A census of orphans and vulnerable children in two Zimbabwean districts

Shungu Munyati, Simbarashe Rusakaniko, Pakuromhunu F Mupambireyi, Stanford T Mahati,

Peter Chibatamoto, & Brian Chandiwana

Edited by Shungu Munyati

NATIONAL INSTITUTE

OF HEALTH RESEARCH, MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND CHILD WELFARE

BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH & TRAINING INSTITUTE

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Prepared by the Biomedical Research and Training Institute (BRTI) andthe National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) of the Ministry of Health and ChildWelfare, Harare, Zimbabwe.

Published by HSRC PressPrivate Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africawww.hsrcpress.ac.za

© 2006 HSRC, BRTI, NIHR & FACT

First published 2006

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

ISBN 0 7969 2146 6

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‘Religion that is pure and undefiled before God, the Father, is this: to care for orphans … in their distress.’

James 1 verse 27

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword viiAuthors ixC ontributors xAcknowledgements xiList of Tables and Figures xiiiAcronyms and abbreviations xvExecutive Summary xvi

Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.0 Background 1 1.1 Definition and prevalence of orphanhood and vulnerability 1 1.2 Rationale and aims of the study 4 1.3 Conceptual framework 5

Chapter 2: Methodology 7 2.1 Operational definitions 7 2.2 Description of the study sites 7 2.3 Geographical frame for the OVC Census 9 2.4 Instrument 9 2.4.1 Questionnaire design and its translation 9 2.4.2 Pre-testing of Census questionnaire 9 2.5 Ethical issues 10 2.6 Data collection 10 2.6.1 Pre-enumeration activities 10 2.7 Deployment of enumerators and supervisors 12 2.8 Quality control 12 2.9 Assessment of vulnerability 13 2.10 Data management and analysis 13

Chapter 3: Results 15 3.1 Bulilimamangwe District 15 3.1.1 Demographic data 15 3.1.2 Magnitude of orphanhood 18 3.1.3 Disability 19 3.1.4 Household level data 20 3.1.5 Main household vulnerability indicators 23 3.1.6 Other income indicators 26 3.2 Chimanimani District 27 3.2.1 Demographic data 27 3.2.2 Household level data 31 3.2.3 Main household vulnerability indicators 35 3.2.4 Other income indicators 37

Chapter 4: Discussion 39

Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendations 43 5.1 Challenges faced during the study 44 5.2 Dissemination of results 44

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Appendices 47 Appendix 1 Ward Maps by District 47 Appendix 2 Reactions to the Pilot Research Procedures 52 Appendix 3 Fieldworker’s Introductory Letter 53 Appendix 4A Census Shona and English Questionnaire 54 Appendix 4B Code Sheet – Shona 56 Appendix 5A Census Ndebele and English Questionnaire 58 Appendix 5B Code Sheet – Ndebele 60 Appendix 6 Quality Control of Questionnaire Checklist 62 Appendix 7 List of Supervisors 63 Appendix 8 Ward Analysis of Census Results by District 64 Appendix 9 OVC 2003 Census Operational Structure 125 Appendix 10 Vulnerability Score Assessment 126

References 127

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FOREWORD

In this era of the HIV and AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa and economic challenges in Zimbabwe, there is possibly no other subject that has received as much media attention of late, than that of the plight of orphans and vulnerable children, hence it is difficult to conceive of a more pertinent and perfectly timed publication than this one.

Of the 3 million AIDS-related deaths globally, 2.2 million are from the sub-Saharan region. One major impact is that the disease has orphaned vast numbers of children, because those dying from AIDS are mainly in the prime of their lives and are parents. These children endure overwhelming losses; living in societies already weakened by under development, poverty, the AIDS pandemic itself and whose traditional support structures, like the extended family system, have been eroded by, among other factors, urbanisation.

Faced with this unprecedented crisis, the Zimbabwe Government in 1999 introduced the compulsory AIDS levy from taxable incomes to raise money which is channelled to alleviate the suffering of people living with AIDS and their dependents, who are mostly orphans. It further complemented this effort by developing a National Orphan Care Policy to underpin the mobilisation of resources and ensure that orphans get, at least, minimal basic services. The Orphan Care Policy combines institutional, fostering, and community-based care. A plethora of interventions has been initiated by the government, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Faith-Based Organisations (FBOs) and Community-Based Organisations (CBOs), aimed at assisting Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) and their caregivers. However, the work of intervention agencies is often undermined or made difficult by their use of data which is scant, outdated and vague, covering small geographical areas like wards, and is generally less objective in terms of how it identifies needy children and areas. Furthermore, the process of how they identify the needs of OVC in different households and localities is not well defined. Consequently, this at times leads to the implementation of badly focused interventions or selection of areas with fewer households which are vulnerable.

The 2003 OVC Population Census in Bulilimamangwe and Chimanimani districts was the first of its kind to be undertaken in Zimbabwe. In the past, national censuses captured data on orphanhood status without obtaining data on vulnerable children. This census was done a year after the 2002 National Census. Thus the framework of operation and mapping of the districts was done within the framework of the 2002 National Census. However, while the 2002 National Census was taken on a de facto basis, the OVC Census used the de jure method. The additional information in this census was the household and individual vulnerability indicators, which were identified to assist in future interventions tailored for these districts. Vulnerability was assessed using the Vulnerability Indicator Score, which touched on broad aspects of children’s lives such as access to food, health care and protection.

On behalf of the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare and the Government of Zimbabwe, I would like to express my gratitude to the funders of the Project, The W.K. Kellogg Foundation for championing and supporting the plight of OVC, and the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), in particular its new President and Chief Executive Officer, Consultant and Project Champion of the OVC Project, Dr Olive Shisana, who worked tirelessly to make the projects happen in the three selected countries. In addition, I acknowledge all persons who participated in the census exercise, especially the people of Bulilimamangwe (Bulilima, Mangwe and Plumtree districts) and Chimanimani, for their co-operation and support. Special mention is accorded to the research team from the

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Biomedical Research and Training Institute (BRTI) and the National Institute of Health Research (formerly Blair Research) who successfully carried out this mammoth exercise under the leadership of the Project Director, Mrs Shungu Munyati, Project Manager Mr Brian Chandiwana and the Chief Consultant, Professor Simbarashe Rusakaniko.

I am hopeful that this database can be used by my Ministry and others to mobilise additional resources that will be channelled towards improving the lives of orphaned and vulnerable children, their caregivers, and communities at large. I also fervently hope that this database, which shows the magnitude of the Orphans and Vulnerable Children’s problem across the districts at household and ward level, will lead to the formulation and implementation of both relevant national policies and evidence-based interventions by CBOs, FBOs, NGOs and government structures aimed at tackling the pertinent challenges confronted by the OVC.

Dr David Parirenyatwa (MP)Minister of Health and Child Welfare, Zimbabwe May 2005

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AUTHORS

The Editor: Shungu Munyati – MSc, BSc (Hons) Applied Biology, PhD Candidate; OVC Research Project Director and Acting Director, National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), Ministry of Health & Child Welfare, Harare (Zimbabwe).

Simbarashe Rusakaniko – PhD; OVC Research Project Chief Consultant Biostatistician, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (Zimbabwe).

Pakuromunhu Freddie Mupambireyi – MSc Demography, BSc (Hons) Econs Statistician, University of Zimbabwe, Deputy Dean, Faculty of Commerce, Harare (Zimbabwe).

Stanford Taonatose Mahati – MPhil, BSc (Hons) Sociology & Anthropology, Social Scientist, National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), Ministry of Health & Child Welfare, Harare (Zimbabwe).

Peter P Chibatamoto – MBA, MSc Infectious Diseases, Biological Sciences; HIV/AIDS (Mainstreaming) Technical Advisor UNDP, Windhoek (Namibia).

Brian Chandiwana – BSc Econs & MBA, OVC Research Project Manager; Health Economist, Biomedical Research & Training Institute, Harare (Zimbabwe).

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CONTRIBUTORS

George Chitiyo – MSc & BSc Econs; PhD (Cand), USA.

Wilson Mashange – Dip Med Lab Tech; National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), Ministry of Health & Child Welfare, Harare (Zimbabwe).

Junior Mutsvangwa – BSc Medical Laboratory Technology and MPhil (Cand), Biomedical Research & Training Institute, Harare (Zimbabwe).

Natsayi Chimbindi – BSc HEP, (Health Education), Biomedical Research & Training Institute, Harare (Zimbabwe).

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• We would like to thank the Biomedical Research and Training Institute, in particular the Centre for International Health and Policy, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR – formerly the Blair Research Institute) of the Ministry of Health, and Child Welfare for their participation and unwavering support of the OVC project.

• We also thank Professor Exnevia Gomo, Dr M B Serbit from the College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Mr White Soko from the National Institute of Health Research, Mr Rogers Sango, Mr Manase Viriri, Mr Patrick Bvitira, Mr Henry Semwayo from the Central Statistics Office (CSO) and Mr Tichaona Chirimanyemba (formerly with the CSO) for their valuable technical input and participation during tool development, mapping, training of fieldworkers and fieldwork.

• The Grant Maker FACT Mutare, in particular the Executive Director, Mr Jephias Mundondo, is acknowledged for support during the entire OVC census.

• The District Administrator for Bulilimamangwe Mr Mzingaye Sithole, the Rural District Council Chairmen of Bulilima (Mr Christopher Ndlovu), Plumtree (Mr Patrick Mabuza) and Mangwe (Mr Grey Ncube), Traditional Chiefs and Councillors are saluted for their co-operation as well as their facilitating role in ensuring successful mobilisation of the community, which led to the successful implementation of the field data collection exercise. In Chimanimani, we are also grateful to the then District Administrator of Chimanimani Mr Edgar Nyagwaya, Chimanimani Rural District Council Chairman of Chimanimani Mr Joseph Harahwa, Traditional Chiefs and councillors who facilitated the census process.

• The active participation of the Bulilima, Mangwe and Plumtree OVC Local Liaison team: Mr Irvine Ncube, Mrs Melta Moyo, Mr Frank Ngwenya, Mr Lincoln Ncube, Ms Sifiso Dube and Mr Alois Sibanda during the entire exercise is very much appreciated. Thanks are also extended to Mr Andrew Nleya and Mr Khumbulani Tshuma whilst the role played by headmasters, teachers and nurses in providing the entire team with free training venues, accommodation and logistical support is gratefully acknowledged. We also acknowledge the support received from the Chimanimani OVC Local Liaison team members: Mr Jobes Jaibesi, Mr Brian Muchinapo, District Nursing Officer the late Sister Mistress Ndhlovu and Sister Sifovo during the whole exercise.

• The field supervisors and youthful enumerators who diligently and enthusiastically performed their tasks in Bulilima, Mangwe and Plumtree districts are acknowledged.

• Gratitude is extended to the Catholic Development Commission (CADEC), Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Bulilima District Council and Mangwe District Council who provided us with vehicles during the fieldwork. World Vision assisted in the recruitment of research assistants.

• Data entry was performed by a large team of Data Entry Clerks under the supervision of Mr Tendai Madiro and Mr Lowence Gomo. Their role is acknowledged, together with Mr Stephen S Buzuzi, Mr Timothy Mutsvari, Mr Teramai Moyana, Miss Stella Gwini, Miss Chenjerai K Mutambanengwe and Mr Maxwell Chirehwa who assisted incorporating comments from reviewers.

• Appreciation is extended to Mr Norest Mapisaunga, Mr Kuziva Chatindo, Ms Tinashe Maoneke and Mr Clemence Gatsi for provision of logistical support.

• We also extend our gratitude to Dr Sheila Tlou and Dr Nunu Tsheko of the University of Botswana for sharing with us their experiences of the OVC project in Botswana.

• Special mention goes to the funders of the Project, The WK Kellogg Foundation, whose financial support made the Census happen and the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), in particular the new President and Chief Executive Officer, Consultant and Project Champion of the OVC Project, Dr Olive Shisana, who together

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with Principal Investigator of the Research Component of the project, Professor Leickness Simbayi and the Overall Project Manager, Dr Donald Skinner, gave leadership and direction during the entire exercise.

• Professor SK Chandiwana, now Head of the School of Postgraduate Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand is acknowledged for the role he played in successfully securing the grant for the Zimbabwean component of the project from Kellogg through HSRC, and for the advisory role that he continues to play to the Zimbabwean team.

• Last but not least, this work would not have been possible without the support and the co-operation of the people of Bulilima, Mangwe and Plumtree, in particular the orphans and vulnerable children themselves. We salute them!

Shungu Munyati Brian ChandiwanaProject Director Project Manager

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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1 Distribution of wards and enumeration areas (EAs) by district 11

Table 2 Demographics of population by district 15

Table 3 Comparison between National Census 2002 and OVC Census 2003 by District 16

Table 4 Age distribution in Bulilimamangwe 16

Table 5 Distribution of population aged 18 and below by district 17

Table 6 Population distribution by level of education attained in districts 17

Table 7 Reasons for children who had never gone to school in the districts 18

Table 8 Extent of orphanhood by district 18

Table 9 Population distribution of type of orphan by district 18

Table 10 Population distribution of disabled people by type of disability by district 19

Table 11 Prevalence of disability in households with children by district 19

Table 12 Household distribution by main water source in the districts 20

Table 13 Distribution of main water sources in households with children by districts 20

Table 14 Household distribution by distance from main water source in the districts 21

Table 15 Household distribution by main source of energy for cooking in the districts 21

Table 16 Household distribution by main source of energy for lighting in the districts 22

Table 17 Household distribution by toilet facility and district 22

Table 18 Distribution of toilet facilities in households with children by district 23

Table 19 Summary of vulnerability indicators by household and district 23

Table 20 Summary of vulnerability indicators in households with children by district 25

Table 21 Household vulnerability status using the Total Vulnerability Score 25

Table 22 Household vulnerability status of households with children using the Total Vulnerability Score 26

Table 23 Household distribution by other income indicators and district 26

Table 24 Distribution of other income indicators in households with children by district 27

Table 25 Demographics of population in Chimanimani District 27

Table 26 Comparison between National Census 2002 and OVC Census 2003 in Chimanimani District 28

Table 27 Age distribution in Chimanimani District 28

Table 28 Distribution of population aged 18 and below and above 18 in Chimanimani District 29

Table 29 Population distribution by ever attended school in Chimanimani District 29

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Table 30 Population distribution of level of education attained in Chimanimani District 29

Table 31 Reasons for children who had never gone to school in the districts 30

Table 32 Population distribution by orphanhood status in Chimanimani District 30

Table 33 Population distribution of disabled people by type of disability 31

Table 34 Prevalence of disability in households with children in Chimanimani 31

Table 35 Household distribution by main water source 32

Table 36 Distribution of main water sources in households with children in Chimanimani 32

Table 37 Household distribution by distance from main water source 33

Table 38 Household distribution by main source of energy for cooking 33

Table 39 Household distribution by main source of energy for lighting 34

Table 40 Household distribution by toilet facility in Chimanimani District 34

Table 41 Distribution of toilet facilities in households with children in Chimanimani 35

Table 42 Summary of vulnerability indicators by household 35

Table 43 Summary of vulnerability indicators in households with children in Chimanimani 36

Table 44 Household distribution of vulnerability score in Chimanimani District 37

Table 45 Household vulnerability status of households with children using the Total Vulnerability Score 37

Table 46 Household distribution by other income indicators in Chimanimani District 38

Figure 1 Location of Bulilimamangwe and Chimanimani Districts 8

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AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

BRTI Biomedical Research and Training Institute

BSS Behavioural Sero Status Survey

CADEC Catholic Development Commission

CBO Community-Based Organisation

CDS Census Data Survey

CHH Child-Headed Household

CIHP Centre for International Health and Policy

CMED Central Mechanical Equipment Department

CSO Central Statistics Office

DNO District Nursing Officer

EA Enumeration Area

FACT Family AIDS Caring Trust

FBO Faith-Based Organisation

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HSRC Human Sciences Research Council

IRD Integrated Rural Development

MRCZ Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe

NGO Non-Governmental Organisation

OVC Orphans and Vulnerable Children

PSS Psychosocial Survey

TVIS Total Vulnerability Indicator Score

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Within the southern African region, the problem of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) is on the increase, especially in the face of the HIV and AIDS epidemic. Zimbabwe is one of the countries which has been hard hit by the OVC problem and yet there are currently no reliable national statistics on OVC, let alone for the various districts of the country. Reliable information on OVC is required by researchers in order to understand better the nature of the problem and thereby provide community-based organisations (CBOs), non-governmental organisations and government departments working with OVC with data for effective and efficient programme planning, especially in a resource-poor environment such as Zimbabwe.

The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) together with its partners within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region have been commissioned by The WK Kellogg Foundation (WKKF) to develop and implement a five-year intervention project on orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) as well as families and households coping with an increased burden of care for affected children in Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe.

As part of this broader research and intervention project on OVC across three countries in the SADC region, an OVC census was conducted in selected sites across Zimbabwe in order to quantify the extent of the OVC problem regarding their numbers, and, further, to use the information collected to determine a sampling frame for the other component of the broader project, which was the OVC Psycho-social Survey (PSS).

Bulilimamangwe area (comprising Bulilima, Mangwe and Plumtree districts) and Chimanimani district in Matabeleland South province and Manicaland province of Zimbabwe respectively, were the selected sites where the census was conducted in November 2003. Using the de jure approach, all households in the sites were enumerated by a team of 527 enumerators under the supervision of 67 supervisors. A two-paged census questionnaire obtained data from the head of the household or someone in a knowledgeable position in that household about all occupants and their demographic profile, living conditions, as well as their vulnerability status, using a Total Vulnerability Indicator Score (TVIS) index. Nine main indicators of vulnerability were used, which were household-based rather than individual-based; that is, looking at the number of meals per day, some days they go without food, children of school-going age not going to school, ability to pay for medical fees, anyone ill in the household in the last month, adequacy of clothing and school uniforms, children without caretakers and, lastly, those without anyone with whom to discuss their problems.

The total population of Bulilimamangwe according to this census was 153 320, specifically 81 984 for Bulilima, 62 324 for Mangwe and 9 012 for Plumtree, with an average household size of 5.1, 5.4 and 4.0 respectively. The total population was 107 120 in Chimanimani District, with 24 495 households and an average household size of 4.4. Over 50% of the population in Chimanimani and Bulilimamangwe were female and had either gone to primary or secondary school, and a similar proportion were aged 18 years and above (56.3% for Bulilima, 69% in Mangwe, 47.9% in Plumtree, and 51.8% in Chimanimani). Prevalence of orphanhood (only in those 18 years and below) was 30.5% in Chimanimani, 27.6% in Bulilima, 24.5% in Plumtree and 23.7% in Mangwe. The most prevalent type of orphan across the four districts were those whose father had died (paternal orphans): Chimanimani 19.3%, Bulilima 17.7%, Mangwe 15.6% and Plumtree 14.6%, and then those who had lost both parents: Chimanimani 6.9%, Bulilima 5.7%,

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Mangwe 4.3% and Plumtree 6.8%. Loss of mother, that is, the maternal orphan was the least common: Chimanimani 4.3%, Bulilima 4.5%, Mangwe 3.8% and Plumtree 3.9%.

Regarding vulnerability assessment, between 49% and 80% of the households across Bulilimamangwe reported having only one meal a day with almost half of these indicating that there were actually some days that the household went without any food. Plumtree, in the urban area, had the highest proportion for both scenarios. The majority of the households in Chimanimani district reported having at least two meals a day (89.8%), although as many as 65.4% still indicated that there were some days that they went without any food. Inadequate clothing for children was another major vulnerability indicator reported by a large number of the households (Chimanimani 71.6%, 71% in both Bulilima and Mangwe and 46% in Plumtree). More than a third of the households across Chimanimani and Bulilimamangwe districts indicated that they were not in a position to pay for medical fees if their children fell ill. Of note was also the proportion of children who were heading households in Bulilimamangwe, that is, the child-headed households (average of 5% across the site) who then reported not having any caretakers (55.5%) and not having anyone with whom to discuss their problems (29.7%) as children. In Chimanimani, child-headed households were 3.1% but with almost half of them (46.9%) reporting not having any caretakers, as well as 37% indicating that they had no-one with whom to discuss their problems. Further analysis using the TVIS showed that Mangwe (3.0%) and Bulilima (2.1%) had higher proportions of highly vulnerable households as compared to 0.5% for both Plumtree and Chimanimani. Income indicators were also assessed as a measure of vulnerability and the census showed that most of the households in all the districts owned farm animals and farm equipment. A similar assessment as above but specifically looking at the households with children 18 years and below, which was inclusive of the households with OVC, indicated that around 50% of these households in Bulilima and Mangwe reported that they were having only one meal a day, whilst it was 20% in Plumtree, which is urban. Over 70% of the households with children in Mangwe and Bulilima, 47.9% of those in Plumtree and 66.3 % in Chimanimani went for some days without food. Again, inadequate clothing for children was another major vulnerability indicator reported by a large number of these households (more than three quarters in both Bulilima and Mangwe, 80% and 79% respectively), nearly two thirds in Plumtree (60.8%) and 87.5% in Chimanimani. Except for Plumtree, over half reported that their children had inadequate school uniforms (55.3% Bulilima, 55.8% Mangwe, and 61.6% in Chimanimani). Mangwe had just over half (54.9%), whilst Bulilima (47.2%) and Plumtree (43.2%) had nearly half of the households reporting that they were not in a position to pay for medical fees if their children were sick. In Chimanimani this was 42.4%. Of note is that all these figures depicting vulnerability were slightly higher in the households with ‘children’ as compared to the households with ‘adults’.

On other personal and household conditions, it was found that around one in every five households with children in Bulilima, Mangwe and Chimanimani districts had at least one person who had a disability, whilst in Plumtree it was about ten per cent. The most common forms of disability were ‘difficulty in moving’ and ‘seeing’. In Bulilima, Mangwe and Chimanimani the main water source was a protected well or borehole, except Plumtree with indoor piped water. In all the districts, with the exception of Plumtree, wood was commonly used for cooking while paraffin was commonly used for lighting, with the exception of Plumtree where electricity was the main source of energy. In Bulilima and Mangwe, over half the households visited (53.5%) had no toilet facility. The

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majority of households in Chimanimani had either a Blair (ventilated pit latrine (36.4%)) or a pit toilet (34.1%).

It is therefore concluded from this study that census data are a useful source of scientific data. This census has managed to extrapolate the population profile of Bulilimamangwe and Chimanimani districts. The census data has also highlighted the extent of the problem of OVC in the districts and the conditions in which these children live. The study therefore recommends that interventions tailor-made for OVC should use the statistics generated to help in the sampling frame of their target groups. It is interesting to note that the national demographic profile parameters as defined by the OVC census of 2003 are generally in agreement with the National Census of 2002. The burden of other problems like disability, sanitary facilities and sources of energy has been well documented. The results have also identified gaps at population level that need to be addressed, like the need for toilet facilities and clean water. Around a quarter of the children were orphans across the two sites and there were more paternal orphans than maternal orphans. Shortage of food and lack of adequate clothing seemed to be the major problems facing the communities in Bulilimamangwe and Chimanimani.

Regarding the key findings in assessing vulnerability, it is apparent that in all sites the households had high levels of poverty as evidenced by the lack of adequate meals. It is therefore essential that interventions be directed at issues to do with food security, for example, equipping the community and the caretakers with skills and resources to come up with income-generating activities, targeting mainly those households with children, especially OVC.

Intervention agencies should, when donating household items, prioritise and make provision for clothing and school uniforms for the children, who in this assessment included OVC. Being inadequately clothed or not having school uniforms singles you out as a child in Bulilimamangwe and Chimanimani, and has a bearing on issues of stigmatisation within the communities. Furthermore, Social Welfare and other intervention agencies should assist in lobbying for subsidies for medical fees/medicines for those households with vulnerable children, including orphans.

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CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Background

Parents are the most central and enduring influence in children’s lives. The loss of parents has an indelible impact on the living conditions of children and can have a strong bearing on their future quality of life. The circumstances under which orphans and vulnerable children are growing up might not auger well for the development of any country. Children are bearing the brunt of many of the socio-economic problems bedevilling most developing countries; especially in sub-Saharan Africa, as the supportive structures at household, community and national level have, over the years, been eroded or overwhelmed by the magnitude of the burden, set against a background of scant resources. For intervention agencies it is critical to determine the numbers of orphans and vulnerable children if adequate and appropriate strategies are to be adopted and implemented successfully.

As one way of fulfilling its mandate, the WK Kellogg Foundation (WKKF), in 2001, funded the Human Sciences Research Council’s (HSRC) Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS and Health Programme (SAHA) to prepare a policy document reviewing social and economic problems linked directly or indirectly to the HIV/AIDS problem in southern Africa. This required that an analysis of problems related to orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) be prepared, together with recommendations on potential interventions in rural development programming. On completion and submission of the report to WKKF, HSRC was then asked to produce a draft strategy for the care of orphans and vulnerable children in Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe, a task that was undertaken jointly by SAHA and the Child, Youth and Family Development (CYFD) programme of the HSRC. This was accepted by WKKF and led to the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between them and the HSRC, which required that the latter prepare an Operational Framework for Research-Driven Interventions for Orphans and Vulnerable Children, including performance targets and indicators. The framework was submitted to WKKF and also approved. The MOU in addition required that the HSRC develop systems to implement and monitor the HIV/AIDS OVC Operational Framework and provide research to support innovative and sustainable models that target orphans and vulnerable children, as well as families and households coping with an increased burden of care for affected children. The OVC Census was one of such research studies.

1.1 Definition and prevalence of orphanhood and vulnerability

The definition of an ‘orphan’ varies. In 2002, a study was carried out to find out the local definition of an orphan in the Bulilimamangwe and Chimanimani districts of Zimbabwe (Skinner et al., 2004). Similar studies were concurrently conducted in Botswana and South Africa1 (ibid). In Zimbabwe, members from service providers, community leaders, OVC and caretakers of OVC participated in the study. The communities in both Bulilimamangwe and Chimanimani districts overwhelmingly defined an orphan (nherera/intandane) as a child who has lost one or both parents. They broadly categorise orphans into two groups, that is, those without guardians and those with guardians.

1 The study was funded by the WK Kellogg Foundation.

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The communities further indicated that there is no age limitation to orphanhood and that they would remain under the banner of being called an orphan until they were able to look after themselves or when they got married. They, however, considered childhood as lasting up until the age of 18 years.

Skinner et al. (2004) noted that the threat posed by the HIV/AIDS pandemic has resulted in the mushrooming of numerous social support institutions in our communities, all aimed at giving care to orphaned and vulnerable children left as victims of the pandemic. It is further pointed out that the proliferation of the related family disintegration creates a situation in which those affected automatically become victims of stigma, which becomes apparent in the way they are treated, and also in the terminology used to describe them. It therefore becomes necessary to take due care in defining what an orphan is. In addition, social implications brought about by this pandemic, including the surrounding poverty and increased numbers of vulnerable children creates a situation where in dealing with the problem, organisations find themselves having difficulty defining OVC and drawing parameters for their work, especially in resource-poor environments where there is a lack of adequate caring mechanisms and service structures to support them.

UNAIDS defines an orphan as a child under 15 years of age who has lost their mother (‘maternal orphan’) or both parents (‘double orphan’) to AIDS (UNICEF/UNAIDS, 1999). Many researchers and intervention groups increase the age to 18 years, but most appear to use the UNAIDS definition. It is also being more generally accepted that the loss of the father would also classify the child as an orphan (RAISA, 2002).

Again Skinner et al. (2004), note that community definitions of an orphan and vulnerable child are also often different from the government definitions. For instance, assistance to children by the government is directed by particular age limits – any child who falls outside those limits may be excluded. There was general consensus during the research interviews conducted by Smart (2003) on definitions of vulnerability in Botswana, Rwanda, Zambia and South Africa that the government should adopt a ‘bottom up’ approach, so taking guidance from community level, when setting parameters for assistance. This provokes a debate about addressing the specificity of needs versus what is bureaucratically feasible. To get a real sense of where to introduce interventions or support, a clear understanding of the community’s perspective is required. Time has to be spent in the community listening to people who are doing work there already, and particularly to the caretakers and the vulnerable children themselves.

‘Vulnerability’ is much more difficult to define than defining an orphan. World Vision (2002) listed some identifiers, such as children who live in a household in which one person or more is ill, dying or deceased; children who live in households who receive orphans; children whose caregivers are too ill to continue looking after them; and children living with very old and frail caregivers. These categories focus on factors related to HIV (Skinner et al., 2004). There is an entire set of variables that needs to be considered that relates to more general aspects of the child’s context, such as poverty; access to shelter, education and other basic services; disability; impact of drought or extreme weather conditions; stigma and political repression – all factors that could influence vulnerability. A consultative meeting in Kenya defined as vulnerable, children in households with a chronically ill parent or caregiver, but later focused on vulnerability in terms of access to key resources such as food, shelter, education, psychosocial and emotional support and love (NACC Taskforce on OVC, 2002).

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Vulnerability for this OVC census is defined using nine vulnerability indicators, which included access to food, protection, health care and clothing among other indicators (see section 2.9). However, these indicators differ slightly from those used by World Vision in assessing vulnerability. World Vision indicators of vulnerability focused on HIV-related factors like children who live in a household where one person or more is ill, dying or deceased, children whose caretakers are too ill to continue to look after them (Skinner et al., 2004). On the other hand, this census focused on general factors such as poverty and education.

Zimbabwe, along with Zambia, Malawi, Lesotho and Rwanda, has the world’s highest proportion of orphaned children. December 2001 estimates by UNAIDS (2002) suggest that in these five countries, 17–18% of all children under the age of 15 have lost one or both parents. In Zimbabwe, this amounts to just over 1 million orphans, out of a child population of around 5.8 million in a total population of 12 million. It is estimated that by the year 2010 one out of every three or four children in Botswana, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe will be an orphan. A generation of orphans are being cared for by grandparents, family members or through self-care in child-headed households (UNAIDS, 2002). According to UNICEF (2003), there were 240 000 Zimbabwean children (0–14 years) living with HIV and AIDS by the end of 2002. Since the beginning of the epidemic 900 000 children have lost one or both parents to the disease (SAfAIDS/Panos, 2001). It is therefore projected that in Zimbabwe, Zambia and South Africa, 20–30% of all children younger than 15 years may be orphans by 2015 (FHI 2003 in ZHDR, 2003).

The HIV/AIDS epidemic is resulting in increasing numbers of OVC and child-headed households, and is creating a strain upon extended families – particularly grandparents – and communities, who are desperate for resources and support to deal with ever-increasing demands. However, Skinner et al., (2004) noted the existence of many community-based initiatives supporting OVC, through identifying and monitoring vulnerable children, visits, creating community foster homes, providing material and psychosocial support, and disseminating information on HIV/AIDS prevention. The National Plan of Action for OVC for Zimbabwe seeks to prioritise and address the urgent issues facing OVC, their families and communities (Government of Zimbabwe, 2003). Although communities and community-based organisations have responded to the plight of OVC with a proliferation of local initiatives, lack of co-ordination means that their impact is fragmented and existing resources cannot be utilised in a manner that fully benefits children. The harsh socio-economic situation in Zimbabwe has resulted in alarming increases in children with the basic survival needs for food and health services.

In Zimbabwe generally, national policies and laws establishing the legal infrastructure for the co-ordination of OVC programmes and services have not been implemented, for lack of financial, material and human resources. Anecodotal evidence shows that due to the lack of full policy implementation protecting children’s rights, OVC service providers report an alarming increase in cases of child abuse. Furthermore, the widespread lack of birth certificates prevents children from accessing basic services and rights and children, particularly OVC, lack the ability to participate in decisions that affect their lives. Nowhere is the lack of children’s participation more evident than in the legal and policy issues that affect them in Zimbabwe. The extent of the orphan problem and the new phenomenon of households headed by children and grandparents was not anticipated when the laws were framed, and therefore gaps and contradictions are evident.

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Legal issues pertinent to children in Zimbabwe are subject to interpretation according to a dual legal system, comprising customary law and codified, general law found in the Constitution and statutes. The existence of these two systems can result in situations where one system can pre-empt or contradict the other. Moreover, existing legislation aimed at protecting children against abuse is often fragmented, generally requiring access to legal advocacy to ensure that the law is carried out in favour of the child.

Generally, the GOZ, NGOs and the international community (donors) are now recognising that approaching community initiatives collectively results in significant gains for OVC. Escalating numbers of OVC mean that line ministries, local organisations and communities need to expand coverage with service provision and care, and that local efforts are co-ordinated to maximize resources and avoid duplication of effort.

1.2 Rationale and aims of the study

Conducting population censuses in Zimbabwe began as early as 1901 but was confined to the non-African population. The first enumeration of the whole population was done in 1961–62 and then again in 1969. However, the two races were enumerated separately. In 1980 Zimbabwe attained political independence from the United Kingdom, and in 1982 the first census with a single reference period was conducted using the same questionnaire for the whole population.

After the 1992 census, quite a number of population-related or demographic surveys were undertaken within the framework of the Zimbabwe National Household Survey Capability Programme. The surveys include the 1994 and the 1999 Demographic and Health Surveys and the 1997 Inter-censual Demographic Survey. The last population-based survey was performed in 2002.

The HIV and AIDS epidemic, which has had serious negative impacts on households and communities in Zimbabwe since the early 1990s, has orphaned thousands of children, and the economic problems bedevilling the country have exacerbated the plight of children in general. Life expectancy has dropped from 61 years in 1990 to 43 years in 2003 (Zimbabwe Human Development Report, 2003). As of 1999, an estimated 4.7 million children in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region had been orphaned due to AIDS.

In response to the AIDS epidemic and economic challenges seriously affecting the lives of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) and threatening to ruin their future socio-economic well-being, various intervention agencies like the government, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and community-based organisations (CBOs) have been very active in trying to identify those children in need of various forms of assistance, and directly or indirectly assisting them and their families. In Zimbabwe, there are no population figures available for OVC at national level. The data on the OVC population is fragmented, scant and is found at organisational level such as NGOs, government departments, schools and in different districts, wards, etc.

This enumeration of OVC is therefore an endeavour to make sure that all the affected children are identified and the burden of the OVC problem in households and communities assessed, so that reliable information is available to assist the local municipalities and CBOs in planning their interventions.

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The main objectives of the OVC Census were therefore:• To determine the numbers of OVC in the selected sites and the extent of their

vulnerability• To describe and characterise the challenges faced by OVC and their households• To provide a sampling framework for the Psychosocial Survey (PSS) to be carried

out among OVC.

1.3 Conceptual framework

South Africa’s Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), together with its partners within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, were commissioned in 2002 by the WK Kellogg Foundation (WKKF) to develop and implement a five-year intervention project on orphans and vulnerable children (OVC), as well as families and households coping with an increased burden of care for affected children in Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe.

The goals of the project are to: • Improve the social conditions, health, development and quality of life of vulnerable

children and orphans• Support families and households coping with an increased burden of care for

affected and vulnerable children• Strengthen community-based support systems as an indirect means to assist

vulnerable children• Build capacity in community-based systems for sustaining care and support to

vulnerable children and households, over the long term.

The need by intervention agencies to have accurate, reliable, up-to-date statistics and broad-based information in order to efficiently execute their work cannot be over-emphasised. Population censuses are a principal means of collecting basic population statistics. They form part of an integrated programme of data collection and compilation aimed at providing a comprehensive source of statistical information for economic and social development planning, for administrative purposes, for assessing conditions in human settlements, for research and for commercial and other uses. The value of each census is increased if the results can be used together with those from other investigations.

This OVC Census was therefore conducted in order to document the extent of the problem in the selected districts by conducting a house-to-house enumeration exercise. It also located households and communities with children in need of assistance without bias or prejudice.

The use of census data as a base or benchmark for current statistics can furnish information needed for conducting other statistical investigations. This was the secondary aim of the census – that is, to provide a good basis for a sampling frame for other scientific studies. The statistics generated usually provide good estimates of prevalence and sample size determination.

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CHAPTER 2

Methodology

2.1 Operational definitions

In the context of the OVC project in Zimbabwe the following definitions were used:Caregiver: a person who regularly voluntarily assists a household, whose members are related or not related to him/her, in doing household chores, providing advice and giving spiritual, psycho-social and material support. Child: a person under the age of 18.Child-headed household: a household in which a person aged 18 years and below is responsible for making day-to-day decisions for a group of persons who stay or who usually reside together and share food from the same pot, whether or not they are related by blood.District: a district is made up of several wards.Enumeration area: the smallest demarcation of a district that is a cluster of about 100 households.Head of Household: a person, regardless of age, who is responsible for making day-to-day decisions for a group of persons who stay or who usually reside together and share food from the same pot, whether or not they are related by blood.Household: a group of persons who stay or who usually reside together and share food from the same pot, whether or not they are related by blood.Orphan: a person under the age of 18 who has lost either one or both parents. School-going age: in Zimbabwe, school-going age starts at seven years (grade 1) and goes up to form six (grade 13), although often if someone completes form four and does not proceed to form 5-6 he or she is still regarded as having finished school.Vulnerable Child: a child who is living in a household having one meal a day, receiving inadequate caregiving (child-headed households), with a sick household member who has been seriously ill for a month, households that are not able to pay for medical fees, and children with inadequate clothing. Of note is that there is no direct relationship between orphanhood and vulnerability. One can be an orphan and yet not be vulnerable or one can be vulnerable without necessarily being an orphan.Ward: a ward is made up of 500 to 600 households.

2.2 Description of the study sites

The 2003 OVC Census was conducted in the two districts of Bulilimamangwe and Chimanimani, which were then the WK Kellogg Foundation’s Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) sites. The WK Kellogg Foundation has been funding various intervention programmes through the IRDP in these two sites. Thus, for logistical reasons and the need for continuity of intervention programmes, Bulilimamangwe and Chimanimani were selected as research sites.2

In 2002 the government recognised that Bulilimamangwe was too large in terms of administration and decided to split into three districts, namely Bulilima, Mangwe and Plumtree. Bulilima and Mangwe districts are considered rural whilst Plumtree is urban. However, for the purpose of this study, the three districts will be treated under the name Bulilimamangwe, although at times the districts will be specifically distinguished from

2 In Zimbabwe the OVC intervention programmes are also being implemented in the following areas: Nyanga, Mutasa district, Chinhoyi, Bindura, Midlands and Mutare urban.

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each other. Bulilimamangwe, located in Matabeleland South province and bordering with Botswana to the west, is in Region 5, which is prone to severe droughts (Figure 1). There are diverse economic activities in Bulilimamangwe, but the most common is cattle rearing. It has a total of 35 wards, specifically Bulilima in the north with 19 wards, Mangwe in the south with 12 wards, while Plumtree district, which is between Mangwe and Bulilima districts, has four wards.

According to CSO (2002) the population of Bulilimamangwe is 172 788 (Bulilima 94 361 and Mangwe South, 78 427), with 54% being female. The Ndebele and Kalanga are the dominant ethnic groups in the districts. The average household size for Bulilima is 5.1 and Mangwe is 5.3. There is one district hospital, one mission hospital, three rural hospitals, seven rural health centres and 11 clinics for the three districts.

Chimanimani district is located in Manicaland province in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe (Figure 2.1). The district, which is predominantly rural, is 155 km south east of the provincial capital Mutare and borders Mozambique to the east, Buhera district to the west, Chipinge district to the south and Mutare district to the north. The district is divided into 23 wards that are further divided into enumeration areas (Appendix 1). The district has a small urban area that is named after the district. The current population estimate is 115 250 with 52% being female (CSO 2002). The average household size in the district is 4.4 and the population is predominantly Ndau, which is a Shona sub-ethnic group. The district represents all five agro-ecological zones found in Zimbabwe. The high and rugged terrain in the eastern side receives high rainfall, while the low-lying flat lands in the western part, at 1 600m above sea level, is characterised by a very erratic rainfall pattern. The main economic activity in the district is agriculture. The district has two mission hospitals, one of which is the acting district hospital, and three other hospitals, with one of them being a rural facility, five rural health centres, thirteen clinics and two sub-clinics.

Figure 1: Location of Bulilimamangwe and Chimanimani Districts

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2.3 Geographical frame for the OVC Census

The geographical framework for the 2003 OVC Census followed the spatially defined structure of the districts and wards. In an effort to cover all the selected districts, the exercise followed the smallest demarcation of each district, known as the enumeration areas (EAs). Consultants who work for Zimbabwe’s Central Statistics Office (CSO), using the 2002 National Census (Zimbabwe Census 2002 Preliminary Report) border definitions, mapped the boundaries of each ward and its enumeration areas. On average, each enumeration area was assigned to one enumerator with an average of six EAs constituting a ward, which was assigned a supervisor.

2.4 Instrument

2.4.1. Questionnaire design and its translation

The research team adopted and modified the OVC Project’s Generic Census Questionnaire from South Africa’s Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) and the census questionnaire used by the Zimbabwe’s Central Statistics Office (CSO, 2002). The OVC Project’s Generic Census Questionnaire did not have the following information: geo-mapping, number of visits by the interviewer, disability, type of disability, highest level of education completed, reasons why never been to school (those who never attended school), type of housing, detailed information about water and sanitation, other income indicators and, most importantly, indicators on vulnerability. Zimbabwe’s Central Statistics Office’s census tool did not have a section on indicators of vulnerability.

The questionnaires were pre-coded (Appendices 4a and 5a) and divided into 4 sections:A) Geo-coding – identification of enumeration area and householdB) Household listing and socio-demographic characteristics of household members

including disabilityC) Socio-economic characteristics of the household (for example, type of dwelling unit,

availability of water and sanitation, etc.) D) Vulnerability indicators – to determine the extent of their vulnerability using a set

of indicators, for example, number of meals eaten per day, number of school-going children who were not attending school, number of children without adequate clothing, etc.

The questionnaires were translated into the two main vernacular languages (Shona and Ndebele) for easy use in the districts. The questionnaires were not back translated, but to ensure accuracy in translation, the translated versions were reviewed by an independent group of experts speaking the same language, to compare translated versions with original English texts.

2.4.2 Pre-testing of Census questionnaire

A total of 40 questionnaires (20 in each district) were administered during the pre-test, which was conducted from 5-8 October 2003. The list of aspects that were evaluated during the pre-test are summarised in Appendix 2. After the pre-test, the census tool was slightly amended by deleting repetitions, adding some skip instructions, adding some codes (for example, either N/A or 99 for response that does not apply) and clarifying some questions which were vague. Both the physical address and the name of the household were added for easy identification of households.

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2.5 Ethical issues

Permission to carry out the OVC Census was granted by the Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (MRCZ), which is the institution responsible for sanctioning all research on humans in Zimbabwe. In addition, supervisors and enumerators were trained on the following aspects of research ethics:• Gaining access into research sites and households• Getting ordinary and sensitive information • The importance of respecting the respondents • Risks, harm and benefits of participating in the exercise• Confidentiality• What to do when they met vulnerable groups including children, people with

terminal illness, pregnant women and people who were stressed economically and socially

• The generally acceptable dress code• Culturally acceptable ways of approaching dwelling units and how to introduce

themselves and the organisation they were representing (Appendix 3)• Obtaining informed consent from participants.

2.6 Data collection

A population census can be taken either on a de jure or de facto basis. Using the de facto approach, only those people who spend the nights of the census exercise in the district are counted, whilst the de jure involves enumerating people at their place of usual residence. The OVC population census was done on a de jure basis. This was done through enumerating all households (those with and without OVC) irrespective of their age, sex, ethnicity, citizenship and nationality or residence status in the three districts. A head of household or key informant for the household was identified and interviewed to provide information on the household composition and other information relating to the household members’ living conditions.

The main activities included:• pre-enumeration, which involved mapping the districts, questionnaire design,

preparation of supervisors and enumerator manuals, pre-tests sensitisation meetings, etc.• the actual enumeration• post-enumeration, involving data processing, analysis, releasing preliminary results,

editing report, dissemination of results.

2.6.1. Pre-enumeration activities

2.6.1.1. Publicity and sensitisationPublicity was properly and effectively done at all levels of authority.

At the provincial level – this was done by sending letters stating the objectives of the OVC Census to the following: Provincial Medical Director, Police Chiefs and other influential people.At the district level – letters stating the objectives of the OVC Census were sent to the following: District Administrator, District Medical Officer, Police Chiefs and other influential people.Sensitisation meetings – The research team held sensitisation meetings in all the three districts before the census exercise was conducted. These meetings involved all district and community leaders and key people in government departments.

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The main objectives of holding sensitisation meetings were:• To ask for the co-operation of the communities during the census and the

subsequent Psychosocial Survey (PSS) in terms of allowing the research team to conduct the studies in their areas and providing honest responses

• To ask the community leaders to assist in the selection of supervisors and enumerators from their wards.

At the local level – core research team members and field supervisors contacted the local leadership (Ward Councillor, Chief and Village Head) and informed them about the census before the onset of data collection. This was done in all enumeration areas.

2.6.1.2 Mobilisation and recruitmentIn each district, the research team selected and recruited local people to serve as members of the OVC Project Liaison Committee. The Committee assisted in mobilising the local community to support the OVC project programmes, organising community meetings and logistical issues. They further assisted in the mobilising of both the census supervisors and enumerators who were then screened for final selection by the research team.

The basic educational requirements for eligibility to participate as an enumerator were three Ordinary Level passes. For supervisors, preference was given to people who had more than five Ordinary Level passes, university graduates and those who had participated in other surveys, for example, researchers, teachers, nurses, etc.

A total of 67 fieldwork supervisors (Bulilimamangwe 44 and Chimanimani 23) and 527 enumerators (Bulilimamangwe 315 and Chimanimani 212) who were mostly youth were recruited (Appendix 7).

2.6.1.3 Training of fieldworkers The supervisors and enumerators were trained for three days in Plumtree and Chimanimani towns. Due to logistical reasons both Bulilimamangwe and Chimanimani districts were divided into five clusters for the purpose of training and supervision. In each district the research team was accordingly split into five teams and each team was assigned a cluster to train and supervise.

The supervisors assisted in the training of their enumerators. A summary table for the total number of enumerators and supervisors trained in the enumeration areas is given in Table 1 below.

Table 1: Distribution of wards and enumeration areas (EAs) by district

District Total number of wards Total number of enumeration areas

Chimanimani 23 198

Bulilimamangwe

Bulilima 19 175

Mangwe 12 112

Plumtree 4 23

Total 58 508

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Supervisors Training: – This was based on the Training Manual developed by the research team. Objectives for the supervisors training were to:1. define the role of the supervisor2. define the supervisor’s expected activities before and during enumeration3. define the supervisor’s role in quality control procedures for enumeration,

highlighting the objectives of quality control from the supervisor’s perspective4. equip the supervisors with knowledge on research ethics.

Enumerators Training: – The training was based on the Training Manual developed by the research team. The objectives of this training were to:1. standardise the way enumerators were going to ask questions2. define the parameters within which enumerators should operate3. introduce the enumerators to the tools4. go through the census tool and make sure the enumerators understood the

objectives of each question in the tool 5. impart skills on rapport creation with the interviewee6. impart skills on how to tackle difficult interviews7. familiarise the enumerators with mapping procedures and definitions of the ward

and EA boundaries in which they were going to work8. equip the enumerators with knowledge on research ethics.

2.7. Deployment of enumerators and supervisors

Each supervisor was in charge of a group of enumerators corresponding to the number of EAs in the ward. Certain wards, which were large in terms of the number of households to be covered, were given more than one team and supervisor. Each team was expected to have a vehicle assigned to it for field activities, though some teams had to share vehicles.

2.8 Quality control

There was an overall team that was responsible for co-ordinating the fieldwork and ensuring quality control by monitoring the work of the supervisors and enumerators. In the field, the completed questionnaires were checked for completeness, accuracy and consistency and were also checked again by the enumeration area supervisor. Corrections were made on the spot and call-backs were done to collect missing information. The supervisors also made sure that the enumerators had covered all the households in their area of jurisdiction. After the enumeration exercise, all the completed questionnaires were checked at the OVC Census’s command centres (Plumtree town in Bulilimamangwe and Chimanimani urban) by the core research team members.

A quality control of questionnaire checklist was then developed (see Appendix 6). It checked on completeness of questionnaires and adherence to protocol.

The head of household was the targeted respondent even for those households that were headed by children (see operational definitions). Where there was no-one at home an enumerator would re-visit the household. If the head of household or a member knowledgeable about the household was not in a position to respond (for example, due to a busy work schedule), an enumerator would make an appointment to re-visit. There were no call-backs for those who refused to be interviewed.

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2.9 Assessment of vulnerability

The Vulnerability Indicator Score was defined using the nine vulnerability indicators listed below:1. The number of meals the household usually had a day2. Households which indicated that there were some days they would go without food3. Households with children of school-going age (7–18 years) who were not attending

school4. Households that were not able to pay medical fees if children were sick/ill5. Households with children who did not have adequate clothing6. Households with a household member who had been ill during the month

preceding the census exercise7. Households with school-going children who had no adequate school uniform8. Child-headed households that had no caretaker9. Child-headed households that had no-one with whom to discuss problems. Each indicator was coded 1 if the household was commensurate with vulnerable status and coded 0 if otherwise. The nine vulnerability indicator scores were then summed up to come up with a Total Vulnerable Indicator Score (TVIS), which was then expressed as a percentage. The maximum possible score was nine, indicating a state of being highly vulnerable.

The TVIS was developed taking into account some of the basic Childs’ Rights (access to food, education, health and protection), which are enshrined in the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). However, these rights were not weighted in order to signify their relative importance in the overall score.

The TVIS was then defined into the following three categories:1. Less Vulnerable: – a TVIS below 50% of the total score2. Moderately Vulnerable: – a TVIS of 50% to 74% of the total score3. Highly Vulnerable: – a TVIS of 75% and above of the total score.

The cut-off of 50% was chosen on the basis that anyone who scored more than half the total expected score was more likely to be at higher risk of being vulnerable.

2.10 Data management and analysis

Soon after the completed questionnaires were quality-checked, by both the supervisor and the research team who were co-ordinating the fieldwork, they were ferried to Harare for data entry. Fifteen data-entry clerks were recruited and trained for one week on how to use the EPI-Info 6 statistical package and to understand the census tools (questionnaire and code sheet). As part of familiarising them with the questionnaire, trial runs on entering data were conducted. Double entry of data took about one and half months. Data was then exported to STATA from EPI-Info 6 for analysis. After data entry the research team did data cleaning, which involved performing consistency checks. For analysis, basic frequencies and cross tabulations were done. Descriptive statistics (for example, means, proportions, etc.) were computed for selected variables. After data analysis, the data was stored electronically and the questionnaires were kept in a room with access limited to only selected research-team members.

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CHAPTER 3

ResultsThe following section describes the census results analysed at district level, whilst the results at ward level for each district are presented as appendices (see Appendix 8). For each district, results describe what is found in the communities at person level and also at household level, with an attempt to pick out any differences that may be apparent between households with and without children 0–18 years, the latter which includes orphans and vulnerable children. The first section (3.1) presents the findings from Bulilimamangwe followed by the section (3.2) on the findings of Chimanimani district.

3.1 Bulilimamangwe District

3.1.1 Demographic data

The populations of Bulilima, Mangwe and Plumtree districts were 81 984, 62 324 and 9 012 respectively, with the average household size for these districts being 4.8 persons. There were more females than males across all the three districts, with a sex ratio in Plumtree of 85 males per every 100 females, 84 and 83 males per 100 females in Mangwe and Bulilima respectively. Over 70% of the households in the three districts had children. Table 2 below illustrates these findings in the three districts in more detail.

Table 2: Demographics of population by district

Sex Bulilima

N = 81 984

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 62 324

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 9 012

n (%)

Males 37 134 (45.3) 28 399 (45.6) 4 126 (45.8)

Females 44 850 (54.7) 33 925 (54.4) 4 886 (54.2)

Sex ratio (Male:Female) 83:100 84:100 85:100

Average household size 5.1 5.4 4.0

Total number of households 16 016 11 526 2 265

Child-headed households 1 089 (6.8) 261 (2.3) 104 (4.6)

Total number of households with children

14 047 (87.7) 10 109 (87.7) 1 648 (72.8)

A comparison of results of the preliminary National Census of 2002 and the OVC Census shows that there were differences in population size (especially in Bulilima district where the population declined by 13.1%) as well as the number of households across all the three districts (Table 3). However the OVC Census results on sex ratio are consistent with the National Census of 2002. Of note is the striking similarity on average household size between the two censuses.

The population profile for the three districts demonstrates consistency with the national profile in terms of sex ratio (male:female), which shows that there are more females than

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males as well as the average household size. The population census in the three districts has also shown that most of the people are below the age of 18 years.

Table 3: Comparison between National Census 2002 and OVC Census 2003 by district

Sex Bulilima Mangwe*

National

Census

2002

OVC

Census

2003

Variation National

Census

2002

OVC

Census

2003

Variation

Males 42 974 37 134 -5 840 (13.6%) 36 116 32 525 -3 591 (9.9%)

Females 51 387 44 850 - 6 537 (12.7%) 42 311 38 811 -3 500 (8.3%)

Sex ratio (Male: Female)

84:100 83:100 85:100 84:100

Total

population

94 361 81 984 -12 377 (13.1%) 78 427 71 336 -7 091 (9.0%)

Total number of households

18 352 16 016 -2 336 (12.7%) 14 872 13 791 -1 081 (7.3%)

Average household size

5.1 5.1 5.3 5.2 - 0.1 (1.9%)

* In the National Census 2002, data for Plumtree district is included in Mangwe district. Accordingly, for comparison purposes, the OVC Census data for Plumtree and Mangwe districts has been combined.

Age distribution in the districts is shown in Table 4. The largest group in the three districts (n = 152 899 for Bulilima, Mangwe, Plumtree) was that aged 25 and above (31.1%) followed by those aged between 3 and 11 years (29.3%).

Table 4: Age distribution in Bulilimamangwe

Age group Bulilimamangwe

N = 152 899

n (%)

0–2 years 12 369 (8.1)

3–11 years 44 870 (29.3)

12–14 years 15 458 (10.1)

15–24 years 32 645 (21.4)

25+ years 47 557 (31.1)

When further broken down, using the cut-off point of 18 years of age to separate the ‘children’ from the ‘adults’ as defined for this census, you find that the majority of the

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population in Bulilima and Mangwe was 18 years and below (56% and 58% respectively) whilst Plumtree had slightly less children (48%) compared to adults (52%), (see Table 5).

Table 5: Distribution of population aged 18 and below by district

Age Group

Bulilima

N = 81 984

Mangwe

N = 62 324

Plumtree

N = 9 012

n (%) n (%) n (%)

≤ 18 years 46 169 (56.3) 36 206 (58.1) 4 317 (47.9)

Above 18 years 35 815 (43.7) 26 118 (41.9) 4 695 (52.1)

On level of education a total of 80 335, 60 803 and 8 888, for Bulilima, Mangwe and Plumtree respectively, responded to the question on whether or not they have ever attended school. In all, over three quarters of the respondents had ever attended school, 82.8%, 78% and 76.9%, for Plumtree, Mangwe and Bulilima respectively. The reported levels of education attained among those who indicated that they had gone to school are summarised in Table 6. Of those who indicated that they had attended school, only 59 900, 47 068 and 7 185 from Bulilima, Mangwe and Plumtree respectively indicated the level of education they had attained. The table shows that the largest group in Bulilima and Mangwe were those who had reached primary school level (71% and 70.3%) with only about 21% having attended secondary school, whilst for Plumtree, which was the urban area, there were slightly more (46%) who had reached secondary school.

Table 6: Population distribution by level of education attained in districts

Education level Bulilima

N = 59 900

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 47 068

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 7 185

n (%)

Pre–primary

Primary3

Secondary4

High school5

Tertiary (Non-degreed)

Tertiary (Degreed)

3652 (6.1)

42 792 (71.4)

12 636 (21.1)

334 (0.6)

314 (0.5)

172 (0.3)

3 429 (7.3)

33 107 (70.3)

9 789 (20.8)

331 (0.7)

268 (0.6)

144 (0.3)

247 (3.4)

3 172 (44.1)

3 320 (46.2)

203 (2.8)

128 (1.8)

115 (1.6)

Of those children who had never gone to school, a variety of reasons was given and these are summarised in Table 7. The major reason given was ‘still too young’ (average of 82% across Bulilimamangwe) followed by ‘financial constraints’ (average 10%).

3 In Zimbabwe primary education covers grades 1 to 7. 4 In Zimbabwe secondary education covers forms 1 to 4 or grades 8–11.5 In Zimbabwe high school covers forms 5 to 6 or grades 12–13.

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Table 7: Reasons for children who had never gone to school in the districts

Reason for no education Bulilima

N = 14 920

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 10 396

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 1 343

n (%)

Financial constraints

School too far

Ill/sick

Still too young*

Other

1 796 (12.0)

241 (1.6)

237 (1.5)

1 1784 (79.0)

862 (5.9)

767 (7.4)

177 (1.7)

208 (2.0)

8 779 (84.4)

465 (4.5)

98 (7.3)

7 (0.5)

10 (0.7)

1 205 (89.7)

23 (1.8)

* Zimbabwe’s Ministry of Education, Sports and Culture policy states that a child must start going to school at the age of 7 years. However, for this exercise determination of the numbers of those who were too young to attend school were not analysed according to school-going and non-school-going age groups.

3.1.2 Magnitude of orphanhood

According to our definition of ‘child’ the proportion of orphans in the districts was determined based on the total population of those aged 18 years and below – a total of 86 692 in the three districts. As shown in Table 8, approximately one quarter of all children in each district were orphans (28%, 23% and 25% for Bulilima, Mangwe and Plumtree respectively).

Table 8: Extent of orphanhood by district

OrphanhoodBulilima Mangwe Plumtree

N = 46 169 N = 36 206 N = 4 317

Size 12 880 (27.8%) 8 592 (23.7%) 1 058 (24.5%)

The most common type of orphan across the three districts was one who had lost a father (17.7%, 15.6% and 14.6%) followed by a child who had lost both parents (5.7%, 4.3% and 6.8%) for Bulilima, Mangwe and Plumtree respectively (Table 9).

Table 9: Population distribution of type of orphan by district

Orphanhood status Bulilima

N = 46 169

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 36 206

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 4 317

n (%)

Both parents alive 33 289 (72.1) 27 614 (76.3) 3 259 (75.5)

Mother dead 2 086 (4.5) 1 369 (3.8) 169 (3.9)

Father dead 8 157 (17.7) 5 682 (15.6) 631 (14.6)

Both parents dead 2 637 (5.7) 1 541 (4.3) 258 (6.8)

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3.1.3 Disability

The prevalence of disability across the three districts was 5.5% for Bulilima, 5.2% for Mangwe and 2% for Plumtree (Table 10) with ‘difficulty in moving’ being the most common type of disability (26%) in both Bulilima and Mangwe followed by ‘difficulty in seeing’ (Table 10). In Plumtree, the urban district, difficulty in seeing (24.9%) was more common than difficulty in moving (20.9%). Table 10 also shows that ‘multiple disabilities’ were also prevalent across all the three districts (12% in Bulilima, 14.1% in Mangwe and 13.6% in Plumtree). It is worth noting that there was a high prevalence of ‘other’ disabilities, which were not specified across the three districts. Further research needs to be done to identify these.

Table 10: Population distribution of disabled people by type of disability by district

Disability Bulilima

N = 46 169

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 36 206

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 4 317

n (%)

Prevalence 4 534 (5.5) 3 217 (5.2) 177 (2.0)

Type of disability

Difficulty in moving

Difficulty in seeing

Difficulty in speaking

Difficulty in hearing

Chronic fits/Epilepsy

Mental illness

Multiple disability

Others

N = 4 534

1 197 (26.4)

960 (21.2)

225 (5.0)

336 (7.4)

151 (3.3)

447 (9.9)

543 (12.0)

675 (14.9)

N = 3 217

851 (26.5)

629 (19.5)

196 (6.1)

199 (6.2)

118 (3.7)

368 (11.4)

453 (14.1)

403 (12.5)

N =177

37 (20.9)

44 (24.9)

8 (4.5)

13 (7.3)

9 (5.1)

17 (9.6)

24 (13.6)

25 (14.1)

Table 11 shows that one in every five households with children in Bulilima and Mangwe districts had at least one person who had a disability, whilst in Plumtree it was about ten per cent.

Table 11: Prevalence of disability in households with children by district

Total number of households with children Bulilima

N = 14 047

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 10 109

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 1 648

n (%)

Total number of households with children and with a disabled person

3 227

(23.0)

2 313

(22.9)

155 (9.4)

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3.1.4 Household level data

3.1.4.1. Sources of waterIn the general population as shown in Table 12 below, households in Bulilima and Mangwe had protected wells or boreholes as their main water source (58.7% and 53% respectively) whilst Plumtree, being an urban setting, had mostly households with piped water, either inside the home (57.4%) or outside (29.5%). About a third of the households in Bulilima and Mangwe (30.7% and 34.8%) fetched water from rivers, streams or dams.

Table 12: Household distribution by main water source in the districts

Main source of water Bulilima

N = 16 016

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 11 526

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 2 265

n (%)

Piped water inside house

Piped water source outside

Communal tap

Well/borehole protected

Well/borehole unprotected

River/stream/dam

Other

216 (1.3)

186 (1.2)

481 (3.0)

9 399 (58.7)

698 (4.4)

4 944 (30.8)

93 (0.6)

326 (2.8)

248 (2.2)

173 (1.5)

6 117 (53.1)

446 (3.9)

4 015 (34.8)

201 (1.7)

1 301 (57.4)

668 (29.5)

206 (9.0)

52 (2.3)

11 (0.5)

13 (0.7)

12 (0.6)

The main sources of water in households with children across the three districts are summarised in Table 13. More than half of the households in Bulilima and Mangwe were getting water from protected wells or boreholes, whilst in Plumtree the majority had piped water inside the house. As in the general population, around a third of the households in Bulilima and Mangwe got their water from rivers, streams or dams.

Table 13: Distribution of main water sources in households with children by districts

Main source of water Bulilima

N = 14 047

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 10 109

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 1 648

n (%)

Piped water inside house

Piped water source outside

Communal tap

Well/borehole protected

Well/borehole unprotected

River/stream/dam

Other

163 (1.2)

146 (1.0)

369 (2.6)

8 275 (58.9)

611 (4.4)

4 420 (31.5)

63 (0.5)

234 (2.3)

138 (1.4)

139 (1.4)

5 445 (53.9)

350 (3.5)

3 628 (35.9)

175 (1.8)

980 (59.5)

457 (27.7)

147 (8.9)

39 (2.4)

6 (0.4)

14 (0.9)

5 (0.3)

In terms of how far these water sources were from the households, Table 14 shows that the majority of the general Plumtree population had water sources either on the actual

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premises or at least within a radius of 500m of their households, whilst the majority of the Bulilima and Mangwe population had water sources either outside a radius of 500m (35.3% and 36.6%), or more than a kilometre away (36.7% and 30.4% respectively).

Table 14: Household distribution by distance from main water source in the districts

Main source of water Bulilima

N = 16 016

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 11 526

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 2 265

n (%)

On premises

Less than 500m

500m to 1km

More than 1 kilometre

Not indicated

813 (5.1)

3 545 (22.1)

5 656 (35.3)

5 871 (36.7)

131 (0.8)

536 (4.7)

3 190 (27.7)

4 215 (36.6)

3 509 (30.4)

76 ( 0.7)

1 579 (69.7)

537 (23.7)

98 (4.3)

41 (1.8)

10 (0.4)

3.1.4.2 Sources of energy for cooking and lightingThe main source of energy for cooking and lighting in all the three districts is summarised in Tables 15 and 16 respectively. In all the districts, wood was commonly used for cooking and paraffin for lighting, with the exception of Plumtree, which is an urban setting. Here the main source of energy was electricity for both cooking and lighting purposes.

Table 15: Household distribution by main source of energy for cooking in the districts

Source of energy for

cooking

Bulilima

N = 16 016

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 11 526

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 2 265

n (%)

Wood

Paraffin

Electricity

Gas

Coal

Solar

Other

15 302 (95.5)

133 (0.8)

266 (1.7)

142 (0.9)

4 (0.02)

77 (0.5)

92 (0.6)

10 712 (92.9)

89 (0.8)

221 (1.9)

343 (3.0)

8 (0.0)

100 (0.9)

53 (0.3)

575 (25.4)

52 (2.3)

1601 (70.7)

3 (0.1)

3 (0.1)

1 (0.0)

30 (1.3)

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Table 16: Household distribution by main source of energy for lighting in the districts

Source of energy for

lighting

Bulilima

N = 16 016

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 11 526

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 2 265

n (%)

Wood

Paraffin

Electricity

Gas

Coal

Solar

Other

1 293 (8.1)

11 165 (69.7)

226 (1.4)

12 (0.1)

24 (0.1)

100 (0.6)

3 196 (20.0)

684 (5.9)

6 175 (53.6)

194 (1.7)

19 (0.2)

19 (0.2)

106 (0.9)

4 329 (37.5)

51 (2.2)

260 (11.5)

1 811 (80.0)

1 (0.0)

17 (0.8)

1 (0.0)

124 (5.5)

3.1.4.3 Toilet facilitiesTable 17 shows that in Bulilima and Mangwe the majority (62% and 50.8%) of households had no toilet facilities, whilst most households in Plumtree had flush toilets (77.8%). The Ventilated Improved Pit latrine (VIP), which is a non-waterborne improved pit toilet facility that is promoted in Zimbabwe’s national rural water and sanitation programme and is commonly known as the ‘Blair’ toilet, was seen in only 32.6% and 42.2% of the households in Bulilima and Mangwe districts respectively.

Table 17: Household distribution by toilet facility and district

Type of toilet facility Bulilima

N = 16 016

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 11 526

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 2 265

n (%)

Flush

Ventilated Improved Pitlatrine (Blair)

Pit latrine

Communal

No toilet

347 (2.2)

5 224 (32.6)

373 (2.3)

141 (0.9)

9 931 (62.0)

257 (2.2)

4 859 (42.2)

459 (4.0)

92 (0.8)

5 859 (50.8)

1 763 (77.9)

82 (3.6)

41 (1.8)

236 (10.4)

143 (6.3)

The status of sanitation facilities in the households with children across the three districts is summarised in Table 18. Again, the majority of these households in Bulilima and Mangwe had no toilet facilities.

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Table 18: Distribution of toilet facilities in households with children by district

Type of toilet facility Bulilima

N = 14 047

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 10 109

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 1 648

n (%)

Flush

Ventilated Improved Pit latrine (Blair)

Pit latrine

Communal

No toilet

259 (1.8)

4 500 (32.0)

323 (2.3)

100 (0.7)

8 865 (63.1)

156 (1.5)

4 236 (41.9)

406 (4.0)

71 (0.7)

5 240 (51.8)

1 317 (79.9)

49 (3.0)

23 (1.4)

151 (9.2)

108 (6.6)

3.1.5 Main household vulnerability indicators

There were nine indicators for vulnerability assessed in this census and, together with the general findings, these are summarised below in Table 19. Between 49% and 80% of the households across the three sites reported that they had only one meal a day. Of note, Plumtree, which is urban, had the highest proportion reporting this, with also as many as 59% of households indicating that there were actually some days that the household went without any food. These proportions were slightly less in Bulilima (27.4%) and Mangwe (22.5%).

Inadequate clothing for children was another major vulnerability indicator reported by a large number of the households (72% in Bulilima, 71% in Mangwe and 46% in Plumtree).

More than a third of the households across the three sites indicated that they were not in a position to pay for medical fees if their children fell ill. In particular, Mangwe district had slightly more than half (50.5%) of the households indicating this. Less than a tenth of all the households in the three districts were being headed by children.

Table 19: Summary of vulnerability indicators by household and district

Vulnerability indicators Bulilima

N = 16 016

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 11 526

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 2 265

n (%)

Household having one meal a day

8 283 (51.7) 5 636 (48.9) 1 820 (80.4)

Households that go for some days in a month without food

4 392 (27.4) 2 598 (22.5) 1 188 (59.2)

Children of school-going age not going to school

11 664 (72.8) 2 833 (24.6) 1 988 (88.2)

Inability to pay for medical fees if children are sick

7 401 (43.5) 5 821 (50.5) 781 (36.5)

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Vulnerability indicators Bulilima

N = 16 016

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 11 526

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 2 265

n (%)

Inadequate clothing for children 11 482 (71.7) 8 153 (70.7) 1 047 (46.2)

Sick person in household during the past month

11 264 (70.3) 3 718 (32.3) 1 665 (73.5)

Inadequate uniforms for school-going children

7 917 (49.4) 5 741 (49.8) 680 (30.0)

Child-headed households (CHH) 1 089 (6.8) 261 (2.3) 104 (4.6)

Children without caretakers in CHH

490 (45.0) 108 (41.4) 49 (47.1)

Absence of anyone to discuss problems with in CHH

341 (31.3) 42 (16.1) 37 (35.6)

Table 20, which describes results of a similar assessment, but looking specifically at the households with children 18 years and below, shows that around half of these households in Bulilima and Mangwe reported that they had only one meal a day, whilst in Plumtree, which is urban, there was about a fifth who reported having only one meal a day. Over 70% of the households in Mangwe and Bulilima and almost half (47.9%) of those in Plumtree go for some days without food.

Regarding access to education, nearly a third of the households in Bulilima and Mangwe had children who were not going to school. Over half of the households in these two districts reported that their children had inadequate school uniforms.

Inadequate clothing for children was another major vulnerability indicator reported by a large number of the households (more than three quarters in both Bulilima and Mangwe) and nearly two thirds in Plumtree.

Mangwe had more than half (54.9%), whilst Bulilima (47.2%) and Plumtree (43.2%) had nearly half of the households reporting that they were not in a position to pay for medical fees if their children were sick. In each of the three districts nearly a third of the households indicated that they had a household member who fell ill during the month preceding the study.

Of note, in terms of the other vulnerability indicators, was the proportion of children who were heading households: Bulilima (7.2%), Mangwe (2.5%) and Plumtree (6.0%). Over 40% of the child-headed households across the three districts reported not having caretakers. Around a third of the child-headed households in Bulilima (30.9%) and Plumtree (36.4%) had no-one with whom to discuss their problems.

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Table 20: Summary of vulnerability indicators in households with children by district

Vulnerability indicators

Bulilima

N = 14 047

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 10 109

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 1 648

n (%)

Household having one meal a day

6 963 (49.6) 5 362 (53.0) 298 (18.1)

Households that go for some days without food

10 355 (73.7) 7 992 (79.1) 789 (47.9)

Children of school-going age (7 to 18 years) not going to school

4 321 (30.8) 2 812 (27.8) 262 (15.9)

Inability to pay for medical fees if children are sick

6 625 (47.2) 5 545 (54.9) 712 (43.2)

Inadequate clothing for children

11 231 (80.0) 8 001 (79.2) 1 002 (60.8)

Sick person in household during the past month

4 248 (30.2) 3 380 (33.4) 488 (29.6)

Inadequate uniforms for school-going children

7 770 (55.3) 5 639 (55.8) 638 (38.7)

Child-headed households (CHH) 1 009 (7.2) 251 (2.5) 99 (6.0)

Children without caretakers in CHH

445 (44.1) 103 (41.0) 47 (47.5)

Absence of anyone to discuss problems with in CHH

312 (30.9) 39 (15.5) 36 (36.4)

Further assessment of vulnerability through determination of the TVIS (Total Vulnerability Indicator Score), as shown in Table 21, was done using all the nine contributing indicators. Although results show that the majority of households (at least 66% in all districts) were in the ‘less vulnerable’ category, the ‘moderately vulnerable’ ranged from 11 to 30% (average of 28% across the districts) and ‘highly vulnerable’ from 0.5 to 3% (specifically Mangwe 3%, Bulilima 2.1% and Plumtree 0.5%, for the highly vulnerable).

Table 21: Household vulnerability status using the Total Vulnerability Score

Vulnerability status Bulilima

N = 16 016

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 11 526

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 2 265

n (%)

Less vulnerable 11 203 (70.0) 7 630 (66.2) 2 002 (88.4)

Moderately vulnerable 4 463 (27.9) 3 550 (30.8) 252 (11.1)

Highly vulnerable 350 (2.1) 346 (3.0) 11 (0.5)

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On assessing vulnerability status of households with children, more than a third of the households in Bulilima and Mangwe were in the moderately and highly vulnerable category. Less than a fifth of the households in Plumtree were in that category (Table 22).

Table 22: Household vulnerability status of households with children using the Total Vulnerability Score

Vulnerability status Bulilima

N = 14 047

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 10 109

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 1 648

n (%)

Less vulnerable 9 289 (66.1) 6 264 (62.0) 1 391 (84.4)

Moderately vulnerable 4 409 (31.4) 3 499 (34.6) 246 (14.9)

Highly vulnerable 349 (2.5) 346 (3.4) 11 (0.7)

3.1.6 Other income indicators

Table 23 shows some indirect income indicators that were also used to measure the extent of vulnerability in households. In Bulilima and Mangwe districts, which are arid regions well known for keeping farm animals (especially cattle and donkeys), over three quarters of the households in Bulilima (79.7%) and Mangwe (78.7%) had farm animals. Very few households in Bulilima and Mangwe reported that they had a telephone whilst in Plumtree, which is an urban area, almost a third of the households had a telephone.

Table 23: Household distribution by other income indicators and district

Income indicators Bulilima

N = 16 016

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 11 526

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 2 265

n (%)

Television

Radio

Telephone

Electric stove

Car

Manufacturingequipment

Farm animals

Farm equipment

195 (1.2)

4 799 (30.0)

321 (2.0)

215 (1.3)

322 (2.0)

869 (5.4)

12 761 (79.7)

9 547 (59.6)

188 (1.6)

3 172 (27.5)

407 (3.5)

182 (1.8)

158 (1.4)

706 (6.1)

9 066 (78.7)

7 476 (64.9)

566 (25.0)

1 196 (52.8)

698 (30.8)

1 592 (70.3)

220 (9.7)

196 (8.7)

289 (12.8)

195 (8.6)

Table 24 shows that the majority of households with children in Bulilima and Mangwe, previously indicated as rural districts, reported that they had farm animals and farm equipment. On other income indicators like television, radio and electric stoves, Plumtree had the highest proportion of households with these assets compared to the other two districts.

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Table 24: Distribution of other income indicators in households with children by district

Income indicators Bulilima

N = 14 047

n (%)

Mangwe

N = 10 109

n (%)

Plumtree

N = 1 648

n (%)

Television

Radio

Telephone

Electric stove

Car

Manufacturing equipment

Farm animals

Farm equipment

166 (1.2)

4 389 (31.3)

261 (1.7)

159 (1.1)

275 (2.0)

800 (5.7)

11 749 (83.6)

8 854 (63.0)

169 (1.7)

2 884 (28.5)

345 (3.4)

117 (1.2)

136 (1.4)

640 (6.3)

8 392 (83.0)

6 977 (69.0)

495 (30.0)

935 (56.7)

588 (35.7)

1 219 (74.0)

177 (10.7)

155 (9.4)

224 (13.6)

147 (8.9)

3.2 Chimanimani District

This section presents the OVC Census results of Chimanimani district and the results at ward level are presented in Appendix 8. Furthermore, results describe what is found in the communities at person level and also at household level, with an attempt to identify any differences that may be apparent between households with and without children 0-18 years, the latter which include orphans and vulnerable children.

3.2.1 Demographic data

The population size, sex ratio, average household size and total number of households of Chimanimani district are summarised in Table 25. The total population of Chimanimani district was 107 120 with 52% being females. The average household size for the district was 4.4 persons. More than three quarters of the households in the district had children. Slightly more than three per cent of the households were being headed by children.

Table 25: Demographics of population in Chimanimani District

Sex Chimanimani

N = 107 120

n (%)

Males 51 509 (48.1)

Females 55 611 (51.9)

Sex ratio (Male:Female) 93:100

Average household size 4.4

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Total number of households 24 495

Total number of households with children 19 655 (80.2)

Child-headed households 779 (3.2)

A comparison of results of the preliminary National Census of 2002 and the OVC Census in Table 26 shows that there were very slight differences in population as well as the number of households in the district. The OVC Census results on sex ratio are consistent with the National Census of 2002 as were the figures for average household size. However, there was a decline of 7.1% in the total population from 2002 to 2003.

Table 26: Comparison between National Census 2002 and OVC Census 2003 in Chimanimani District

Sex Chimanimani

National Census 2002 OVC Census 2003 Variation

Males 55 433 51 509 -3 924 (7.1%)

Females 59 817 55 611 -4 206 (7.0%)

Sex ratio (Male:Female)

93:100 93:100 -

Total population 115 250 107 120 -8 130 (7.1%)

Total number of households

26 425 24 495 -1 930 (7.3%)

Average household size 4.4 4.4 -

3.2.1.1 Age distributionThe majority of the population in Chimanimani district was aged 25 years and above (34%) followed by 27.2% who were aged between 3 and 11 years (Table 27).

Table 27: Age distribution in Chimanimani District

Age group Chimanimani

107 120

n (%)

0–2 years 8 705 (8.1)

3–11 years 29 154 (27.2)

12–14 years 9 741 (9.1)

15–24 years 22 885 (21.4)

25+ years 36 635 (34.2)

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When further broken down using the cut-off point of 18 years of age to separate the ‘children’ from the ‘adults’ as defined for this census, slightly more than half (52%) of the population in the district was aged 18 years and below (Table 28).

Table 28: Distribution of population aged 18 and below and above 18 in Chimanimani District

Age group Chimanimani

107 120

n (%)

≤ 18 years 55 462 (51.8)

Above 18 years 51 658 (48.2)

3.2.1.2 Level of educationIn Chimanimani district over three quarters (78.9%) of the population responded to the question on whether they had ever gone to school (Table 29).

Table 29: Population distribution by ever attended school in Chimanimani District

Ever attended school Chimanimani (N = 107 120)

n (%)

Yes 82 208 (78.9)

No 22 039 (11.1)

Total who answered 104 247

The reported levels of education among those who indicated that they had gone to school are summarised in Table 30. Out of those who indicated that they had attended school, 80 870 indicated the level of education they had attained. The table shows that the majority of the population in the district had reached primary and secondary education level (56.8 and 34% respectively).

Table 30: Population distribution of level of education attained in Chimanimani District

Education level Chimanimani

N = 80 870

n (%)

Pre–primary

Primary

Secondary

High school

Tertiary (Non-degreed)

Tertiary (Degreed)

5 633 (7.0)

45 927 (56.8)

27 495 (34.0)

551 (0.7)

1 007 (1.2)

257 (0.3)

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3.2.1.3 Reasons for never going to school Table 31 summarises the reasons given by those who had never gone to school. From the table the major reason given was ‘still too young’ (74.7%) followed by ‘financial constraints’ (10.9%).

Table 31: Reasons for children who had never gone to school in the districts

Reason for no education Chimanimani

N = 18 199

n (%)

Financial constraints

School too far

Ill/sick

Still too young**

Other

1 992 (10.9)

964 (5.3)

249 (1.4)

13 595 (74.7)

1 399 (7.7)

** Zimbabwe’s Ministry of Education, Sports and Culture policy states that a child must start going to school at the age of 7 years. However, for this exercise determination of the numbers of those who were too young to attend school was not analysed according to school-going and non-school going ages.

3.2.1.4 OrphanhoodAccording to our definition of ‘child’ the proportion of orphans in the districts was determined based on the total population of those aged 18 years and below. Out of a total population of 55 462 who were aged 18 years and below, nearly a third (30.5%) of them had lost one parent or both.

The distribution of orphanhood by type is summarised in Table 32.

Table 32: Population distribution by orphanhood status in Chimanimani District

Orphanhood status Chimanimani

55 462

n (%)

Both parents alive 38 541 (69.5)

Mother dead 2 378 (4.3)

Father dead 10 696 (19.3)

Both parents dead 3 847 (6.9)

The most prevalent type of orphan was the paternal orphan (19.3%) followed by those who had lost both parents (6.9%).

3.2.1.5 DisabilityFive percent of the population in Chimanimani district indicated that they had a form of disability, and the distribution of people by type of disability in the district is summarised in Table 33. The table shows that the common forms of disability in the district were

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difficulty in moving and seeing and those with multiple disabilities. It is worth noting that there was a high prevalence of ‘other’ disabilities, which were not specified. Further research needs to be done to identify these other types of disabilities.

Table 33: Population distribution of disabled people by type of disability

Type of disability Chimanimani

N = 5 313

n (%)

Prevalence 5 313 (5.0)

Difficulty in moving

Difficulty in seeing

Difficulty in speaking

Difficulty in hearing

Chronic fits/Epilepsy

Mental illness

Multiple disability

Others

1 344 (25.3)

985 (18.5)

253 (4.8)

334 (6.2)

138 (2.6)

479 (9.0)

548 (10.3)

1 232 (23.2)

Table 34 shows that almost one in every five households with children in the district had at least one person who had a disability.

Table 34: Prevalence of disability in households with children in Chimanimani

Total number of households with population ≤ 18 Chimanimani

N = 19 655

Total number of households with population ≤ 18 years and with a disabled person

3 640 (18.5%)

3.2.2 Household level data

3.2.2.1 Sources of waterThe households’ main sources of water in the district are summarised in Table 35. Over one third (36.0%) of the households in Chimanimani district had protected wells or bore-holes, followed by a piped water source outside the house (22.6%), whilst a fifth (19.7%) of the households were using unprotected wells and boreholes.

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Table 35: Household distribution by main water source

Main source of water Chimanimani

N = 24 495

n (%)

Piped water inside house

Piped water source outside

Communal tap

Well/borehole protected

Well/borehole unprotected

River/stream/dam

Other

1 342 (5.5)

5 527 (22.6)

1 951 (8.0)

8 823 (36.0)

4 824 (19.7)

1 797 (7.3)

231 (0.9)

The main sources of water in households with children in the district are summarised in Table 36. More than a quarter of the households were getting water from unprotected sources (well/boreholes 21.3% and river/stream/dam 7.7%).

Table 36: Distribution of main water sources in households with children in Chimanimani

Main source of water Chimanimani

N = 19 655

n (%)

Piped water inside house

Piped water source outside

Communal tap

Well/borehole protected

Well/borehole unprotected

River/stream/dam

Other

975 (5.0)

4 089 (20.8)

1 010 (5.1)

7 732 (39.3)

4 190 (21.3)

1 507 (7.7)

152 (0.8)

3.2.2.2 Distance from the main water sourceTable 37 shows the distance of the main water sources from the homestead in Chimanimani district. Close to half (42.2%) of the households in the district had water sources that were within a radius of 500m, whilst nearly a quarter (23.1%) had a main water source on their premises.

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Table 37: Household distribution by distance from main water source

Main source of water Chimanimani

N = 24 495

n (%)

On premises

Less than 500m

500m to 1km

More than 1 kilometre

Not indicated

5 667 (23.1)

10 344 (42.2)

5 550 (22.7)

2 712 (11.1)

222 (0.9)

3.2.2.3 Sources of energy for cooking and lightingThe main source of energy for cooking and lighting in Chimanimani district is summarised in Tables 38 and 39 respectively. The majority of the households (95.2%) reported use of wood for cooking, whilst paraffin was used for lighting by about two thirds of the households (65.4%).

Table 38: Household distribution by main source of energy for cooking

Source of energy for cooking Chimanimani

N = 24 495

n (%)

Wood

Paraffin

Electricity

Gas

Coal

Solar

Other

23 306 (95.2)

145 (0.6)

865 (3.5)

25 (0.1)

2 (0.01)

1 (0.0)

151 (0.6)

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Table 39: Household distribution by main source of energy for lighting

Source of energy for lighting Chimanimani

N = 24 495

n (%)

Wood

Paraffin

Electricity

Gas

Coal

Solar

Other

5 032 (20.5)

16 019 (65.4)

1 676 (6.8)

24 (0.1)

51 (0.2)

181 (0.7)

1 512 (6.2)

3.2.2.4 Toilet facilitiesThe distribution of toilet facilities in Chimanimani district is summarised in Table 40. The majority of the households in the district either had a Ventilated Improved Pit latrine (VIP), commonly known as the Blair toilet (36.4%), or an ordinary pit toilet (34.1%). The VIP is a non-waterborne improved pit toilet facility that is promoted in Zimbabwe’s national rural water and sanitation programme. One fifth (18.4%) of the households in the district had no toilet facility at all.

Table 40: Household distribution by toilet facility in Chimanimani District

Type of toilet facility Chimanimani

N = 24 495

n (%)

Flush

Ventilated Improved Pit latrine (Blair)

Pit latrine

Communal

No toilet

1 444 (5.9)

8 911 (36.4)

8 360 (34.1)

1 273 (5.2)

4 507 (18.4)

The status of sanitation facilities in the households with children is summarised in Table 41. A fifth of the households had no toilets.

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Table 41: Distribution of toilet facilities in households with children in Chimanimani

Type of toilet facility Chimanimani

N = 19 655

n (%)

Flush

Ventilated Improved Pit latrine (Blair)

Pit latrine

Communal

No toilet

1 033 (5.3)

6 784 (34.5)

7 318 (37.2)

631 (3.2)

3 889 (19.8)

3.2.3 Main household vulnerability indicators

There were nine main indicators for vulnerability assessed in this census (Table 42). These indicators were household based rather than individual based. In this census, more than ten per cent (10.2%) of the households in Chimanimani district reported that they had one meal a day and as many as 65.4% indicated that there were some days that they went without any food. Of note, nearly three quarters (71.6%) of the households had children who did not have adequate clothing. More than a third (35.4%) of the households in the district indicated that they were not in a position to pay for medical fees if children fell ill, with a similar proportion (37.3%) reporting having an ill person in their household during the past month. Child-headed households represented 3.2%, with almost half of them (46.9%) reporting not having any caretakers, as well as 37% indicating that they had no-one with whom to discuss their problems.

Table 42: Summary of vulnerability indicators by household

Vulnerability indicators Chimanimani

N = 24 495

n (%)

Household having one meal a day 2 509 (10.2)

Households that some days go without food 16 007 (65.4)

Children of school-going age not going to school 4 311 (17.6)

Inability to pay for medical fees if children are sick 8 672 (35.4)

Inadequate clothing for children 17 539 (71.6)

Sick person in household during the past month 9 140 (37.3)

Inadequate uniforms for school-going children 414 (1.7)

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Child headed households (CHH) 779 (3.2)

N = 779

Children without caretakers in child-headed households 365 (46.9)

Absence of anyone to discuss problems with in child-headed households 285 (36.6)

Table 43 shows that one in every ten households with children in the district reported having only one meal a day. Two thirds of the households indicated that they go for some days without food.

Regarding access to education, slightly more than a fifth of the households had children who were not going to school. Over half (61.9%) of the households in the district reported that their children had inadequate school uniforms. The majority of the households (87.5%) had children with inadequate clothing.

About two fifths (42.4%) households were not in a position to pay medical fees if their children were sick. Almost the same number of households indicated that they had a household member who was sick during the month preceding the study.

More than half (52.6%) of the child-headed households had no caretakers and slightly over a third (34.2%) had no-one with whom to discuss their problems.

Table 43: Summary of vulnerability indicators in households with children in Chimanimani

Vulnerability indicators Chimanimani

N = 19 655

n (%)

Household having one meal a day 1 945 (9.9)

Households that some days go without food 13 035 (66.3)

Children of school-going age not going to school 4 264 (21.7)

Inability to pay for medical fees if children are sick 8 324 (42.4)

Inadequate clothing for children 17 194 (87.5)

Sick person in household during the past month 7 810 (39.7)

Inadequate uniforms for school-going children 12 169 (61.9)

Child-headed households (CHH) 704 (3.6)

Children without caretakers in CHH 370 (52.6)

Absence of anyone to discuss problems with in CHH 241 (34.2)

3.2.3.1 Vulnerability Indicator Score AssessmentThe Vulnerability Indicator Score was defined from all the nine contributing indicators listed in the previous table (Table 43), whilst Table 44 shows the household vulnerability scores in the district. The assessment shows that the majority (82.5%) of households were in the ‘less vulnerable’ category with 17% being ‘moderately vulnerable’ and only a few

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(0.5%) of the households scoring as ‘highly vulnerable’ (see Appendix 10).

Table 44: Household distribution of vulnerability score in Chimanimani District

Vulnerability status Chimanimani

N = 24 495

n (%)

Less vulnerable 20 209 (82.5)

Moderately vulnerable 4 159 (17.0)

Highly vulnerable 127 (0.5)

On assessing vulnerability status of households with children, slightly more than a fifth of the households were in the moderately and highly vulnerable category (Table 45).

Table 45: Household vulnerability status of households with children using the Total Vulnerability Score

Vulnerability status Chimanimani

N = 19 655

n (%)

Less vulnerable 15 440 (78.6)

Moderately vulnerable 4 090 (20.8)

Highly vulnerable 125 (0.6)

3.2.4 Other income indicators

Some indirect income indicators were also used to measure the extent of vulnerability in the households. Table 46 shows that over half (59.3%) of the households in Chimanimani owned farm animals and slightly more than a third (34.5%) had farm equipment. Although Chimanimani district has an urban population (only ward 15 is an urban area) it is predominantly a rural district as its population is only 3.0% of the population of the whole district. In terms of having access to electronic media, more than a fifth (22.7%) of the households had a working radio and less than a tenth (6.7%) had a functional television set. Table 46 also shows that the majority of households with children had farm animals and farm equipment. Almost a quarter of these households had a radio.

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Table 46: Household distribution by other income indicators in Chimanimani District

Income indicators Households in general (with or

without children)

Households with children

Chimanimani

N = 24 495

n (%)

Chimanimani

N = 19 655

n (%)

Television

Radio

Telephone

Electric stove

Car

Manufacturing equipment

Farm animals

Farm equipment

1 642 (6.7)

5 564 (22.7)

454 (1.9)

975 (4.0)

364 (1.5)

2053 (8.4)

14 525 (59.3)

8 440 (34.5)

1 442 (7.3)

4 655 (23.7)

361 (1.8)

734 (3.7)

309 (1.6)

1 852 (9.4)

13 091 (66.6)

7 466 (38.0)

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CHAPTER 4

Discussion

Population Profile

The purpose of the census was to quantify the magnitude of the problem of Orphans and Vulnerable children (OVC) in Zimbabwe’s Bulilimamangwe (Bulilima, Mangwe and Plumtree) and Chimanimani districts, and to document socio-demographic and socio-economic conditions in OVC households. Ultimately, the aim was to generate a database of OVC in the districts and information on some of the conditions existing in their households, so as to feed into a process of intervention identification and consideration of the expansion/redirection of existing interventions to meet better the needs of orphans and vulnerable children.

The OVC Census data is an approximation of the 2002 National Census data, which did not explicitly quantify the number of vulnerable children. Though there seem to be discrepancies between the OVC 2003 Census and the 2002 National Census preliminary results (decline in population ranged from 7.1% in Chimanimani to 13.1% in Bulilima), there were quite a number of factors that could have contributed to the differences in results. For instance, there were methodological differences, as the National Census was conducted on a de facto basis whilst the OVC Census was de jure based. Furthermore, besides the AIDS epidemic that continued to claim the lives of many people6, 7, new population dynamics have emerged in Zimbabwe since 2002, notably:

1. The Fast Track Land Resettlement Programme of 2000, which moved some people from their original homes to resettlement areas8, conservancies, farms and estates and was still underway when the OVC Census exercise was conducted.

2. The economic crisis in Zimbabwe (shortage of basic commodities, high inflation and unemployment, shortage of foreign currency, etc.) which has prevailed in the country since 2000 forced a lot of people, especially those in the border districts, to move to neighbouring countries, especially South Africa and Botswana, in search of employment.

3. The 2002 drought, which resulted in food shortages and consequently forced some people to migrate in search of food.

Because of this, there was no 100% consistency with the CSO 2002 National Census data. It is interesting to note that although the exact population figures are not the same, the population distribution patterns are similar.

Prevalence of OVC and other related indicators

Excess mortality, largely due to AIDS and poverty, is causing the number of orphans and the proportion of orphaned and vulnerable children in sub-Saharan Africa to grow daily.

6 Neff Walker, Bernhard Schwartlander, Jennifer Bryce (2002) stated that in 1999 five countries (Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe) had high rates of HIV infection resulting in under 5 mortality rates of above 30 per 1000 (The Lancet and HIV/AIDS ‘Meeting International goals in child survival and HIV/AIDS’)7 An estimated 70% of deaths among children under the age of five in Zimbabwe is due to AIDS (UNDP 2002 HIV/AIDS Statistical Fact Sheet)http:www.undp.org/hiv/docs/Barcelona-statistical-fact-sheet-2july02.doc8 There were two types of resettlement models: A1 model (small-scale farm) and A2 model (large-scale farm).

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Uganda’s 1991 population and housing census identified 1 037 228 children under age 18 years who had lost at least one parent, comprising 12% of all children in the same age group. Findings are presented from the analysis of survey data collected during 1992–93 in Iganga, Mbale, Masaka, Mbarara, Kabale, and Hoima districts. There were 4 502 orphans under age 18 years in the districts, for an overall orphanhood prevalence of 43% (Sarker, et al; 2005). This OVC Census, conducted in Zimbabwe, found the overall orphanhood prevalence in Bulilima, Mangwe, Plumtree and Chimanimani districts to be 16%.

Another interesting factor was the prevalence of disability in households with children, which was 4.2% and 18.5 % in Bulilimamangwe and Chimanimani respectively, with the most common disability being ‘difficulty in moving’. It is acknowledged that there are very few studies that have actually involved counting the numbers of disabled persons in the country, which therefore makes it difficult to make comparisons with other statistics. Furthermore, in this census it is worth noting that there was a high prevalence of ‘other’ disabilities reported and these were not specified. Further research needs to be done to identify these other types of disabilities.

Educational level

Of note was the fact that in all the four districts, the population was very literate, with over 75% having gone to school. Of those who had gone to school, the majority (over 90%) had attained at least primary education, and these figures are similar to national figures which show a literacy level of 70%. The intervention agencies that prepare OVC programme materials should take advantage of the literacy situation in the population.

Financial constraints were highlighted by about 10% of households in both districts, as a reason why their children had never gone to school.

Source of water and energy for cooking and lighting

The Census shows that in Mangwe and Bulilima districts, over a third of households were getting their water from unsafe sources (dams, rivers and unprotected boreholes and wells) but for those households with children, the situation was slightly better, with more than half of them getting water from protected wells or boreholes. In Plumtree, which is an urban district, the majority of households had piped water inside the house, but there was still a quarter or more of the households with children that were getting water from unprotected sources (well/boreholes 21.3% and river/stream/dam 7.7%). Thus the issue of clean water, which is important for having a healthy population, needs to be addressed, so that the population, especially of Bulilima and Mangwe, can easily access clean and safe water.

On distance to water source, around a third of the population in Bulilima (36.7%) and Mangwe (30.4%) and over a tenth (11.1%) of the households in the mainly hilly Chimanimani district stated that they fetched water from sources that were more than a kilometre from their homes. This is contrary to the government’s rural water and sanitation programme policy that stipulates that a household should have a water source within a radius of 500 metres. It is quite clear that in order to reduce the burden of fetching water on the rural populace, especially on women who do domestic work, the distance from homesteads to water sources needs to be reduced.

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Most people in the communities enumerated were using wood as a source of energy for cooking and paraffin for lighting. This is common practice in Zimbabwe but environmentalists have raised concerns that the use of firewood poses a serious threat to the environment, as deforestation leads to land degradation. Alternative sources of energy for rural people need to be promoted.

Toilet Facilities

It was interesting to note that there were differences in the availability of sanitation facilities across the four districts. The Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, besides promoting the flush toilet, considers a proper toilet in rural areas to be the Ventilated Improved Pit latrine (the VIP), commonly known as the Blair toilet, since it controls fly breeding by the very nature of its construction. In Chimanimani district, nearly three quarters (70.5%) of the households were either using the VIP or an ordinary pit latrine. Of the households in Chimanimani with children, only one third (34.5%), and 5.3%, had a VIP latrine and flush toilet respectively.

Most households visited in Bulilima and Mangwe had very poor sanitation coverage with no toilets of any form. Of the households in these districts with children, again the status was poor, with figures in Bulilima of 32% and 2% for the VIP and flush toilet respectively. In Mangwe, for the households with children, the picture was slightly better, with 42% of them with the VIP. Overall, the high proportion of households that had no toilet facilities in the four districts is a cause for concern as these households therefore resort to using the bush and this puts people at risk of contracting diarrhoeal diseases.

Vulnerability indicators

While societies have always had to find homes for children without parents, the sheer scale of the HIV and AIDS pandemic, and the number of orphans being left in its wake, appear to be unprecedented. Although data is incomplete and often difficult to compare, the best available estimates speak of an extraordinary human catastrophe. One key indicator for the impact of HIV is vulnerability, posed to both the young and the old.

There were a number of vulnerability indicators that were included in the census form. The purpose of these was to assess the extent of vulnerability among the populations in the selected districts. The indicators on income and sources of income were difficult to assess because of recall bias on the exact amounts spent on the various items. In deciding on household vulnerability, only the nine main vulnerability indicators were used, since these were the ones that were widely debated between the three study countries, internally debated, and agreed upon by the research team. In addition, orphans were included in the vulnerability definition.

Medical Costs – What was apparent in this census was that the cost of accessing medical care was high, to the extent that a third of the households across the four districts indicated that they were not in a position to pay for medical fees in the event of their children being ill.

Clothing – Having adequate clothing for children was also identified as a serious problem as nearly three quarters of the households in the four districts indicated that their children did not have adequate clothing, save for Plumtree, which had a lower proportion (46.2%). It is worth noting that almost half (49.4% and 49.8%) of the households in Bulilima and

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a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

42

Mangwe respectively, and slightly fewer in Plumtree (30.0%), indicated that their children of school-going age had inadequate school uniforms. This scenario is a recipe for the stigmatisation and discrimination of children at school from poor backgrounds, as they are not dressed like all other schoolchildren. Consequently, these children are likely not to participate fully in school activities, as they would have feelings of inferiority due to their parents/guardians’ poor backgrounds. Again, this could possibly contribute to the high number of children not attending school. However, the situation in Chimanimani was quite different as there where only about 2% of the households who indicated that their children did not have adequate school uniforms. Also the number of school-going age children not attending school was lower here.

Vulnerabilty Score – The census showed some variability in the Vulnerability Indicator Score across the three districts of Bulilimamamngwe. The drought-prone districts of Bulilima and Mangwe had households that were highly vulnerable. This indicates that many people are still desperately in need of assistance, be it land for agricultural purposes, material, or cash. However Chimanimani, which generally receives high rainfall because of its mountainous terrain, has a population making a living from growing crops such as bananas and maize. As a result, over 80% of the population had adequate resources for survival, with only 17.0% moderately vulnerable and 0.5% highly vulnerable households. Again Plumtree, an urban district, had relatively low numbers of households that were either moderately or highly vulnerable.

Child-headed Households – Although in Bulilimamangwe and Chimanimani the proportion of child-headed households was 5% and 3.2% respectively, it is still recognised that urbanisation, the AIDS epidemic and economic challenges that have prevailed in Zimbabwe in the recent past, have, to a large extent, led to the erosion of the practice of having safety nets for orphans and children in difficult circumstances provided by the extended family or communities. These children are very much in need of psychosocial support, and so the proportion of child-headed households which did not have caretakers (proportion ranged from 41% in Mangwe to 53% in Chimanimani) is cause for concern. Also worrying is the proportion of child-headed households having no-one with whom to discuss their problems, as evidenced by proportions ranging from 16% in Mangwe to 36% in Plumtree.

Overall, the census results have demonstrated the extent to which census data can be used to deepen and widen knowledge in understanding population dynamics through indicator developments. There is a need to validate the TVIS through other participating countries to ascertain the extent of its usefulness.

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43

CHAPTER 5

Conclusion and recommendationsHistorically, census data has always been a useful source of scientific data. This census has managed to extrapolate the population profile of Bulilimamangwe and Chimanimani districts. It is interesting to note that the national demographic profile parameters as defined by the National Census of 2002 are generally consistent with the 2003 OVC Census.

More than half of the population in the four districts was aged 18 years and below, with the exception of Plumtree. The literacy level across all the districts was high, as most people had either gone to primary or secondary school. Firewood was the most common source of energy for cooking in rural districts. A protected well or borehole was the main water source in the four districts save for Plumtree, which is an urban district. Regarding disability, difficulties in moving and seeing were reported to be the most common types of disability.

The results have also identified gaps at population level that need to be addressed, like the need for toilet facilities and access to clean water. The orphanhood problem is very grave, as around a quarter of the children are orphans across each of the four districts and there are more paternal orphans than maternal orphans in all the districts. According to the Vulnerability Indicator Score, Bulilima and Mangwe were found to have higher vulnerable household proportions than Plumtree and Chimanimani.

The OVC Census database for Bulilimamangwe and Chimanimani is a useful tool for all intervention agencies that are working or will work with OVC, their caregivers and communities in general. The use of such databases should be encouraged.

Government, intervention agencies and communities should urgently assist orphans and vulnerable children to enjoy their fundamental rights of having food, accessing education and medical care, and having adequate clothing.

The communities should take the responsibility of supporting child-headed households by offering them psychosocial support, as the census revealed that a large proportion of these children reported that they neither have caretakers nor anyone else with whom to discuss their problems. The communities should revive the traditional practice of looking after less privileged members of society, especially orphans and vulnerable children who, among other things, need adult caretakers to instil moral values in order for them not to become social misfits.

In light of the high use of firewood by the populace in the four districts, the rural electrification programme must be intensified to curb rural people’s dependency on firewood as a source of energy. Rural people must be educated on the need to use other sources of energy beside firewood, for example, solar power and cow dung.

There is a need to validate the Total Vulnerabilty Index Score (TVIS) to ascertain the extent of its usefulness in Zimbabwe and in the region. It should be noted that in surveys where indicator scores are developed, there should be close liaison between the researchers and the communities if the indicators are to be appropriate.

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5.1 Challenges faced during the study

There were quite a number of challenges faced during the census exercise. These include the following:1. There was a serious national fuel crisis. To counter this problem some research

members had to import fuel from Botswana’s Ramaquebane Business Centre almost on a daily basis and distribute it to various teams scattered in the field. This slowed down the exercise. In Chimanimani, the research members often had to travel to Mutare (150 km) and Chipinge (100 km) to source fuel.

2. Enough and suitable vehicles for the rugged terrain could not be sourced to cover all the teams in the field. To cope with this problem some teams shared the few suitable vehicles. This slowed down the exercise.

3. The timing of the census was not appropriate because of the rains. The rains restricted the mobility of the supervisors and enumerators. The tillage season had an effect because some respondents were in the fields and hence could not be found at households, resulting in the need to have call-backs and working late in the evening.

4. In both districts, where the terrain was rough, it was difficult for the supervisors and enumerators to finish the census exercise in the given ten days. Furthermore, the households in Bulilima and Mangwe are sparsely distributed and roads were very poor. Some parts of Chimanimani are very mountainous and there are households on top of mountains. Consequently, enumerators had to walk or travel long distances to reach the next household, resulting in only a few households being covered in a day. To complete the enumeration of all households in these areas, other teams that had finished enumerating in their respective wards were redeployed to assist. In all, the census exercise was extended by at most eight days.

5. Ideally, enumerators and supervisors were supposed to work in their home areas so that there was no need to provide them with accommodation. But this was not the situation on the ground as some supervisors and enumerators had to move to areas that were far away from their homesteads and this called for the need to provide them with accommodation and transport.

6. Respondents were not willing to disclose information on their earnings/income for fear of jeopardising their chances of getting material and financial assistance, especially in drought prone wards, and most of the households depend heavily on food handouts.

7. Church services, funerals, food handout distribution days and community meetings slowed down the census exercise.

8. The land redistribution exercise,9 which was underway, demanded the supervisors and enumerators to be meticulous in making sure that there was no double-counting of people, as some people were living in ‘two’ areas. To avoid double-counting of people, supervisors and enumerators were thoroughly trained to define a household on a de jure basis.

5.2 Dissemination of results

Dissemination workshops of the census results in Bulilimamangwe and Chimanimani districts were held in April 2004. Participants included representatives of some relevant government departments and ministries, traditional leaders and organisations involved in orphan-care programmes and working with communities in the fight against HIV/AIDS.

9 The Zimbabwe government in 2000 embarked on a ‘fast track’ nationwide process of redistributing agricultural commercial land to thousands of indigenous people living in the congested, poor and arid communal areas.

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45

In addition to this report, there will be publications on the further analysis of the results. The publications will be complemented by presentations at workshops at national, regional and international forums.

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47

APPENDIX 1

Ward Maps by District

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Appendices

49

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Names of Ward by District

Ward Number Bulilima Mangwe Plumtree Chimanimani

1 Tshankwa Empandeni Ward 1 Cashel

2 Gwambe Izimnyama Communal Area

Ward 2 Mhandarume

3 Natane Madabe Ward 3 Chakohwa

4 Nyele Tshitshi Ward 4 Guhune

5 Matjinge Ingwizi Rupise

6 Gala Sanzukwi Chayamiti

7 Masendu Brunapeg Shinja Resettlement

8 Huwana Maninji Nyanyadzi

9 Makhulela Mambale Shinja Communal

10 Bambadzi Bango Chikukwa

11 Madlambudzi Marula Martin

12 Hingwe Izimnyama Small Scale Area

Tilbury

13 Ndolwane Nyahode

14 Malanswazwi Charter

15 Vulindlela Chimanimani

16 Dombolefu Gwindingwi

17 Somnene Biriwiri

18 Norwood Mhakwe

19 Figtree Chikwakwa

20 Changazi

21 Ngorima A

22 Ngorima B

23 Manyuseni

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APPENDIX 2

Reactions to the Pilot Research Procedures

1. Reactions of respondents to research procedures

Acceptable Not acceptable Suggestions

Availability of respondents

Daily work schedules of respondents

Desire of respondents to participate

Acceptability of questions

2. The data collection tool (Census data sheet)

Whether the tool provides the information

needed

Time needed for administering the tool

Presentation of questions & format of

questionnaire

Accuracy of translation

Pre-categorizing of questions

Coding system & coding guidelines

Handling and administering the tools

3. The Field procedures

Whether the instructions to obtain

respondents are straightforward

Time needed to locate the respondents

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53

APPENDIX 3

Fieldworker’s Introductory Letter

28 October 2003

Dear Community member

The bearer (________________________ ID No. __________________ is representing the

Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (Blair Research Institute). He/she is collecting information

on orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) census. All the information collected in the census is

strictly confidential and will be published and used in aggregated form where no

individual/household data can be recognized.

The Blair Research Institute, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare and Family

AIDS Caring Trust (FACT), Mutare have been commissioned by The WK Kellogg Foundation

(WKKF) to develop and implement a 5-year intervention OVC as well as families and

households coping with an increased burden of care for affected children in Zimbabwe.

The objectives of the project that is being implemented in Bulilima, Mangwe and Plumtree and

Chimanimani districts are:

Improve the social conditions, health, development and quality of life of vulnerable

children and orphans.

Support families and households coping with an increased burden of care for affected

and vulnerable children.

Strengthen community-based support systems as an indirect means to assist

vulnerable children.

Build capacity in community-based systems for sustaining care and support to

vulnerable children and households, over the long term.

For further information or clarification pertaining to the project contact the following people:

Mrs Shungu Mtero-Munyati (091 252 160), Mr. Brian Chandiwana (011 409 911), Mr. Peter

Chibatamoto (091 350 162), Mr. Freddy Mupambireyi (023 504 504) and Mr. Stanford Mahati

(011 700 252)

Your Ref:

Our Ref

All correspondence to be addressed to

“ The Director”

Telephone: 253975-9

Fax: 263 – 4- 253979

E-Mail:

MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND CHILD

WELFARE

BLAIR RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Josiah Tongogara Avenue/Mazowe Street

P.O. BOX CY 573

Causeway

HarareZIMBABWE

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54

APPENDIX 4a

OR

PHA

NS

AN

D V

UL

NE

RA

BL

E C

HIL

DR

EN

CE

NSU

S D

AT

ASH

EE

TC

ON

FID

ENTI

AL

whe

n co

mpl

eted

Prov

ince

Dis

tric

tW

ard

Sect

orE

AH

ouse

hold

Inte

rvie

wer

Cod

e D

ate

Supe

rvis

or C

ode

Dat

e A

Iden

tific

atio

n

Loc

atio

n of

Hom

eIn

terv

iew

er V

isits

1

2 A

1 Ph

ysic

al A

ddre

ss/V

illag

e N

ame

Dat

e

A

2 A

dditi

onal

con

tact

det

ails

(nea

rest

feat

ure

e.g.

scho

ol)

Res

ult*

* St

ar in

dica

tes c

odes

to b

e us

ed a

vaila

ble

in A

nnex

1 p

age

3

B L

ist o

f mem

bers

of h

ouse

hold

(Tho

se w

ho n

orm

ally

live

her

e)an

d fil

l in

the

follo

win

g in

form

atio

nB

1 B

2 B

3 B

4 B

5 B

6 B

7 B

8 B

9 B

10

B11

Fu

ll N

ame

Zita

rize

re

Age

*Ze

raG

ende

r*M

unhu

i R

elat

ions

hip

to h

ead*

Uka

ma

kuna

Sa

mus

ha

Ent

er th

e co

de

Type

of

Orp

han*

Mha

ndo

yenh

erer

a

Is (n

ame)

disa

bled

? M

unhu

uy

u ak

arem

ara

here

?

1. Y

es

2. N

o

1.H

ongu

2.K

wet

e

If Y

ES, W

hat i

s th

e ty

pe o

f di

sabi

lity?

*K

ana

akar

emar

a,ak

arem

ara

pai/s

ei?

Hav

e yo

u ev

er

atte

nded

scho

ol?

Aka

mbo

enda

kuch

ikor

o he

re?

1. Y

es

2. N

o If

NO

Go

to B

10

1.H

ongu

2.K

wet

e

Hig

hest

leve

l of

educ

atio

nco

mpl

eted

. A

kadz

idza

kus

vika

pa

danh

o ri

pi?

1. P

re–s

choo

l 2.

Prim

ary

3. S

econ

dary

4.

Hig

h Sc

hool

5.

Ter

tiary

(Non

-deg

reed

) 6.

Ter

tiary

(Deg

reed

)

Wha

t is t

he m

ain

reas

on w

hy (n

ame)

has n

ever

bee

n to

sc

hool

? C

hiko

nzer

o ch

ikur

u ch

iri

kum

utad

zisa

kuen

da k

uchi

koro

ch

ii?1.

Fin

anci

al c

onst

rain

ts

2. S

choo

l too

far a

way

3.

Ill/s

ick

4. S

till t

oo y

oung

5.

Oth

er

If (n

ame)

is n

o lo

nger

at s

choo

l, w

hat i

s the

mai

n re

ason

?

Chi

i chi

konz

ero

chik

uru

chak

aita

ku

ti as

iye

chik

oro?

1. F

inan

cial

con

stra

ints

2.

Sch

ool t

oo fa

r aw

ay

3. Il

l/sic

k 4.

Pre

gnan

cy re

late

d 5.

Com

plet

ed

6. O

ther

1.

1

2

1

2

3 1

2

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1 2

3

4

5

6

2.

1

2

1 2

3

1

2

1 2

3 4

5 6

7

1

2

1 2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

6

3.

1

2

1

2

3 1

2

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1 2

3

4

5

6

4.

1

2

1 2

3

1

2

1 2

3 4

5 6

7

1

2

1 2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

6

5.

1

2

1

2

3 1

2

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1 2

3

4

5

6

6.

1

2

1 2

3

1

2

1 2

3 4

5 6

7

1

2

1 2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

6

7.

1

2

1

2

3 1

2

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1 2

3

4

5

6

8.

1

2

1 2

3

1

2

1 2

3 4

5 6

7

1

2

1 2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

6

9.

1

2

1

2

3 1

2

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1 2

3

4

5

6

10

.

1

2

1 2

3

1

2

1 2

3 4

5 6

7

1

2

1 2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

6

11.

1

2

1

2

3 1

2

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1 2

3

4

5

6

12

.

1

2

1 2

3

1

2

1 2

3 4

5 6

7

1

2

1 2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

6

13.

1

2

1

2

3 1

2

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1 2

3

4

5

6

14

.

1

2

1 2

3

1

2

1 2

3 4

5 6

7

1

2

1 2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

6

15.

1

2

1

2

3 1

2

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1 2

3

4

5

6

E

nter

the

chie

f res

pond

ent’

s lin

e nu

mbe

r

If

Nam

es In

B1

Con

tinue

Tic

k In

The

Box

Bel

ow A

nd U

se A

noth

er S

heet

.–>

Census Shona and English Questionnaire

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Appendices

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OR

PHA

NS

AN

D V

UL

NE

RA

BL

E C

HIL

DR

EN

CE

NSU

S D

AT

ASH

EE

TC

ON

FID

ENTI

AL

whe

n co

mpl

eted

Prov

ince

Dis

tric

tW

ard

Sect

orE

AH

ouse

hold

Inte

rvie

wer

Cod

e D

ate

Supe

rvis

or C

ode

Dat

e A

Iden

tific

atio

n

C H

ouse

hold

’s L

ivin

g C

ondi

tions

D

wel

ling

Uni

tsT

ype

(Mul

tiple

resp

onse

acc

epte

d)

1.Tr

aditi

onal

*

Imba

dze

chiv

anhu

2. M

ixed

3.

Det

ache

d 4.

Sem

i-de

tach

ed

5. F

lat

6. S

hack

7.

Oth

er (s

peci

fy)

C1.

Ent

er n

umbe

r of

stru

ctur

es

C2.

Ent

er n

umbe

r of r

oom

s

C3.

Wat

er fo

r dr

inki

ng a

nd c

ooki

ng

Mvu

ra y

ekun

wa

neye

kubi

kisa

C

4. W

hat i

s the

hou

seho

ld’s

mai

n so

urce

of e

nerg

y? *

M

oto

wam

unos

hand

isa

kazh

inji

ndeu

pi?

C5.

Wha

t typ

e of

toile

t fac

ility

is u

sed

by th

is

hous

ehol

d? T

ick

one.

C

him

buzi

cha

mun

osha

ndis

a ch

akai

ta se

i?

Mai

n w

ater

so

urce

*K

unob

vam

vura

kaz

hinj

i

Dis

tanc

e fr

om w

ater

sour

ce*

Inha

mbo

i kus

vika

pa

mun

owan

a m

vura

C

ooki

ng*

Ligh

ting*

Fl

ush

Bla

ir Pi

t C

omm

unal

N

one

Food

Zvek

udya

Clo

thin

gZv

ipfe

koEd

ucat

ion

Dzi

dzo

Hea

lthU

tano

Oth

erZv

imw

ewo

Tota

lPa

mw

e ch

ete

C6.

Ave

rage

mon

thly

exp

endi

ture

on?

M

unow

anzo

shan

disa

mar

ii pa

mw

edzi

?

Ente

r am

ount

in lo

cal c

urre

ncy

C7.

Wha

t is t

he h

ouse

hold

’s a

vera

ge m

onth

ly in

com

e?

(Ent

er A

mou

nt)

Mun

owan

za k

uwan

a m

arii

pam

wed

zi?

C8.

Hou

seho

ld In

com

e(E

nter

Am

ount

)

1. R

emitt

ance

s M

ari

yam

unop

ihw

ane

ham

a dz

inog

ara

kune

dz

imw

enz

vim

bo

2. F

arm

ing

Kur

ima

3. W

ages

M

ugov

e 4.

Pen

sion

M

udya

ndig

ere

5. G

rant

s M

ari

yam

unop

ihw

ane

huru

men

de

6. O

wn

busi

ness

Mab

hizi

nesi

en

yu

7. C

asua

l Lab

our

Bas

ara

mun

osha

nda

kwen

guva

dik

i

8. O

ther

Zv

imwe

wo

H/h

inco

me

per

annu

m

C9.

Oth

er In

com

e In

dica

tors

- T

hey

mus

t be

func

tioni

ng (a

s obs

erve

d, o

r ask

ed) T

ick

the

appr

opria

te re

spon

seTe

levi

sion

R

adio

El

ectri

c st

ove

Chi

tofu

che

mag

etsi

Ph

one

Run

hare

C

arC

hovh

amub

ayi

wa

Man

ufac

turin

g eq

uipm

ent*

M

ichi

na y

ekug

adzi

ra zv

inhu

Fa

rm a

nim

als*

Zv

ipfu

yo

Farm

Eq

uipm

ent

*

Nat

ure*

So

urce

*

C10

. Ext

erna

l mat

eria

l ass

ista

nce

D M

ain

Indi

cato

rs o

f Vul

nera

bilit

y (c

ircle

resp

onse

)

D1.

How

man

y m

eals

do

you

have

per

day

? M

unow

ana

kudy

a ka

ngan

i paz

uva?

1

2

3

4

5

1. Y

es

2. N

o

D2.

Are

ther

e so

me

days

you

go

with

out f

ood?

M

unom

bosh

aya

kudy

a he

re m

amw

e m

azuv

a?

1

2

D3.

Are

ther

e an

y ch

ildre

n of

scho

ol g

oing

age

who

are

not a

ttend

ing

scho

ol?

Pane

her

e va

na

vano

fani

rwa

kung

e va

chie

nda

kuch

ikor

o va

siri

kue

nda?

1

2

D4.

Are

you

abl

e to

pay

med

ical

fees

(tra

nspo

rt an

d co

nsul

tatio

n), i

f the

chi

ldre

n fa

ll si

ck?

Kan

a va

na

vaka

rwar

a m

unok

wan

isa

here

kuv

aend

esa

kuch

ipat

ara?

1

2

D5.

Do

the

child

ren

have

ade

quat

e cl

othi

ng?

Van

a va

ne zv

ipfe

ko zv

akak

wan

a he

re?

1

2

D6.

Is th

ere

anyo

ne w

ho h

as b

een

ill d

urin

g th

e pa

st m

onth

in

the

hous

ehol

d?M

une

mur

wer

e he

re m

umba

m

uno?

1

2

D7.

Do

the

scho

ol g

oing

chi

ldre

n ha

ve a

dequ

ate

scho

ol u

nifo

rms?

Van

a va

ri k

uend

a ku

chik

oro

vane

may

unifo

mu

here

?1

2

D8.

(For

chi

ld h

eade

d h/

hold

s) A

re th

ere

child

ren

with

out

a ca

reta

ker(

s)?

1

2

D9.

(For

chi

ld h

eade

d h/

hold

s) D

o yo

u ha

ve a

nyon

e to

di

scus

s pro

blem

s with

? U

ne m

unhu

wau

nokw

anis

a ku

taur

a na

ye k

ana

une

zvin

okun

etsa

her

e?1

2

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

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ss.a

c.za

CHAPTER

56

APPENDIX 4b

Code Sheet – Shona

Question Codes Description

Result 1 Completed Mibvunzo yose yakaperakupindurwa2 Incomplete Mibvunzo haina kupera kupundurwa3 Refusal Vakaramba kupundura mibvunzo4 Dwellings vacant Pamusha paive pasina munhu5 Abandoned Pamusha hapasisina airikugarapo

Sector (land use)

1 Communal Land Kumaruzevha evanhu vatema2 Small-scale commercial Mapurazi madiki3 Large-scale commercial Mapurazi makuru4 Resettlement area Kuminda mirefu5 Urban Council area

6 Administrative Centres

7 Growth Point

8 Other Urban

9 State land e.g. national parks, safari areas

0 Special category

Gender 1 Male Murume2 Female Mukadzi

Age (as at last birthday) 00 For less than 1 year Anemakore ari pasi perimwe05 For those between 1 - 5 years Vane makore ari pakati

perimwe nemashanu98 For those aged 98 and above Makore 98 uye kudarikaa

Relationship to head of

household

1 Head Samusha

2 Spouse Mudzimai/Murume3 Child Mwana4 Sibling Vamwe vana vekuberekwa navo5 GrandPa – Maternal vabereki vakabereka amai6 GrandPa – Paternal vabereki vakabereka baba7 Other relative – Maternal Hama dzekwaamai8 Other relative – Paternal Hama dzekwababa9 Employee Mushandi0 Not related Asiri weukama

Orphan 1 Lost a mother akafirwa naamai2 Lost a father akafira nababa3 Lost both parents akafirwa nevabereki vose

Type of Disability 1 Difficulty moving Kunetseka pakufamba2 Difficulty seeing Kunetseka kuona3 Difficulty speaking Kunetseka pakutaura4 Difficulty hearing Kunetseka kunzwa5 Difficulty learning /mentally retarded Kunonoka kubata

zvadzidziswa6 Chronic fits/ Epilepsy Pfavi/pfari/tsviyo7 Mental illness Kurwara nepfungwa8 Other Zvimweo nyatsai kutsanangura

Type of Dwelling 1 Traditional (explain) Imba yedhakakana zvidhina asiyakapfirirwa

2 Mixed Dzimba dzedhaka/zvidhina dzakapfirirwa

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

57

neuswa, nedzimwe dzezvidhina dzine dengaremarata/mazenge dziri pamusha umwe

3 Detached dzimba dzezvidhina dzine denga remaratadzkazvimirira dzoga/dzisina madziroakabatananedzimwe dzimba

4 Semi-detached Dzimba mbiri dzakasiyana asidzakabatanidzwa nemadziro

5 Flat/Townhouse Dzimba nhatu kana kudarikadzirimumutsetse kana kudungamidzana pamusoroasidzichigara mhuri dzakasiyana

6 Shack Dzimba (dzisina kusimba) dzakavakwa nezvinhuzvinemutengo uri pasi pasi sematanda, plastics etc.

7 Other Dzimweo dzimba nyatsai kutsananguraMain water source 1 Piped water inside house Mvura yemupombi iri mumba

2 Piped water source outside Mvura yemupombi asi iripanze

3 Communal tap Pombi yemvura inoshandiswa nevanhuvakawanda

4 Well/borehole protected Tsime rakavharwa/chibhorai5 Well – unprotected Tsime risinakuvharwa6 River/stream/dam Rwizi/karukova/dzamu7 Other Zvimweo nyatsai kutsanangura

Distance from water

source

1 On premises Pamusha

2 Less than 500m Pasi pezvinhambwe 500m3 500m to 1km Pakati pe500m kusvika 1km4 More than 1km Kupfuura 1Km

Type of toilet facility 1 Flush Chemvura2 Blair Chimbuzi chine fefa inobuditsa hwemakunze3 Pit Gomba rakacherwa pasirisina fefa4 Communal Chimbuzi chinoshandiswa nemhuri

dzakawanda5 None Hapana

Energy type 1 Wood Huni2 Paraffin Parafini3 Electricity Magetsi4 Gas Gasi5 Coal Marasha6 Other Zvimweo nyatsai kutsanangura

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

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CHAPTER

58

APPENDIX 5a

Census Ndebele and English QuestionnaireO

RPH

AN

S A

ND

VU

LN

ER

AB

LE

CH

ILD

RE

N C

EN

SUS

DA

TA

SHE

ET

1

Prov

ince

Dis

tric

tW

ard

Sect

orE

AH

ouse

hold

Inte

rvie

wer

Cod

e D

ate

Supe

rvis

or C

ode

Dat

e A

Iden

tific

atio

n

CO

NFI

DEN

TIA

Lw

hen

com

plet

ed

Loc

atio

n of

Hom

e

Ung

aphi

um

uzi w

akho

Inte

rvie

wer

Visi

ts

1 2

A1

Phys

ical

Add

ress

/Vill

age

Nam

e Ik

heli

lePo

soD

ate

A2

Add

ition

al c

onta

ct d

etai

ls (n

eare

st fe

atur

e e.

g. sc

hool

) Iz

into

ezi

nkul

u ez

inga

nced

isa

ukuf

ika

kuhl

e em

zini

wak

ho?

Res

ult*

* St

ar in

dica

tes c

odes

to b

e us

ed a

vaila

ble

in c

ode

list p

age

3-4

B L

ist o

f mem

bers

of h

ouse

hold

Cha

sisa

uku

thi I

hou

seho

ld k

uyin

i?(T

hose

who

nor

mal

ly li

ve h

ere)

and

fill i

n th

e fo

llow

ing

info

rmat

ion

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

B8

B9

B10

B

11

Full

Nam

e Ib

izo

elig

cwel

eyo

Age

Imin

yaka

yakh

o

Wri

teag

e

Gen

der*

Ngo

yini

(Ngu

mfa

zi/

Inka

zana

/ Is

ilisa

/U

mfa

na

1.M

ale

2. F

emal

e

Rel

atio

nshi

pto

hea

d*U

yini

yom

unin

i m

uzi

Ent

er th

e co

de

Type

of

Orp

han*

Inta

ndan

een

jani

Abo

ve 1

8 ye

ars d

on’t

ask

stat

us o

f or

phan

hood

Is (n

ame)

disa

bled

?

Um

untu

lo uyis

ilim

a?

1. Y

es

2. N

o

If Y

ES, W

hat i

s th

e ty

pe o

f di

sabi

lity?

* U

ma

eyis

ilim

a ul

obul

imab

ani?

Ask

col

lect

ivel

y (P

robe

)

Hav

e yo

u ev

er

atte

nded

scho

ol?

Wak

e w

aya

esik

olo

na?

1. Y

es

2. N

o If

NO

Go

to B

10

Hig

hest

leve

l of

educ

atio

nco

mpl

eted

. W

afun

da w

afik

a ku

siga

ba si

phi?

1. P

re–s

choo

l 2.

Prim

ary

3. S

econ

dary

4.

Hig

h Sc

hool

5.

Ter

tiary

(Non

-deg

reed

) 6.

Ter

tiary

(Deg

reed

)

Wha

t is t

he m

ain

reas

on w

hy (n

ame)

has n

ever

bee

n to

sc

hool

? Yi

phi i

mba

ngel

a en

kulu

eba

ngel

e uk

uthi

ang

ayi

esik

olo?

1. F

inan

cial

con

stra

ints

2.

Sch

ool t

oo fa

r aw

ay

3. Il

l/sic

k 4.

Stil

l too

you

ng

5. O

ther

If (n

ame)

is n

o lo

nger

at s

choo

l, w

hat i

s the

mai

n re

ason

?

Yisi

phi i

siza

thu

esik

hulu

ese

nze

way

ekel

a is

ikol

o?

1. F

inan

cial

con

stra

ints

2.

Sch

ool t

oo fa

r aw

ay

3. Il

l/sic

k 4.

Pre

gnan

cy re

late

d 5.

Com

plet

ed

6. O

ther

16.

1

2

0

1

2 3

1

2

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1 2

3

4

5

6

17

.

1

2

0 1

2

3

1

2

1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

1

2

1 2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

6

18.

1

2

0

1

2 3

1

2

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1 2

3

4

5

6

19

.

1

2

0 1

2

3

1

2

1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

1

2

1 2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

6

20.

1

2

0

1

2 3

1

2

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1 2

3

4

5

6

21

.

1

2

0 1

2

3

1

2

1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

1

2

1 2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

6

22.

1

2

0

1

2 3

1

2

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1 2

3

4

5

6

23

.

1

2

0 1

2

3

1

2

1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

1

2

1 2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

6

24.

1

2

0

1

2 3

1

2

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1 2

3

4

5

6

25

.

1

2

0 1

2

3

1

2

1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

1

2

1 2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

6

26.

1

2

0

1

2 3

1

2

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1 2

3

4

5

6

27

.

1

2

0 1

2

3

1

2

1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

1

2

1 2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

6

28.

1

2

0

1

2 3

1

2

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1 2

3

4

5

6

29

.

1

2

0 1

2

3

1

2

1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

1

2

1 2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

6

30.

1

2

0

1

2 3

1

2

1

2 3

4 5

6 7

8

1

2

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

1 2

3

4

5

6

E

nter

the

chie

f res

pond

ent’

s lin

e nu

mbe

r

If

Nam

es In

B1

Con

tinue

Tic

k In

The

Box

Bel

ow A

nd U

se A

noth

er S

heet

.–>

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

59

OR

PHA

NS

AN

D V

UL

NE

RA

BL

E C

HIL

DR

EN

CE

NSU

S D

AT

ASH

EE

T

1

Prov

ince

Dis

tric

tW

ard

Sect

orE

AH

ouse

hold

Inte

rvie

wer

Cod

e D

ate

Supe

rvis

or C

ode

Dat

e A

Iden

tific

atio

n

CO

NFI

DEN

TIA

Lw

hen

com

plet

ed

C H

ouse

hold

’s L

ivin

g C

ondi

tions

D

wel

ling

Uni

tsT

ype*

Uhl

obo

lwez

indl

u zo

kuhl

ala

1.Tr

aditi

onal

Izin

dlu

zesi

ntu

2. M

ixed

3.

Det

ache

d 4.

Sem

i-de

tach

ed

5. F

lat

6. S

hack

7.

Oth

er (s

peci

fy)

C1.

Ent

er n

umbe

r of

stru

ctur

es

C2.

Ent

er n

umbe

r of r

oom

s

C3.

Wat

er fo

r dr

inki

ng a

nd c

ooki

ng

Am

anzi

aw

okup

heka

loku

nath

a C

4. W

hat i

s the

hou

seho

ld’s

mai

n so

urce

of e

nerg

y? *

Uhl

obo

lom

lilo

eluw

useb

enzi

sayo

kan

engi

yi

wup

hi?

C5 .

Wha

t is t

he m

ain

type

of t

oile

t fac

ility

us

ed b

y th

is h

ouse

hold

?Li

sebe

nzis

a is

ambu

si so

hlob

o lu

phi l

apha

ekh

aya

?Tic

k on

e.

Mai

n w

ater

so

urce

* L

apho

el

ithol

a kh

ona

aman

zi

Dis

tanc

e fr

om w

ater

sour

ce*

Iban

ga lo

kuya

em

anzi

ni

Coo

king

*W

okup

heki

saLi

ghtin

g*

Wok

ukha

nyis

a

Flus

h B

lair

Pit

Com

mun

al

Non

e

Food

Uku

dla

Clo

thin

gIz

emba

tho

Educ

atio

nE

kufu

ndis

eni

Hea

lthIm

pila

kahl

e

Oth

erO

kuny

eTo

tal

/Kon

keC

6. A

vera

ge m

onth

ly e

xpen

ditu

re o

n?

Imal

i oja

yele

uku

yise

benz

isa

ngen

yang

a?

Ente

r am

ount

in lo

cal c

urre

ncy/

Tshe

ngis

a ng

emal

i yeZ

imba

bwe

C7.

Wha

t is t

he h

ouse

hold

’s a

vera

ge m

onth

ly in

com

e?

(Ent

er A

mou

nt)

Nge

nyan

ga li

thol

a im

ali e

ngan

ani y

okus

eben

zisa

?

C8.

Hou

seho

ld In

com

eIm

ali e

liyith

olay

o(E

nter

Am

ount

)

1. R

emitt

ance

s Im

ali o

yith

ola

kuzi

hlob

o

2. F

arm

ing

Uku

lima

3. W

ages

U

mho

lo4.

Pen

sion

Im

pent

shen

i 5.

Gra

nts

Imal

i oyi

thol

a ku

hulu

men

de

laba

nced

isa

uhul

umen

de

6. O

wn

Bus

ines

s Ib

hizi

mi

si la

kho

7. C

asua

l Lab

our

Imis

eben

zi

yesi

khat

hies

ifits

hane

8. O

ther

O

kuny

e

H/h

inco

me

per

annu

m

C9.

Oth

er In

com

e In

dica

tors

- T

hey

mus

t be

func

tioni

ng (a

s obs

erve

d, o

r ask

ed) T

ick

the

appr

opria

te re

spon

seTe

levi

sion

R

adio

El

ectri

c st

ove

Phon

eC

arM

anuf

actu

ring

equi

pmen

t*

Farm

ani

mal

s*

Farm

Eq

uipm

ent

*

Ty

pe*

C

10. E

xter

nal m

ater

ial a

ssis

tanc

e So

urce

*

D M

ain

Indi

cato

rs o

f Vul

nera

bilit

y Iz

ibon

akal

iso

zoku

hluk

uluz

wa (

circ

le re

spon

se)

D1.

How

man

y m

eals

do

you

have

per

day

? Li

dla

kang

aki n

gela

nga

?1

2

3

4

5

1.

Yes

\yeb

o2.

N

o\ha

tshi

D2.

Are

ther

e so

me

days

you

go

with

out f

ood?

K

ulam

alan

ga la

pho

elits

hona

ling

adla

nga?

1

2

D3.

Are

ther

e an

y ch

ildre

n of

scho

ol g

oing

age

who

are

not a

ttend

ing

scho

ol?

Kul

aban

twan

a ab

afan

ele

ukuy

a es

ikol

o ab

anga

yiyo

?

1

2

N

/A

D4.

Are

you

abl

e to

pay

med

ical

fees

(tra

nspo

rt an

d co

nsul

tatio

n), i

f the

chi

ldre

n fa

ll si

ck?

Nxa

aban

twan

a ba

nga

gula

liye

nelis

a yi

ni u

kuba

ham

bisa

ka

nye

loku

ba b

hada

lela

esi

bhed

lela

?

1

2

N

/A

D5.

Do

the

child

ren

have

ade

quat

e cl

othi

ng?

Aba

ntw

ana

bale

zem

bath

o ez

anel

eyo

na?

1

2

N

/A

D6.

Is th

ere

anyo

ne w

ho h

as b

een

serio

usly

ill d

urin

g th

e pa

st m

onth

in th

e ho

useh

old?

Kul

o m

untu

ow

ake

wag

ula

okok

weh

lule

ka u

kuse

benz

a ng

enya

nya

ephe

liley

o ku

lo u

muz

i?

1

2

D7.

Do

the

scho

ol g

oing

chi

ldre

n ha

ve a

dequ

ate

scho

ol u

nifo

rms?

Aba

ntw

ana

abay

a es

ikol

o ba

lam

a un

ifom

u yi

ni?

1

2

N

/A

D8.

(For

chi

ld h

eade

d h/

hold

s) Is

ther

e a

care

take

r(s)

for

this

hou

seho

ld?

Kul

o ol

igci

nayo

yin

i kul

o um

uzi?

1

2

D9.

(For

chi

ld h

eade

d h/

hold

s) D

o yo

u ha

ve a

nyon

e to

di

scus

s pro

blem

s with

? K

ulom

untu

elim

bike

layo

nxa

ku

loku

hlup

hayo

1

2

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APPENDIX 5b

Code Sheet – Ndebele

Question Codes Description

Result /Impumela 1 Completed Kuphelele2 Incomplete Akupheleanga3 Refusal Balile4 Dwellings vacant Bekungela bantu5 Abandoned Bathutha

Sector (land use)/Indawo

ohlezi khona

1 Communal Land - Isabelo2 Small-scale commercial -Emapulazini amancinyane3 Large-scale commercial - Emapulazini amkhulu4 Resettlement area - Indawo eziqunyaqunyiweyo5 Urban Council area - Emadolobheni6 Administrative Centres- Kondaba zabantu7 Growth Point –Emadolobheni asakhulayo8 Other Urban- Amanye amadolobho9 State land e.g. national parks, safari areas –Indawo

zikahulumende0 Special category

Gender Ngumuntu oyini? 1 Male Isilisa/Umfana2 Female Inkazana/Ngumfazi

Age (as at last birthday)

Iminyaka

00 For less than 1 year – Ongaphansi komnyaka

Iminyaka yokuzalwa 05 For those between 1 - 5 years Labo abalomnyakaowodwa kusiya kwemihlanu

98 For those aged 98 and above – Labo abaleminyaka98 kusiya phezulu

Relationship to head of

household

1 Head Umninimuzi

Ubuhlobo bakho lomnini

muzi

2 Spouse Umfazi/Indoda

3 Child Ngumntwana4 Sibling Abanye abantwana ozalwa labo5 GrandPa – Maternal Abazali abazala umama6 GrandPa – Paternal Abazali abazala ubaba7 Other relative – Maternal Ezinye izihlobo zako mama8 Other relative – Paternal Ezinye izihlobo zako baba9 Employee Isisebenzi0 Not related Kasila buhlobo

Type of Orphan Yintandane

enjani?

1 Lost a mother Wafelwa ngumama

2 Lost a father Wafelwa ngubaba3 Lost both parents Wafelwa ngabazali bonke

Type of Disability 1 Difficulty moving Ulobunzima ekuhambeniUhlobo lobulima 2 Difficulty seeing Kaboni kuhle

3 Difficulty speaking Ulobunzimaekukhulumeni/kakhulumi kuhle

4 Difficulty hearing Kezwa kuhle5 Difficulty learning /mentally retarded Uyaphuza

ukubamba izinto nxa efundiswa

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6 Chronic fits/ Epilepsy Izithutwane/izifayifa7 Mental illness Ugula inqondo8 Other Okunye

Type of Dwelling Izindlu

zokuhlala

1 Traditional (Built from mud) Izindlu zodaka/izitinaezifulelwe ngotshani

2 Mixed Izundlu zodaka/izitina ezifulelwe ngama zengeemzini munye

3 Detached Indlu yezitina efulelwe ngamazengeezimele yodwa/ingabambananga lenye ngomduli

4 Semi-detached Izindlu ezimbili ezitshiyeneyo kodwazibanjaniswe ngemuduli

5 Flat/Townhouse Izundlu ezintathu loba ezingedlulaezibanjaniswe ngemduli kodwa Zihlala abantu lobaimuli ezitshiyeneyo

6 Shack Indlu eyakwe ngezinto ezitholakalakuyenaleyo indawo kungaba ngamaplastics lobaizigodo ezile nntengo ephansi

7 Other Lezi zindawo ezihlanganisa izintoMain water source Lapho

lithola khona amanzi

1 Piped water inside house Amanzi empompi asendlini

2 Piped water source outside Amanzi empompi apandlekwendlu

3 Communal tap Impompi yamanzi okunathaesetshenziswa ngabatu a abanengi

4 Well/borehole protected Umthombo wamanziovaliwayo

5 Well – unprotected Umtombo wamanziongavalwanga

6 River/stream/dam Amanzi avela emfuleni/ lobaesifuleni loba edamu

7 Other OkunyeDistance from water source 1 On premises - ngekhaya

Ibanga lamanzi 2 Less than 500m - ngaphansikwe 500m

3 500m to 1km -phakathi kwe 500m kusiya ku1km4 More than 1km ngaphezu kwe1km

Type of toilet facility

Uhlobo lwesambuzi

1 Flush Isambusi samanzi

2 Blair Isambusi esilo muphongolo okupa umnukokanye lokuvalela impukani ukuthi zingaphumi

3 Pit Igodi loba isambisi esingela sefa lobaimphongolo

4 Communal Isambusi esisebenziswa ngabantuabanengi loba imuli

5 None AkulaEnergy type Uhlobo

lwamandla eliwasebenzisayo

1 Wood Inkuni

2 Paraffin Parafini3 Electricity Amagetsi4 Gas Igasi5 Coal Amalahle6 Other Okunye

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APPENDIX 6

Quality Control of Questionnaire Checklist

Quality Control Categories

a. Was section A asked/completed correctly?

b. Was section B asked/completed correctly for all persons in the household?

c. Was section C asked/completed correctly on the questionnaire for the

household?

d. Was section D asked/completed correctly on the questionnaire for the

household?

e. Was the questionnaire correctly signed and dated?

f. Was the correct procedure followed when identifying all the household

members?

g. Was the sticker correctly placed on the dwelling unit?

e. To ensure that their enumerators did not encroach into their fellow team

members’ enumeration areas and other teams’ enumeration areas.

Supervisors’ Quality Control Checklist for Questionnaire Administration

Quality Control Categories

a. Was section A completed correctly?

b. Was section B completed correctly for all persons in the household?

c. Was section C completed correctly on the questionnaire for the household?

d. Was section D completed correctly on the questionnaire for the household?

e. Was the questionnaire correctly signed and dated?

In addition to this, the possible errors supervisors were likely to make were also

highlighted. There were three possible outcomes from a supervisor’s review of five

questionnaires:

The enumerator has a perfect record, no error

The enumerator has a low to moderate error rate

The enumerator has a high error rate

A high error rate is:

More than five mistakes on one questionnaire

Or more than fifteen mistakes in total on five questionnaires

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APPENDIX 7

List of Supervisors

Bulilima District

Mr Moses Madzadzavara, Mr Timothy Manyinyire, Mr Joseph Chipinduro, Ms Daina Mtabeni, Mr Odwell Muzari, Ms Nontabiso Moyo, Mr Washington Rwodzi, Mr Somandla Dube, Mr KC Mabuza, Mr David Moyo, Mr B Ngwenya, Mr T Pahla, Mr Bongani Ngwenya, Mr N Uteng, Mr Mhlawumbe Ndebele, Mr Taurai Moyo, Mr R Hanyane, Mr Tedius Ndlovu and Mr A Magumise

Mangwe District

Mr Timothy Mutsvari, Ms Sitholumusa Shumba, Ms Ropafadzo Manema, Ms Iylit Shereni, Ms Olivia Zenda, Ms Rennie Chioreso, Mr Pamenus Maponga, Mr Godfrey Makanda, Mr Thabani Ncube, Mr Godfrey Matsinde, Mr Artwell Chogugudza, Mr Bekithemba Mguni, Mr Future Imbayago, Mr Mthokozisi Tshuma, Mr Cryton Tebe, Mr Patrick Sibanda, Ms Sidumiso Ncube, Mr Kasaya Banda, Mr David Moyo, Mr Sidile Dingumuzi, Mr K Sibanda

Plumtree District

Ms Philisiah Sibanda, Ms Rose Msesengwa, Ms Grace Mtubuki and Ms N Nyondo

Chimanimani District

Mr Teramai Moyana, Mrs Kerina Duri, Mr Anderson Munatsi, Mr James Chivenga, Ms Liliosa Chambwera, Ms Josephine Jonato, Mr Pardon Viriri, Mr Enock Mugaviri, Ms Getrude Matonda, Mr John Chakasikwa, Mr Noah Nyongo, Ms Rufaro Nyagomo, Mr Gift Nyamundanda, Ms TH Gumbo, Ms Verna Mazhawidza, Mrs Rose Chibatamoto, Mrs A Karonga, Mrs Elipher Mashange, Mrs Getrude Mutambanengwe, Mr Peter Mafunga, Mr Nicholas Madzivanzira, Mr Aubrey Kamalizeni

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APPENDIX 8

Ward Analysis of Census Results by District

Bulilima, Mangwe and Plumtree

Table 1a: Population distribution of Bulilima by sex

Ward Name Ward Number Males Females Total

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

2 173

1 765

2 919

2 996

2 529

855

3 438

2 241

2 113

1 807

2 302

2 121

2 396

2 646

1 068

943

391

180

2 251

2 538

2 234

3 613

3 508

3 218

1 125

4 535

2 908

2 523

2 214

2 830

2 686

2 936

3 111

1 171

972

386

168

2 174

4 711

3 999

6 532

6 504

5 747

1 980

7 973

5 149

4 636

4 021

5 132

4 807

5 332

5 757

2 239

1 915

777

348

4 425

Total 37 134 44 850 81 984

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Table 1b: Population distribution of Mangwe by sex

Ward No Ward Name Males Females Total

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama S Scale

2 799

2 652

4 138

2 441

2 747

2 715

2 171

2 581

2 669

2 235

1 036

215

3 277

2 998

4 815

3 057

3 389

3 360

2 559

3 308

3 344

2 784

799

235

6 076

5 650

8 953

5 498

6 136

6 075

4 730

5 889

6 013

5 019

1 835

450

Total 28 399 33 925 62 324

Table 1c: Population distribution of Plumtree by sex

Ward No Ward Name Males Females Total

1

2

3

4

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

1 000

1 325

948

853

1 267

1 582

1 186

851

2 267

2 907

2 134

1 704

Total 4 126 4 886 9 012

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66

Table 2a: Population distribution of Bulilima by ophanhood status

Ward Name Both parents

alive

Mother

dead

Father

dead

Both parents

dead

Total

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

1 912

1 482

2 653

2 608

1 998

558

3 450

2 387

1 925

1 509

2 209

1 925

2 408

2 417

913

781

372

123

1 659

103

93

146

172

155

80

184

86

216

69

128

123

178

131

50

38

34

14

86

493

454

696

550

577

182

828

449

457

501

532

589

421

598

224

123

58

22

403

193

192

223

299

173

88

209

140

144

121

171

142

95

187

67

51

20

12

110

2 701

2 221

3 718

3 629

2 903

908

4 671

3 062

2 742

2 200

3 040

2 779

3 102

3 333

1 254

993

484

171

2 258

Total 33 289 2 086 8 157 2 637 46 169

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Table 2b: Population distribution of Mangwe by orphanhood status

Ward Name

Both parents

alive

Mother

dead

Father

dead

Both parents

dead

Total

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama Small Scale

2 746

2 226

3 843

2 654

2 747

2 576

2 090

2 653

2 792

2 483

670

134

113

151

235

116

123

152

108

133

123

80

27

8

539

543

992

428

546

515

472

468

597

380

153

49

136

210

237

124

161

131

155

99

185

86

12

5

3 534

3 130

5 307

3 322

3 577

3 374

2 825

3 353

3 697

3 029

862

196

Total 27 614 1 369 5 682 1 541 36 206

Table 2c: Population distribution of Plumtree by orphanhood status

Ward Name Both parents

alive

Mother

dead

Father

dead

Both parents

dead

Total

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

925

1 051

717

566

44

50

53

22

147

176

203

105

73

74

57

54

1 189

1 351

1 030

747

Total 3 259 169 631 258 4 317

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Table 3a: Population distribution of Bulilima by ward and disability status

Ward Name Are you disabled? Total

Yes n (%)

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

423 (9.1)

348 (8.8)

342 (5.3)

356 (5.6)

234 (4.3)

181 (9.4)

620 (7.9)

103 (2.0)

146 (3.2)

418 (10.5)

223 (4.4)

283 (5.9)

221 (4.2)

363 (6.4)

111 (5.1)

119 (6.3)

75 (7.8)

14 (4.0)

215 (4.9)

4 674

3 968

6 432

6 407

5 482

1 935

7 849

5 167

4 622

3 987

5 104

4 767

5 292

5 665

2 184

1 904

959

350

4 400

Total 4 795 (5.9) 81 148

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Table 3b: Population distribution of Mangwe by ward and disability status

Ward No Ward Name Are you disabled?

Yes n (%)

Total

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Empandeni

Izimnyama Communal

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama S Scale

310 (5.2)

417 (7.4)

798 (9.0)

172 (3.1)

319 (5.2)

272 (4.5)

159 (3.4)

223 (3.8)

393 (6.6)

204 (4.0)

98 (5.3)

23 (5.2)

6 005

5 633

8 905

5 488

6 092

6 017

4 726

5 843

5 987

5 041

1 833

442

Total 3 388 (5.5) 62 012

Table 3c: Population distribution of Plumtree by ward and disability status

Ward No Ward Name Are you disabled?

Yes n (%)

Total

1

2

3

4

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

57 (2.5)

58 (2.0)

66 (3.2)

60 (3.5)

2 262

2 833

2 093

1 695

Total 241 (2.7) 8 883

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Table 4a: Population distribution of Bulilima by disability status

Ward Name Difficulty in

moving

Difficulty in seeing

Difficulty in

speaking

Difficulty in

hearing

Chronic fits/

epilepsy

Mental illness

Multiple disability

Others Total

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

93

123

72

94

65

53

151

25

41

73

74

83

55

71

25

17

16

6

60

76

62

71

75

53

28

140

16

23

76

37

44

53

88

16

33

17

3

49

10

11

19

21

14

7

26

4

10

25

8

16

14

11

7

11

3

0

8

21

36

34

21

16

10

41

2

16

26

10

27

17

22

14

6

5

0

12

14

20

24

5

6

3

6

7

7

21

3

6

4

15

3

2

0

1

4

42

36

25

51

29

14

43

9

7

32

14

16

22

50

17

12

9

2

17

45

11

38

52

18

35

78

9

9

53

35

24

24

43

11

23

11

1

23

103

43

23

25

15

24

112

20

11

95

34

27

16

53

11

14

11

1

37

404

342

306

344

216

174

597

92

124

401

215

243

205

353

104

118

72

14

210

Total 1 197 960 225 336 151 447 543 675 4 534

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Table 4b: Population distribution of Mangwe by disability status

Ward Name Difficulty in

moving

Difficulty in seeing

Difficulty in

speaking

Difficulty in

hearing

Chronic fits/

epilepsy

Mental illness

Multiple disability

Others Total

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama S

Scale

61

132

156

35

83

79

38

55

125

61

22

4

43

129

123

33

69

42

32

35

63

32

21

7

22

32

34

5

23

11

10

13

31

7

7

1

26

30

50

10

9

11

7

14

17

9

10

6

11

18

20

9

11

12

4

5

10

12

6

0

59

29

68

25

32

34

20

22

53

20

5

1

27

24

156

44

45

27

14

32

43

29

7

5

50

18

127

7

28

38

18

33

41

25

18

0

299

412

734

168

300

254

143

209

383

195

96

24

Total 851 629 196 199 118 368 453 403 3 217

Table 4c: Population distribution of Plumtree by disability status

Ward Name

Difficulty in

moving

Difficulty in

seeing

Difficulty in

speaking

Difficulty in

hearing

Chronic fits/

epilepsy

Mental illness

Multiple disability

Others Total

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

6

11

7

13

16

12

9

7

4

1

2

1

4

1

5

3

1

3

3

2

2

5

5

5

9

1

7

7

8

10

4

3

50

44

42

41

Total 37 44 8 13 9 17 24 25 177

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

72

Table 5a: Population distribution of Bulilima by ward and education status

Ward Name Have you ever attended any school? Total

Yes n (%)

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

3 762 (81.4)

3 247 (87.5)

4 977 (76.7)

5 203 (80.9)

4 335 (78.2)

1 466 (75.3)

6 202 (78.5)

3 385 (65.9)

3 117 (69.9)

2 852 (71.1)

3 905 (77.8)

3 353 (70.3)

3 956 (75.5)

4 465 (81.2)

1 745 (78.7)

1 480 (77.6)

632 (74.7)

268 (77.0)

3 435 (80.8)

4 619

3 709

6 493

6 434

5 541

1 946

7 905

5 137

4 458

4 010

5 022

4 771

5 237

5 500

2 216

1 906

846

348

4 249

Total 61 785 (76.9) 80 347

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

73

Table 5b: Population distribution of Mangwe by ward and education status

Ward

No

Ward Name Have you ever attended any school? Total

Yes n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama S Scale

4 817 (81.8)

4 531 (80.8)

7 112 (79.8)

4 212 (81.6)

4 672 (76.1)

4 617 (80.4)

3 550 (79.8)

4 137 (70.9)

4 406 (76.1)

3 703 (73.8)

1 301 (71.6)

355 (80.5)

5 889

5 609

8 912

5 159

6 137

5 746

4 448

5 832

5 792

5 015

1 816

441

Total 47 413 (78.0) 60 796

Table 5c: Population distribution of Plumtree by ward and education status

Ward

No

Ward Name Have you ever attended any school? Total

Yes

n (%)

1

2

3

4

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

1 905 (84.4)

2 380 (83.2)

1 732 (82.6)

1 345 (80.3)

2 256

2 861

2 097

1 676

Total 7 362 (82.8) 8 890

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

74

Table 6a: Population distribution of Bulilima by education level status

Ward Name Pre-

Primary

Primary Secondary High

school

Tertiary

(non-

degreed)

Tertiary

(degreed)

Total

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

278

283

280

215

117

90

615

63

118

149

370

167

233

292

123

48

20

1

190

2 624

2 165

3 695

3 503

2 865

696

4 284

2 732

2 105

1 638

2 749

2 549

2 778

3 093

1 312

1 047

482

203

2 272

754

659

897

1 353

1 196

194

1 189

538

538

607

705

539

815

1 026

271

327

120

66

842

19

11

19

19

20

4

33

4

16

10

19

24

20

30

15

10

4

0

57

18

20

25

22

43

0

14

16

15

17

35

16

17

7

8

12

2

1

26

16

0

17

20

9

16

2

5

13

6

0

6

6

3

1

1

4

1

46

3 709

3 138

4 933

5 132

4 250

1 000

6 137

3 358

2 805

2 427

3 878

3 301

3 869

4 451

1 730

1 445

632

272

3 433

Total 3 652 42 792 12 636 334 314 172 59 900

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

75

Table 6b: Population distribution of Mangwe by education level status

Ward Name Pre-

Primary

Primary Secondary High

school

Tertiary

(non-

degreed)

Tertiary

(degreed)

Total

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama S Scale

466

337

643

340

376

497

335

66

165

180

11

13

3 604

2 735

4 602

2 974

3 187

3 156

2 355

3 170

3 278

2 873

965

208

624

1 399

1 633

825

883

871

793

848

902

608

287

116

28

28

142

9

13

20

16

16

23

13

15

8

28

8

37

19

80

10

37

27

8

1

5

8

38

18

27

10

13

7

6

10

9

2

1

3

4 788

4 525

7 084

4 177

4 552

4 561

3 542

4 137

4 385

3 677

1 284

356

Total 3 429 33 107 9 789 331 268 144 47 068

Table 6c: Population distribution of Plumtree by education level status

Ward

Name

Pre-

Primary

Primary Secondary High

school

Tertiary

(non-

degreed)

Tertiary

(degreed)

Total

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

75

67

73

32

852

1 078

693

549

855

1 090

753

622

40

54

55

54

35

22

36

35

5

38

27

45

1 862

2 349

1 637

1 337

Total 247 3 172 3 320 203 128 115 7 185

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

76

Table 7a: Household distribution of Bulilima by source of water

Ward Name Piped water

inside the house

Piped water

outside the

house

Communal tap

Well/borehole protected

Well/borehole

unprotected

River/stream/

dam

Others Total

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

0

2

4

1

3

0

11

3

19

12

25

5

9

8

1

1

0

0

111

2

8

5

2

0

0

21

2

3

22

7

4

2

29

2

0

1

0

76

1

5

6

8

0

25

31

0

1

6

15

18

153

52

1

0

0

0

159

727

732

466

821

716

228

885

666

826

480

515

361

838

250

326

325

104

76

57

6

2

33

149

57

6

110

58

3

25

9

33

2

8

0

63

9

0

125

175

77

727

298

42

147

479

233

45

219

406

421

22

717

71

3

51

0

432

7

10

7

5

5

0

6

11

6

3

0

21

3

0

2

1

0

0

6

918

836

1 248

1 284

1 202

406

1 543

973

903

767

977

863

1 029

1 064

403

393

165

76

966

Total 215 186 481 9 399 698 4 944 93 16 016

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

77

Table 7b: Household distribution of Mangwe by source of water

Ward Name Piped water

inside the house

Piped water

outside the

house

Communal tap

Well/borehole protected

Well/borehole

unprotected

River/stream/

dam

Others Total

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama S

Scale

62

10

19

2

158

12

6

12

9

22

13

1

5

10

9

13

56

17

13

46

0

3

71

5

1

3

9

36

55

10

0

2

0

2

54

1

588

888

1025

411

742

493

665

269

534

375

64

63

35

40

2

5

98

20

60

19

13

101

44

9

419

62

477

561

148

411

122

713

458

387

245

12

4

1

10

5

5

166

2

5

1

0

1

1

1 114

1 014

1 551

1 033

1 262

1 129

868

1 066

1 015

890

492

92

Total 326 248 173 6 117 446 4 015 201 11 526

Table 7c: Household distribution of Plumtree by source of water

Ward Name

Piped water

inside the house

Piped water outside the

house

Communal tap

Well/borehole protected

Well/borehole

unprotected

River/stream/

dam

Others Total

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

442

204

319

336

8

387

150

123

25

145

28

8

10

10

12

20

1

1

8

1

4

4

4

1

0

5

5

2

490

756

528

491

Total 1 301 668 206 52 11 13 12 2 265

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

78

Table 8a: Household distribution of Bulilima by source of energy for cooking

Ward Name Wood Paraffin Electricity Gas Coal Solar Other Total

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

880

819

1 132

1 271

1 188

402

1 524

952

868

751

965

838

861

1 057

381

387

164

21

841

2

6

6

7

4

0

7

4

3

7

1

10

2

1

16

0

1

55

1

29

6

3

0

0

0

0

1

2

1

0

0

108

0

0

0

0

0

116

3

1

28

2

2

1

3

3

23

2

8

0

56

3

0

5

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

72

0

0

0

2

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

4

4

7

4

8

2

7

12

7

5

2

15

2

2

6

1

0

0

4

918

836

1 248

1 284

1 202

406

1 543

973

903

767

977

863

1 029

1 064

403

393

165

76

966

Total 15 302 133 266 142 4 77 92 16 016Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

79

Table 8b: Household distribution of Mangwe by source of energy for cooking

Ward Name Wood Paraffin Electricity Gas Coal Solar Other Total

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama S Scale

1 029

983

1 500

1 023

1 146

802

854

945

996

887

463

84

5

4

7

3

12

24

2

17

13

1

1

0

54

22

26

1

54

25

6

1

2

0

24

6

8

3

6

2

46

219

5

49

1

1

2

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

6

0

0

0

1

9

0

1

0

0

46

0

43

1

0

0

0

9

2

11

4

4

12

1

5

2

1

2

0

1 114

1 014

1 551

1 033

1 262

1 129

868

1 066

1 015

890

492

92

Total 10 712 89 221 343 8 100 53 11 526

Table 8c: Household distribution of Plumtree by source of energy for cooking

Ward Name Wood Paraffin Electricity Gas Coal Solar Other Total

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

68

169

129

209

7

23

9

13

390

558

389

264

2

0

0

1

1

2

0

0

0

0

1

0

22

4

0

4

490

756

528

491

Total 575 52 1 601 3 3 1 30 2 265

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

80

Table 9a: Household distribution of Bulilima by source of energy for lighting

Ward Name Wood Paraffin Electricity Gas Coal Solar Other Total

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

28

26

149

117

63

33

86

61

93

49

430

120

80

84

29

10

6

12

117

607

593

896

910

841

267

1 203

790

558

561

524

664

897

658

337

268

110

60

451

31

12

0

4

1

2

9

1

2

10

2

0

2

0

2

1

2

0

145

1

0

3

0

0

0

1

0

1

2

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

4

0

2

2

0

0

3

1

7

0

0

0

1

0

2

5

3

3

7

19

6

7

4

10

5

3

0

3

7

2

7

3

0

6

246

201

197

245

247

98

235

115

239

140

314

78

69

314

33

106

43

4

245

918

836

1 248

1 284

1 202

406

1 543

973

903

767

977

863

1 029

1 064

403

393

165

76

966

Total 1 293 11 165 226 12 24 100 3 196 16 016Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

81

Table 9b: Household distribution of Mangwe by source of energy for lighting

Ward Name Wood Paraffin Electricity Gas Coal Solar Other Total

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama SScale

31

63

105

43

111

133

20

54

47

14

61

2

820

736

917

612

741

475

321

433

558

235

255

72

61

31

29

1

3

9

8

1

0

1

43

7

2

1

0

2

2

10

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

2

3

0

1

1

2

2

4

1

2

0

14

6

13

4

12

9

11

9

11

13

3

1

185

175

484

371

392

492

506

567

392

625

128

10

1 114

1 014

1 551

1 033

1 262

1 129

868

1 066

1 015

890

492

92

Total 684 6 175 194 19 19 106 4 329 11 526

Table 9c: Household distribution of Plumtree by source of energy for lighting

Ward Name Wood Paraffin Electricity Gas Coal Solar Other Total

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

9

15

13

14

47

48

68

97

418

662

419

312

0

0

1

0

0

17

0

0

0

0

0

1

16

14

27

67

490

756

528

491

Total 51 260 1 811 1 17 1 124 2 265

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

82

Table 10a: Household distribution of Bulilima by toilet facility

Ward Name Flush Blair Pit Communal None Total

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

1

10

2

2

26

0

2

2

1

93

29

6

7

12

5

2

13

0

134

330

465

386

502

570

155

340

200

168

165

237

207

264

365

309

344

53

33

131

58

20

17

23

11

6

36

23

23

9

10

31

33

30

2

10

8

0

23

1

38

0

6

8

1

2

0

2

0

9

0

6

5

0

1

0

0

62

528

303

843

751

587

244

1 163

748

709

500

692

619

719

652

87

36

91

43

616

918

836

1 248

1 284

1 202

406

1 543

973

903

767

977

863

1 029

1 064

403

393

165

76

966

Total 347 5 224 373 141 9 931 16 016Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

83

Table 10b: Household distribution of Mangwe by toilet facility

Ward Name Flush Blair Pit Communal None Total

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama S Scale

69

8

23

2

55

8

4

8

3

2

74

1

448

486

734

368

539

352

484

505

313

470

89

71

14

37

32

74

59

64

15

11

122

14

16

1

5

0

58

14

2

5

6

0

1

1

0

0

578

483

704

575

607

700

359

542

576

403

313

19

1 114

1 014

1 551

1 033

1 262

1 129

868

1 066

1 015

890

492

92

Total 257 4 859 459 92 5 859 11 526

Table 10c: Household distribution of Plumtree by toilet facility

Ward Name Flush Blair Pit Communal None Total

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

433

548

399

383

6

16

19

41

0

17

8

16

6

160

60

10

45

15

42

41

490

756

528

491

Total 1 763 82 41 263 143 2 265

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

84

Table 11a: Household distribution of Bulilima by vulnerability status

Ward Name Less vulnerable Moderately

vulnerable

Highly vulnerable Total

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

662

558

902

923

800

284

1 049

652

528

545

667

591

820

836

202

306

106

55

717

232

251

327

340

368

117

460

309

319

208

295

248

207

212

189

82

55

19

225

24

27

19

21

34

5

34

12

56

14

15

24

2

16

12

5

4

2

24

918

836

1 248

1 284

1 202

406

1 543

973

903

767

977

863

1 029

1 064

403

393

165

76

966

Total 11 203 4 463 350 16 016

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

85

Table 11b: Household distribution of Mangwe by vulnerability status

Ward Name Less vulnerable Moderately

vulnerable

Highly vulnerable Total

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama S Scale

638

684

836

727

891

921

671

667

597

514

405

79

436

295

620

285

345

199

186

364

377

346

84

13

40

35

95

21

26

9

11

35

41

30

3

0

1 114

1 014

1 551

1 033

1 262

1 129

868

1 066

1 015

890

492

92

Total 7 630 3 550 346 11 526

Table 11c: Household distribution of Plumtree by vulnerability status

Ward Name Less vulnerable Moderately

vulnerable

Highly vulnerable Total

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

429

678

459

436

58

75

64

55

3

3

5

0

490

756

528

491

Total 2 002 252 11 2 265

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

86

Table 12a: Household distribution of Bulilima by number of meals per day and by ward

Ward Name How many meals a day do you usually have? Total

1 meal a day At least 2 meals a day

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

536 (58.4)

479 (57.3)

765 (61.3)

711 (55.4)

517 (43.0)

182 (81.3)

812 (52.6)

354 (36.4)

366 (40.5)

294 (38.3)

430 (44.0)

386 (44.7)

503 (48.9)

580 (54.5)

191 (47.4)

307 (78.1)

118 (71.5)

59 (77.6)

693 (71.7)

382

357

483

573

685

224

731

619

537

473

547

477

526

484

212

86

47

17

273

918

836

1 248

1 284

1 202

406

1 543

973

903

767

977

863

1 029

1 064

403

393

165

76

966

Total 8 283 (51.7) 7 733 16 016

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

87

Table 12b: Household distribution of Mangwe by number of meals per day and ward

Ward

No

Ward Name How many meals a day do you usually have? Total

1 meal a day

(V)

At least 2 meals a day

(NV)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama S Scale

574 (51.5)

571 (56.3)

678 (43.7)

485 (47.0)

856 (67.8)

573 (50.8)

419 (48.3)

369 (34.6)

307 (30.2)

353 (39.7)

377 (76.6)

74 (80.4)

540

443

873

548

406

556

449

697

708

537

115

18

1 114

1 014

1 551

1 033

1 262

1 129

868

1 066

1 015

890

492

92

Total 5 636 (48.9) 5 890 11 526

Table 12c: Household distribution of Plumtree by number of meals per day and ward

Ward Name How many meals a day do you usually have? Total

1 meal a day

(V)

At least 2 meals a day

(NV)

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

417 (85.1)

624 (82.5)

401 (75.9)

378 (77.0)

73

132

127

113

490

756

528

491

Total 1 820 (80.4) 445 2 265

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

88

Table 13a: Household distribution of Bulilima by ward and whether they go for some days without food

Ward Name Do you go for some days without food? Total

Yes n (%)

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

265 (28.9)

215 (25.7)

399 (32.0)

369 (28.7)

292 (24.3)

95 (23.4)

349 (22.6)

271 (27.9)

224 (24.8)

171 (22.3)

310 (31.7)

279 (32.3)

267 (25.9)

262 (24.6)

89 (22.1)

194 (49.4)

59 (35.8)

38 (50.0)

244 (25.3)

918

836

1 248

1 284

1 202

406

1 543

973

903

767

977

863

1 029

1 064

403

393

165

76

966

Total 4 392 (27.4) 16 016

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

89

Table 13b: Household distribution of Mangwe by ward and whether they go for some days without food

Ward No Ward Name Do you go for some days without food? Total

Yes n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama S Scale

847 (76.0)

808 (79.7)

1 274 (82.1)

793 (76.8)

855 (67.7)

877 (77.7)

617 (71.1)

843 (79.1)

884 (87.1)

762 (85.6)

321 (65.2)

47 (51.1)

1 114

1 014

1 551

1 033

1 262

1 129

868

1 066

1 015

890

492

92

Total 8 928 (77.5) 11 526

Table 13c: Household distribution of Plumtree by ward and whether they go for some days without food

Ward No Ward Name Do you go for some days without food? Total

Yes n (%)

1

2

3

4

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

251 (51.2)

459 (60.7)

273 (51.7)

205 (88.0)

490

756

528

233

Total 1 188 (59.2) 2 007

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

90

Table 14a: Household distribution of Bulilima by ward and whether there are children of school-going age who are not going to school

Ward Name Do you have children of school-going age who are not

going to school?

Total

Yes n (%)

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjingei

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

698 (76.0)

615 (73.6)

912 (73.1)

965 (75.2)

978 (81.4)

308 (75.9)

1 044 (67.7)

715 (73.5)

592 (65.6)

554 (72.2)

663 (67.9)

582 (67.4)

750 (72.9)

775 (72.8)

293 (72.7)

274 (69.7)

123 (74.5)

59 (77.6)

764 (79.1)

918

836

1 248

1 284

1 202

406

1 543

973

903

767

977

863

1 029

1 064

403

393

165

76

966

Total 11 664 (72.8) 16 016

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

91

Table 14b: Household distribution of Mangwe by ward and whether there are children of school-going age who are not going to school

Ward No Ward Name Do you have children of school-going age who

are not going to school?

Total

Yes n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama S Scale

300 (26.9)

229 (22.6)

421 (27.1)

255 (24.7)

305 (24.2)

157 (13.9)

191 (22.0)

323 (30.3)

289 (28.5)

282 (31.7)

68 (13.8)

13 (14.1)

1 114

1 014

1 551

1 033

1 262

1 129

868

1 066

1 015

890

492

92

Total 2 833 (24.6) 11 526

Table 14c: Household distribution of Plumtree by ward and whether there are children of school-going age who are not going to school

Ward No Ward Name Do you have children of school-going age who are

not going to school?

Total

Yes n (%)

1

2

3

4

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

417 (85.1)

687 (90.9)

473 (89.6)

421 (85.7)

490

756

528

491

Total 1 998 (88.2) 2 265

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

92

Table 15a: Household distribution of Bulilima by ward and whether they are able to pay for medical fees and consultation if the children fall sick

Ward Name Able to pay medical fees and consultation when sick Total

No n (%)

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

325 (35.4)

462 (55.3)

491 (39.3)

695 (54.1)

628 (52.2)

183 (45.1)

717 (46.5)

499 (51.3)

430 (47.6)

173 (22.6)

500 (51.2)

273 (31.6)

336 (32.7)

234 (22.0)

279 (69.2)

179 (45.5)

133 (80.6)

43 (56.6)

391 (40.5)

918

836

1 248

1 284

1 202

406

1 543

973

903

767

977

863

1 029

1 064

403

393

165

76

966

Total 7 401 (43.5) 16 016

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

93

Table 15b: Household distribution of Mangwe by ward and whether they are able to pay for medical fees and consultation if the children fall sick

Ward No Ward Name Able to pay medical fees and

consultation if children fall sick

Total

No n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama S Scale

798 (71.6)

491 (48.4)

973 (62.7)

480 (46.5)

669 (53.0)

317 (28.1)

344 (39.6)

490 (46.0)

561 (55.3)

463 (52.0)

207 (42.1)

28 (30.4)

1 114

1 014

1 551

1 033

1 262

1 129

868

1 066

1 015

890

492

92

Total 5 821 (50.5) 11 526

Table 15c: Household distribution of Plumtree by ward and whether they are able to pay for medical fees and consultation if the children fall sick

Ward No Ward

Name

Able to pay medical fees and

consultation if children fall sick

Total

No n (%)

1

2

3

4

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

174 (35.5)

230 (30.4)

219 (41.5)

158 (32.2)

490

756

528

491

Total 781 (34.5) 2 265

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

94

Table 16a: Household distribution of Bulilima by ward and whether the children have adequate clothing

Ward Name Do the children have adequate clothing? Total

No n (%)

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

648 (70.6)

619 (74.0)

877 (70.3)

910 (70.9)

879 (73.1)

321 (79.1)

1 049 (68.0)

743 (76.4)

684 (75.7)

535 (69.8)

727 (74.4)

708 (82.0)

681 (66.2)

779 (73.2)

302 (74.9)

251 (63.9)

121 (73.3)

48 (63.2)

600 (62.1)

918

836

1248

1284

1202

406

1543

973

903

767

977

863

1 029

1 064

403

393

165

76

966

Total 11 482 (71.7) 16 016

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

95

Table 16b: Household distribution of Mangwe by ward and whether the children have adequate clothing

Ward No Ward Name Do the children have adequate clothing? Total

No n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama S Scale

819 (73.5)

723 (71.3)

1 234 (79.6)

774 (74.9)

798 (63.2)

700 (62.0)

576 (66.4)

774 (72.6)

771 (76.0)

700 (78.7)

238 (48.4)

46 (50.0)

1 114

1 014

1 551

1 033

1 262

1 129

868

1 066

1 015

890

492

92

Total 8 153 (70.7) 11 526

Table 16c: Household distribution of Plumtree by ward and whether the children have adequate clothing

Ward No Ward Name Do the children have adequate clothing? Total

No n (%)

1

2

3

4

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

218 (44.5)

359 (47.5)

274 (51.9)

196 (39.9)

490

756

528

491

Total 1 047 (46.2) 2 265

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

96

Table 17a: Household distribution of Bulilima by ward and whether there was anyone seriously ill

in the household in the past month

Ward Name Was there anyone in the household who was

seriously ill in the past month?

Total

Yes n (%)

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

618 (67.3)

565 (67.6)

793 (63.5)

901 (70.2)

948 (78.9)

304 (74.9)

1 116 (72.3)

858 (88.2)

649 (71.9)

446 (58.1)

696 (71.2)

555 (64.3)

814 (79.1)

733 (68.9)

258 (64.0)

260 (66.2)

106 (64.2)

33 (43.4)

611 (63.3)

918

836

1 248

1 284

1 202

406

1 543

973

903

767

977

863

1 029

1 064

403

393

165

76

966

Total 11 264 (70.3) 16 016

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

97

Table 17b: Household distribution of Mangwe by ward and whether there was anyone seriously ill in the household in the past month

Ward No Ward Name Was there anyone in the household who was

seriously ill in the past month?

Total

Yes n( %)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama S Scale

739 (66.3)

619 (61.0)

929 (59.9)

751 (72.7)

912 (72.3)

799 (70.8)

635 (73.2)

769 (72.1)

667 (65.7)

611 (68.7)

325 (66.1)

52 (56.5)

1 114

1 014

1 551

1 033

1 262

1 129

868

1 066

1 015

890

492

92

Total 7 808 (67.7) 11 526

Table 17c: Household distribution of Plumtree by ward and whether there was anyone seriously ill in the household in the past month

Ward

No

Ward Name Was there anyone in the household who was

seriously ill in the past month?

Total

Yes n (%)

1

2

3

4

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

322 (65.7)

556 (73.5)

392 (74.2)

395 (80.4)

490

756

528

491

Total 1 665 (73.5) 2 265

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

98

Table 18a: Household distribution of Bulilima by ward and whether schoolchildren have adequate school uniform

Ward Name Do schoolchildren have adequate school uniform? Total

No n (%)

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

433 (47.2)

387 (46.3)

638 (51.1)

570 (44.4)

499 (41.5)

218 (53.7)

857 (55.5)

575 (59.1)

390 (43.2)

360 (46.9)

513 (52.5)

537 (62.2)

515 (50.0)

483 (45.4)

239 (59.3)

159 (40.5)

94 (57.0)

37 (48.7)

413 (42.8)

918

836

1 248

1 284

1 202

406

1 543

973

903

767

977

863

1 029

1 064

403

393

165

76

966

Total 7 917 (49.4) 16 016

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

99

Table 18b: Household distribution of Mangwe by ward and whether schoolchildren have adequate school uniform

Ward

No

Ward Name Do schoolchildren have adequate school uniform? Total

No n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama S Scale

682 (61.2)

476 (46.9)

919 (59.3)

572 (55.4)

610 (48.3)

411 (36.4)

342 (39.4)

548 (51.4)

506 (49.9)

510 (57.3)

138 (28.0)

27 (29.3)

1 114

1 014

1 551

1 033

1 262

1 129

868

1 066

1 015

890

492

92

Total 5 741 (49.8) 11 526

Table 18c: Household distribution of Plumtree by ward and whether schoolchildren have adequate school uniform

Ward No Ward Name Do schoolchildren have adequate school uniform? Total

No n (%)

1

2

3

4

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

125 (25.5)

261 (34.5)

179 (33.9)

115 (23.4)

490

756

528

491

Total 680 (30.0) 2 265

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

100

Table 19a: Household distribution of Bulilima by ward and whether there are children without a caretaker among child-headed households

Ward Name Is there a caretaker for the household? Total

No n (%)

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

16 (57.1)

11 (45.8)

32 (71.1)

38 (77.6)

139 (50.0)

7 (18.4)

52 (81.3)

8 (72.7)

206 (56.3)

4 (40.0)

12 (60.0)

23 (38.3)

8 (44.4)

8 (72.7)

18 (52.9)

7 (53.9)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

10 (55.6)

28

24

45

49

278

38

64

11

366

10

20

60

18

11

34

13

1

1

18

Total 599 (55.0) 1 089

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

101

Table 19b: Household distribution of Mangwe by ward and whether they are children without a caretaker among child-headed households

Ward No Ward Name Is there a caretaker for the household? Total

No n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama S Scale

8 (50.0)

8 (40.0)

15 (42.9)

11 (42.3)

41 (74.6)

18 (66.7)

12 (63.2)

9 (50.0)

12 (80.0)

14 (63.6)

5 (62.5)

0 (0.0)

16

20

35

26

55

27

19

18

15

22

8

0

Total 153 (58.6) 261

Table 19c: Household distribution of Plumtree by ward and whether they are children without a caretaker among child-headed households

Ward No Ward Name Is there a caretaker for the household? Total

No n (%)

1

2

3

4

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

40 (58.8)

5 (41.7)

8 (44.4)

2 (33.3)

68

12

18

6

Total 55 (52.9) 104

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

102

Table 20a: Household distribution of Bulilima by ward and whether the children have anyone to discuss problems with among child-headed households

Ward Name Is there anyone to discuss problems with? Total

No n (%)

Tshankwa

Gwambe

Natane

Nyele

Matjinge

Gala

Masendu

Huwana

Makhulela

Bambadzi

Madlambudzi

Hingwe

Ndolwane

Malanswazwi

Vulindlela

Dombolefu

Somnene

Norwood

Figtree

8 (0.9)

7 (0.8)

6 (0.5)

3 (0.2)

85 (7.1)

22 (5.4)

4 (0.3)

3 (0.3)

142 (15.7)

4 (0.5)

1 (0.1)

37 (4.3)

3 (0.3)

2 (0.2)

13 (3.2)

3 (0.8)

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

3 (0.3)

918

836

1 248

1 284

1 202

406

1 543

973

903

767

977

863

1 029

1 064

403

393

165

76

966

Total 347 (2.2) 16 016

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

103

Table 20b: Household distribution of Mangwe by ward and whether the children have anyone to discuss problems with among child-headed households

Ward No Ward Name Is there anyone to discuss problems with? Total

No n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Empandeni

Izimnyama

Madabe

Tshitshi

Ingwizi

Sanzukwi

Brunapeg

Maninji

Mambale

Bango

Marula

Izimnyama S Scale

1 (0.1)

3 (0.3)

10 (0.6)

4 (0.4)

9 (0.7)

3 (0.3)

2 (0.2)

3 (0.3)

4 (0.4)

5 (0.6)

4 (0.8)

0 (0.0)

1 114

1 014

1 551

1 033

1 262

1 129

868

1 066

1 015

890

492

92

Total 48 (0.4) 11 526

Table 20c: Household distribution of Plumtree by ward and whether the children have anyone to discuss problems with among child-headed households

Ward No Ward Name Is there anyone to discuss problems with? Total

No n (%)

1

2

3

4

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

28 (5.7)

6 (0.8)

1 (0.2)

2 (0.4)

490

756

526

491

Total 37 (1.6) 2 265

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

104

Chimanimani District

Table 1: Population distribution of Chimanimani by sex

Ward No Ward Name Males Females Total

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja Resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

2 036

1 408

2 215

3 173

2 126

1 432

2 801

3 372

711

1 127

517

1 932

4 156

1 528

1 559

4 704

2 322

1 194

1 525

3 333

2 666

2 819

2 852

2 062

1 573

2 479

3 538

2 392

1 730

2 894

3 815

849

1 328

472

1 316

4 417

1 026

1 684

4 568

2 703

1 341

1 701

3 651

3 068

3 481

3 523

4 098

2 982

4 694

6 711

4 519

3 162

5 696

7 187

1 560

2 455

989

3 248

8 573

2 554

3 243

9 272

5 025

2 535

3 226

6 984

5 734

6 300

6 375

Total 51 509 55 611 107 120

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

105

Table 2: Population distribution of Chimanimani by orphanhood status

Ward

No

Ward Name Both

parents

alive

Mother

dead

Father

Dead

Both

parents

dead

Total

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja Resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

1 569

1 225

1 689

2 254

1 808

927

2 185

2 284

470

955

332

966

3 740

731

1 189

2 979

1 573

952

1 131

2 709

2 230

2 470

2 173

85

73

117

119

111

87

124

198

31

48

18

42

187

50

38

189

92

48

112

155

174

150

130

296

232

493

690

500

354

400

671

152

283

102

186

766

144

306

602

480

274

366

813

657

1 445

484

103

107

192

266

157

196

196

287

129

90

15

39

324

58

79

168

227

106

138

299

202

236

233

2 053

1 637

2 491

3 329

2 576

1 564

2 905

3 440

782

1 376

467

1 233

5 017

983

1 612

3 938

2 372

1 380

1 747

3 976

3 263

4 301

3 020

Total 38 541 2 378 10 696 3 847 55 462

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

106

Table 3: Population distribution of Chimanimani by ward and disability status

Ward No Ward Name Are you disabled? Total

Yes n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja Resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

92 (2.3)

147 (4.9)

196 (4.3)

257 (3.9)

283 (6.3)

269 (8.7)

328 (6.0)

264 (4.0)

96 (6.2)

112 (4.6)

40 (4.1)

149 (4.6)

444 (5.2)

207 (8.1)

108 (3.3)

471 (5.4)

218 (4.6)

83 (3.4)

161 (5.5)

477 (7.3)

279 (5.1)

325 (5.5)

307 (5.2)

4 019

3 000

4 510

6 632

4 508

3 093

5 446

6 533

1 559

2 423

981

3 219

8 589

2 555

3 247

9 164

4 956

2 493

3 082

6 967

5 761

6 228

6 227

Total 5 313 (5.3) 105 192

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

107

Table 4: Population distribution of Chimanimani by disability status

Ward Name Difficulty in moving

Difficulty in seeing

Difficulty in

speaking

Difficulty in hearing

Chronic fits/

epilepsy

Mental illness

Multiple disability

Others Total

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja

resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja

Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

25

51

48

57

78

58

74

57

28

30

6

36

101

48

26

113

63

16

45

109

57

102

52

17

17

35

46

62

59

60

46

19

21

6

15

58

34

40

61

36

17

27

96

44

50

45

3

6

10

10

3

11

10

12

4

9

2

11

28

20

1

20

11

5

7

19

17

20

10

6

6

8

18

19

25

15

16

5

14

6

7

48

16

12

18

8

6

11

27

18

15

9

3

3

1

3

4

5

9

6

1

2

1

1

11

1

1

12

1

2

4

42

5

8

11

7

8

22

41

27

20

34

31

14

6

4

1

34

10

5

24

24

15

22

37

36

29

26

10

29

19

25

33

44

37

19

12

9

3

8

38

17

5

44

33

8

15

65

23

26

23

9

18

22

25

38

29

67

41

9

19

11

59

119

55

13

138

29

9

25

35

50

54

105

80

138

165

225

264

251

306

228

92

110

39

138

437

201

103

430

205

78

156

430

250

304

281

Total 1 280 911 249 333 137 477 545 979 4 911

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

108

Table 5: Household distribution of Chimanimani by ward and education status

Ward No Ward Name Have you ever attended school? Total

Yes n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

3 139 (82.6)

2 405 (86.1)

3 882 (83.5)

5 578 (84.9)

3 666 (85.7)

2 657 (89.3)

4 260 (79.9)

5 861 (82.4)

1 340 (86.2)

1 806 (74.0)

714 (73.2)

2 623 (81.4)

5 878 (69.6)

2 076 (81.3)

2 697 (82.9)

6 326 (68.3)

4 038 (86.0)

2 065 (83.1)

2 369 (76.7)

5 496 (83.8)

4 436 (77.1)

4 440 (72.8)

4 433 (70.0)

3 799

2 792

4 647

6 572

4 277

2 975

5 331

7 115

1 555

2 439

975

3 224

8 445

2 553

3 252

9 264

4 694

2 485

3 087

6 561

5 757

6 101

6 331

Total 82 185 (78.8) 104 231

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

109

Table 6: Population distribution of Chimanimani by education level

Ward Name Pre-Primary Primary Secondary High school

Tertiary (non-degreed)

Tertiary (degreed)

Total

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

131

181

309

429

260

282

252

487

111

56

17

127

155

80

114

214

215

111

102

487

120

128

1 265

1 758

1 425

2 148

2 898

2 180

1 390

2 492

3 038

775

1 098

427

1 163

3 847

942

984

3 957

2 451

1 044

1 290

3 260

2 504

2 877

1 979

1 025

781

1 325

2 076

1 132

935

1 119

2 104

426

625

252

1 246

1 761

980

1 305

1 884

1 228

796

879

1 693

1 616

1 311

996

36

9

25

30

21

7

14

57

6

4

2

20

26

16

48

47

46

33

7

19

46

15

17

96

20

35

90

29

42

19

34

15

12

10

34

68

44

148

53

40

41

12

17

57

45

46

45

1

8

19

2

6

4

8

1

10

2

2

11

12

25

6

30

11

5

8

36

2

3

3 091

2 417

3 850

5 542

3 624

2 662

3 900

5 728

1 334

1 805

710

2 592

5 868

2 074

2 624

6 161

4 010

2 036

2 295

5 484

4 379

4 378

4 306

Total 5 633 45 927 27 495 551 1 007 257 80 870

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

110

Table 7: Household distribution of Chimanimani by source of water

Ward Name Piped water inside the

house

Piped water outside the

house

Communal tap

Well/bore-hole

protected

Well/bore-hole

unprotected

River/stream/

dam

Others Total

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja

resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja

Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

180

2

17

36

2

2

3

47

2

13

18

116

5

99

327

118

39

38

3

13

102

3

155

204

9

95

166

64

5

49

679

0

283

99

307

372

398

328

557

125

62

12

14

600

604

494

3

2

6

5

7

1

14

3

1

10

0

770

67

388

48

439

24

1

0

10

58

72

23

128

540

750

1 196

723

537

665

653

297

165

11

4

132

0

4

110

651

365

522

1 153

110

66

39

240

22

11

90

34

120

245

6

35

35

75

17

956

43

198

834

228

124

120

38

279

481

595

231

78

37

14

68

27

182

14

9

9

62

69

293

61

26

260

16

11

48

59

65

152

8

4

3

4

23

2

6

2

5

0

0

1

5

51

5

4

51

11

1

5

2

25

7

13

990

656

920

1 530

900

698

1 160

1 407

344

515

266

1 288

1 876

994

935

2 370

1 094

602

710

1 289

1 239

1 385

1 327

Total 1 340 5 526 1 952 8 821 4 826 1 800 230 24 495

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

111

Table 8: Household distribution of Chimanimani by source of energy for cooking

Ward Name Wood Paraffin Electricity Gas Coal Solar Other Total

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

890

635

901

1 444

885

694

1 150

1 326

339

502

261

1 189

1 854

940

602

2 316

1045

570

703

1 273

1 149

1 346

1 293

2

7

3

10

1

0

5

21

1

11

1

3

6

6

8

16

3

22

1

5

4

5

5

91

8

9

52

10

0

1

48

1

0

2

93

10

44

315

21

36

8

0

2

71

27

14

1

3

4

4

2

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

2

0

2

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

6

3

3

20

2

4

3

10

2

2

2

3

4

4

8

16

9

2

6

7

14

7

15

990

656

920

1 530

900

698

1 160

1 407

344

515

266

1 288

1 876

994

935

2 370

1 094

602

710

1 289

1 239

1 385

1 327

Total 23 307 146 863 24 2 1 152 24 495

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

112

Table 9: Household distribution of Chimanimani by source of energy for lighting

Ward Name Wood Paraffin Electricity Gas Coal Solar Other Total

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

294

108

277

215

99

453

356

91

217

29

71

46

511

74

24

603

269

55

355

533

77

58

213

520

474

561

1 109

702

221

649

1 104

115

374

165

957

1 215

814

372

1 417

668

468

320

671

874

1 230

1 025

139

34

40

113

41

1

2

149

1

0

3

225

26

58

486

101

74

14

0

6

91

45

24

0

2

0

1

0

1

1

9

1

3

0

1

0

0

3

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

8

0

0

6

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

1

0

1

2

0

25

1

4

0

4

7

5

24

6

4

10

5

3

8

2

1

5

0

0

5

8

8

10

11

22

12

21

33

30

37

59

52

18

136

49

7

101

25

56

119

48

49

243

74

55

25

43

173

36

44

990

656

920

1 530

900

698

1 160

1 407

344

515

266

1 288

1 876

994

935

2 370

1 094

602

710

1 289

1 239

1 385

1 327

Total 5 029 16 025 1 673 24 51 181 1 512 24 495

Free

dow

nloa

d fr

om w

ww

.hsr

cpre

ss.a

c.za

Appendices

113

Table 10: Household distribution of Chimanimani by toilet facility

Ward Name Flush Blair Pit Communal None Total

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

141

3

7

53

1

1

12

35

3

11

15

163

18

99

526

161

35

35

2

7

94

11

10

253

342

351

740

386

210

273

615

147

243

77

620

268

452

59

779

280

338

232

422

669

454

694

313

101

262

342

240

150

348

480

80

194

137

122

1 433

47

327

1 099

594

136

170

169

408

769

446

11

2

18

3

9

5

44

3

2

49

10

375

24

337

7

240

63

3

0

8

4

53

3

272

208

282

392

264

332

483

274

112

18

27

8

133

59

16

91

122

90

306

683

64

98

174

990

656

920

1 530

900

698

1 160

1 407

344

515

266

1 288

1 876

994

935

2 370

1 094

602

710

1 289

1 239

1 385

1 327

Total 1 443 8 904 8 367 1 273 4 508 24 495

Free

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a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

114

Table 11: Household distribution of Chimanimani by vulnerability status

Ward Name Less Vulnerable Moderately

vulnerable

Highly

vulnerable

Total

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

834

554

722

1 246

649

545

893

1 020

278

446

231

1 236

1 576

921

865

1 894

875

560

566

923

1 086

1 170

1 122

151

101

193

283

239

149

261

375

65

68

34

49

296

72

68

456

205

42

138

357

145

209

200

5

1

5

1

12

4

6

12

1

1

1

3

4

1

2

20

14

0

6

9

8

6

5

990

656

920

1 530

900

698

1 160

1 407

344

515

266

1 288

1 876

994

935

2 370

1 094

602

710

1289

1 239

1 385

1 327

Total 20 212 4 156 127 24 495

Free

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Appendices

115

Table 12: Household distribution of Chimanimani by number of meals per day and ward

Ward

No

Ward Name How many meals a day do you usually have? Total

1 meal a day At least 2 meals a day

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

108 (10.9)

67 (10.2)

114 (12.4)

181 (11.8)

124 (13.8)

107 (15.3)

129 (11.1)

142 (10.1)

25 (7.3)

38 (7.4)

18 (6.8)

96 (7.5)

138 (7.4)

104 (10.5)

60 (6.4)

286 (12.1)

145 (13.3)

51 (8.5)

136 (19.2)

166 (12.9)

96 (7.8)

67 (4.8)

111 (8.4)

882

589

806

1 349

776

591

1 031

1 265

319

477

248

1 192

1 738

890

875

2 084

949

551

574

1 123

1 143

1 318

1 216

990

656

920

1 530

900

698

1 160

1 407

344

515

266

1 288

1 876

994

935

2 370

1 094

602

710

1 289

1 239

1 385

1 327

Total 2 509 (10.2) 21 986 24 495

Free

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a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

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Table 13: Household distribution of Chimanimani by ward and whether they go for some days without food

Ward

No

Ward Name Do you go for some days without food? Total

Yes n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

599 (60.5)

543 (82.8)

662 (72.0)

1 178 (77.0)

732 (81.3)

466 (66.8)

782 (67.4)

991 (70.4)

236 (68.6)

267 (51.8)

170 (63.9)

814 (63.2)

1 140 (60.8)

633 (63.7)

395 (42.3)

1 586 (66.9)

733 (67.0)

388 (64.5)

569 (80.1)

963 (74.7)

644 (52.0)

806 (58.2)

708 (53.4)

990

656

920

1 530

900

698

1 160

1 407

344

515

266

1 288

1 876

994

935

2 370

1 094

602

710

1 289

1 239

1 385

1 327

Total 16 005 (65.3) 24 495

Free

dow

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Appendices

117

Table 14: Household distribution of Chimanimani by ward and whether there are children of school-going age who are not going to school

Ward

No

Ward Name Do you have children of school-going

age who are not going to school?

Total

Yes n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

198 (20.0)

135 (20.6)

198 (21.5)

160 (10.5)

140 (15.6)

101 (14.5)

312 (26.9)

221 (15.7)

44 (12.8)

104 (20.2)

46 (17.3)

98 (7.6)

389 (20.7)

118 (11.9)

81 (8.7)

501 (21.1)

246 (22.5)

69 (11.5)

99 (13.9)

359 (27.9)

174 (14.0)

274 (19.8)

241 (18.2)

990

656

920

1 530

900

698

1 160

1 407

344

515

266

1 288

1 876

994

935

2 370

1 094

602

710

1 289

1 239

1 385

1 327

Total 4 308 (17.6) 24 495

Free

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Table 15: Household distribution of Chimanimani by ward and whether they are able to pay for medical fees and consultation if children fall sick

Ward No Ward Name Able to pay medical fees and

consultation if the children fall sick?

Total

No n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

303 (30.6)

203 (31.0)

359 (39.0)

588 (38.4)

481 (53.4)

268 (38.4)

532 (45.9)

837 (59.5)

139 (40.4)

232 (45.1)

87 (32.7)

150 (11.7)

759 (40.5)

192 (19.3)

253 (27.1)

914 (38.6)

350 (32.0)

63 (10.5)

242 (34.1)

553 (42.9)

243 (19.6)

458 (33.1)

461 (34.7)

990

656

920

1 530

900

798

1 160

1 407

344

515

266

1288

1 876

994

935

2 370

1 094

602

710

1 289

1 239

1 385

1 327

Total 8 667 (35.4) 24 495

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Table 16: Household distribution of Chimanimani by ward and whether the children have adequate clothing

Ward No Ward Name Do the children have adequate clothing? Total

No n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

581 (58.7)

508 (77.4)

703 (76.4)

1 101 (72.0)

757 (84.1)

546 (78.2)

945 (81.5)

1 130 (80.3)

276 (80.2)

431 (83.7)

152 (57.1)

468 (36.3)

1 442 (76.9)

422 (42.5)

532 (56.9)

1 646 (69.5)

836 (76.4)

404 (67.1)

596 (83.9)

1 097 (85.1)

871 (70.3)

1 094 (79.0)

1 004 (75.7)

990

656

920

1 530

900

698

1 160

1 407

344

515

266

1 288

1 876

994

935

2 370

1 094

602

710

1 289

1 239

1 385

1 327

Total 17 542 (71.6) 24 495

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Table 17: Household distribution of Chimanimani by ward and whether there was anyone seriously ill in the household in the past month

Ward No Ward Name Was there anyone in the household who

was seriously ill in the past month?

Total

Yes n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

317 (32.0)

198 (30.2)

376 (40.9)

537 (35.1)

440 (48.9)

295 (42.3)

498 (42.9)

669 (47.6)

143 (41.6)

158 (30.7)

71 (26.7)

251 (19.5)

681 (36.3)

199 (20.0)

214 (22.9)

909 (38.4)

396 (36.2)

171 (28.4)

274 (38.6)

671 (52.1)

568 (45.8)

630 (45.5)

477 (36.0)

990

656

920

1 530

900

698

1 160

1 407

344

515

266

1 288

1 876

994

935

2 370

1 094

602

710

1 289

1 239

1 385

1 327

Total 9 143 (37.3) 24 495

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Appendices

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Table 18: Household distribution of Chimanimani by ward and whether school-children have adequate school uniform

Ward No Ward Name Do school-children have adequate school uniform? Total

No n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

354 (35.8)

343 (52.3)

568 (61.7)

850 (55.6)

585 (65.0)

438 (62.8)

618 (53.3)

848 (60.3)

208 (60.5)

286 (55.5)

107 (40.2)

268 (20.8)

920 (49.0)

249 (25.1)

284 (30.4)

1 131 (47.7)

601 (54.9)

297 (49.3)

443 (62.4)

847 (65.7)

577 (46.6)

786 (56.8)

762 (57.4)

990

656

920

1 530

900

698

1 160

1 407

344

515

266

1 288

1 876

994

935

2 370

1 094

602

710

1 289

1 239

1 385

1 327

Total 12 370 (50.5) 24 495

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Table 19: Household distribution of Chimanimani by ward and whether the household is a child-headed household

Ward

No

Ward Name Child-headed household Total

Yes n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

23 (2.3)

10 (1.5)

20 (2.2)

43 (2.8)

9 (1.0)

33 (4.7)

29 (2.5)

58 (4.1)

5 (1.5)

11 (2.1)

2 (0.8)

33 (2.6)

36 (1.9)

26 (2.6)

38 (4.1)

160 (6.8)

41 (3.8)

29 (4.8)

32 (4.5)

39 (3.0)

38 (3.1)

35 (2.5)

29 (2.2)

990

656

920

1 530

900

698

1 160

1 407

344

515

266

1 288

1 876

994

935

2 370

1 094

602

710

1 289

1 239

1 385

1 327

Total 779 (3.2) 24 495

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Appendices

123

Table 20: Household distribution of Chimanimani by ward and whether there are children without a caretaker among child-headed households

Ward

No

Ward Name Are there children without a caretaker? Total

Yes n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

14 (60.9)

5 (50.0)

4 (20.0)

23 (53.5)

6 (66.7)

21 (63.6)

11 (37.9)

20 (34.5)

3 (60.0)

6 (54.5)

0 (0.0)

13 (39.4)

21 (58.3)

9 (34.6)

29 (76.3)

64 (40.0)

12 (29.3)

23 (79.3)

22 (68.8)

8 (20.5)

19 (50.0)

17 (48.6)

15 (51.7)

23

10

20

43

9

33

29

58

5

11

2

33

36

26

38

160

41

29

32

39

38

35

29

Total 365 (46.9) 779

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Table 21: Household distribution of Chimanimani by ward and whether the children have anyone to discuss problems with among child-headed households

Ward No Ward Name Anyone to discuss problems with? Total

No n (%)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

Cashel

Mhandarume

Chakohwa

Guhune

Rupise

Chayamiti

Shinja resettlement

Nyanyadzi

Shinja Communal

Chikukwa

Martin

Tilbury

Nyahode

Charter

Chimanimani

Gwindingwi

Biriwiri

Mhakwe

Chikwakwa

Changazi

Ngorima A

Ngorima B

Manyuseni

5 (23.8)

3 (33.3)

7 (38.9)

11 (27.5)

3 (33.3)

5 (16.7)

17 (60.7)

25 (48.1)

1 (20.0)

3 (30.0)

0 (0.0)

21 (65.6)

6 (20.0)

8 (40.0)

5 (13.5)

97 (61.8)

18 (51.4)

4 (66.7)

5 (16.1)

12 (41.4)

18 (50.0)

6 (17.6)

5 (23.8)

21

9

18

40

9

30

28

52

5

10

0

32

30

20

37

157

35

6

31

29

36

34

21

Total 285 (40.2) 709

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APPENDIX 9

OVC Project DirectorMrs Shungu Mtero-

Munyati

OVC Project ManagerMr Brian Chandiwana OVC Project Chief

Consultant:Prof Simbarashe

RusakanikoConsultant: Junior

MutsvangwaOVC Project Research Officers

Mr Peter ChibatamotoMr Pakuromunhu F.

MupambireyiMr Stanford MahatiMr George Chitiyo

Mr Wilson MashangeResearch Intern

Miss Natsai Chimbindi

OVC District Liaison Committee Members

BulilimamangweMr Irvine Ncube Mrs Melta Moyo

Mr Lincoln NcubeMs Sifiso Dube

Mr Frank NgwenyaMr Alois SibandaChimanimaniMr Jobes Jaibesi

Mr Brian MuchinapoThe late DNO Sister Mistress Ndhlovu

Sister Sifovo

OVC Technical AdvisersMr Rogers Sango

Mr Tichaona ChirimanyembaMr Manase ViririMr Patrick Bvitira

15 Data Entry Clerks Bulilimamangwe44 Field Supervisors

315 Enumerators Chimanimani

23 Field Supervisors212 Enumerators

OVC 2003 Census Operational Structure

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126

APPENDIX 10

Vulnerability Score Assessment

During the OVC 2003 Census, the Vulnerability Indicator Score was defined using the nine vulnerability indicators which are listed below:1. The number of meals the household usually had a day.2. Households which indicated that there were some days they would go without food.3. Households with children of school-going age (7–18 years) who were not

attending school.4. Households that were not able to pay medical fees if children were sick/ill.5. Households with children who did not have adequate clothing.6. Households with a household member who had been ill during the month preceding

the census exercise.7. Households with school-going children who had no adequate school uniform.8. Child-headed households that had no caretaker.9. Child-headed households that had no one to discuss problems with. Each indicator was coded 1 if the household was commensurate with vulnerable status and coded 0 if otherwise. The nine vulnerability indicator scores were then summed up to come up with a Total Vulnerable Indicator Score (TVIS), which was then expressed as a percentage. The maximum possible score was nine indicating a state of being highly vulnerable.

The TVIS was developed taking into account some of the basic Childs’ Rights: access to food, education, health and protection, which are enshrined in the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). However, these rights were not weighted in order to signify their relative importance on the overall score.

The TVIS was then defined into three categories as:1. Less Vulnerable: – a TVIS below 50% of the total score.2. Moderately Vulnerable: – a TVIS of 50% to 74% of the total score.3. Highly Vulnerable: – a TVIS of 75% and above of the total score.

The cut off of 50% was chosen on the basis that anyone who scores more than half the total expected score was more likely to be at higher risk of being vulnerable. The sampling frame for the PSS was comprised of those households which were moderately and highly vulnerable.

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ICAD (2001) HIV/AIDS and Policies Affecting Children. Interagency Coalition on AIDS and Development. www.icad.cisd.com

NACC Taskforce on OVC (2002) Proceedings of a consultative meeting of OVC, Nairobi, 16–19 December. Accessed from: http://www.fhi.org/en/HIVAIDS/Publications/Archive/confrpts/Orphans_HIV_Research.htm 13 September 2005.

RAISA (2002) Regional AIDS Initiative of Southern Africa: Orphans and Vulnerable Children and HIV/AIDS National Workshop Report. Bronte Hotel, Harare, Zimbabwe, 28–29 November 2002.

Sarker M., Neckermann C., Muller O. (2005) Assessing the health status of young AIDS and other orphans in Kampala, Uganda. Trop Med Int Health, Mar; 10(3):210–5.

Smart R. A. (2003) Policies for Orphans and Vulnerable Children: A framework for moving ahead. USAID

Skinner, D., Tsheko, N., Mtero-Munyati, S., Segwabe, M., Chibatamoto, P., Mfecane, S., Chandiwana, B., Nkomo, N., Tlou, S. and Chitiyo, G. (2004) Defining orphaned and vulnerable children. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council Press.

Southern Africa HIV/AIDS Action (2004) Orphans and Vulnerable Children: Issue 60 June: SAfAIDS and Health Link Worldwide, Harare.

UNAIDS (2002) Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS.

UNDP (2002) HIV/AIDS Statistical Fact Sheethttp://www.undp.org/hiv/docs/Barcelona-statistical-fact-sheet-2july02.doc

UNAIDS/WHO (2000) Guidelines for Second Generation HIV Surveillance. WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/2000.5. UNAIDS/00.03E. UNAIDS/WHO Working Group on Global HIV/AIDS and STI Surveillance. http://www.unaids.org/NetTools/Documents/pub/Publications/IRC-pub01/JC370-2ndGeneration_en.pdf

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 2004. http://www.unaids.org/en/geographical+area/by+country/zimbabwe.asp

UNICEF/UNAIDS (1999) Children orphaned by AIDS. Frontline responses from eastern and southern Africa. New York: UNICEF division of communication.

UNICEF (2003) Situational Assessment and Analysis of Children in Zimbabwe, 2002 Update Hope Never Dries Up: Facing the Challenges. New York: UNICEF.

UNICEF (2000) Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Practices: A baseline survey for the Government of Zimbabwe/UNICEF Country Programme of Cooperation 200–2004. Harare: UNICEF.

Walker, Neff, Bernhard Schwartlander, and Jennifer Bryce (2002) Meeting international goals in child survival and HIV/AIDS. Lancet, Vol. 360, No. 9329, pp. 284–9.

World Vision (2002) Summary of OVC programming approaches. Geneva: World Vision International/HIV/AIDS Hope Initiative.

Zimbabwe Human Development Report-ZHDR (2003) Redirecting Our Responses to HIV and AIDS. Harare: Poverty Reduction Forum.

Zimbabwe National Orphan Care Policy (2000). Zimbabwe Government Printer: Harare.

Zimbabwe Census (2002) Preliminary Report: Central Statistics Office (CSO), Zimbabwe Government Printer: Harare.

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a census of ovc in two zimbabwean districts

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