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A COMMENTARY

UPON THE BOOKS OF

JEREMIAH AND EZEQIELBY

MOSHEH BEN SHESHETHEDITED

FROM A BODLEIAN MS.

WITH A TRANSLATION AND NOTES,

BY

8. E. DKIVER, B. A.,FELLOW OF NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD.

WILLIAMS AND NORGATE14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON ;AND 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH.

Leipzig,Printed by Oscar Leiner.

PREFACE.

Mosheh ben Shesheth, the author of the short

commentary here offered to the public, is one of those

men who are known to .posterity almost exclusively by

their own writings. From the extracts given below he ap

pears to have commented upon other books of the Old

Testament, or at least upon Isa iah, besides Jeremiah

and Ezeqiel. But respecting his life the single fact1

which seems to be known rests upon the authority

of Charizi, who in his Tachkemoni (maqam 18, near

the end) speaks of his having journeyed from Spain

into Babylonia in the following terms : nw in n&>D "nNBT ^>IK wn

"pTi mny m 711.1 US-INO not? "j^inn:TS hy\ rnxsa fe QHD From the fact that Mosheh

more than once in his commentary quotes the opinion

of R. Mosheh Qimchi, but never alludes to his more

celebrated brother K. David, it may perhaps be inferred

that he wrote before any of the commentaries of the

latter were published, and that his date was thus in-

1Dukes, in: Der Orient, 1850, p. 174.

IV

termediate between those of the two brothers Qimchi.

Inasmuch as the literary activity of the elder Qimchi

appears to have extended from about 1170- - 1190,

while the younger Qimchi was born in 1160 (died 1235)

we may fix approximately the years 1190 - - 1200 as

the floruit of our author, or in other words, regard

him as a slightly older contemporary of David Qimchi.

This view is confirmed by the circumstance that he is

referred to in a Lexicon by Joseph b. David ha- Jewani,

a portion of which (as far as ntpn) exists in manuscript

in the Bodleian library (Hunt. 161), and which has

been assigned by Dukes1 to the beginning of the

13 th century. The passages which concern us here

are the following. Under ^DX, in reference to Is. 1, 20:

v IDD n" 3 ion BIX w fexn mn 2nD rt?&>DX yum inn n^Dx foxn pjm (i" 11 x"^ mat?)

n^Dxn uxon DXI ibxn nxn

Under two, in reference to Is. 5, 4: nt^D 1 nnm

:owsn nsn sm CD N"^ 3i\s) nt^xa ywo D^INS n&>K> pUnder n^j , Is. 57, 8 after citing Rashi s explana

tion Joseph continues: T,ND ^ nt^ts^ p nt^D yi ; B piny i^^nt^ ny nnxr^ -r.in jnjos n

nam nuoa icy ast^m pion ^xjot5 n^yni H

DHD"j^

1 n-pni mnx p o D^DI Q^DXJB pinrt^ HD

n n^Din nnty ^ ^3 D swDn p nnpi^ n"-

1 Der Orient, 1849, pp. 705. 727. 745, 1850, pp.173. 183. 215: see in particular 1849, 707. 727. and

1850, 174.

DipD rvaotp Toyn ix rnn&> mpD Dnsy

x somD3 -mn rvtpy yni n^ TIKD ^ DIX( n j ov) ^Dim rnyin tpyni IBS ^ rrom snxavx) mrp D^nx rvn "iu DIN s^ s inn \iiDm ^NI n^n ^

:

I D^DNJD^ 71^ na^D ytDHi ( n n ^i) nnn pp pi O"-1 n

Under t^-u, Is. 57 , 20, after Rashi has been quo

ted: rhyzh nax "]sn vn^ D y^im /<(s y T tttyty p nt^D TID^ UJT rnr ^i

roptt"N^ D ^nph pim

"

n^n: ~"iyD tyinnnty nym n^n i^n nyion

:myon nmn^ noin DWIH lyoi ID^DUnder on, in reference to Is. 21, 11 after the

explanation of Rashi: n&n x^o nn3 n^ty p

nsisn nom r ziDisi N-npt^ -pytt> ^10 hp yot^x N^JH osi none

te no -n HDD ix n^^nb x n ny m ^x iit^n nnxin I^ND I^DJ nt^yi ropya xn ^in m mm lain ^SDny xin ax ^xi^i n^^ Tiya Dipt? nxit? non ^:DD

^no ^-IQ x^nty nsisn n^n ix in^x^^ nxs^

ixn nW HDDI ip2 HDD ytsm ni?^ D^I ipn nnxDX i^yan DX HDH ^

4Dnh

D ixm DD^HD nya m^n nnsn

1 Whether the latter part of this extract belongs toMosheh may appear doubtful: but inasmuch as (1) Moshehoften quotes other authorities in the same manner as here,(2) the reference to Jer. 3, 5 agrees with what he saysthere in his comm. (see below), (3) the remarks on mn areout of place here unless they are part of the quotation, it

is most probable that such is the case. Joseph immediatelyafterwards goes on to discuss the meaning of Nah. 2, 8.

VI

Under oyt, Num. 23, 7, after citing the opinion of

Ibnc

Ezra that n&yi7 is imp. qal, with qamess (chatuph)

lengthened to cholem, Joseph proceeds to say that it

may also be treated as imp. poc

el: -- ntpo "i nns pi

Lastly under r&n, having quoted as an instance

of nifal Ez. 34, 4, he remarks that some treat rrtmn

there as sing, comparing Cant. 8, 8 Pr. 9, 1 : here a

marginal note is added, as follows: ovn

DI^> ixn

nt^ i ^s p ,-apjThese extracts fully justify the opinion expressed

above that Mosheh must have written a commentary

upon the prophet Isa iah , characterized, undoubtedly,

by the same features that distinguish the two which

we possess in their integrity.

The explanations given by Mosheh not unfrequently

agree remarkably with those of David Qimchi, sometimes

being even expressed in almost the same words : this

probably indicates the existence of a traditionary inter

pretation which wa,s followed by both. With Rashi too,

though he never quotes him, he frequently agrees: to

these resemblances I have often called attention in the

notes, as well as to other points in which the language

of either Qimchi or Rashi elucidated or illustrated his

meaning. I have also occasionally referred to other

authorities, in cases where a reference seemed useful,but not, in general, to modern commentators, as I felt

VII

that, instead of discussing the difficulties in the text

itself, I ought rather to confine myself to what was

more immediately suggested by the interpretation

of the text as exhibited in the commentary I was edi

ting. This will, I hope, account for the uneven and

fragmentary character ot many of the notes, and at

the same time explain those omissions for which other

wise it might have been difficult to discover a satis

factory reason.

Of earlier rabbinical grammarians the one whose

opinion he most frequently cites is R. Jehuda Chajjug1

:

he names likewise R. Jonah (Abulwalid or Ibn Gannach)2

and R. Mosheh Qimchi3

: other expositors he refers to

indefinitely under the expression onDlN tt". He some

times appeals to the signification of a word in ara-

maic 4,

or in the language of the talmud5

: and his

interpretations will not unfrequently be found to be

novel or suggestive. Mosheh confines himself almost

exclusively to the discussion of grammatical and lexical

difficulties: and it will be found that he is distinguished

by a remarkable freedom from aggadic interpretations.

1 See Jer. 25, 12. Ez. 14, 3. 21, 12. 15. 17. 24; 12.

25, 3. 26, 2. 27, 19. 30, 16. 36, 35.* See Jer. 33, 26.

Ez. 41, 11.3 See Ez. 21, 15.

4Comp. on Jer. 13, 17.

14, 18. 15, 11. 21, 13. 31, 39. 48, 9 Ez. 17, 9. 21, 3.

24, 6. 26, 9. 27, 25. 33, 30. 41, 7. 17. 46, 22.5Comp.

Jer. 49, 25. 52, 21. Ez. 17, 7. 24, 14. 32, 6. 37,6. 42, 12.

VIII

The manuscript (Huntingdon Coll. 567) fills 35 ff.

8 vo. (85119). It is written in a large and bold character,

with greater freedom and less polished precision than

is exhibited in many Mss. It is certainly a transcriptfrom another Ms., if only for the reason that some of

the errata to be found in it can only be explained on

the hypothesis of the carelessness of the copyist or

his inability to decypher the Ms. before him. These

errata are not numerous : they chiefly consist of mis

quotations in which one synonymous word has been

substituted for another, or, a case of frequent occur

rence - - in which a suffix has been wrongly cited.

The Ms. is in a fair state of preservation, except in

a few places where it has been injured by damp, and

where consequently the words are with difficulty legible.With one or two exceptions, however (see Ez. 16, 20.

21, 28. cf. Jer. 8, 18) it has been possible with tolerable

certainty to ascertain the original text, sometimes from

the missing words being part of a quotation, sometimes

from a few traces being still discernible and sometimes

from the obliterated letters having left an impression on

the opposite page. Abbreviations are not generally

employed except in the case of common words, such

as -n ^y SKDD, uo, on, etc.; mir is consistently written

T, and DV&X, D^x. The stopping is very rough and

uncertain: that printed in the text has been added by

myself. Some words here and there have the vowel -

points affixed : these have been carefully retained being

usually of importance. It is worth noticing that pas

sages are frequently inaccurately cited. The author

appears to have trusted to his memory, and in one

place (Jer. 3, 22) wishing to cite an instance of SD

written defectively, he actually refers to a passage

where the word is written in the usual manner.

Some further orthographical peculiarities may with

advantage be here mentioned. 3 and D, and 1 and i

is is frequently quite impossible apart from the

context to distinguish respectively from one another:

sometimes, for example, the xegaia is strongly marked

even in D. There is seldom any difficulty about n

and n : but n and n often resemble each other ; and the

same is the case with & and n , and, less frequently

with : and i , D and n , 1 and 3 . - Rarer cases of

confusion are i with v, ID with ID, y with jj or u, s

with>:,

and p with "p. 1 draw attention to these,

because they illustrate if illustration were needed-

the ease with which corruptions can creep into hebrew

Mss., and strengthen the a priori probability of what

can indeed be amply shewn from other sources, but

which hardly, at least in England, seems to be recogni

zed to its full extent,

1 mean the corrupt condition of

many portions of the existing Masoretic text of the Old

Testament, above and beyond those in which the simple

comparison of parallel passages suffices to detect it.

I venture to hope that the plain and sensible character

of the commentary will cause this small contribution to

the study of hebrew to be favourably received: I

should be still further rewarded could I hope in ad

dition that it would attract any fresh labourers to the

investigation of the Rabbinical writings, a field too little

known, but one which offers valuable and suggestivematerials well worthy of research.

I cannot conclude this preface without expressing

my deep obligations to M. Neubauer. it was at his

suggestion that 1 undertook the publication, and he

has always been ready, with the greatest kindness,

to aid and advise me whenever any difficulty met

my path.I fear that many points have been inadequately

treated, and others entirely overlooked, but I trust

that the inexperience which must necessarily accompanya first attempt at literary work will be allowed to

plead in excuse as well of these as of any other

inaccuracies which may be detected.

S. R. D.

New College, Oxford,October 1871.

JEREMIAH.

I. 3. TVI] The subject is either Jeremiah, or theword ofJahveh (v. 2).

4."pss*]

from T*V- cf. m*- Is. 44, 12: but -pSN Is.

42, 6 is from .~isj.

II.$>p&] may be either in the st. abs. as Nu. 22, 27,

in which casenptj>

would be an adjective, or in the

st. const., as 48, 17, ip^ being then the name of

the tree. Nouns in which the final syllables follow

this formation sometimes change the vowel in st.

const, as -nt?o 2 Ki. 19, 3 Is. 37, 3 Hos. 13, 13

^p Gn. 30, 37, and sometimes preserve it unaltered,

as nnBD Is. 22, 22$>pa

c. 48, 17.

13. nisj] as if nsu: cf. man Is. 26, 3 1 .17. nnn] imp. nif al from mm had it been from a verb

V y, the n would have been pointed with qamess.19. -^Nk ] equivalent to "joy: ^ nn^j however means to

fight for some one, as Ex. 14, 14.

11. 5. hy] formed like niD Pr. 18, 21 -p* Is. 1, 13 -|inc. 39, 3.

8. 1K33] nif al.

12. nycy] qal: because it is intransitive.

1Qimchi treats them both as adjectives : cf. Olshausen

Lb. & 245 a.

imper. like mty 49. 28 1 .15. iP*j] from r,S Lam. 4, 11: but according to others

from HSU 2 Ki. 19, 25 Is. 37. 26 c. 4, 7 - the n

being represented by r -- in the sense of a b o u n d

in plants or weeds 2.16. -pyT] to break

3: cf. Ijob 24, 21.

19."prrar]

to denote the fern. plur. of the imp erf.,the Hebrew Language employs both a preformativeand a sufformative as P]x. 2, 16: sometimes however

the sufformative is dropped as Ezeq. 37. 7. c. 49, 1 1

and here, sometimes the preformative, as 1 Sam. (>,

12 Dan. 8, 22 Gn. 30, 28, and sometimes lastlyboth together, as Gn. 30, 35. 20, 17.

21. pTifc ] in form like ^2in Jon. 1, 6.

23. rr.M] from the same root as TiD2: cf. Is. 60, 6.

24. rrjNT] her boundary, cf. Josh. 1 , 0: or accord

ing to others from ,-: Ex. 21, 134

.

nKnrc] either month, as Ex. 13, 4: or, as others think.

newness y. 103, 5 5 .

1 Cf. ^Ett Ez. 32, 20. The masiora says Ppn, andfor this reason we must not pronounce 121H , as though it

were imp. pi el: cf. Qimchi s note. The modern edd. pointiinn etc. as&imilating tlie.se three words to such cases as Mikli.

1, 16.- as Joseph Qimchi, ina* i. e. the site of the cities

will be overgrown with weeds : but D. Qimchi adheres to

the meaning wasted.3 so Rashi & Qimchi the latter

adding Is. 24 19, c. 11, 16 Mikh, 5,5. For the construction

cf. Gn. 3, 15 and see Ewald, Lb. 28 Ic.4

i. e. either

Who can restrain the limits of her coursing? or Who canturn her back when she is betaking herself to the place of

her desire? comp. Ibn Ezra on Ex.: the word means to

cause or bring forcibly.5 His meaning is made clearer

by the words of Qimchi : either in the month when nJV"" D^tWI ,

or, in her freshness --at the time when >\\e first beginsto run.

25. rp] a subst. like -pa Num. 23, 20, or it may bethe iiifin. like rw&s- which immediately follows andwhich is formed like HNT Dt. 6, 24 etc.

tswj] inf.f: or finite verb -- ^ being understood.26.

riBr-a] like nsu Pr. 5, 3 etc.27. urn$] 2

ndpers. fern.: cf. Josh. 2, 17. 20.

31. -inn] n is the sign of the vocative: cf. Nu. 15, 15.

D] rp is added for emphasis, cf. Cant. 8, 6 1 .from in Hos. 12,1 we are masters 2 , but others

think it means to be tossed about, agitated 3 , asV- 55, 3.

33. myi] according to some an adj. signifying thewicked women.

36. ^7n] from *?w Ijob 14, 11 Pr. 20, 14.

37. -pntDnD] some say this is an adjective.

III. 5. fein] in place of ^Dirn, like pyir, 30, 15: on the

contrary in v. 6 ^im for rutni 4 .

7. mm] masc. nun like imp. The n retains its qarnesseven in the fern.: cf. c v̂ ^tr.

8. sisi] it is the opinion of some that this is for xini , theletters n and N being interchanged : cf. Ku. 4, 4 ^xv 5 .

9. ^p] formed ilike cm np Gn. 8, 22. The Masorahstates that this is the only place in which the wordoccurs thus, and that it is written defectively in thesense of to be liht 6 .

1cf. Qimchi ^SNn b^rf?. 2 cf. LXX.

3Tg. hvhv as also Is. 58, 7. See on this root Hupf. on

Pss. 1. c. 4 cf. Ewald, Lehrb. 224 c. 5 where Ibnc

Ezra addsMai. 2, 15, although explaining them otherwise. Cf. R.Jonah (Abulwalid) Riqmah, c 28 (p. 191 ed. Goldberg)who quotes besides Am. 4, 7 Hab. 1, 12 Neh. 7, 3 Is. 1,29 etc. 6 targ. xnnr;*o Nnryu ith^piK cf. 1 K. 16, 31(Hitz.j. 7 Cf. Chajjug s. v. nan, and below on 49, 10.

1*

14. o^mty] like n^hy Lam. 4. 4.

20. nyiB] as though nyo, like -mpB 6, 1 : and converse

ly a for n Lev. 8, 32.

22. nsnx] n instead of , as in ~DJ- Ij. 4, L. This is

proved by the fact that s and D are pointed with

qamess, not segol.

jns] the 3d - radical sk is wanting, as in TIS& Num. 11,

11: had the deficient letter been n, the n would have

ben pointed with chireq.

23. ann] infin., as is shewn by n in ^en: others however

explain the words in their ordinary signification, the

noise of the mountains 1,

cf. Josh. 3, 14.

IV. 1. awn] (2d -

time) ace. to some == nun2

;cf. Is.

30, 15 where these two roots are coupled together.4. itan] nif

e

al, from ho.

11. ^2n^] from TD, in the sense of either to makeclean, purify (cf. -Q t//. 24, 4), or to clear fromchaff (cf. -n Gn. 41, 4 (J).

16. D TiU] desolating, like mvij TV Is. 1, 8: but-some see in the word a play on the second half of the

name Nebukhadnessar 3 . and accordingly refer it to the

armies of that king.

30. Tnsy] instead of the fern., for lie addresses the

people sometimes in the masc., sometimes in the

1 Others as Qimchi take D )in as= ,,on the mountains " :in either case the sense is that given by the targ, ,,thelabour and trouble we devoted to our false worship on thehills has been in vain: the deliverance we looked for fromit has not come". 2 as Qimchi.

3 so Qimchi: hut Is. 1,

8 he has rptWHD roin . The tg. here curiously interpretsit as though it were cnM : see C0b. 5 Lev. V25, 11.

fern. 1 . According to others, D is omitted, the sense

being ,,Thou art like one that is desolated".

-1D3] some regard this as -f^yn TIE comparing

E^.B> my^n Ps. 80, 6.

31. nhn] an adj. from ^n, as of a woman in travail: cf. D Dip 2 K. 16, 1.

V. 6. mrny] either from nmy desert, 2, 6; or from

my evening, cf. Ssef. 3, 3 wolves of the

evening.

DTW] regarded by some as the uncontracted imp.q a 1 for the more customary D^ the same pointsbeing retained: but it may likewise be imp. po

e

el 2

like -j-nrvn y. 94,20 inbxn Ij. 20, 26, qamess

chatuph appearing as the residuum of cholem.

VI. 9. n^D^D] from the same root as ^D a basket

Lev. 8, 2: others explain it as = D^i Is. 18, 5 -the sibilants ptpDl being interchangeable

with one

another.

1 So Q. almost in the same words.- Lit. a

quadrate form. i. e. one with four letters in it insteadof three. There are several passages where we seem

compelled to adopt a form intermediate between qal and

po el, the qamess without metheg either indicatinga shortened 6 or representing the original po

c

el -vowel

(Olsh. 254). The form would thus be an intensified

qal, yet not so strong as the ordinary poel (theangriff-stamm, Ew. 125 a). The passages referred to

are ^. 62, 4 (ace. to the reading of Ben Asher) 94, 20

(where however it may be qal: see Hupfeld s note) 101,5 (Qri) 109, 10 (wnere Qimchi s expl. of itm as imper.is very forced) Ijob 1. c (on which compare Dillmann;

and perhaps., 1 Chr. 23, 6. 24, 3 (cf. Ew. 83 o).

16.NB>] may be qal: or pfel, cf. *hw> 2 S. 20, 18.

27. IIPD] a tower, as Is. 23, 13, I^D being- eitheran adj. qualifying it, or a subst. l , with omission ofthe copula.

29. im] qal, to make a noise, snort, cf. mm 8,16: or else nifal from mn 3 Ezeq. 24; 11.

formed like yi3D from nsi

according- to some, an adjective.

VII. 18. D JD] from the same root as",1

D Am. 5, 26,the sense of the passage being to worship Khiun.Others, guided by the parallel words psa rnt&,explain it from najD to pay attention to her,honour her: and others think it denotes a kind ofsweetmeat 4.

21. 12D] from HBD as rfiBD Is. 30, 1: but ace. toothersfrom rc s cf. Is. 47, 1.

24. nisyiD] formed like nnoio 27, 2.

29. -pu ^] i. e. shave off the hair, as Lain. 2, 10,,they bring their head down to the ground", forthe hair of their head 5 .

VIII. 5. nwn] formed like n\nn from nD"i: cf. .TSIHos. 7, 16, v/. 78, 57.

(>. en:] nifal, intrans.

2tr] either to turn away, cf. nr.^D v. 5: or, as others

1 as RDQ. 2 Cf^Il. 18, 470 qnoai d^r Xoar0l <nresixoffi naval scpvvuv with 1(). 506 mnovg q>v vi OCOVT a c3Qi TIS1B> ir:v.

4Explained by Qimchi either as what

thei prepared DT22 and offered So the goddess, or aswhat they made with care and attention

"jnyTl p^ 1 s J ^) s.5similarly Ibn Ezra 1. c. interprets }vtr\

Lyw,

think, in the sense of versari, to turn about, be

assiduous, as 11, 10.

13. DD SDX ppox] N of PjiDX is pleonastic, bothverbs being

from the same root ^D : cf. t^ns* Is. 28, 28 *. Others

derive it from ?ps Num. 20, 242

.

annr] the suffix is thought by some to stand forQ.T.3:

cf. yixx 10, 20.

14. niDTj] perf. nif., or ace. to others qal: cf. IBP Dt.

34, 8 and, without n, Dnn Lam. 2, 18: in the present

instance, when n was added, the dagesh was still

retained, although in other verbs y"y it is frequenthy

dropped.

15.rVip]

inf. pi el; cf. Dan. 9 24 Nu. 22, G3

.

18. rvr^s] a mixed form between the masc. and the

fern., as though it bad been TU^DI T^nB : the verb

may be either transitive asc

Amos 5, 9, or intransitive,

as Ijob 10. 20. Others consider the second^ to be

paragogic, nW3B standing to n,V^D in the samerelation that ivwao 25, 1 stands to the ordinarynr.t&wi: or they regard the word as a subst. formed

like rrtPiO and rvnnx by the addit-on of the termina

tion IV. - - The meaning is c h e e r i n g u p. conso

lation 4 .

1 Ew. 240 c. - so Qimchi: in this case DS SDN is of

course from eyio as before.3

Usually taken as imp. Inf.:

but the suggestion in the text obviates the abrupt changeof person , and is better than Ewald s proposal (285 c) to

read HDJ which is nowhere found: the pu al on the contraryoccurs fex. 9, 3 If. Cf. Ibn Ezra ad loc.

4 The con

cluding words are obscure and apparently corrupt, but

their sense seems to, be the same as that given by R.

Jonah (Ibn Gannach) in Qimchi, viz. that it is a mixed form

between the masc. and fern, of the participle : When themen and w o m e n come to comfort me, I say to them that

IX. 2. ism] acc. to some hifil: cf. 1 8. 14, 22. 17, 25.4. myn] infin., as Josh. 9, 20, IK. 20, 37.7. ttinty (Q ri)] pass, for act. partic, : or it may mean

polished, sharpened, cf. 1 Ki. 10, 16 f 1 .14. cyn nx] added for the sake of clearness: comp.Ex. 2, 6.

16. njijpnj a rare form: see Ezeq. 16, 55 Zekh. 1, 17.

24. ho] from ho Josh. 5, 5: for the form cf. iio Pr. 14, 14.

X. 5. NIBT] with N paragogic2

,as Josh. 10, 24: but

others 3 account for the form by metathesis from

8. i^DD? "lyn J from -iyi and hp2 y. 49, 11 or, as others

think, from T;S to bufn, Ex. 3, 2 etc., and ^DD y.

78, 7 confidence: so that the meaning will resemblethat of the words Is. 44, 19, -- ,,of the same pieceof wood one part is burnt and another part made intoa god (an object of trust)".

14. njn] infin.

15. D^ynyn] formed like D^ B^B- .17. ^DDN] with dagesh lene: cf. is. 47, 2 4 .

I cannot be comforted because my heart is too sad. The otherinterpr. appears to coincide with that of M. Qimchi (^pmnn)and Ewald (o was mich erheitern konnte tiber Kiunmer!)who treat the first half of the v. as an ejaculation to whichthe second half is the response.

l If active he takes it

as =3= murderous killing: if passive, in the sense ofrubbed polished sharpened, targ. ?pn. SimilarlyQimchi interprets the Ktib ^"iin (metaphorically of slander).the Qri as meaning ,,drawn over the whetstone" . LXX.

jiiQUffxovatx Ki. 1. c. AaTM.2 Ew. 16 c. I94b. 3 as Qimchi.

who compares y. 139. 20, where Hppfeld says it can onlybe an incorrect orthography, remarking that to consider X as

paragogic would be to introduce a double anomaly -

IBM itself being already irregular.4 Ew. 212 b. 226d.

ace, to some from y\nn Jud. 4, 23 thy hurai

1 i a t i o n , oppression: others derive it from \T;:D Is

23, 8 thy trafficking1

.

19. usBWi] i is said by some to stand in place of the

relative ty.

20. T,^] = JED iN<r, inasmuch as the verb is in trans-XL 15. ^> n] interpreted by some, as in Is. 5, 14. tomean tremble 3 .

19. rp^x] for P]^KI2

.

iOni?] Some think the D belongs to the suffix, as Ps.

11, 7, the sense being in its freshness, others that

the word is connected with Dnt> Lev. 3, 11 etc. and

means flesh ,,we will break the yoke of his flesh" :

or lastly the words may be taken in their ordinarysense Jet us put poison into his bread", cf.

C

0bad. i 4 .

XII. 2. iBHtp] Iii pi el and pu al5

,this verb always

signifies to root up, except here: in qal on the

contrary, it always signifies to take root, exceptJud. 5, 14

6

1 The first sense is given by Qimchi remove o Babel

from the land of Israel the humiliation which thou forcest

upon all the nations of the earth": Jonathan (targ.) adopts

the second : in either case the second half of the v. is to be

rendered ,,thou that dwellest in strong fortresses".2 So

Qimchi : others however, after the targum (T~2), consider it

to be an adj. ,,a choice lamb": the moderns render tame.3

cf. Ges. s. v. t^j.4 If ID --be the suffix, we must

compare the word with r6 Dt. 34, 7 : the 3d -

expl. is that

of targ. and Qimchi- - the latter remarking that

|>y

here

means a deadly tree, as Ex. 15, 25 it means a bittertree.

5Qimchi treats it as pu

e

al of the quadrate^form

for) comparing Is. 40, 24.6 The expl. of Jud. 5, 14

is strange : he seems like the LXX. (E^Qal^. i&QQt&aev avrovgfv jta A -lix to have treated DTZ^l^ as a verb.

5. mnrn] from mnri like mB> Ijob 26, 13 *.6. X^D] ace. to some fanatic, cf. Is. 2, 6: ace. to

others, cut off, cf. Ij. 15, 32. But the correct ex

planation is to take it as equivalent to xte, in a

band, all of them, see Is. 31, 4 2 .9. vnn] maybe hifil, the x of the root quiescing, or,

as others think qal3

,the x being supplied by n.

13. it^l] some say this is imperat. for imperf ,,thatye may be ashamed", cf. Gn. 42, 18.

XIII. 10. D JXB] formed like D>syt5> y. 119, 113.

17. nu] either ssere compensates ior the loss of x

(nu for -ix^)4

, or i represents it (m: for rix:), or it

may be an aramaic word, cf. m; Is. 3, 26 (Targ).18. nifc xis] formed like nfeia Ruth 3 5 ff.19. rfan] the last radical is dropped: see Lev. 26, 34

Ez. 24, 12.

21. rrb] a subst., but in Is. 37, 3 it is infin. So ny~is a subst. c. 3, 15, but with *, Ex. 2, 4 the inf.

22. ,D&m] are cut off, destroyed, as Lam. 2, 6.23. TO!?] an adjective.25. -JHS] the regular form would be "Trio, but the

gender is changed as Zekh. 14, 10.

XIV. 4. cnux] an adj. formed like zr&r.D Is. 30, 9.14. Q\S3.J] a rare form for the more regular D^xSj: so

Est. 1, 5.

1 He regards mnn as a quadriliteral form like n^srwhere the sense demands a masc. verb. It seems howeverrather to be a strong hifil formation: cf. Ew. 122 a. 2 SoQimchi (^up) & Rashi : either ,,cry after thee i n a crowd", or,,call a crowd after thee". 3 so Qimchi Rashi. 4 so Ew.186b. 62 b. 73. n^ from -IN: like -,n^:

f

1 S. 1, 27 fromibX" , through the intermediate aramaizing form rt^XtP:cf. Ez. 25, 6 & 15.

11

18. >N^nn] adj., but subst. Dt. 29, 21. So D^ is

adj. Is. 3, 4 and subst. 66, 4.

TIHD] |from the aram. to go round: cf. ino ino Nu.

11, 24 Onq. Ez. 40, 5 etc.

XV. 4. myt (Q ri)] from yii Est. 5, 9, by metathesis

from nyvt: cf. ntety and n^ty.

10. iJl^ptt] with 1 added, or to denote the 3dpers -

the sense being*s

JiW>p

s v^ps3

.

11. inntp]= 7nnns, as in aram. 2 : see Dan. 5, 12.

12. ypn] from yn, v- 2, 93

, or as others think from

yy-i: cf. Dan. 2, 40.

18. n^j] adj., strong: or subst, the sense being

an adj. formed from DID by prefixing x.

XVI. 3. DHlH an adj. like Dnni.4. ^moo] subst. like SOSD Ez. 26, 10

4.

5. nno] mourning, as is proved by the words imme

diately following : others render joy (Am. 6, 7)comparing the parallel words 8 a: in reality nnsresembles nn and is applied like it sometimes tothe cries of mourning sometimes to the shoutsof delight

5.

1Qimchi regards this word as a mixed form by

means of which the writer expresses by a single wordthe sense of two, viz. ^p to curse, and n^p tomake light of: Mosheh on the other hand thinks thatthe apparently incompatible and 1 point to a part, and

impf. implicitly combined. Cf. Ew. 118d. 250 c."2 so

Diuiash ,,do I not release thee from thy fetters?": but

targ. Qimchi Raslii take it as = ~]nnx^ ,,will not thyend be prosperous"? comparing for the chireq 25, 34, andfor the omission of N 1C. 12, 38. 3 so Chajjug (p. 56ed. Nntt.).

4 so Ew. 17 fie. 5 so Joseph Qimchi T)tt

16. DOT] piel: when the distinctive dagesh was1

dropped, became entirely quiescent on account of the

chireq which preceded it, as is customary in Hebrew.

Others say it is hif. for DOTHacomparing nnn Ij.

33, 13 Turn Dan. 9, 2.

XVII. 1. ntmri] ace. to some for r,nrn Ex. 32, 16: cf

D tpra and CTTI-Q.

3. mn] the adj. of -TO pity 3 .nKttm

"jTn&n]the sense is as if

"jpsannhad come first

sc. ,,Because of sin I will give to be spoiled all the

high places which are in thy boundaries".4

4. npin] imperf. qal. like ^Din.

6. lyiy] the name of a tree: others interpret desolate,cf. Gn. 15, 2 y. 102, 18 .

13. nio] adj. ,,those who turn aside from me".16. nyi] ace. to some inf. po el.

XVIII. 3. c\j2N] in form like D\3rD, the potter s wheel

consisting of two stones. Ace. to others the wordis derived from n:2 , N being prosthetic as in D SDSN

He/. 47, 3 nznN Is. 25. II 6 .

^Ip nE"l". In Am. the traditional expl. is banquets: ,,simtauteni convivia a laeto clamore dicta" Ges. 1 Chajjug 44.2 E\v. l^?7a. 3 His meaning is made clear by Rashi: s~nr;is as adj. meaning ,, one dwelling the mountains" just asS3iy 3, 2 means n2"!V2 2^?^.

4 so Qimchi, who adds Ez.

39, 11 "Am. 5, 16 as parallel instances of trajection.5 so

LXX. cryqionvQlxr) targ. vulg. Rashi (HTP fV) Qimchi Ew. :and if the word conveyed the idea of poor raneu>6$ (LXX.Y>.

102, 18j it might very well denote the h u m i 1 e s m y r i c a sVerg. Eel. 4, 2: but see Ges. thes. 1073 who pertinentlycompares 48, 6 and Is. 17, 2. In ^. 102, 18 however it

must in any case bear the meaning desolate.6 He seems

to explain this passage in the same way as Abulwalid (quotedby Gesen. comm.) ,,in the multitude of his countries".

i

13

11. -)2T] to cut off, determine: cf. *on Nu. 16, 301

.

18. ^J ace. to some instead of n^x, as Ezeq. 24, 19.

y^n] i. e. with slanderous language: similarlythe scourge of the tongue, Ij. 5, 21.

19. -an 1] an adj., belonging to the class in which the

middle letter is -removed to the commencement: or

it may be a subst., with > prefixed --a view confirmed by the b of ^pi>

2.

23. Tisn] n of the root replaced by* 3

. The accent is

changed and thrown back upon the penultima in

order that the word may not be confused with the

2 d pers. fern., cf. wi Dt. 32, 18. Others say thatthe > in these instances is paragogic.

XIX. 2. rPDin] from the same root as tnn Lev. 11, 33:

But others explain it to mean the east, from Din

Jud. 14, 18 Ij. 9, 7.

1Respecting Kin it is interesting to compare the opinion

of Ibnc

Ezra. On Nu. 1. c. he rejects the supposition thatit expresses the creation of what was previously non

- existent,

remarking that as the earth had frequently before the time

of Moses swallowed up men and cities, the destruction of

Qorach and his company could not be said to be anythingnew. The only sense he will assign to it is that of

cutting, as Ez. 23, 47. His note on Gn. 1, 1 is to the

same purpose. Urging, in reply to those who assert it denotes

1\SD tt" Kv:Jin the use of the word in vv. 21. 28. Is. 45, 7,

and noticing that it is sometimes found with n instead of

X, as 2 S. 3, 35. 12, 17 he says its signification is Tin?

"IUJ ^12: Dltz^l, and refers to the passages 1 S. 2. 29 Josh.

17, 15 Ez. 1. c. 2 Had it been an adj. we should have rather

expected p nsk than yp^ : Qimchi on Is. 49, 25 similarly says

11 is added as inDip"

1. On the first view given in the text, the

word must be regarded as of the form ^T ^O Ew. 164 c.Riqinah p. 69, with the middle radical prefixed : see below,the note on yr- Ez. 44, 1 8.

3 Ew. 224 c. The same

expl. is given by Qimchi on 3. 6.

14

3. ru^n] nit , from fe regularly, the h would havedagesh; comp. however Zekh. 14, 12.

XX. 7. jppin] i. e. SJDD rpm, cf. 10, 20.9. fefe] from hD 2 C. 7, 7. the first and third radicals

being doubled.

10.>yt>x]

ace. to some the inf., as y. 35, 15, from y^xGn. 32, 32.

17. mn] probably an adj. like r.^p 1 S. 1, 15.

XXI. 13. prp] qal, from rm to come down as inaram.

XXII. 3. pityy] an adj. like pim Tup.13. ys] a subst. like n Is. 52, 14. In Dt. 32, 4,

the vowels are changed differently.14. ^n] cf. D ,t?n Is. 20, 4.15. n^l perf. like -nx Gn. 44, 3.17. nxna] some explain it from

]>n

2 K. 4, 26, in the

sense of running to do violence: others fromIs. 42, 4 pn here and ^m there having the samesignification to oppress

1.

18. rnriN] treated by some as a subst. = mnx brotherhood Zekh. 11, 14 2 .

20. 7ys] for the form cf. Is. 44, 27.

23. m^v (Q ri)] perf. poc

el like ni^? Gn. It), 11 Jud.

13, 5. 7; or else a mixed form in qal, between the

perf. and the part. act.3

.

rjj.ptt is similarly a mixed

form in puc

al between the perf. and the participle.

1 The *ense oppression is given also by Qim.& Rashi, who compare 1 Sam. 12, 3: Is. 42 Moshehunderstands similarly ,,he \vill not crush the poor": cf. y.72. 2 He solves the difficulty here by rendering ririN(not \-iinx like ^nx) ,,o brotherhood

- - o for the ties

of near relationship which bound us together!3 so Qimchi,

who points out its force ,.thou" who hadst thy seat in

15

rum] nifal: cf. Ez. 22, 16. The full form would benum.

24. -ppntt] with : paragogic, as 5, 22 Dt. 32, 10*

: but

possibly the j is occasioned by disintegration from

the dagesh in D, and the form inns (Dt. 1. c.) presentsa combination of both the suffixes of the 3 d - person1,1

-- and ij .

28. aay] a vessel, Pr. 5, 102

.

flDJ] part.*pass. from ]>sj 51, 20 23.

fen] from hr: cf. iioin On. 43, 18.

XXIII. 6.iK-ip ] the suffix as Qoh. 4, 12. The shwa>

under i is peculiar: impff. with pathach (ySte 1)

regularly change it to qamess before a suffix, but

here there is shwa in order that in pronunciationthe word may not be confounded with }>np\

9. ray] the suffix for r^y, as some think, comparing10, 20.

12. IHT] nif. from nni, ace. to some, who explain y.36, 13 in the same way comparing it with Gn. 49,23 : but it may likewise be q a 1 from rnj, the qamesswhich would appear regularly under i being exchangedfor pathach on account of the guttural, as in tpnn

Ij. 31, 5: im however (Ps. 1. c.) with the accent onthe ultima is pu al from nru, cf. Ij. 33, 21.

14. mnytp] ,,what is unclean and loathsome", 29, 17 >.19. ^inrrj] either as ^. 48, 7 etc. twisting itselfround 4

,or like hrp which immediately follows,

resting upon.

Lebanon of old, and hast it there ;-till". Cf. Ew. 211 b.188 b. anm: fln^ p is to rrt?V Gn. 1. c. as Rv to the moreusual form TN. 1 See Ew.

:

250b. c. 2 see on" this root Hupf.to

i//. 16, 4.3 LXX. qfJMiu. 4 LXX. ffvffjQecpopwr] , targ.

Cf. Ijob. 15, 2o.

22. ly Dt^iJ 1 like (^J> in arabic1

.

24. x^Dj a transitive adj. cf. Is. 6, I2

.

29. B^S] formed like TS^, ^BO y- 74, 6.

XXV. 3. D^X] may be inf., n being interchanged with

x, as is the manner with the letters xirp.

12. ni*6] cf. Jud. 8 7 1 Ez. 33, 12 (?) Pr. 8, 13; it is pronounced as if it were derived from a verb n"^ , but

written as if it were a mixed form, at once x"1

? and

r\"b- but K. Jehudah Chajjug explains it in a different

manner 3 .

15. i^n] with the art., as Josh. 3, 14.

21. vp] the last radical quiesces, as in rr.1 On. 42, 18:

or it may be from x>p like ix**1 Josh. 24 ; 14 etc.,

except that here x is dropped in writing, while in

IXT it is only dropped in pronunciation4

.

34. DDTiBiBn] a mixed form- -

partly a subst. and

partly perf. Inf.: or it may be simply a subst.with crn - - instead of D^n [from ntf!2fi].

5

XXVII. 8. Wi] transitive6

: the s indicates the subject

as though the writer had said DftTXB iy.18. ixn] inf. as Is. 21, 14, but with i paragogic: or

it may be pcrf. qal7 (like nix 1 8. 14, 29 of the

form hys, ^O"1 ) instead of the imperf.

1 Ew. 348 a: see Wright s arab. gr. ii 187.2Qimchi

adds Ex. 40. 34. 3 Nutt s Chajjug p. 84.4 Cf. Chajjug.

He means to say it either comes from rrp, or is properlyIX p (for ^X^p) from x

s

p just as ixi^1 is from XIV only that

X Has been dropped in writing as well as in pronunciation.5 so Qimchi who accounts for the first cliolem by attraction from

the second: cf. Ex. 15, 4 (shureq): and for the chireq refers

to his expl. of "jm&? 15, 11.6

although the root is intrans. :

because the inf. is like a noun" Qimchi.7 So Qimchi: cf.

his note on 23, 14 and Ew. 337 b Corap. also Ez. 13,3 and 322 a.

17

20. into] inf. hif.: cf. Ex. 13, 21.

XXIX. 8, q^no] an adj., cf. 2 C. 28, 23, and similarlythe subst. D rfcns Zekh. 3, 7, cf. Is. 41, 7. Others

comparing c. 9, 2 take it as part. hif. with deficient.23. -iy] an adj. as 1 S. 12,5: it cannot be interpreted as

in the phrase nyi nhyi>, because it is pointed withssere, not segol.

XXX. 10. pxt?] a verb, and therefore with pathach:but Is. 33, 20 an adj., and consequently with qamesslike pyi and &DK. Thus ux ^DN y. 6, 3 =r T&J&N:cf. jx ixtw Hez. 9, 8 1 .

12. TDB] *? added as 1 C. 3, 2.16.

"poxes ] ace. to some from DDB>, x replacing- thedouble letter: cf. Ij. 7, 5 : or it may stand for i of prolongation

2 in the partic. from HDP, cf. 1 Sam. 23, 1.23. nun] either to sojourn, as Gn. 26, 3, or to beterrible Nu. 22, 3.

XXXI. 2.-j-fcn] ace. to some, perf. qal (of the form

?iyB): cf. Is. 37, 19.

5.-&>n]

from y>n 1 Ki. 1, 40, cf. Dt. 20, 63

: but othersthink it alludes to their profaning for the sake

1 The same distinction is drawn by Qimchi : and IbnEzra on

ip. 6, 3 quotes with approbation the opinion of

Moshel^hakkohen (Geqatilia) that the pathach is a proofthat this- form is a verb (pulal), comparing for the constr.Ez. 9. 8 Lam. 3, 1 Is. 38, 5, to which might be added28, 16. 29, 14.

2 as Qimchi: x for i asrjOX"

1 from pp\We may however with Gesenius Lg. p. 373 regard it as anaramaic form from DDtt> : the same explanation will thensuffice for Ij. 7, 5 Ps. 58, 8: see Ew. 114 b. 3 Heexplains ^n as Ibn Ezra on Dt. from the custom ofsinging and playing (cf. Is. 16, 10) during the vintage.

2

18

of making money -- the fruit of the fourth year

which was sacred to Jahveh Lev. 19, 24.

7. ytsnn] like ynn Ez. 16, 2: the perf. would have had

chireq instead of pathach.

12. rasi] inf. qal, like nun**.

13. ^ino] root Hi, as is shewn by Jud. 21, 21.

15. ntro] on the heights1

;or it is the name of a

place.

rons] said by some to be intrans.2

.

19. mff] my turning away, like raws, ace. to some.

22. -ppannn] cf. psn Cant. 5,6 pisn 7, 2

- - because

people walk by means of their thighs3

: cf. pit? with

the verb in Jo el 2, 9.

32. pinn] inf., cf. Pr. 19,11.

T^SD] some take this as= - Ti^tt: but the ordinary

meaning of the word is the correct one4

.

35. y:n] for the pathach see Is. 42,5 Ps. 94, 9, and

without a guttural Dt. 32, 28. Translate, ,,who

quieteth the sea when its billows rage": butace. to

others it is to be explained from y 35, 205

.

39. ::DJi]= np i, which the targ. renders by no:: cf. Ez.41, 7 Num. 34, 4: in all these cases the verb is qal.

XXXII. 2. rroar;] from HLM 3, 5-- : disappearing.

23. ,*npni]= mp, both roots having the same signifi

cation: so 13, 22.

1Tg. ysntPK s^y cm N^p. a piel ^3- ni^, Qim.

3 y\2D ir^y, Qimchi: but another expl. is ,,thouwill hide

thyself from me through shame for thy evil ways":see

Rashi here and on Cant. 5, 6.4

cf. Ges. in thes. 223.

6 where the rabbins interpret yn of the. clefts in the

earth in which they hide themselves, comparing y:n Ij 7,5.

So here Qimchi refers it to the passage of the Red Sea

when God D^ ypz y. 78, 13.

19

30. DDTinyjD] the subst. is nrnyj, like nmnn Qohelet11, 9. 12, 1.

XXXIII. 24.->Dy nx] ace. to some nx denotes the sub

ject of the verb. \ as -1 S. 17, 34,-px>o> being for

26. aipyj Some2say Ja aqob stands here for jnnx, as

1 Ki. 2, 28 oi^3X for n^&>: there are several similarcases mentioned in the book Riqmah

3.

XXXIV. 14.fpti]

i. e. 7 years from the beginningof the period, as Dt. 15, 1: for everything has two

,,ends", one where it begins and one where it breaks off.

XXXVI. 32. njrvi] the suffix as Gn. 16, 7.

XXXVII. 10. i^nxn] 3 is perhaps for a as Lev. 8, 32

XXXVIIL 12.>xb]

like "ib v. 11 with x for \ cf.Hos. 11, 7.

rn^BN] as Ez. 41, 8.

14. N13D] i. e. the middle court: cf. Ez. 47, 16.19. nx] == p, as Ex. 9, 29 Gn. 6, 13

4.

1 so Q. cf. 2 K. 6, 5 and Ew. 277 d. 2 as all vss.except targum.

3 Dt. 33, 7 is added by Qirnchi: min^there does not agree with what follows, and he accordinglysays that we must read yyftwb.

-- The reference to Riqmahis to c. 28, which treats of cases where one word is putfor another: in 2 S. 25, 11 for example R. Jonah thinksthe writer must have intended vj" although he used the-word ^ SD. Other instances are Ex. 21, 8 DJ& for wx 1?,Zekh. 4, 12 nmn for pt?n Ex. 32, 20 v\w*i for -]n^(because the root ty cannot be used of gold) Zekh. 11, 13Wn for isixn etc. 4 where Rashi adds 1 K. 15, 23: butIbn Ezra says it may = DT;, or may be explained thus,,I destroy them (and I destroy) the earth", - - which heprefers.

2*

20

21.}*<&] adj. in lieu of the partic. : cf. Qoh. 4, 2.

22. -prPDn] there are two roots JVD and nos

;or perhaps

it is sufficient to assume JTD alone , the dagesh being

originally added in iiror; to destroy the quiescent

vowel, and retained even with the suffix1

cf, rPD s

Is. 36, 18 D rta Nu. 14, 27.

XXXIX. 4. DTHBin] with the sign of the dual after m -

as Ez. 27, 5.

7. DTitrm] with the sign of the dual after n , as.

Qoh. 10, 18, 1 C. 15, 19 etc.

XL. 1. D spw] the N quiescent in qamess, as v. 4 Jud.

9, 41 : or it may be pleonastic, cf. */ 149, 8.XLI. 17. mu] formed from TU like nny y. 81, 6.XLII. 10.

mts>] deficient, as in ^ Ij. 42, .2 2 : it is onthe contrary added in 3it^ 2 S. 15, 8

3.

XLIII. 10. nnstr] his tent4

: the last radical is doubled

as in TTiD. By means of this word some explainIj. 26, 13.

XLIV. 16. urx] the suffix of the 1st

pers. pi., as in

IJB& mi and mV- but except in these three casesU -- with dagesh indicates the 3

dpers. sing, and

only without it, the 1st

pers. plur.17. rote! = niD^o 2 , and therefore without x (rb*6a).

1i. e. n^CSl became p^DH. and the dagesh was kept

even when it might have seemed to be no longer neces

sary: for "pJTpn they wrote ^Dn.2 so Qimchi. Cf. Nutt s

Chajjug p. 31.3 where Qimchi s expl. is very forced: and

the Ktib n^ suggests naturally the correction ITt;H (Thenius,after LXX), especially when the corrupt ancT generallyuntrustworthy character of the masoretic text of the books of

Samuel is kept in mind.4

.,so called wrfy Gn. 49, 21".

Qimchi.2 he means apparently, the empire of heaven,

i. e. the stars: the other deriv. is given by Qi., who explainsit also of the stars, the work of God: cf. Gn. 2. 2.

21

18. u&r] J, as Is. 23, 11, represents the dageshforte which properly belongs to

-- the word thus

referring to the men who are already dead: but

others maintain that it is for Uttttn the double letter

disappearing, as is frequently the case in verbs y"y

on account of the two identical sounds coalescing:

cf. Ij. 29, 21 Ez. 22, 16 Nu. 14, 45: this explanation

however is far-fetched, because the accent is on

the penultima in iJDan, and the voice dwells on the

syllable between the two M e m s. Others think thereare two roots, DTI as well as Dttn: cf. Is. 33, 1.

19. nn^yn^] with n paragogic. ,,to provoke, sc. God":or with map pi q omitted, ,,to delight the idol" -the prophet using nizy to denote joy

1. Others say

that it is the name of the idolatrous worship2

, cf.

a^y Hos. 8, 4 etc.21. -nap] a sub si, cf. 5, 13 Dt. 32, 35.

23. runp] for n*op, cf. Ex. 5, 16 Is. 60, 18: so Ez. 46,

17 Lev. 25, 21. 25. 26, 34 Ez. 24, 12, where n of the

root is dropped [rtyy for rntyy], and n is the sign

of the fern in., but in nrtyy the n is radical and

represents n.

XLVI. 8 rhy*] qal, cf. Ij. 32, 17: but ace. to othershifil, with the object ^n left out.

rTOlx] with i, cf. 1 Sam. 15, 6.

15. nnoj] sg. with plur. subject: cf. Pr. 28, 13

.

16.^tfins] ace. to some a subst.: like Jon. 1, 6 Gn.

23, 16.

1 Cf. his note on Ez. 8, 14. Qimchi likewise renders

nnDty 1?.2

targ. NTliytt.3 LXX. dtu il scpwyev o

r

Ani?;o pocrxog b exAexiog crov ovx fysivev. By the sing., saysQimchi, he means to denote "pTax p inNl *;nNk fe.

22

that sweepeth away, from nr Lev. 25, 141

-.

but others take the word in its ordinary meaningdove, thinking Nebukhadnessar is so addressed be

cause of the rapidity of his advance.

17. pxtP] an adj., but ine

Am. 2, 2 it is a subst.

20. rpsns\] fern, from nBns (like rrmi, rpDn) an adj.formed by the reduplication of the two last radicals,the 2d - > standing for the original n, and the of

prolongation being merged in the dagesh2

. But the

masc. may also be" BnS 1

,in which case the "> would

be patronymic, as in mr; msa nn&^ty: cf. rpr;from yy Is. 10, 30 etc.

pp] cutting off, destruction, Ij. 33, 6.

NH *o] the first is the partic. the second the perf.: but

others think the second Nkn is for ra 3 , cf. Ez. 36, 5.

23. irro] if 3 be pronounced with metheg it may be

imp. pic

el: or it may even be perf. qal4although the

words " DNJ follow, for sometimes the perf. is found

so: see, for example, 48, 15.

XLYII. 3. nttytp] trampling: or noise clamour,in accordance with the context.

1 so Qimchi. LXX (.m/^tQas Etiynx?,? . targ.NVHD. 2 Cf. Riqmah c. 22 pp. 69, 146. where rw; n^Dl"are said to arise by compensation out of rppy just like

r.iSbn from nJ^n the long vowel being swallowed up"

in

dagesh. The meaning above apparently is that the fern.from HD-D S (with primitive ) would be n^Sr;S (cf. rPttb):as the voice dwelt on the penultimate it would become

n^ SHD^ , and this in conformity with the general rule would

be written n;Bns\ Cf. n^S where, as Ibn Ganach says, the

quiescent vowel which is under s in nlxB is merged in

dagesh.3 LXX. rjl&Bv In amyv. Else we may say with

long Qimchi it is doubled ^jy- pTi^.4

explained in the

same way by Qimchi. who likewise refers to 48, 15.

23

6. tsiptyn]the must be paragogic as 3, 6.

XLVIII. 2. wn] hithpo el, with dagesh in . i on

account of the absorption of p, and in D becauseof

the double a in the root: cf. Ez. 10, 15 *: but it is

better to treat it as nifal with i written full, like

Is. 24, 3 and in the perf. 34, 4: the latter expla

nation is the easiest because it is unlikely that

hithpo el would be written defectivelywith only a

single D.

4. rpTys] = rph-ti as Zekh. 13, 7*.7. -jnttn]

inf. although pointed with chireq: see 49,21.

9. ^s] a wing; cf. Lev. 11,9 where for TBJD (a fin)

Onqelos has pS S.

KXP K2U| both from nsJ Lam. 4, 15: sn without dagesh

like B?P Dt. 32, 18 in Gn. 25, 29.

12 . nya]-_

pnn to empty3 from the sense of the

words which follow: some explain it from Is. 51,

14, only here it is transitive4

.

13. DnL^tt] originally the u was pointed with pathach,

on account of the guttural, but when n received

qamess, it was exchanged for segol,as is usual when

pathach comes to precede qamess: accordingly we

find Tittfifin flez. 5, 13 nTOm Nu. 8, 7.

15. rhy] sc. nhyn (as subject), i. e. the enemy.

1 where cf. his note. 2 where tg. has N\nn, which

suggests the expl. of s ,,thosein the second rank next to

the princes the inferiornobles" (Rashi): but Qimchi

thinks they are so called ^^ "jil ^V by way of depreciation. Ew. follows the LXX: el? Zo?oQa.

3 as Rashi.

4i. e. as Qimchi to disturb, move with violence from

one

place to another: in Is. 63,1 DWl Wwi V^D. LXX

: see Gesen. thes 1177.

19. neteji] n paragogic, because the word is an adj.masc 1 : or it is 3d S g. fern, perf..- -- J;0 ask ofhim that fleeth Hath the city escaped?"

29. ,-io] adj., formed like n$n 2 S. 15, 37 etc. from rue.31. mrp] sc. ^.-34. rfay] st. constr., cf. Is. 14, 7: it means the calves

of Mo ab 2 .37. nnnj] formed like mf>nj Dt. 32, 8: *?y must be

understood in the first half of the verse.39. tcna] may be either perf. qal like *nx Gn. 44, 3, or

an adj. like nitt, which occurs in the plural Ez. 32, 30.

XLIX. 3. nJBBiffrn] the only instance of n retaining itsplace- before w in hithpael 3 .

7. nn-iDJ] ace. to some in the same sense as Ex. 26, 12,,is poured away, lost"

4.

8.ip Dyn UDH] both perf. for imper. , as in nif. Jo

1

el

4, 11 c. 50, 5: but some take them as the perf.5 in

its ordinary sense, explaining the passage thus: -

When one says to them Flee, they are turned. &c. 6 .10. nam] inf.; cf Zekh. 14, 5 nrDJ 7.11. iHL^n] with one 8 of the marks of the fern, in the

impf.: cf. Ez. 37, 7 Ij. 19, 15.

16. -jir^sn] for the form cf. Jud. 4, 9.

1 Ew. 173 h. 172 c. Ace. to Qimchi it is milc

el andperf. nif

c

al, == ntD?DJ "]B>x. 2 Ace. to Qimchi forTOy: he compares Pr. 24, 9 Is. 35, 2 Lam. 2, 18.*

,,to avoid the repetition of the T- sound" Ew. 78 b.4

Qimchi mcsj i. e. corrupt, fetid. 5 as Qimchifollowing his father.

6Imp. hof. ace. to Ew. 226 a who

compares Ez. 32, 19 : in comm. however he suggests UBfi :cf. v. 24. 46, 5. 21. 47 ; 3. 7 which, with targ. LXX hederives from DnD pointing ctJDS (inf. abs.) Comp above

19. njmx] ace. to some, a subst., like nzr^x (n. pr.)Josh. 19, 29 i.

yym ] with dagesh added, as Ij. 9, 34. 13, 21.24. tttn] ace. to some for nm Hos. 13, 1.25. nmy] as Neh. 3, 8 to strengthen, restore, cf.

in the talmud nmyD pavement or ceiling: ace. toothers, as Ex. 23, 5, to help: or in its ordinary sense

2

,,how have they not left her so as not to destroyher!"

rfrnn] either the st. abs. as Ex. 15, 2 y. 16, 6, or the

st. c. before >GWD, as 46, 9.

E>1B>&]the > is paragogic.

L. 5. n^jij instead of v6m as Jo el 4, II 3 : but others

say it is impf. qal, for rrta , the second i replacingn of the root, as in inrwi.

11. NBH] i. e. nstn4

,as some think, comparing Qoh.

10, 5,- - if it be written with x : but if this be for

n, such a supposition is not needed, as the word isthen part. fern, from BTT! C. 21, 20 5 .

T>T3N]i. e. horses: cf. 8, 16.

21. n] cf. Josh. 3, 17.

1 He explains it like y;n 18, 7 (targ. pn LXX.%v), cf. Pr. 12, 19 where Rashi has y;n vytj? and

where the idea of suddenness, quickness is expressedby LXX. targ. (reading iy) pd()Tv$ Ta%v$ amnoo Nino,Others treat it as verb, either as Qimchi ,,when I give restto Israel, I will &c.", or as the moderns (cf. Ewald toProv. 1. c.) ,,in the twinkling of an eye".

2 as Qimchi and

targ.3 as Qimchi : or with Jonathan we may treat the two

verbs as perff. in fut. sense *pSDWl "pri".4

,,feeding alwayson the tender

grass", Q.5 or a stall e d ox (targ.) i. e.

one that does no work but is fed on r

26

from mn 47, 6 and similarly v. 27.24. nnjnn] for the form 1 K. 14, 2.

26. inns] explained by some, slay Mi. 5, 5: rpD

would then be an adj. stalled (cattle), agreeing

with D\snn understood 1 .

rrte] make her level, as in rf?D.DWy] n&iy in the sing.-, cf. v. 38 D D N from n& N and

Zekh. 14, 10.

29.iy>DB>n]

as 1 S. 15, 4 (pic

el) [=== evocare]2

,o\n

having the same sense as Gn. 49, 233

,or being a

trans, adj.

31. in.] adj., as v. 32.

34. yvnn] inf. like mn, and so frequently.37. my] as y- 106, 35, a mixed people [i. e. foreigners]

or as Ez. 27, 27 i. e. the merchants4

.

LI. 3. -p-p] this word must be repeated (as in the k tib)

in order to give the sense, which is as follows:-

,,He who used to be drawing his bow - - let others

now draw their bows upon him" and similarly with

i?yrp : ,,he that used to Cxalt himself with his breast

plate- - let others now exalt themselves against him".

9. iJXDi] N for *, nsi having the same signification as

Nsi: or the word is written like a verb x"b and

pronounced like a verb n"^5

.

11. ran] from TO 6 : others think it stands for roNn

,,give wings to" Is. 40, 31 cf. Ij. 32, 11.

] Rashi ,,open her gates (following Jonathan): so in Mi.

he gives gates for s. Qimchi ,,open her granaries":in Mi.

her swords, comparing y. 55, 22 (ace, to the older intpp.).2 Qimchi = ISDN because the people are assembled^p r?Dt?n T ^y".

3 and Ij. 16, 13. .4 Both explanations

are also given by Qimchi.6 Cf. Qimchi xn ^y33 2HDJ

nn ^> 3D *opJ1.6

polish, sharpen : targ. I^Jty : so Qimchi Rashi.

27

13. nos] i. e. rrol

.

25. rvnty&n] may be either adj. or subst.

27. -|D] adj.2

cf. Ij. 4, 15: some say it means black.

29. ^nn] from ^n.

30.nntt>:]

was dried up, as Is. 19, 5: but others,become effeminate 3 , from DTO which immediatelyfollows: cf. 50, 37.

56. nnnn] with chireq for shureq : cf . Is. 48, 8.

58. nynynn nyiy] either from,-ny y. 137, 74

,or from

Tiy as in n ny.

LII. 13. rvn] st. abs. for h^n TOPI: cf. Is. 21, 11: or

it maybe st. c. meaning every house of a greatman.

21. nnJ] ace. to some, nife

al, from nn, with shureq for

cholem: cf?Ex. 14, 3, and in the talmud, n^n cloaca,

fossa 5 .

1Explained by Qimchi: .,acc. to the measure of thy

greed upon Jerusalem will God now repay thee".2

i. e.

OQ&O&QI%: cf. Rashi here and on y. 119,120. Targ. ^has

in each of the three places jorfrso burnt.3

t&gavffdi)

n-onN cf. Ges. 921 b,4

Qimchi from my. Is. 23, 13 Hab.

3, 8 to tear or root up. Rashi gives the meaning nTBn

comparing y. 137 , where however ny rather belongs to

my (cf. Ibn Ezra s note), although if it were regarded asperf. from -fly, the irregularity in the tone

would disappear.6 So Qimchi: cf. Ges. 840 b.

EZEQIEL.

1. 1. njcp D^BO] it is not stated from what date theyears are reckoned, but the Targum gives the correct explanation ,,from the time when Hilqijah foundthe book of the law". Others think the prophet was30 years old when he began to proplresy: cf. 2 S.15, 7 where 40 years refers to the age of

3

Ab-

shalom.

2. nfa] st. cons tr.: the a bs. state is formed like rvrnIs. 21, 2 nm Gn. 35, 8.

7. D ssu] sparkling, formed like D^XI*? Hos. 7, 5from

f>i

Is. 1, 31.

hhp] adj. =. BTOB polished, the meaning of the rootbeing to rub bright so as to remove the rust.

14. xvn] the correct explanation is to treat s as para-gogic, as Josh. 10, 24 Is. 28, 12 -- i being the third

radical, and not i of prolongation which is not foundin the inf. with n quiescent from verbs rrt>: see for

example 1, 3. 1 Ki. 8, 13l

.

27. rvn] the st. c. although followed by h: cf. 10, 3,and similarly before 3 Jud. 8, 11 and p c. 13, 2.

1Qimchi takes it from PIJP) (X for n) in the sense

of pi comparing y. 50, 18 where TOFfl = V^tjl. (Cf. Ew.161 a, and on Jer. 8, 6).

29

II. 2. n] = r\*ti some one, as Josh. 2, 4 1 ."DTD] hithpa

e

el.

6. 3] ace. to some although, as Ex. 34, 92

is similar in meaning to D^D.8. ^D] first time adj., second time subst.

10. D^p] masc. pi. from a fern. sing, as Zekh. 14, 10.

run] as Is. 38, 14.

1 where ace. to some the suffix in ussm refers to nx.See Ges. thes. 169 b. 2 After negative clauses as Gn.

8, 21 Ex. 13, 17 (whether expressed or implied) O may berendered either because or although - - the former

simply stating the reason why the action might have been

performed, the latter bringing the reason into strong prominence as against its actual non - performance : the formeris consequently a far weaker expression than the latterand not generally employed in English. E. g. ,,I will no

more destroy them because they are wicked" - - herebecause is to be closely connected with destroy, forwhich it gives the motive : in Greek o\xhi Qolo&Q9\)aufxvcavg o;c irovrjQovq oviag (cog = on the ground thatthey are wicked) : if on the other hand D be translated

although, a contrast is drawn with the whole of thepreceding clause. I will not destroy: in Greek xaineQnovriQovq oving where the emphatic xame^ lays stress on the

opposition to OIXSTI and indicates that notwithstanding the

strength of the motives which existed for destruction hewould nevertheless not destroy. Cf. ip. 140, 9 where thesame principle holds good: 131T belongs closely to psn ,and the influence of ^s* extends over both: if in trans

lating we wish to make 1D1V independent of the negativewe must render ,,lest they become proud" just as in thesimilar case O is rendered although. Cf. Ew. 351 b.In Ex. 34, 9, however, there appears no adequate groundto depart from the meaning because: comp. Ibn Ezra,and y. 41, 5. Cf. Thuk. 2, 49, 1, where, if this double-sideduess of negative clauses be borne in mind, it will be

seen that there is no reason to alter the Ms. reading

30

Yi] from the same root as TPVtf Dan. 8, 27, formed

like v Is. 3, 24 nn Ij. 37, 11 *.III. 6.

>p&y]from ptty, like

s

ptn v. 7: or ptty like H3D

and t> Is. 24, 7 : sometimes the st. c. of the latter

form resembles "ten v- 4Q, 15. 70, 3 [and 35, 27].

x^ DX] = x^>n : DX must be understood twice, as thoughthe writer had said ui Dri^x DX x^n: according to

another opinion however it = "fcx 2 .15. DWftJ adj. cf. Dan. 10, 11.

IV. 2. D HD] ,,surround her with the likeness of princes

fighting", like Jer. 1, 15: similarly Is. 16, 1 ID

is interpreted by some as equivalent in meaning to

the parallel "px ^D. Others think D "p = rams,i. e. figures resembling rams made of iron in order to

batter down the walls of a city.8. -piJZB] with shureq: cf. Gn. 37, 1.

12. uJViyn] ace. to some dagesh is deficient in j, the

sense being ,,thou shall turn fciy) it, the cake , before

their eyes3 "

: while Mi. 7, 10 is an instance of the

contrary, for there dagesh is added. But perhapsit is like Zekh. 1, 17, 3

dpi. fern.

4,and alludes to

the women whose duty it was to bake the cakes.V. 6. nytn] inf., like ran, HXT, nnot^ (Jud. 16, 23).7. DDJDH] [from pn 6], cf. Num. 15, 19: or the qamess

1 Ibn "Ezra on Dan. 2, 1: - - ,,a word indicating

perplexity BfntP."2 So Ew. : but it seems best with

Qimchi & Rashi to take xh DX to denote as elsewhere anoath or strong asseveration surely had I sent thee tothem they would be listening to thee."

3 as Jonathan.4 as Qimchi.

5 =to be numerous, Qimchi. With thelast view in the text comp. Ew. 239 a. esp. Hos. 8, 5.In the Ms. part of the note on v. 7. has become misplacedand follows the note on v. 16. See Bottcher, Aehrenl. ad loc.

31

chatuph may indicate that it is a subst. pDn, with idefective

,from n&JT or it is an infin. with

] added,

as many think : cf. 1 K. 6, 19 Est. 8, 6 and from averb n"i? as here t^ 85, 4.

16. nTOD] a subst., or inf. like 17, 9 Num. 10, 2.

VI. 3. riVM] from JO: Dt. 3, 29, the being added as Dan.

8, 22, or to indicate the fern. Others explain the form

by metathesis from rriiM w^li ssere for shwa : while

others again say the is for K and the N for >, in

accordance with the interchange common with theseletters and with i.

7. ^DJ] ace. to some nif. from ^s, like ^n ^SJ 28, 23 :cf. Ex. 21, 22.

8. DD nntra] inf. with* added because it resembles a

fern, pi.: the only other similar instance is 16, 31.

9.ittlpj]

it is plausible that this may be derived from

ttp 16, 47 little: ,,in consideration of the greatnumber of the abominations they have committed,it will be said that the evils happening to them arebut a

part",i e. few.

Tna&w] nif. with transitive force: cf. Nu. 31, 3 Is. 44,21 and for the seuse Lev. 26, 41 : or it may be intransitive

, nJ? nx having the force of onta or on^n *.12. -n^y) ace. to some, nifal with shureq for cholem,

as Ex. 14, 13 Jer. 52, 212

.

1,,A11 interpreters as well as the targum regard J as= T)"ntP which is impossible because nif c al is never transi

tive", Qimchi, who proceeds then to adopt the second opiniongiven in the text.

2 He derives it from -]is , as targ. HynNTS ^"03: Is. 1, 8 may be taken in the same way. Orwe may derive it from nuj in the sense of TDtP blockaded:both explanations are given by Qimchi.

32

VII. 6. irpn ypn] Two roots with tlie same meaningend: but others take

y>pn

as 2 K. 4, 31 to awake.

7.rrr>D*]

Is. 28, 5, a crown or chaplet 2 , from IBSto turn round Jud. 7. 3 where however others think

it means to do early in the morning, so that

PITBS would = morning, cf. DV>n ao v. 7. 10. 12.In my opinion a denotes the revolution of a bodyin the heavens, as though he meant to say that when

the star that consummated their misfortune returned

to its starting-point, their prosperity would cease

and give way to humiliation.7. in] there will be no strength in them, cf. Tin Zekh.

10, 3 : but some, comparing TPn , think it to be a word

of exhortation addressed to a fugitive, urging him to

flee to the mountains : while I should derive it from Tpn

interpreting the meaning as follows:-

,,The evil

which is coming upon you is heavier than if one

were to take up the weight of mountains4

: for men

carrying a burden are accustomed when it is very

heavy to sing Tpn TPn in order that their mind maybe occupied with what they are saying, and not feel

the pain caused by its weight3

.

11. DnEnD] The right derivation of this word is from

nftn, so that it is equivalent to DjiDno.

1i. e. yap and yip: Qimchi says yp y:y y*pn.

e. the kingdom: as Jonathan explains.3

cf. Jon.

IXBn JOFTIB"*6 rph: the second view in the textis that of Ra. : no herald - shouting "in (cf. Jer. 51, 14).will call you to escape to the mountains. Upon the 3<i

view, we must render ,,the day of trouble, and not (i. e.

heavier than) the neight of, etc." Qimchi: and not (like)an echo among mountains, i. e. more real than a mereecho?

said by some to be from the same root as D.TJ27, 32 : but this is incorrect because ni: is a verb V yand the n is sounded in speaking so that it cannot

again become quiescent: but in D.TJ it does not be

long to the root but is part of the suffix, as is

proved by the s ego 1. DPM is from \j like vi 3, 10: butm: is formed like rn: . Its meaning is determined bythe context.

13. *h (first time)] [the force of xh is continued intothe next clause.

Tiyi] another thing is that their soul1

(i. e. they them

selves) will not be alive the last half of the verse

explaining the first. Others interpret 1:11 *nyi thus

Although they live many years the sellerwill never return to his merchandise, for they arein exile and will never come back: nor will any forhis sin, the sin of his own soul, be able to strengthenhimself"

2,

or ,,for their sin they will not strengthenthemselves in their life" - - a in uijn extending itsforce over irvn.

14. yipn] the name of the trumpet.20. xi asi] the sanctuary, which was their glory : see v. 24.

i>Xl]1 is redundant.

22. -OIDS = D trrp tnp, the holy of holies.24. m] contracted for i^m nif. from ^n, as frequently

is the case with this root, cf. 22, 16. 25, 3 like im69, 4. Others treat it as nif. from

t>m,the dagesh

which ought properly to be in n being omitted onaccount of its being a guttural.

1cf. Ij. 36, 14. 33, 28.

2 So Qimchi, who comparesLev. 25, 10: God s anger is upon them and they shall nolonger as formerly return in the jubilee -year each to hisown possession: for they shall be in captivity.

their temples that they have provided for

themselves : a subst. from tnpD formed like nyntt Is.

49, 7 mpa Qoh. 10, 18: some think f is without

dagesh in order to indicate that there will beno

holiness there, but others consider it to be the partic.

pi._ without dagesh like Is. 62, 9 cf. Ij. 13, 9.

25. msp] cutting off, destruction, Is. 38, 12.

VIII. 3. mrs] = p Cant 5, 12 long hair, cf. Num.15, 38. Some explain similarly Cant. 2, 9 ^xto =,,shewing the hairs of his head".

^ED] figure, likeness: and the reason why he calls

the idol nx:pn ^DD, is because itmadeGodjealousas he further explains, see Dt. 32, 16.

6. npm] with qamess (a) .under 1 as Am. 2, 4 on

account of the guttural: else it would be like m^gEx. 36, 2 !.

10. npriB] from npn as Ij. 13, 27.

11. my] a thick large cloud of smoke, cf. 35, 13.

14. nimD] ace. to some trans., Tammuz being the

same as Mblokh, but ace. to others, intrans. as

Jer. 31, 15,, Tammuz being derived from the same

root as wzh Dan. 3, 19, and the meaning being that

they were weeping for their sons whom they caused

to pass through the fire to Molokli:but this expla

nation is incorrect because D in NID is not radical.

Others think Tammuz to be the name of a month2

that namely in which the sun begins todiminish in

power, or they explain nona as= ninths maki n g

3 The qamess chateph nxnpn 1SDt5 says Qimchi : else

it would be shwa Ex. 30, 18.2 as in aram., corresponding

to July. Comp. Chwolson s monograph, UeberTammuz.

35

him glad or ninai^ rejoicing- over Tarn muz(cf. m^y$> Jer. 44, 19) supposing the meaning to bethat a festival was held when the month Tammuzcame round, for then the sun was at the highestpoint of his course. It ought however to be remembered that it is said in one of the books on philosophythat the man who first taught the worship of the sunwas named Tammuz, that the month in which thesun reached the highest point of his course was calledafter him, and that after his death a day was appointedto be kept once a year in his honour; cf. Jud. 11, 40.

16. DmnntPB] a mixed form between the part, and the

perf. intended to express at once the sense of both1

.

17. ^pj] nif. and intrans., cf. DDJ y. 22, 15 and in the

perf. c. 21, 12.

miDt] crepitus vent ris: but others compare TTa sprig.

DSX] a tiqqun soferim 2 , or correction for ^DX as

Ij. 7, 20 Mai. 1, 13, ^y and inix for 7^; and >mx

IX. 1 . nnps] = D stWK i. e. the men appointed againstthe city to destroy it. mp is imp. pi. like Is. 41, 21(cf. in sing. c. 37, 17) and is addressed to the agentsof destruction

, that they should move on quickly :for the same reason he says hu ^ip and each atonce took his implement of destruction in his hand.

1Qimchi: ,,when the prophet saw them bowing down

to the sun, he asked those that entered in Have ye boweddown?" The Jems, talmud and Jonathan explain it curiouslyas a compound of D^THl^D and D inrtPB i. e. Destroyingthe temple & its worship and bowing down to the sun".2 On the 18 places where there is a correctio scri-barum see Bleek, intr. 359, or the great masorah onNum. 1, ] : also Geiger, Urschrift pp. 308 if.

3*

36

6. itwn] a rare form with pathach: cf. Jer. 23, 12l

.

8. -iNtwui] ace. to some by metathesis for IKEONI, with

: of nif al added; ace. to others, a rare form of

qal - - the first two letters indicating the impf.,both sing, and pi. at once: but it is best to look

upon it as perf. nif.2 with x inserted, cf. the perf.

>:*< i&&K y. 6, 3. ->:K is then = ^asy: comp. Nu. 14,14 nnx n*m

9. HBB] i. e. nutt tsst^O: or it may be a subst. formedlike the partic. pass, as ittpa Mai. 1, 11.

X. 1. ^N] for ^>y, as 12, 12: and conversely ^y for ^x v. 4.

9. nnx 2112,1] 1HN without the art. as iff. 57, 3: on the

contrary the subst is without it 40, 28 ispi: butboth have it y. 18, 48 Jer. 23, 34 etc.

15. IBTP] acc. to some, hithpo el for WHIT from onor con (for both are found): but it is really nif. from

DSl of the form hysj, cf. Is. 34, 4. 24, 3 : for hithpoelcannot be written defectively with only one a

3.

16. niw] so 2 Ki. 12, 9.

17. DJTiN*] for DPS: as Jer. 35, 2; or it refers to the

wheels: cf. Lev. 13, 55, where in like manner imxdenotes the subject.

XL 3. zrnpn vh] i. e. this prophecy will not shortlycome to pass.

7. N^*n] inf. doing duty for the impf.: cf. Jer. 7,13. 35, 14.

XII. 4. NXio] subst.4

,or part. pass, hof al with shureq

exchanged for cholem.

1 Ew. 92 b. 2 so Ibn Ezra on Num.: but cf. Hupf.on

<//. 6, 3.3 Cf. note on Jer. 48, 2.

4 as Qimchi

comparing y. 65, 9.

37

10. ami] as if x^:^ : and conversely 10, 6.13. nxT xb inixi] he here prophesies against Ssidqijah,who was blinded.

19. DBTI] ssere carries ^ with it, the root being nw6, 6 or x, cf. Pr. 8, 17, [i. e. it is from Dtrx].

25.*]tt>&n]

the subject is "im, which is either masc. orfern.: or it ma be nxnjn understood.

XIII. 6. IT] causative1

,as y- 119, 49.

9. nro] with qamess, although in st. c.: cf. Is. 10, 21

Est. 1, 4.

18. T] for this form of the pi. cf. Jer. 22, 14.

ninsoB] He compares the amulets to coverlets becausethere was no use in them 2 .

nrrmjn] ,,Do ye hunt the souls of my peopleto destroy them with your lies? and do ye keepalive for a few handfuls of barley as your reward

(v. 19) the souls of the wicked?"19. mTODn] cf. Zekh. 1, 17. c. 16, 55.

n:"nn xhIB>N] parallel to n:^nn rmh rwBJi.

20. nimis^] i. e. B nvr& so that they fly away,the sense being that because they are hunted they

fly away, by which he means to say they die 3 .Others explain thus : ,,to kill or keep alive accordingto their prophecy (augury), souls which will not (respec

tively) die and live, because their prediction will not

1making Israel cherish the delusive hope that

their words would be established 1 . 2 Coverings placed onthe head at the time of divination (Rashi) : these the proph.,wishing to speak contemptuously of them, calls by the common name D (cf. Is. 3, 22) instead of using a title expressive of the value assigned to them by their owners. Comp.Ewald s note. 3 - cf. Jon.

38

be verified": others think he employs a simile, likeningthe souls to birds flying about, which are hunted

by the false prophets.

XIV. 3 trnx] for tmn 1 , as 2 Ki. 6, 21 : but Chajjugtreats it as impf. hithp. comparing ?]nT Ps. 7, 6

where in like manner there is cholem.

4. N3] although he comes with the multitude of hisidols: or as others think, if or, because he comeswhen his idols are many.

15. nrfw] cf. 1 S. 1, 6; Ru. 3, 6; Is. 34, 17.

XVI. 3. ynn OE] =- ynnriD, a being exchanged for 3;but others think that a is for j, as Dt. 7, 19. 29, 2.

or that the root is 2 Ki. 12, 8 Dt. 18, 8: but

the correct derivation is from the same root as

D,"\nro Gin. 49, 5: its meaning is clear from the

context.

4. rrf?r\2] n added as in qal , although it is h o f a 1

3:

the first radical is absorbed in dagesh.

>ytt>&]the context leads us to the signification washing:

so in arab. ^X^**o5 j^/cf wash thy cheek4

.

5. rton] inf. with shureq, as Hos. 7, 4.

6. 7DT] the blood of thy birth5

.

n] cf. "nn 2 K. 4, 7.

7. D HV ny] i. e. perfect beauty: or in the time when

thou wast obliged to conceal thyself.

1,,because it is difficult to pronounce two It s in succes

sion" (in BHTin). Qimchi.2 also found Gn. 40. 20. 3 lit.

,,the conjugation which is never found with an object".4 see

t h e s. s. v. 5 Cf. Qimchi vntr ^DHl HT^n

39

with pathach although it is of the past: for

it follows from the sense of what precedes that it

is so: cf. Is. 63, 3. 51, 2. 2 S. 1, 10.

10. -jhnx] without suffix ^yjx (cf. Is. 5, 29 f.) as is proved

by the short pathach under y.

15."ptJ> ?y]i. e. for the sake of... : or more than,

cf. 23, 20 !.

1^] i. e. "niy^ , thy fornications were for or with anythat passed by" : others say it is for vh , so that the

sense is iike that of 16 b ,,such fornications will2

never beagain".

18. D D2rn] the suffix refers to IDI nbv 17.

19. irpnnji] i like O rafa in Arab.: the word itself =iniK nrui: the 2d - pers. fern. sg. ends properly with

: but in order to distinguish it from the first pers.

sg. that letter is cut off: arid in this very book there

are many words written with >, but pronouncedwithout it: accordingly the two persons resemble

one another and it is impossible to distinguish between

them.

20. uyDn] ft is omitted before uyft while n is added-

unless the latter be a sign of astonishment3

.

29. iyjD "px] i. e. Babel, because it was the home of

merchants, as 17, 4: cf. Is. 23, 8.

1i. e. either, to keep up thy name, or beyond what

fame said of thee. 2 or rather ,,may such never be":with the first view cp. Qimchi s note.

3,,Thou hast pro

voked me in all these ways, adding one sin upon another -

because thy whoredoms were too few for thee"(lit. on account of the fewness of them): or keeping n and

omitting the ft ,,o the fewness of" &c., or ,,as though thywhoredoms were so few!" cf. 1 K. 16, 31. [In the transl.the reading on for D1J is followed].

40

30. rfciox] adj., from the root of ^DX y 6, 3: andhence he speaks of her heart in the fe m *.

tftfov] ,,ruling by fornications": or, a sovereign, because she is able to do what she likes, eren tocommit fornications.

31. 7rnJ33] inf. with ^ paragogic, as 6, 8 and (as some

think) Is. 53, 9.

33. m:] n is exchanged for j in 7:1: : cf. HJPX andand D ny 2 S. 1, 24 for D ny.

nntpn] with qamess chatuph under n to shew that it

represents2 an original cholem: cf. 17, 23 Ezr. 8, 25.

34. *] sc. nm-i m i&3: so Is. 23 ; J3 rrn *6 i. e.,,there was no people like it", and y. 52, 6 TIB nn *6i. e. ,,they feared a fear, there was no fear like it,i. e. a fear unlike any other fear".

36.-jnB>m]

= anus, as 24, 11.B-D] 3 instead of ^, on account of 3.43. ^uin] causative --as though it were TUN* TJim.40. 7pro] the meaning is determined by the context

to be similar to that of inn Gn. 15, 10.

43. nan] = HOIDH, so that the meaning is ,,Thou hastnot considered thy end": or mry is past for future.

45. -,mnx] p 1. , with > dropped (nvnx as 52), and without *, the second sign of the plur. fern., as Dt.

28, 59. In 7ninx v. 61 it may be that both signs ofthe pi. are present, the form mn without the sufhxexhibiting i of the pi., with disappearance of the

1 Cf. -Qimchi. The heart is called nhotf, weak andenfeebled: it is regarded as being diminished in size andis consequently spoken of in the fern, in accordance withits inferior nature. See Bottcher, Neue kr.-exeg. Aehrenlese.ad. loc. 2 utej : see note on Jer. 5, 6.

3D i. e. thou shalt

be punished in proportion to they offences. Qimchi.

41

third radical >: or, on the other hand, i may be

radical, and alone indicate the plural (as Is. 47, 13),

in which case the word would be similar to mnx

Cant. 8, 8, where n denotes the fern. sg. and i is

radical. We have the full form v. 52 -jnvrw, wherereplaces n of the root, but the word has only one

sign of the pi. (viz. m): in Josh. 20, 13 on the

contrary both are present. The same distinction

exists between arnnstPB and Dim , Josh. 18, 20 f.

etc. and in other analogous cases *.

49-JIN:] i

is deficient before nyuty : or the case resembles

Josh. 3, 14

50. nrn^m] like rwym 2 : cf. 43, 11 [where similarlya word is altered for the sake of the assonance.]

52."irpisn]

inf. pi. with n added3

: a rare form among

perfect verbs. Is. 30, 19 Lev. 16, 1 etc. are not

analogous, because in them n was originally n , as

it is Ex. 36, 2 and is consequently without dagesh,but n in nt&nn*, rhw Gn. 8, 7 Nu. 14, 16 Dt. 9, 28

may perhaps resemble the one before us.

53. njn^pn] with the sign of the fern, both sg. and pi.,as 1 K. 1, 37 : or perhaps jn denotes the fern.

pi., the last n being paragogic : cf. in the masc. 2 S.

23, 6.

57. niiDNty] from IDW Ij. 1, 7 ,,who seek after thytreasuries 4 ": for s cf. Hos. 10, 14. Others render

,,who despise" from cNty 25, 15.

1 On mnx cf. Hupf. to v>- 11, 6. 2 so Rashi, andEwald who compares Cant. 3, 11 (198 b. 118 d).

3 Ew.238d. refers to Is. 6, 13 c. 16, 4 also Lev. 26, 18 y.147, 1.

4cf. Nu. 11, 8, where for miP targ. Jer. has

42

61. ^N]= ny in addition to, - there are many

words which can be thus exchanged one with another.

"jrpiao N^l] i. e. ,,yet not because thou hast observed

the (old) covenant which I made with thee (but from

a new covenant of 1 mercy and love)".

XVII. 3. nsu] formed like r6i; 12, 7, nhy, nyin.

5. Dp] perf. , the first radical being deficient: cf. Jud.

19, 11 : and with q am ess, like Hos. 6, 1 Am. 3, 8 2 .

nsxBS] a species of willow, which grows always bywater. But it is better to derive it from P^S Dt. 1 1 , 4

like rhrhn from ^n, in the sense of ,,a place full

of water so deep that a man could swim in it".

7. HJB3] explained by some as arising from HDJ3 bymetathesis Contracted itself*, cf. in talm. N^BUD

assembly congregation: by others as .,was

hungry" Ij. 5, 22, figuratively of desire3

.

9.Pptt]

in targ. for rhv the leaf of a vine, Gn. 8, II4

.

niKt^] ace. to some, a subst.5 instead of inf. with

ni -- added, as 45, 21. 36, 3: but it is really in fin.,

with D for n, as Num. 10, 2. The & ought to have

dagesh, only in this form it is commonly dropped,when it receives shwa [nixtett for rVitftett].The word displays a mixed form, as though the

1 Cf. Ra. and Qi. : also targ. rp may *6 nlNnmx. 2 ,,or to distinguish it from the imp." Qimchi:in the passages quoted there is a distinctive accent.

3Qimchi (compare Ewald) explains ,,gathered its roots

together towards the king of Egypt": cf. 1OD1J3 Nu. 33,25 J. Cant, 8 , 7 (= ns^DN ) : the second explanationis adopted by Rashi and Ges. The targ. has nsD, regard

ing -JDD as=

P]SDto bend: cf. Ij. 40, 17 where pair

is rendered ^DD (from Levy, Chald. WB.), and comp. pDwith DDD. 4 so Qimchi.

5 so Qi.: cf. Ew. I60b. 239 a.

43

root were at once x"1

? (KPB) and rrt (rwa)- - both

being combined, in writing as well as in pronuncia

tion: cf. in writing 33, 12 Jud. 8, 1 Pr. 8, 13 Est.

1, 5 and with shwa3

Zekh. 13, 4. The sense here

is to tear up, carry away1

,for that is the force

of NtW: and so some explain Hos. 1, 6.

14.rn&y^>]

i. e. po TOy^, because the verb is intrans.:

cf. 30, 21.

21. iTniB] from mi Hos. 12, 13: others explain it as

equivalent to vrp*ii i. e. his nobles Is. 15, 5.

22. TinJl] as 37, 26 to multiply, increase.

XVIII. 7. mr] ace. to some, part. qal.

irfrlin] with i paragogic, as Num. 24, 3 etc.

10. rw] ace. to some i is deficient, as in nnx for mnK ,only in nnx its absence is occasioned by the final

n coalescing with it, as in rbb 1 S. 4, 19, both

letters being pronounced by the same organ: others

say it is like Gn. 24, 28 ,,if he has done a brother

any of these things" - - those viz. which he is about

to enumerate (v. 11 if., ,,and he hath done none of

those things which his father did, but" etc.): D in

irusD is then redundant, and the meaning is the same

as that of rus ^u t>U v. 18. Others again treat nx

as an exclamation of delight y. 35, 21 as thoughhe took pleasure in all the wicked actions whichare described: but it is best to take it as = "ntf Hos.9, 12 (so c. 21, 20); the sense will then be that he

mourns over his father s conduct, because he himself

acts contrary to it and does wickedly.18. 5u] st. c.: hu in st. a bs. Lev. 5, 21, like rrt Pr.

1

Tg.

44

24, 31 from Ttt: for other similar cases, cf. Is. 1, 4,c. 44, 9.

= twyj to be punished.XIX. 2. NV&] fern, from wJ? with N for n as Ru. 1, 20:

the x of nwa^ is changed into and , the > compensated for by dagesh.

3. ^yni] and she brought up, as Gn. 49, 9 exceptthat there it is qal, while it is here hifil. The

1U is Jehoachaz.

5. n^ni:] the reverse of rfrmn1

: or, ,,she saw that she

had hoped and that her hope had perished".6. npni] hofal

2.

7. yTi] = "ntsn, and brake, cf. Jud. 8, 16, exceptthat here it is qal instead of hifil

3.

10.~D"a]

i. e. in thy youth and vigour, because the

blood is the seat of strength. Others take it as equivalent to -jrntm.

12. ntDD] sc. Jehojakhin.14. *M nt:D] sc. Ssidqijah.

XX. 5. nra] with qamess, like Am. 2, 4: without a

guttural it would have been like Hps Ex. 32, 34.

9.i>nn]

inf. resembling the perf, as Is. 31, 5 ^jnand ts^on.

25. Tin:] past for future: the D^pn are the statutes of

the heathen newly introduced among the Israelites

during the captivity: or, ace. to others, the ordinances

of God which would turn to evil upon them if they

1targ. pDS: cf. Qimchi who likewise gives both expla

nations. 2 Cf. Ew. 131 d. 3 Rashi adds y. 138, 6:cf. targ. rpn JTS "SKI: but Qimchi prefers to compareGn. 4, 1.

45

were not observed, and which in Dt. 30, 15 are

called life and good and death and evil.29. HDZin] properly two words, as if n *an.

30. D KBtwJ with shwa, as Est. 1, 5 Jer. 23 16 etc.

31. nst&a] from xtw as Gn. 43, 341

: but others render

to burn, comparing Jud. 20, 40.

34. DnisiDj] with c hoi em: cf. v. 43. 36, 31: generallythe middle radical quiesces in shureq.

37. miDB] D with qaniess to indicate the absence of

the first radical N: cf. Qoh. 4, 14.

39. nny] ironically, as Qoh. 11, 9.2

"in*o]understand *cf? ,,and go after your idols"; or

l is redundant, ,,serve them, after you have ceased

to listen to mea : others interpret thus: -- After

wards, although ye do not now hearken to me,a season will come when ye shall no more profane

my holy name - - the season spoken of in the nextverse.

XXI, 2 ppn] prophesy, as Mi. 2, 6. Dim ruB n denote Jerusalem, and mcpn "iy, the temple, see 1 Ki.

7, 2. 10, 17.

3. miss 3JJ] the desert of the north, so calledbecause of its dryness

3: the meaning is ,,from

the region of the north", i. e. Babel.

y Qimchi, and similarly Rashi.2

Qimchi: - - This imp. expresses not a command but a

threat, as Qoh. 11, 9, where the writer means to say,,Rejoice

-- and thou wilt see what will befal thee in thyafterlife", similarly here, ,,It is better for you to serve

your idols alone than to serve them and at the same time

being your gifts to me, for this is to profane my name".1 in inXT has the same force as Gn. 22, 4 [Ew. 344 b.],and DN is equivalent to "IPX as Gn. 24, 33.

3cf. the

root in aram. e. g. Gn. 8, 13.

46

9. THDH] i- e. because it is my pleasure to cut offfrom thee both* just and unjust alike, my sword shallissue forth upon all flesh, because I will lay waste

the whole world. 1

12. DBJ] perf. nif. although with ssere, so in the fern.

26, 2: sometimes cholem is found, Is. 34, 4 Nah^

1, 12: there are in fact three different vocalizations ?

as in qal tyD, tys, ^iys: Chajjug says it is like

"I3J,2 8. 1, 23, [and consequently qal.]

14. nttilB] Lev. 13, 40: tr)D means to rub off the

rust. 2

15. rrn] inf., cf. Nu. 11, 2.

HttTO] with dagesh3 because of the pause: cf. Is.

41, 17.

ix] ace. to some, in place of i conjunctive, as Lev

4, 28.

Batp] as Nu. 24, 2, tribe.

}>y]

the idols: the sense being ,,the sword is destined

to destroy: yet how should we have rejoiced had

Israel rejected their idols! for then it would have

consumed their enemies, and they would have es

caped".In the same way "ijl HDi v. 18 is interpreted :

- ,,How great will this trial be, if the tribe of mypeople does not reje