a companion to ancient macedonia

A COMPANION TO ANCIENT MACEDONIA

Edited by

Joseph Roismanand Ian Worthington

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

9781405179362_1_pretoc.indd iii9781405179362_1_pretoc.indd iii 9/4/2010 12:16:46 PM9/4/2010 12:16:46 PM

flast.indd xixflast.indd xix 9/9/2010 11:37:29 AM9/9/2010 11:37:29 AM


9781405179362_1_pretoc.indd i9781405179362_1_pretoc.indd i 9/4/2010 12:16:46 PM9/4/2010 12:16:46 PM

BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLDThis series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classi-cal literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises between twenty-five and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, stu-dents, and general readers.

ANCIENT HISTORY

PublishedA Companion to the Roman ArmyEdited by Paul Erdkamp

A Companion to the Roman RepublicEdited by Nathan Rosenstein and RobertMorstein-Marx

A Companion to the Roman EmpireEdited by David S. Potter

A Companion to the Classical Greek WorldEdited by Konrad H. Kinzl

A Companion to the Ancient Near EastEdited by Daniel C. Snell

A Companion to the Hellenistic WorldEdited by Andrew Erskine

A Companion to Late AntiquityEdited by Philip Rousseau

A Companion to Ancient HistoryEdited by Andrew Erskine

A Companion to Archaic GreeceEdited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van Wees

A Companion to Julius CaesarEdited by Miriam Griffin

A Companion to ByzantiumEdited by Liz James

A Companion to Ancient EgyptEdited by Alan B. Lloyd

A Companion to Ancient MacedoniaEdited by Joseph Roisman and Ian Worthington

In preparationA Companion to the Punic WarsEdited by Dexter Hoyos

A Companion to SpartaEdited by Anton Powell

LITERATURE AND CULTURE

PublishedA Companion to Classical ReceptionsEdited by Lorna Hardwick and Christopher Stray

A Companion to Greek and Roman HistoriographyEdited by John Marincola

A Companion to CatullusEdited by Marilyn B. Skinner

A Companion to Roman ReligionEdited by Jörg Rüpke

A Companion to Greek ReligionEdited by Daniel Ogden

A Companion to the Classical TraditionEdited by Craig W. Kallendorf

A Companion to Roman RhetoricEdited by William Dominik and Jon Hall

A Companion to Greek RhetoricEdited by Ian Worthington

A Companion to Ancient EpicEdited by John Miles Foley

A Companion to Greek TragedyEdited by Justina Gregory

A Companion to Latin LiteratureEdited by Stephen Harrison

A Companion to Greek and Roman Political ThoughtEdited by Ryan K. Balot

A Companion to OvidEdited by Peter E. Knox

A Companion to the Ancient Greek LanguageEdited by Egbert Bakker

A Companion to Hellenistic LiteratureEdited by Martine Cuypers and James J. Clauss

A Companion to Vergil’s Aeneid and its TraditionEdited by Joseph Farrell and Michael C. J. Putnam

A Companion to HoraceEdited by Gregson Davis

In preparationA Companion to the Latin LanguageEdited by James Clackson

A Companion to Greek MythologyEdited by Ken Dowden and Niall Livingstone

A Companion to SophoclesEdited by Kirk Ormand

A Companion to AeschylusEdited by Peter Burian

A Companion to Greek ArtEdited by Tyler Jo Smith and Dimitris Plantzos

A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman WorldEdited by Beryl Rawson

A Companion to TacitusEdited by Victoria Pagán

A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near EastEdited by Daniel Potts

9781405179362_1_pretoc.indd ii9781405179362_1_pretoc.indd ii 9/4/2010 12:16:46 PM9/4/2010 12:16:46 PM


Edited by

Joseph Roismanand Ian Worthington

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

9781405179362_1_pretoc.indd iii9781405179362_1_pretoc.indd iii 9/4/2010 12:16:46 PM9/4/2010 12:16:46 PM

This edition first published 2010© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing pro-gram has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell.

Registered OfficeJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

Editorial Offices350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148–5020, USA9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UKThe Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

The right of Joseph Roisman and Ian Worthington to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmit-ted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this title

ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Set in 10/12.5pt Galliard by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, IndiaPrinted in Singapore

1 2010

9781405179362_1_pretoc.indd iv9781405179362_1_pretoc.indd iv 9/4/2010 12:16:46 PM9/4/2010 12:16:46 PM

http://www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell

http://www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell

List of Illustrations viiiList of Contributors xiiPreface xivNotes on Style xviList of Abbreviations xviiMaps xx

PART I Preamble 1

1 Why Study Ancient Macedonia and What this Companion is About 3

Edward M. Anson

PART II Evidence 21

2 The Literary and Epigraphic Evidence to the Roman Conquest 23

P. J. Rhodes

3 The Numismatic Evidence 41 Karsten Dahmen

PART III Macedonia and Macedonians 63

4 The Physical Kingdom 65 Carol G. Thomas

5 Macedonians and Greeks 81 Johannes Engels

Contents

9781405179362_2_toc.indd v9781405179362_2_toc.indd v 9/10/2010 9:38:02 PM9/10/2010 9:38:02 PM

vi Contents

6 Perspectives on the Macedonians from Greece,Rome, and Beyond 99

Sulochana R. Asirvatham

PART IV History 125

7 The Early Temenid Kings to Alexander I 127 Sławomir Sprawski

8 Classical Macedonia to Perdiccas III 145 Joseph Roisman

9 Philip II 166 Sabine Müller

10 Alexander the Great, Macedonia and Asia 186 Dawn L. Gilley and Ian Worthington

11 Alexander’s Successors to 221 BC 208 Winthrop Lindsay Adams

12 Macedonia and Rome, 221–146 BC 225 Arthur M. Eckstein

13 Provincia Macedonia 251 John Vanderspoel

PART V Neighbours 277

14 Macedonia, Illyria and Epirus 279 William S. Greenwalt

15 Macedonia and Thessaly 306 Denver Graninger

16 Macedonia and Thrace 326 Zosia Archibald

17 Macedonia and Persia 342 Marek Jan Olbrycht

PART VI Politics, Society, Economy and Culture 371

18 Macedonian Kingship and Other Political Institutions 373 Carol J. King

19 Social Customs and Institutions: Aspects of Macedonian Elite Society 392

Noriko Sawada

20 Macedonian Women 409 Elizabeth Carney

9781405179362_2_toc.indd vi9781405179362_2_toc.indd vi 9/10/2010 9:38:02 PM9/10/2010 9:38:02 PM

Contents vii

21 Macedonian Religion 428 Paul Christesen and Sarah C. Murray

22 The Macedonian Army 446 Nicholas Victor Sekunda

23 The Political Economy of Macedonia 472 Paul Millett

24 Classical Art to 221 BC 505 Craig I. Hardiman

25 Hellenistic and Roman Art, 221 BC–AD 337 522 Rachel Kousser

PART VII After Rome 543

26 Macedonia in Late Antiquity 545 Carolyn S. Snively

27 Ancient Macedonia, Alexander the Great and the Star or Sun of Vergina: National Symbols and the Conflict between Greece and the Republic of Macedonia 572

Loring M. Danforth

Bibliography 599Index 651

9781405179362_2_toc.indd vii9781405179362_2_toc.indd vii 9/10/2010 9:38:02 PM9/10/2010 9:38:02 PM

Maps

1 Mainland Greece xx Adapted from map 2 in R.M. Errington, A History of

the Hellenistic World: 323–30 BC (Wiley-Blackwell 2008), pp. xvi–xvii 2 Regions of Macedonia xxi Created for C.G. Thomas by Lance Jenott and altered

by Jason Shattuck 3 Expansion of Macedonia xxi Created for C.G. Thomas by Lance Jenott and altered

by Jason Shattuck 4 Alexander the Great’s Conquests xxii Taken from W. Heckel and L.A. Tritle, Alexander the Great:

A New History (Wiley-Blackwell 2009), pp. xx–xxi 5 Roman Macedonia and the Neighbouring Provinces xxiv Created by J. Vanderspoel 6 Macedonia, Illyria and Epirus xxv Created for W.S. Greenwalt by Elwood Mills 7 Macedonia and Thessaly xxvi Reproduced with the permission of Yale University Press 8 Macedonia and Thrace xxvii Copyright Z.H. Archibald 9 Macedonia in Late Antiquity xxviii Created by C.S. Snively10 A map of Macedonia that appeared in the New York Times on

February 4, 1993, illustrating the portrayal of the existence of two Macedonias xxviii

Illustrations

fbetw.indd viiifbetw.indd viii 9/9/2010 11:37:20 AM9/9/2010 11:37:20 AM

List of Illustrations ix

Figures

8.1 Macedonian royal family tree 454–336 BC (Roisman) 158 21.1 Drawing of the Lead Curse Tablet from Pella

(Christesen and Murray) 434 Reproduced with the permission of Emmanuel Voutiras 24.1 Reconstruction drawing of the Philippeum at Olympia (Hardiman) 508 Reproduced with the permission of David Boggs 25.1 Reconstruction drawing of monument of Aemilius Paullus,

about 167 BC (Kousser) 529

Plates

(between pages 356 and 357)

1 Alexander I, octodrachm, 29.06 g, 31 mm, about 475 BC,Berlin 18200785

Reproduced with the permission of the Münzkabinett,Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

2 Argilus, tetradrachm, 13.92 g, 27 mm, about 490/80 BC,Berlin 18200925


3 Chalcidic League, tetradrachm, 14.43 g, 25 mm, 9 h,about 390/80 BC, Berlin 18216681


4 Amphipolis, tetradrachm, 14.52 g, 26 mm, 6 h,about 370/60 BC, Berlin 18215936


5 Philip II, tetradrachm, Amphipolis mint, 14.29 g, 24 mm, 7 h,about 355–349/48 BC, Berlin 18201161


6 Alexander III, tetradrachm, Amphipolis mint, 17.04 g, 25 mm,4 h, about 330 BC, Berlin 18204190


7 Macedonian first meris, tetradrachm, Amphipolis mint, 16.67 g,31 mm, 12 h, about 158–150 BC, Berlin 18204055


fbetw.indd ixfbetw.indd ix 9/9/2010 11:37:20 AM9/9/2010 11:37:20 AM

x List of Illustrations

8 Philippi, bronze coin, 9.99 g, 27 mm, 12 h,about 10 BC–AD 14, Berlin 18215890


9 Pella, bronze coin, 8.55 g, 25 mm, 12 h, AD 238–244,Berlin 18215892


10 Macedonian koinon, bronze coin, 10.42 g, 25 mm, 12 h,AD 238–244, Berlin 18214409


11 The Macedonians/Aesillas the quaestor, tetradrachm, Thessalonikemint, 16.73 g, 32 mm, 12 h, about 90–75 BC, Berlin 18204057


12 The delta of the Axios Photo taken for C.G. Thomas by Theo Antikas 13 The Petra Pass Photo taken for C.G. Thomas by Richard Johnson 14 The Haliacmon Photo taken for C.G. Thomas by Richard Johnson 15 Left edge of the Lead Curse Tablet from Pella Reproduced with the permission of Emmanuel Voutiras 16 The facade of the Lefkadia Great Tomb Reproduced with the permission of the Archaeological

Society at Athens 17 Hades Abducting Persephone, painting from Tomb I (Vergina) Reproduced with the permission of Studio Kontos/Photostock 18 Facade, painting of hunting scene from Tomb II (Vergina) Reproduced with the permission of Studio Kontos/Photostock 19 The Derveni Krater Reproduced with the permission of Studio Kontos/Photostock 20 Stag Hunt Mosaic, Pella Reproduced with the permission of Studio Kontos/Photostock 21 Abduction of Helen Mosaic, Pella Reproduced with the permission of the Hellenic Republic Ministry

of Culture, Archaeological Receipts Fund (TAP Services, Athens) 22 Silver tetradrachm of Philip V, portrait of Philip on the obverse

and an archaistic Athena on the reverse, late third century BC Reproduced with the permission of the American

Numismatic Society

fbetw.indd xfbetw.indd x 9/9/2010 11:37:20 AM9/9/2010 11:37:20 AM

List of Illustrations xi

23 Gold stater of T. Quinctius Flamininus, portrait ofFlamininus on the obverse and a Nike with palm branchon the reverse, about 196 BC

Reproduced with the permission of the Trustees ofthe British Museum, courtesy Art Resource, NY

24 Relief showing scene of riderless horse from the Battle of Pydna,monument of Aemilius Paullus, Delphi, about 167 BC

Photo courtesy Foto Marburg/Art Resource, NY 25 Grave stele of Onesimus from the outskirts of Thessalonica,

late second century AD, Thessaloniki Museum, inv. no. 1524 Photo courtesy Museum of Casts and Archaeological Collection,

University of Thessaloniki; photo number AGME 86by M. Skiadaressis

26 View of Villa of Dionysus, Dium, towards Mount Olympus,about AD 200

Photo taken by R. Kousser 27 Small Arch of Galerius from the Residence of Galerius,

Thessalonica, late third century AD, Thessaloniki Museum,inv. no. 2466

Photo courtesy Museum of Casts and Archaeological Collection,University of Thessaloniki; photo number AGME 12by M. Skiadaressis

28 View of octagonal reception hall in residence of Galerius,Thessalonica, late third century AD

Photo taken by R. Kousser

fbetw.indd xifbetw.indd xi 9/9/2010 11:37:20 AM9/9/2010 11:37:20 AM

List of Contributors

Winthrop Lindsay AdamsProfessor of History, Department of History, University of Utah, USA

Edward M. AnsonProfessor of History, Department of History, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, USA

Zosia ArchibaldLecturer in Classical Archaeology, School of Archaeology, Classics,and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, England

Sulochana R. AsirvathamAssociate Professor of Classicsand General Humanities, Departmentof Classics and General Humanities, Montclair StateUniversity, USA

Elizabeth CarneyProfessor of History, Department of History, Clemson University, USA

Paul ChristesenAssociate Professor of Classics, Department of Classics, Dartmouth College, USA

Karsten DahmenCurator at the Münzkabinett der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, Germany

Loring M. DanforthCharles A. Dana Professor of Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, BatesCollege, USA

Arthur M. EcksteinProfessor of History and Distinguished Scholar-Teacher, Department of History, University of Maryland, USA

Johannes Engelsapl. Professor of Ancient History, Historisches Seminar I, Alte Geschichte, Universität zu Köln, Germany

Dawn L. GilleyAssistant Professor of Humanities, Department of History, North-West Missouri State University, USA

Denver GraningerDirector and Professor, American Research Center in Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

fbetw.indd xiifbetw.indd xii 9/9/2010 11:37:20 AM9/9/2010 11:37:20 AM

List of Contributors xiii

William S. GreenwaltProfessor of Classics, Department of Classics, Santa Clara University, USA

Craig I. HardimanAssistant Professor of Classics, Department of Classical Studies, University of Waterloo, Canada

Carol J. KingAssistant Professor of Classics, Sir Wilfred Grenfell College, Canada

Rachel KousserAssociate Professor of Art, Department of Art, Brooklyn College, CUNY, USA

Paul MillettSenior Lecturer in Classics and Fellow of Downing College, University of Cambridge, England

Sabine MüllerLecturer in Ancient History, Historisches Seminar, Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany

Sarah C. MurrayPhD student in Classics, Department of Classics, Stanford University, USA

Marek Jan OlbrychtHead, Department of Ancient History and Oriental Studies, University of Rzeszow, Poland

P.J. RhodesHonorary Professor of Ancient History, Department of Classics, University of Durham, England

Joseph RoismanProfessor of Classics, Department of Classics, Colby College, USA

Noriko SawadaAssociate Professor of History,Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Shizuoka University, Japan

Nicholas Victor SekundaUniversity Professor, Institute of Archaeology, Gdansk University,Poland

Carolyn S. SnivelyProfessor of Classics, Department of Classics, Gettysburg College, USA

Sławomir SprawskiAssistant Professor of History, Department of Ancient History, Jagiellonian University, Krakow,Poland

Carol G. ThomasVidalakis Professor of Hellenic Studies, Department of History, University of Washington,USA

John VanderspoelProfessor of Roman History, Department of Greek and Roman Studies, University of Calgary, Canada

Ian WorthingtonProfessor of History, Department of History, University of Missouri, USA

fbetw.indd xiiifbetw.indd xiii 9/9/2010 11:37:20 AM9/9/2010 11:37:20 AM

Preface

The aim of the Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World series is to ‘provide an international audience of students, scholars, and general readers with sophisticated, one-volume companions to classical and near eastern civilizations, classical literature, and ancient history. The chapters in each volume are to be written primarily for those approaching the topic for the first time (be they undergraduates, graduates, or mem-bers of the public) and for scholars operating in adjacent fields of study.’ At the same time those working in the particular field should also find the chapters stimulating.

The present volume (the first companion on ancient Macedonia) presents a series of specially commissioned, original chapters by specialists that cover the range and nature of the source material we have for ancient Macedonia, its political and military history from early times (the first of the Temenid kings) to the end of Roman rule, as well as its geography, relations with its diverse neighbours, social customs, political institutions, economic matters, artistic and intellectual life and achievements, and how the Macedonians were viewed by other civilizations in antiquity. The concluding part of the volume traces the history of Macedonia in late antiquity to the Slavs and the role of Macedonia today in modern Balkan politics. Each chapter has a biblio-graphical essay that is a guide to further reading and all quotations from ancient sources are translated into English. An introductory chapter (1) discusses the state of Macedonian studies and summarizes the chapters in this volume. We believe that we have covered as much as humanly can be within one set of covers and that the book, written for the primary audience of the companion series, will also be beneficial to specialists in the field.

The chapters intentionally treat the various topics and history of ancient Macedonia both chronologically and thematically. Hence some chapters are longer than others because of the time span that they cover. In any collaborative project, some overlap of material is unavoidable, and this volume is no different. In addition, there is no consensus of opinion on a variety of issues that affect ancient Macedonia, ranging from establishing the historicity of events to the ethnicity of its people, the nature of

fpref.indd xivfpref.indd xiv 9/9/2010 11:37:47 AM9/9/2010 11:37:47 AM

Preface xv

its political system, and even the role that Macedonian identity played and plays in ancient and modern times. However, both reiteration and especially plurality of inter-pretations can enhance our understanding and appreciation of a kingdom that seemed to live in the shadow of the Greeks yet would become one of the superpowers of the ancient world. With that said, the responsibility for facts, findings, interpretations, conclusions and opinions expressed in this volume rests exclusively with the contribu-tors. They do not necessarily represent or reflect the views of the other contributors or of the editors.

We have a number of people to thank, in particular Al Bertrand at Blackwell, who responded enthusiastically to Ian Worthington’s idea for this book, and Galen Smith at Blackwell who was always quick to respond to our many enquiries and provided much valuable help and support throughout the editing process. We would also like to thank the contributors who produced excellent work and patiently responded to our comments and suggestions far more diplomatically at times than we expected.

Joseph Roisman would like to thank Ian Worthington, the originator of this book, for his generous offer to join him as coeditor. The project would not have been com-pleted without his industry and sharing of his knowledge. Roisman owes a special thanks to his wife Hanna and his children, Elad and Shalev, for giving so much mean-ing to his life.

Ian Worthington owes a debt of gratitude to Joseph Roisman who came on board as co-editor and will never forgive him for that, but whose expertise and sensible judgement on so many occasions were greatly appreciated. Worthington also thanks Dawn Gilley, for co-writing his chapter with him, and Josh Nudell for help in compil-ing the bibliography. And last but not least Worthington’s family deserves special praise for still letting him live under the same roof as them.

Joseph RoismanIan Worthington

fpref.indd xvfpref.indd xv 9/9/2010 11:37:47 AM9/9/2010 11:37:47 AM

Throughout this book, Macedonia/Macedonians refer to the area of the mainland north of Mount Olympus and Greece/Greeks to the area of the mainland south of Mount Olympus.

Greek names are anglicized, but some names and technical terms are transliterated, and these will be obvious when they appear.

References in the text and notes to a scholar’s name followed by a chapter number (for example, J. Roisman, chapter 8) refer to the contributor’s chapter in this book.

As the contributors are based in several different countries, including North American, Europe and Japan, we have allowed American and UK spellings.

All dates and references to centuries are BC except where indicated.

Notes on Style

flast.indd xviflast.indd xvi 9/9/2010 11:37:29 AM9/9/2010 11:37:29 AM

Names of journals are abbreviated as in L’Année philologique (less well-known ones are given in full), although consistent with English practice the ‘h’ is dropped in acro-nyms (thus, CP not CPh).

The following abbreviations are used in this book:

Frequently Cited Ancient Authors

Ael. AelianAes. AeschinesArist. AristotleArr. Arrian, Anabasis AlexandriAthen. AthenaeusCurt. CurtiusDem. DemosthenesDiod. Diodorus SiculusDin. DinarchusHdt. HerodotusHyp. HyperidesIsoc. IsocratesPaus. PausaniasPl. PlatoPlut. PlutarchPolyb. PolybiusThuc. ThucydidesXen. Xenophon

[] around a name denotes the work is spurious but attributed to that author

Abbreviations

flast.indd xviiflast.indd xvii 9/9/2010 11:37:29 AM9/9/2010 11:37:29 AM

xviii List of Abbreviations

Frequently Cited Modern Collectionsof Ancient Literary

and Epigraphical Material

BNJ Brill’s New Jacoby, editor-in-chief Ian Worthington (Leiden 2007–)FGrH F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der grieschischen Historiker 1–3 (Berlin

1926–59)IG Inscriptiones GraecaeRhodes and P.J. Rhodes and R. Osborne, Greek Historical Inscriptions, Osborne 404–323 BC (Oxford 2003)SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum GraecumSIG3 Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum et Latinarum Macedoniae3 (Chicago

1980)

Frequently Cited Modern Works

Borza, Shadow of Olympus E.N. Borza, In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon (Princeton 1990)

Errington, History of Macedonia R.M. Errington, A History of Macedonia, trans. C. Errington (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1990)

Hammond, History of Macedonia 1 N.G.L. Hammond, A History of Macedonia 1 (Oxford 1972)

Hammond and Griffith, History of Macedonia 2 N.G.L. Hammond and G.T. Griffith,

A History of Macedonia 2 (Oxford 1979)Hammond and Walbank, History of Macedonia 3 N.G.L. Hammond and F.W. Walbank,

A History of Macedonia 3 (Oxford 1988)Hammond, Macedonian State N.G.L. Hammond, The Macedonian State:

The Origins, Institutions and History (Oxford 1992)

CAH 2 Cambridge Ancient History2 (multi-volume edited by various editors)

PSI Papiri Greci e Latini (Firenze 1912–79)

flast.indd xviiiflast.indd xviii 9/9/2010 11:37:29 AM9/9/2010 11:37:29 AM

flast.indd xixflast.indd xix 9/9/2010 11:37:29 AM9/9/2010 11:37:29 AM

Maps

Aegae

Amphipolis

Argos

Athens

ChalcisDelphi

Demetrias

Dodona

Dium

Epidamnus

Gytheion

Heracleia (Trachis)

Cassandreia

Corinth

Megalopolis

Megara

Messene

Methana

NaupactusPatrai

Pella

Phoenice

Sicyon

Sparta

Thebes

Thermopylae

Thessaloniki

R. A

chel

oos

R. Alpheios

R. A

xios

R. E

urotas

R. Nestos

Euboia

Kephallenia

Corcyra

Kythera

Paxus

Thasos

Zakynthos

AITOLIA

ACAR

NAN

IA

ARCADIA

Boeotia

ELIS

EPIRUS

Phocis

TYMPHAEA

Land over 1,000 meters

100 miles0

Larissa

THESSALY

LACONIA

DymeACHAEA

Aetolia

Anactorium

I L L Y R

I A

M A C E D O N I A

MES

SENIA

Map 1 Mainland Greece

flast.indd xxflast.indd xx 9/9/2010 11:37:29 AM9/9/2010 11:37:29 AM

ILLYRIA

BRYGES

PELAGONIA

LYNCESTIS

ALMOPIA

MACEDONIANPAEONIA

Paeonia

BOTTIAEA

EORDAEA

ELIMEIA

ORESTIS

TYMPHAEA

PIERIA

CHALCIDICE

Aegean Sea

ThermaicGulf

Mt. Olympus

Beroia

Emathian

Plain

Aigai Pella

R. Halia

cmon

R. E

chedorus

R. Loudias

R. Axios

R. Pinius

R. Nestos

R. Strymon

MYGDONIA

Doiran

Koroneia Bolbe

ODOMANTIS

MAEDICE

THRACE

Thasos

EDONIS

BISALTIA

CRESTONIA

EPIRUS

THESSALY

PERRHAEBIA

Map 2 Regions of Macedonia

MOLOSSIA(ALLIED)

PHILIP’S KINGDOM

THRACE

PERSIA

CRETE

AegeanSea

Mt. Olympus

GREEK STATES

Macedonia in the late 6th century BC

Expansion under Alexander I

Expansion under Philip II

LACONIA

Map 3 Expansion of Macedonia

flast.indd xxiflast.indd xxi 9/9/2010 11:37:30 AM9/9/2010 11:37:30 AM

xxii Maps

AlexandriaTroas Troy

Miletus

Halicarnassus

Ephesus

AncyraGordium

Side

PhaselisXanthus

TarsusCilician Gates

Soli

Alexandria ad Issum

Issus

Tyre

GazaAlexandria

MemphisSiwah(Ammonium)

Thapsacus

Babylon

Opis

Susa

Ecbatana

Cossaeans

GREATPHRYGIA

LYDIA

CARIA

LYCIA

CAPPADOCIAHELLESPONTINE

PHRYGIA

CYPRUS

PALE

STIN

E

ARMENIA

PAMPHYLIA

MESOPOTAMIAMEDIA

333 333

331

332

Pella

332

324324

324331

R. Granicus

Sardis

R. Tigris

R. Halys

R. Euphrates

CaspianSea

324/3

Uxians

329Alexander’s route (with dates)

Land over 2000 m

500 miles

331BABYLONIA

GaugamelaArbelaSY

RIA

331

EGYPT

SUSIANA

Map 4 Alexander the Great’s Conquests

flast.indd xxiiflast.indd xxii 9/9/2010 11:37:31 AM9/9/2010 11:37:31 AM

Maps xxiii

Rhagae

SusiaZadracarta

Hecatompylus

Alexandria (Areia)

Alexandria(Prophthasia)

Pasargadae

Persepolis

Alexandria(Carmania)

Alexandria Eschate

AralSea

Marcanda

Nautaca Rock Sogdian

Alexandria ad Oxum

Alexandria(Bactria-Zariaspa)

Alexandria(Paropamisadai)

Peucelaotis

Pattala

Sindimana

Taxila

Alexandria(Oreitae)

PARAITAKENE

PERSIS

HYRCANIA

PARTHIA

AREIA

ARIASPIA

CARMANIA

MARGIANE

MARDIANS

SOGDIANA

PAROPAMISADAI

ARACHOSIA

GEDROSIA

329

328

329328

329

327

330

325

324

330

R. Oxus

R. In

dus

R. HyphasisR. HydraotesR.

Acesines

R. Cophen

R. Jaxartes

R.H

ydas

pes

CaspianGates

330

PersianGates

I N D I A

BACTRIA

Rock ofChorienes

Aornus

326 Bucephala326

MALLIANS

Alexandria(Arachosia)

Nicaea

DRANGIANA

flast.indd xxiiiflast.indd xxiii 9/9/2010 11:37:32 AM9/9/2010 11:37:32 AM

xxiv Maps

UPPERPANNONIA

LOWERPANNONIA

UPPERMOESIA

MACEDONIA

ACHAEANikopolis(Actium)

Pharsalus

DiumMt. Olympus

Pydna

Edessa Thessaloniki

Philippi

Traianoupolis

ThermaicGulf

ByzantionHeraclea

Nikopolis

AulonBrundisium

Via AppiaApollonia

Dyrrhachium

Aegean Sea

Black Sea

Adriatic Sea

DALMATIA

R. Savus

R. Dravus

R. Danube

R. Danube

R. H

ebros

Via Egnatia

R. NestosR. Strym

onR. Axios

R. Pinius

Via Egnatia

R. D

rinus

DACIA

SCOR DISCI

DARDANI

BESSI

M AEDITHRACE

LOWER MOESIA

ScupiLissus

Stobi

Map 5 Roman Macedonia and the Neighbouring Provinces

flast.indd xxivflast.indd xxiv 9/9/2010 11:37:33 AM9/9/2010 11:37:33 AM

Maps xxv

Map 6 Macedonia, Illyria and Epirus

436

28

37

11

12

39

1

3021

401744

3519

3

9

29

2425

32

38

18

13

15

14

168

4126

33

7

2

Italy

22

34

3642

10

4

23

20

5

27

31

1 Acrocerauian Promontory 12 Corcyra

13 Damastion

14 Dardanians

15 Drin (Black) River

16 Drin (White) River

17 Elimea

18 Encheleioi

19 Eordaea

20 Epidamnus

21 Gulf of Ambracia

22 Ionian Sea

23 Lake Lychnitis

24 Lake Prespa

25 Lake (Little) Prespa

27 Lyncus

26 Lissus

28 Molossia

29 Monistir

30 Mount Govrovo

31 Mount Orbelos

32 Mount Quelqes

33 Mount Scardus

34 Narenta River

35 Orestes

36 Paeonia

37 Passaron

38 Pelium

39 Phoenice

40 Pieria

41 Scodra

42 Taulantini

43 Thesprotia

44 Tymphaea

2 Adriatic Sea

3 Aegae

4 Agrianians

5 Appolonia

6 Arachtus River

7 Ardiaioi

8 Autariates

9 Bottiaea

10 Brygi

11 Chaonia

Rough boundary of Southern Illyris

flast.indd xxvflast.indd xxv 9/9/2010 11:37:34 AM9/9/2010 11:37:34 AM

xxvi Maps

N

EUBOEA

P H T H I O T I S

P E L A S G I OT I S

A C H A E AO T H R Y S M T S

DO

LO

PI A

PE

RR

HA E B I A

PI

ND

US

M

TS

20 milesH

ES

TI A

EO

TI S

MA

GN

E

SI

A

TH

ES

SA

LI O

TI S

Tricca

Oloosson

Gonnus

Aeginion

LarissaR. Peneus

Tempe

Meliboea

Cremaste

EchinusLamia

Melitaea

Thaumaci

Cierion

Gomphi

Crannon

Pharcadon

Pelinna

Pharsalus

Heraclea

Histiaea

Pherae Iolcus

Pagasae

Thebes

Halus

Scotussa

Larissa

L. Boebe

L. Xynias

Mt.Ossa

Mt. Pelion

B A Y O FP A G A S A E

MALIAN GULF

AegeanSea

R. P

eneus

R. Peneus

R. Apidanus

R. Enipeus

R. Spercheius

CYNOSCEPHALAE

Map 7 Macedonia and Thessaly

flast.indd xxviflast.indd xxvi 9/9/2010 11:37:34 AM9/9/2010 11:37:34 AM

Map

8

Mac

edon

ia a

nd T

hrac

e

flast.indd xxviiflast.indd xxvii 9/9/2010 11:37:35 AM9/9/2010 11:37:35 AM

Map 10 A map of Macedonia that appeared in the New York Times on February 4, 1993, illustrating the portrayal of the existence of two Macedonias

Map 9 Macedonia in Late Antiquity

CASSANDREIA

AEGAE

CELLAE

LYNCESTIS

NOVA

EPIRUS

PRAE-

VALITANA

D A R D A N I A D A C I A

EDESSA

DIOCLETIANOUPOLIS

ARGOS ORESTIKON

CYRRHUS

THESSALONIKI

AMPHIPOLIS

TIBERIOPOLIS?

PARTHICO-POLIS

PHILIPPI

THASOS

Tempe

R. NestosStrumica

Lake

Via Egnatia

R. Erigon

Skopje

KratovoR. Bregalnica

BARGALA

ASTIBO?Stip

SCUPI

STOBI

STYBERRA

Lake

Ochrid

R. Pinius

0 50 miles

ThermaicE l i m i o t i s

T H E S S A L I A

Gulf

MA

CE

DO

NI

A

PR

IM

A

MA

CE

DO

NI

A

SE

CU

ND

A

AUDARISTOSDemir Kapija

R. Axios

R. Strymon

Via

Egnatia

TORONE

DIUM

CAESAREIA

R. Haliacmon

BERGIA

PELLA

EUROPOS

NEAPOLIS

M E D I T E R R A N E A

RHODOPE

Konjuh

R. Pcinja

LYCHNIDOS

HERACLEA

Prespa

O

re

st

is

?

?

?

flast.indd xxviiiflast.indd xxviii 9/9/2010 11:37:36 AM9/9/2010 11:37:36 AM

a companion to ancient macedonia

Documents