a common language for co 2 performance of buildings dr rajat gupta consultant, unep-sbci...
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A Common Language for CO2 performance of
BuildingsDr Rajat Gupta
Consultant, [email protected]
Buildings Under UNFCCC Flexible Mechanisms
14th March 2011, Bonn, Germany
Sustainable Buildings and Climate InitiativeUnited Nations Environment Programme
www.unep.org/sbci
MEMBERSHIPwww.unep.org/sbci
Sustainable Building Index
Seat (S)Vice Chair (VC)SBCI Donor (D)SBCI Coordinator (C)Steering Committee (SC)Sustainable Buildings (SB)SBCI Board of Directors (Board)Technical Advisory Committee (TAC)
SC Members: The SC shall be a balanced multi-stakeholder committee consisting of eleven UNEP-SBCI Members representing a balance of industry interests designated according to the following seats: • Coordinator (0) (occupied by SBCI staff);• Sponsor (1) (occupied by SC Sponsor);• Research Institution (2);• Not-for-Profit (2);• Private Sector (2);• Product Manufacturer (2);• Local Government (1); and• National Government (1).*The SC shall have balanced representation from developing and developed countries.
CHAIR
Policy Approaches
Appliance standards, Taxation
Energy performance contracting
Mandatory auditing Tax exemtions
Public benefit charges CDM Cap and Trade
Building codes
Negotiated agreements Utility DSM
Cooperative procurement Detailed billing
Labelling White certificates
Information `Public leadership programs
Subsidies& grants
Common Carbon Metric
Standardization of building Indicators, Metrics, & Protocol: Establishing Energy Performance and GHG emissions Baselines
Target PerformanceBaseline PerformanceUse per occupantUse per m2
By Region
Ener
gy u
se in
kW
h
Requirements1. Climate performance data need to
follow consistent definitions and protocols to be comparable.
2. Definitions and protocols applied for data collection need to be universally applicable regardless of the type and location of the buildings.
3. Definitions and protocols need to be applicable at the individual building level, as well as at aggregated levels at city, regional or national level.
4. Definitions and protocols need to be practical and account for data gaps and weak data quality.
www.unep.org/sbci
The Common Carbon Metric (CCM)
Measuring Energy Use & Reporting GHG Emissions from Building Operations
Energy
kWh/m2/yr
Emissions (equivalent (e))
kgCO2e/m2/yr
kgCO2e/occupant/yr
The Metric
A methodology used to define buildings climate impact
Consistent with principles and standards for environmental performance assessments (ISO standards and WRI/WBCSD Greenhouse Gas protocol)
Meets the requirements that reporting is measurable, reportable and verifiable (MRV)
Allows for bottom-up, and top-down data compilation
CCM methodology Top-down approach:
Performance of the whole (regional, city or national level) is characterized at a coarse level using estimated data on fuel and electricity consumption.
Bottom-up approach: Performance of individual case-study buildings is characterized at a fine level using measured data on fuel and electricity consumption. Ideally sample size will be statistically valid, enabling verification of the whole.
CCM Phase I
• First draft of the CCM was released at COP15 in Copenhagen in December 2009
• Implementation of CCM was launched on 19 May 2010 in Paris through a pilot phase (Phase 1) to:
• Road-test the methodology in an Excel-based platform (Nine participants)
• Coordinated stakeholder review (19 organisations)
• This helped to: • Uncover practical issues surrounding the implementation
of the CCM• Develop consensus methodologies for unresolved
aspects of assessing building performance• Prioritize areas for future research
Nine participants
Performance metrics computed for a total of:
- 49 individual buildings (total area: 1.48 km2)
- 5 larger stocks (or Wholes) (total area: 176.60 km2)
Organization Type of entry Region / Location Hydro Construction Bottom up Bellenberg, Germany and France, Toulouse The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
Bottom up India
Skanska AB Top down and bottom up Solna, Sweden Autodesk Top down and bottom up US, cities unknown Lend Lease Corp. - UK Top down and bottom up Various cities - Australia Top down and bottom up Sydney Building & Construction Authority
Top down and bottom up Singapore
Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB)
Some data entered; no performance metrics computed due to incomplete dataset
South Africa, various cities
Urenio.org Some data entered in top-down approach N/A ITC Limited, India Bottom up ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon, India
CCM Phase I Pilot
Performance of a building stock at the city level
Building category kWh / m2 kg CO2e / m2 kWh / occupant
kg CO2e / occupant
Average performance baselines for specific building types, measured through the bottom-up approach Office 222.8 151.9 8,387.9 5,568.1 Retail 221.5 147.0 7,859.0 5,217.0 Hotel 302.8 142.8 14,305.3 6,745.3 Other 156.0 103.6 2,736.1 1,816.3
Performance baselines for the Whole, measured through the top-down approach Non-residential 282.4 182.8 5,831.7 3,774.6 Residential 51.5 32.8 3,733.7 2,376.5
CCM Phase I Pilot
Red cells indicate that average performance of a set of buildings of a given building type, as measured through the bottom-up approach, is worse than the performance of the whole’s non-residential building stock.
Performance baselines of a single building type
Building name kWh / m2 kg CO2e / m2 kWh / occupant kg CO2e / occupant
Building 1 128.1 71.6 3258.8 1820.5 Building 2 358.0 137.1 8831.6 3382.7 Building 3 438.1 244.8 5457.9 3049.1 Building 4 221.9 87.1 5541.8 2174.4 Building 5 799.5 442.3 13551.2 7496.2 Building 6 403.4 188.5 15446.6 7216.2 Building 7 124.9 69.8 3179.4 1776.2 Building 8 288.9 126.6 13109.1 5745.8 Building 9 393.0 187.8 7114.9 3400.2 Building 10 188.7 105.4 3081.0 1721.2 Building 11 211.8 118.3 5811.3 3246.5 Baseline for portfolio 323.3 161.7 7671.2 3729.9
CCM Phase I Pilot
Performance baselines for multiple building types
Building kWh / m2 kg CO2e / m2
Retail buildings Building Black 409.3 191.8 Building Blue 82.7 30.7 Building Orange 274.7 124.2 Building Green 264.2 112.8 Building Yellow 418.3 198.2 Baseline for retail buildings 262.9 119.3
Other non-residential buildings Building Pink 178.8 69.4 Building Purple 195.0 39.4 Building Brown 587.6 131.5 Building Hazel 151.2 74.5 Baseline for portfolio 300.0 79.5
CCM Phase I Pilot
Key outcomes
Developing consensus-based definitions
What definition for building area has been adopted by SBCI for subsequent phases of the CCM?
Answer: Building area is measured in meters squared (m2) of Gross Floor Area (GFA) of a building. The GFA is to be measured from the inside face of exterior perimeter wall, also including areas of sloping surfaces such as staircases, galleries, raked auditoria, and tiered terraces, but excluding open floors and exterior covered ways and balconies.
CCM Phase I Pilot
Key outcomes
Categories of building types
How are building types defined in the CCM? Is this consistent internationally?
UNEP-SBCI has decided to adopt the UNFCCC list of building types for Phase II. RESIDENTIAL: Single-family residential, Multi-family residential Other residential NON-RESIDENTIAL: Office, Hotel, Warehouse & storage, Mercantile & service, Food service, Entertainment, Other commercial, Education, Public assembly, Health care, Public order and safety, Institutional lodging, Other institutional, Mixed-use building units, Other non-residential
CCM Phase I Pilot
Key outcomesOccupancy
How should I estimate the occupancy of a building?
Answer: At this stage, UNEP-SBCI does not provide a single definition for estimating occupancy. The review process has identified several rules-of-thumb that may be used to determine occupancy, including the numbers of persons sleeping within the defined area (for residential buildings) and the full-time equivalent (FTE) concept (for non-residential buildings).
CCM Phase I Pilot
Key outcomesNormalizing energy performance using climate data
kWh / m2 / year kgCO2e / m2/ year kWh / occupant / year kg CO2e / occupant / year kWh / m2 / year / DD kWh / occupant/ year / DD
CCM Phase I Pilot
Preview of changes: technical additions
Next steps: CCM Phase II
Expanded list of residential and non-residential building types based on UNFCCC’s building categorizations.
Normalize building performance by degree day information.
Use custom emission factors in addition to the default IPCC and IEA emission factors as defaults.
Input electricity consumption data by month through the top-down and bottom-up approaches.
Input information on multiple fuels for the same building.
Record the year of last building retrofit.
Record amount of purchased green power or amount of renewable energy generated on-site and returned to the grid.
Preview of changes: improvement in functionality
Next steps: CCM Phase II
Implementation of CCM through an Open-access web-based tool with the ability to:
Track the performance of the same building sets over time.
Create inventories for building sets stretching across different cities/regions, including inventories at the national level.
Compare regions of similar climates but different emission factors.
Reports could still be created in standardised format such as Excel.
Preview of changes: Phase II Pilot testing
Next steps: CCM Phase II
Pilot with 20-40 cities or organisations with large portfolio of buildings
Encompass locations in different climate zones and in both developing and developed countries
Timeline of activities:
Refine scope and identify participants (Feb - May 2011)
Technical additions and Pilot (May - Oct 2011)
Report-writing. CCM 2012 version for measurement and reporting related to national and international carbon credit initiatives (Oct 2011- May 2012)
Source: World Green Building Council
CO2e
1. Benchmarking2. Baselines3. Monetization
Common metrics
Source: World Green Building Council
Benchmarking: labeling & ratings
Stakeholders = Designers, Owners, Tenants
Baselines: targets & regulation
Stakeholders= Policy Makers, Shareholders
Monetization: rebates & incentives
Stakeholders= Investors, Financiers, Real-estate
Professionals
Stakeholders Galvanize Around Tools
Common metrics
Next Steps The Common Carbon Metric offers a common and
widely agreed corner stone for international policy making on climate mitigation in the building sector.
WGBC, SBA & UNEP working through harmonisation issues.
Phase II Pilot is being planned.
Many thanks for
your attention!
www.unep.org/sbci