A CHECKLIST OF ANOPHELINE DISTRIBUTION IN SPAIN. DELACOUR-ESTRELLA, S.*¹, MELERO-ALCIBAR, R.², ESTRADA, R.¹, RUIZ-ARRONDO, I. ¹.³, PINAL,

R.¹, ALARCÓN-ELBAL, P.M.¹ & LUCIENTES, J.¹

Spain was for years a country with endemic malaria. Due to the work and effort of health services both as researchers and mosquito control systems, they finally succeeded with the eradication of the disease in the middle of last century. However, a new case of malaria was diagnosed in 2010 and put the public health on alert. From the epidemiological point of view regarding the transmission of the disease, is essential to know which mosquitoes (specifically Anopheles) develop their life cycles in the specified area. From this perspective, the first step is to review the most up-to-date literature on all the cases of Anopheles mosquitoes referred in our country in order to have an idea of which would be the areas with a priori higher risk of "epidemic" if new cases of infected people appear. This is the beginning of the subsequent field studies which permit to keep track of what is the real status of anopheline populations that currently appear in Spanish soil.

This work aims to update previous studies showing by maps species of genus Anopheles occurred on Spanish soil, including islands too. Also to detail those places which were mentioned by the authors from the first field studies. For this purpose we used the computer program Google Earth version 6.2 to determine the whole geographical coordinates in every location also the IDRISI Kilimanjaro version 14.02, Clarklabs. 1987-2004 program to create the specific maps.

INTRODUCTION

MATERIAL AND METHODS RESULTS

We present the distribution maps of all anopheline species, a total of 15, cited in the Spanish territory

CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

Knowledge of the insect fauna found in each country is one of the best tools available to make risk maps to assess the certain spread disease vectors. It is therefore most important to perform any work that allows to obtain information about the real situation of insects involved in the transmission of emerging diseases in order to implement control strategies to limit diseases outbreaks.

Anopheles algeriensis Theobald, 1903

REF 2,6,11,12,15,17,18,19,43,45,46,57,60,61,73

ANOPHELES MACULIPENNIS COMPLEX

Anopheles atroparvus Van Thiel, 1927

ANOPHELES CLAVIGER COMPLEX

Anopheles labranchiae Falleroni, 1926

Anopheles maculipennis s.s./s.l. Meigen, 1818

Anopheles melanoon Hackett, 1934

Anopheles messeae Falleroni, 1926

Anopheles claviger s.s. (Meigen, 1804)

Anopheles petragnani Del Vecchio, 1939

Anopheles cinereus hispaniola (Theobald, 1903)

Anopheles multicolor Cambouliou, 1902

Anopheles sergentii (Theobald, 1903)

Anopheles superpictus Grassi, 1899

Anopheles hyrcanus (Pallas, 1771)

Anopheles marteri Senevet & Prunelle, 1927

Anopheles plumbeus Stephens, 1828

REF2,5,9,10,11,13,14,15,17,18,19,29,30,33,34,43,45,50,51,52,53,5460,61,67,71,73,74,75

REF 9,14,18,19,20,43,45,60,61,73

REF1,2,3,4,11,18,22,24,25,27,28,29,31,32,40,41,43,44,48,60,61,62,63,69,73

REF 20,43,60,61,73

REF 45

REF 11,14,17,18,43,60,61,67,70,72,73

REF 1,2,11,14,17,26,29,34,43,44,45,48,49,56,61,68,74 REF 10/11/34/73

REF 17,33,43,44,46,48,60,61,73

REF5,6,7,11,14,16,17,18,20,21,31,38,39,41,43,44,45,46,49,58,59,60,65,67,69,73

REF 5,6,14,17,18,31,43,60,61,73

REF 5,6,17,43,60,61,73

REF 17,43,44,45,48,60,61,73

REF1,2,3,11,14,17,34,43,45.46,47,56,60,61,65,67,73

1-Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Zaragoza. España. 2-Instituto de Salud Carlos III. 3-Quimera Biological Systems S.L. *delacour@unizar.es

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The species distribution includes Europe, the middle-east and north Africa. It’s common in the Mediterranean region. The role of An.algeriensis in parasitic transmission is limited, due to its low abundance it was insignificant for malaria (66)

however it can be infected with P.falciparum in the laboratory that’s why it is considered as a secondary vector.(8)

It is extremely difficult to separate morphologically the members of the complex. Only larval chetotaxy and egg ornamentation allows an identification.(66) The first evidence for the existence of a complex of sibling species was brought up by Falleroni (1926).(8) Nowadays it is made up of 5 Neartic species and 9 Paleartic species, 8 of the being found in Europe.

The species distribution includes most of Europe. It is considered an efficient malaria vector (66) and was responsible for the last autochtonous case of malaria occurred in Spain in 2010. (77)

This species has a restricted distribution in southern and southeastern Europe. (8) In spain, surveys carried out in the last fifty years indicated that An.labranchiae had disappeared.(37)The species has played and important role in malaria transmission in the Mediterranean region.(66)

The species distribution covers the whole of Europe, the Middle East and the Caucasus. An.maculipennis s.s. Has probably only played a very minor role in malaria transmission, it was reported as a vector in the Balkans.(66)The records in Spain of An.maculipennis s.l. prior to the splitting of the complex have been attributed to this species following Torres Cañamares, Gil Collado and Romeo Viamonte. (37)

The species is not widespread it seems to be confined to southwestern and southern Europe.(8)Female are essentially zoophilic that is why the species apparently only played a minor role in malaria transmission.(66) In spain sometimes cited with the name An.melanoon ssp. subalpinus (37)

This is the most widespread member of the complex, it covers Europe and Asia up to China. The presence in Spain is doubtful due to his bio-ecological requirements (8).Their role in malaria transmission was low, evevnthough they have been reported as vector in Eastern Europe. (66)

The status of the name is still rather undefined,sometimes discribed under the name An.hispaniola and also An.cinereus.This species distribution is limited to the Mediterranean. In Europe it is only found in the Iberian Peninsula, Italy and Greece. Although his aggressiveness, this Anopheles has only played a minor role in malaria epidemiology. (66)

It is a species complex with at least two distinct members, distributed in the western Mediterranean subregion and differ distinctly in their larval and pupal morphology and larval and adult behaviour. (8)

This palearctic species’ distribution spreads from Scandinavian to North Africa, and from the Atlantic coast to China and Central Siberian.(66) Although its epidemiological importance is not significant due to its small population An.claviger s.s. has played and important role as a malaria vector in the Near East and still does in central Asia. (8)

This species is uniquely found in the Western Mediterranean. It apparently plays no role in malaria transmission.(8)

This palearctic species is found in the Mediterranean, the Middle east and Mediterranean Africa. In Europe it is found only in the southern half. An.hyrcanus has never been regarded as a significant vector of malaria in the Mediterranean region, but several authors discussed about changes in human behaviour may condition the potential of the species to transmit malaria.(8)

It is a southern Palearctic species . Due to its ecological characteristics (zoophily and exophily), this species does not play any role in human parasitic transmission. (66)

This species is widely distributed throughout Europe, northern Caucasus, in the Middle East south to Iran and Iraq and in north Africa.(8) It has been shown to transmit experimentally Plasmodium (66) but it is considered to be of minor epidemiological importance at the present time because of its ecology. In the past it played a major role as malaria vector.(8)

This species is typically found in arid and sub-desertic regions of the whole of Mediterranean Africa, from Morocco to Egypt. Outside these regions, its distribution extends up to Pakistan. In Europe, it is only found in Spain. Their vector role for malaria is still uncertain. (66)Several authors have considered it to be an important vector on epidemiological grounds, but not naturally infected females have been found.(8) So the role for malaria transmission is real but not important due to the biological characteristics of the species.

This species has a wide distribution in the southern Mediterranean region. Its range stretches from the Canaries to India, in Europe it is only recognised in Sicily. Although natural infections were rarely found, the species in considered as a potential vector of malaria in all the arid and Saharan regions of Mediterranean Africa. In Europe, it has only been involved in rare cases in Sicily. (66)

The species’ distribution includes the Mediterranean countries and extends East up to the Indo-Pakistani Peninsula. Several authors consider the ocurrence in Spain of the species highlu doubtful. (37) Is reported as being an important malaria vector in the Middle East and secondary vector in the other regions. 66