus (Sw.) Copel. Cucurbita maxima Duchesne Cyathea incisoserrata Copel. Cyperus difformis L. Cyperus distans L. f. Cyperus pilosus Vahl Cyperus tenuispica Steudel Cyrtococcum patens (L.) A. Camus

Dalber~ia pinnata (Lour.) Prain Dalea cliffortiana Willd. Decaspermum fruticosum Forster & Forster f. Dendrobium sp. Derris micans Janet Perkins Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC. Desmodium lasiocarpum (P. Beauv.) DC. Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC. Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. Desmodium velutinum (Willd.) DC. Deutzia pulchra S. Vidal Dianella javanica (Blume) Kunth Dichanthium aristatum (Poiret) C.E. Hubb. Dicranopteris linearis (Burman f.) L. Underw. DiBitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler Dinochloa scandens (Blume) Kuntze Dioscorea alata L. Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. D rymaria cordata (L.) Willd.

subsp, diandra (Blume) Duke Dr~petes monosperma (Merr.) Pax & K. Hoffm. Dysoxylum octandrum (Blanco) Merr.

Echinochloa crus~alli (L.) P. Beauv. Elaea~nus philippensis Perrottet Elaeocarpus elmeri R. DC. Elaeocarpus forbesii Merr. Elephantopus tomentosus L. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner

[201] [029] [088] [281] [o171 [192] [132] [lO81 [117] [043] [282] [209] [211] [283] [024]

[156] [284] [077] [118] [253] [128] [183] [035] [285] [036] [026] [286] [287] [085] [2881 [028] [247] [147] [175] [244]

[133] [o15]

[197] [220] [144] [159] [289] [032]


TABLE 2. CONTINUED.


Enselhardia spicata Lechen. ex Blume Equisetum ramosisissimum Desf.

subsp, debile (Roxb.) Hauke Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roemer & Schultes

Eulalia lagopus (Hackel) Henrard Euodia retusa Merr. Euodia semecarpifolia Merr. Euonymus ben~uetensis Merr. Eupatorium adenophorum Sprengel Eupatorium toppingianum Elmer

Ficus caulocarpa Miq. Ficus pseudopalma Blanco Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Fimbrist[lis merrillii Kern

Garcinia dives Pierre Garcinia lateriflora Blume Gossypium barbadense L. Gossypium hlrsutum L. var. hirsutum Grewia multiflora A.L. Juss.

Hedyotis bartlin$ii Merr. Helicteres an~ustifolia L. Helixanthera parasitica Lout. Hibiscus campylosipho n Turcz. Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Hoya cumin~iana Decne. Hypericum japonicum Thunb. ex Murray Hyptis capitata Jacq. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poiret

Imperata cylindrlca (L.) R~usch. Indi~ofera hirsuta L. Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Ipomoe a batatas (L.) Lam. Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth Ixora cuminsiana S. Vidal

Jatropha curcas L. Justicia procumbens L.

Kalanchoe inte~ra (Medikus) Kuntze Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. Kyllinga melanosperma Nees

[144] [195]

[ 2 3 4 ]

[194] [150] [033] [219] [163] [290]

[202] [090] [040] [291]

[064] [248] [098] [099] [016]

[292] [293] [083] [oo9] [053] [171] [129] [294] [119]

[097] [295] [059] [241] [245] [200]

[226] [296]

[223] [224] [063]


TABLE 2. CONTINUED.


Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet LaBerstroemia speclosa (L.) Pers. Lantana camara L. Laurentia lon~iflora (L.) Peterm. Leea Buineensis Don Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit LeucosTke capitellata (Poiret) Wedd. Li~ustrum pubinerve Blume Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr. Lindenber~ia philippensis (Cham.) Benth. Lindernia anaBallis (Burman f.) Pennell Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. Muell. Lithocarpus solerianus (S. Vidal) Rehder Litsea perrottetii (Blume) Fernandez-Villar LudwiBia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven LudwiBia peploides (Kunth) Raven Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roemer Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten Lygodium auriculatum (Willd.) Alston

MacaranBa tanarius (L.) Muell. Arg. ManBifera indlca L. Manihot esculenta Crantz Maranta arundinacea L. Medlnilla laBunae S. Vidal Medinilla pendula Kerr. Melastoma candidum D. Don Mimosa pudica L. Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb.

ex Schumann & Lauterb. Mitracarpus villosus (Sw.) DC. Momordica charantia L. Monochoria vaBinalis (Burman f.) C. Presl MorinBa pterygosperma Gaertner Morus alba L. Mucuna niBricans (Lout.) Steudel Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis

(Wallich ex Wight) Baker ex Burck Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan Musa spp. Mussaenda benBuetensis Elmer

Neonauclea vidalii (Elmer) Merr. Nepenthes alata Blanco Nephrolepis hirsutula (Forster) C. Presl Nicotiana tabacum L.

[lO31 [065] [204] [069] [050] [101] [013] [071] [297] [298] [299] [300] [170] [225] [093] [301] [106] [120] [060]

[238] [157] [012] [0141 [051] [058] [206] [130] [074]

[302] [173] [055] [155] [154] [186] [122]

[303] [061] [208]

[237] [057] [023] [222]


TABLE 2. CONTINUED.


Oenanthe ~avanica (Blume) DC. Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez-Villar Omalanthus populneus (Geiseler) Pax Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. Or~za sativa L. Osbeckla chinensis L. Oxalis corniculata L.

Pachyrrhizus erosus (L.) Urban Panicum cordatum Buse Panlcum repens L. Parameria barbara (Blume) Schumann Paspalum conjugatum Bergius Passiflora quadran~ularls L. Pennisetum polystachlon (L.) Schultes

subsp, polystachlon Peperomla marlvelesana C. DC. Persea americana Miller Phaius philippinensis N.E. Br. Phaseolus lunatus L. Phaseolus vul~aris L. Pholidota sp. Phra~mites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steudel Phymatodes scolopendria (Burman f.) Chlng Pinus insularis Endl. Piper betle L. Pipturus arborescens (Link) C. Robinson Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco) Merro Plectranthus scutellarioldes (L.) R. Br. Pneumatopteris ligulata (C. Presl) Holttum Po~ostemon velatus Benth. P oikilospermum warbur~ii (Elmer) Merr. Polianthes tuberosa L. Polygala persicariifolia DC. Polygonum barbatum L. Polygonum minus Hudson Prunus marsupialis Kalkman Pseudelephantopus spicatus (B. Juss. ex Aublet)

C. Baker Psidium ua~L. psophocarpus tetra~onolobus (L.) DC. Pteridium aRuilinum (L.) Kuhn Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi Pyrrosi a adnascens (Sw.) Ching

[039] [304] [020] [305] [165] [306] [052]

[216] [025] [307] [308] [190] [161] [309]

[310] [001] [046] [179] [193] [010] [232] [311] [068] [126] [135] [191] [210] [312] [313] [030] [164] [314] [315] [316] [178] [166]

[116] [080] [022] [049] [317]

Quisqualis indica L. [105]


TABLE 2. CONTINUED.


Radermachera gigantea (Blume) Miq. Rhynchelytrumre_~ns (Willd.) C.E. Hubb. Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern Rosa philippinensis Merr. Rottboellia exaltata L. f. Rottboellia ophiuroides Benth. Rubus fraxinifolius Poiret Rubus rosifolius Smith Run~ia philippinensis C.B. Clarke

Saccharum sp. Saccharum officinarum L. Saccharum sinense Roxb. Saccharum spontaneum L. Sandoricum koetjape (Burman f.) Merr. Sarcandra ~labra (Thunb.) Nakai Saurauia bontocensis Merr. Saurauia ele~ans (Choisy) Fernandez-Villar Schismato~lottis calyptrata (Roxb.) Zoll. & Moritzi Scirpus juncoides Roxb. Scleria scrobiculata Nees Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Selaginella mollendorfii Hieron. Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. Irwin & Barneby Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Sesbania ~randiflora (L.) Pets. Setaria ~eniculata (Lam.) P. Beauv. Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. Setaria palmifolia (Willd.) Stapf Shuteria vestita Wight & Arn. Sida rhombifolia L. subsp, rhombifolia Sie~esbeckia orientalis L. Smilax china L. Solanum melon~ena L. Solanum ni~rum L. Sonchus arvensis L. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Sphaerostephanos polisianus Holttum Stachytarpheta ~amaicensis (L.) Vahl Sterculia montana Merr. Syzygium lineatum (DC.) Merr. & Perry

Talauma villariana Rolfe Talinum triangulate (Jacq.) Willd. Tamarindus indica L. Tetrasti~ma papillosum (Blume) Planchon

[054] [252] [137] [212] [o21] [229] [188] [079] [318]

[o56] [256] [255] [240] [203] [104] [087] [259] [187] [239] [185] [205] [319] [131] [320] [125] [321] [198] [145] [146] [111] [217] [066] [231] [018] [139] [076] [322] [112] [180] [078]

[o311 [228] [199] [o841


TABLE 2. CONTINUED.


Themeda triandra Forssk. Theobroma cacao L. Thevetia peruviana (Pets.) Schumann Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Kuntze Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Tridax procumbens L. Triumfetta benBuetensis Sprague Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Turpinla ovalifolia Elmer

Urena lobata L. subsp, sinuata (L.) Borssum Waalkes var. ~lauca (Blume) Borssum Waalkes

Vaccinium ben~uetense S. Vidal Vernonia arborea Buch.-Ham. var. javanlca (DC.)

C.B. Clarke Viburnum luzonicum Rolfe var. luzonicum Viburnum odoratissimum Ker Gawler Vi~na radiata (L.) Wilczek Vi~na umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashl Vi~na un~uiculata (L.) Walp.

subsp, sesqu~pedalis (L.) Verdc. Viola philippica Cav. Vryda~zynea sp.

Weinmannla luzoniensis S. Vidal Wendlandia luzoniensis DC. Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr.

Youn~la japonica (L.) DC.

Zea mats L. Zin~iber offlcinale Roscoe Zin~iber sp.

[048],[221] [109] [181] [227] [011] [136] [323] [324] [037] [254]

[038]

[067] [004]

[042] [160] [162]

[062],[114] [258]

[218] [325]

[242] [134] [o86]

[138]

[243] [143]

[172],[174]


TABLE 3. INDEX TO PLANTS COLLECTED ARRANGED BY FAMILY.

Family Ref. No.

ACANTHACEAE ACTINIDIACEAE AGAVACEAE AMARANTHACEAE ANACARDIACEAE ANNONACEAE APIACEAE APOCYNACEAE ARACEAE ARALIACEAE ARECACEAE AS CLEP IADACEAE ASTERACEAE

BIGNONIACEAE BIXACEAE BORAGINACEAE BRASSICACEAE BROMELIACEAE BUDDLEJACEAE

CAESALPINIACEAE CAMPANULAC EAE CAPPARACEAE CAPRIFOLIACEAE CARICACEAE CARu CECROPIACEAE CELASTRACEAE CHENOPODIACEAE CHLORANTHACEAE CLUSIACEAE COMBRETACEAE COMMELINACEAE CONVOLVULACEAE COSTACEAE CRASSULACEAE CUCURBITACEAE CUNONIACEAE CYATHEACEAE CYPERACEAE

[268],[296].[318] [o87],[259]

[o88],[153],[164] [1681 [157]

[044],[096] [039],[273]

[152],[181],[264],[3o8] [o82],[187],[235],[262],[265]

[213] [lOO],[148] [171],[266]

[004],[008],[011],[095],[Ii0],[138], [139],[163],[166],[192],[217],[261], [267],[269],[278],[280],[281],[289],

[290],[323]

[054] [o41] [029]

[137],[14o],[182] [189] [094]

[027],[131],[199],[320] [069] [107]

[042],[160] [177] [244] [03o] [219] [005] [104]

[064],[129],[248] [1o5]

[279],[303] [059],[241],[245]

[017] [223],[224]

[106],[117],[173],[205] [242] [043]

[063],[185],[209],[211],[239],[272], [282],[283],[291]


TABLE 3. CONTINUED.

Family Ref. No.

DAVALL IACEAE DIOSCOREACEAE

ELAEAGNAC EAE ELAEOCARPACEAE EQUISETACEAE ERICACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE

FABACEAE

FAGACEAE

GENTIANACEAE GLEICHENIACEAE

HYDRANGEACEAE

JUGLANDACEAE

LAMIACEAE LAURACEAE LEEACEAE LILIACEAE LORANTHACEAE LYTHRACEAE

MAGNOLIACEAE MALVACEAE

MARANTACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE MELIACEAE MIMOSACEAE MORACEAE MORINGACEAE MUSACEAE MYRTACEAE MYRS INACEAE

[023] [147],[247]

[220] [141],[159]

[195] [067]

[007],[012],[019],[020],[075],[081], [133],[196],[226],[236],[238],[246],

[304]

[035],[306],[049],[062],[080],[I03], [i14],[122],[125],[127],[128],[132], [146],[156],[158],[162],[176],[179], [183],[186],[193],[216],[253],[257],

[258],[277],[284],[285],[295] [17o]

[271] [085]

[026]

[144]

[I19],[210],[294],[313] [001],[225]

[050] [070],[214],[286]

[083] [065],[263]

[o31] [oo9],[o38],[o53],[o98],[o99],[Iii],

[249],[26o] [014]

[051],[058],[206],[306] [015],[203]

[i01],[130],[169] [040],[090],[142],[154],[167],[202]

[155] [061]

[077],[078],[116],[270] [230],[233]

NEPENTHACEAE [057]

368 [VOL. 42 ECONOMIC BOTANY

TABLE 3. CONTINUED.

Family Ref. No.

OLEACEAE [071] ONAGRACEAE [083],[301] OPILIACEAE [151] ORCHIDACEAE [010],[046],[I18],[325] OXALIDACEAE [052]

PASSIFLORACEAE P INAC EAE PIPERACEAE PITTOSPORACEAE POACEAE

POLYGALACEAE POLYGONACEAE POLYPODIACEAE PONTEDERIACEAE PORTULACACEAE PTERIDACEAE

RANUNCULACEAE RHAMNACEAE ROSACEKE RUBIACEAE

RUTACEAE

SAPINDACEAE SAPOTACEAE SCROPHULARIACEAE SELAGINELLACEAE SMILACACEAE SOLANACEAE STAPHYLEACEAE STERCULIACEAE

THEACEAE THELYPTERIDACEAE THYMELAEACEAE TILIACEAE

[161] [068]

[126],[310] [191]

[006],[021],[024],[025],[028],[032], [034],[045],[048],[056],[072],[073], [074],[076],[097],[145],[165],[190], [194],[197],[198],[221],[227],[229], [232],[234],[240],[243],[250],[251], [252],[255],[256],[287],[288],[305],

[307],[309],[321] [314]

[315],[316] [I08],[311],[317]

[0551 [228]

[022],[060]

[121] [089]

[o79],[178],[188],[212] [123],[124],[134],[2oo],[2o8],[237],

[292],[3o2] [033],[113],[149],[150]

[175] [102]

[297],[298],[299],[300] [319] [066]

[018],[120],[215],[222],[231] [254]

[I09],[180],[293]

[002],[003],[207] [274],[275],[276],[312],[322]

[086] [016],[037],[201],[324]

ULMACEKE [ 136 ]

1988] 369 BODNER & GEREAU:BONTOC ETHNOBOTANY

TABLE 3. CONTINUED.

Family Ref. No.

URTICACEAE [013],[092],[135],[184]

VERBENACEAE [112],[204] VlOLACEAE [218] VlTACEAE [047] , [084] , [091]

ZINGIBERACEAE [I15],[143],[172],[174]

Note

1989 Oberly Award Nominations. Nominations are sought for the 1989 Oberly Award for bibliographic excellence in the agricultural or related sciences. To be eligible, a bibliography must have been published in 1987 or 1988, and at least one author, editor, or compiler must be a U.S. citizen. Bibliographies will be judged on usefulness, scope, accuracy, format, explanatory features, and indexing methods. The award is administered by the Science and Technology Section of the Association of College and Research Libraries Division of the American Library Association. It will be presented at the 1989 annual meeting of the Amer- ican Library Association in Dallas, Texas. Nominations in the form of a letter, including if possible a copy of the bibliography, should be sent by 1 Jan 1989 to: Carolyn U Warmann, Chair, Oberly Award Committee, Reference Depart- ment, Carol Newman Library, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 14061.

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