a bridge too far?

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A bridge too far? rgid’.

‘Engineers regard people in the City as short sighted and ove ‘The City regards engineers as the backroom staff who keep t e lights on and the engines running’. The bridge between these two communities is essential for sustainin the wealth of the UK, but is it effective, does it carry two-way tra8ic and is it in a good state of repair?

by Dr Robert Hawley

or a bridge to be effective it must carry traffic both ways, be of a sound and F permanent construction and not prone

to wobble, closure or need constant main- tenance. What is the two-way traffic that the bridge, between engineering and the City, has to carry? It is the understanding of UK engineering and technology by the City and the understanding of the workings of the City by those involved in the management of UK engineering and technology companies. Engineering has been defined as the process that converts basic science via technology into wealth-creating products (Fig. 1). The contribution engineers make to creating wealth is vastly underestimated, but the City is also a vibrant collection of people with many different skills who are responsive to the need for rapid change in order to survive.

Contrary to popular belief it is engineers not accountants or arts graduate who create wealth. A survey carried out in 1999, showed that of the FTSE 100 directors, 17% were engineers and 15% accountants’. Even so we lag far behind the US when considering the number of Chairmen or CEOs with technical degree?. In addition, scientists, engineers, finance people and those in the Arts have a different approach to life. But to be fair to accountants and the City, engineers tend to be paranoid about financial people:

‘People of the engineering profession seldom meet together, even for merriment and diver- sion, but the conversation ends in vilification of accountants and condemnation of the City.”

in the hope it will assist in strengthening the bridge and directing the flow of traffic between the two sides.

Engineering and the UK economy The importance of engineering to British

industry cannot be stressed too strongly: it has been argued that engineering is British industry. A powerful demonstration of this is the dominance of engineering in Britain’s last industrial revolution; but it must not be forgotten that the industrial revolution was built on the opening up of international markets by traders or City people. In those days the magic required seemed to be the combination of engineering genius with trading flare.

However, in the recent past, particularly under Baroness Thatcher, the then Govern- ment placed too much emphasis on the service industries and neglected the need for encouragement for investment in UK manu- facturing4. Between 1950 and the mid-l990s, 5 million manufacturing jobs have disappeared in the UK, whilst 8 million new jobs were created in services (Fig. 2). This is a trend that Fig. i Engineering

technology

This article aims to present both sides of the argument, for engineering and for the City,

ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT JOURNAL APRIL 2002 67

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0 share in peak employment year 0 1990 share

(1960) Germany

(1956) = lJK

(1975) ErI3 (1973) r Japan

Italy

France (1974)

I I I (1979) m, lJS

50 40 30 20 10 0

96 of labour force

Fig. 2 Share of manufacturing

has affected other developed countries. For example in the US, GE, the world's largest manufacturer, increasingly makes its money from services rather than manufacturing. Or, as A. P. Herbert put it:

Steel's gone to glory Cotton's gone to shade But we've still got The money-lending trade.

But the UK can't go on like this for much longer. For the last five years, domestic demand has risen by 20%, faster than UK output at 15%. We cannot trade with the rest of the world at a loss of 524 billion a year! UK industry, particularly the heavy manufacturing industry, has too often been the poor relation, suffering from a lack of investment, commercial acumen and leadership. As a result, many jobs have been lost with significant social effect on communities throughout the UK.

The present Government is trying to make amends by raising awareness of the factors which govern the success of business. The competitiveness of a nation depends on a whole range of factors, including: the macroeconomic environment; the commercial framework; openness to trade and investment; the levels of education and training of the workforce; the ability to innovate; the flexibility of the labour market and the adequacy of the transport and communications infrastructure. Who is it that provides the transport and communications- engineers! It is clear that business cannot function and, therefore, wealth creation cannot be achieved without engineers. But we must not forget the final step, the 'marketable product', and the realities of the marketplace. If this i s

forgotten then support from the City to assist in future growth or development will not be forthcoming.

Indigenous technology is vital In 1999, the UK was the second largest

recipient of Foreign Direct Investment worldwide. Today, the UK is the top location for Japanese, US, and Korean investment in the European Union and has over a third of all European Union foreign investment'. Is this a good thing or are we too reliant on foreign- based companies?

Whilst business operates on a global scale, our standard of living depends on the wealth we create in our own country. Does it make sense to leave Britain's wealth creation in the hands of overseas masters? In 1996,25% of UK manufacturing capacity was owned by non-UK companies who employed 16% of British workers. Many strategic decisions affecting the future of manufacturing industry, and the lives of British people, will increasingly be made overseas. This is not a prospect to relish. An advanced country with 55 million people should be controlling its own destiny as far as possible.

Since 1996, the shockwaves around Asia, and in particular Korea, have added a prophetic significance to these questions. After the first shockwave, Samsung cancelled the second phase of a plant in Teesside losing a potential 3000 jobs, whilst Hyundai cancelled a semi- conductor plant in Scotland losing 4000 jobs. More recently we have seen major closures by Siemans and Motorola and other foreign high- tech companies.

Last year in Scotland alone, Motorola cut 3100 jobs, Compaq 700 and NEC 600 which led Scottish Enterprise to state that Scotland had become too dependent on inward investment in manufacturing and needed to promote itself as the nursery of industrial inventions. All this goes to prove, yet again, those who own the technology call the shots.

But of course a UK company can own the technology and still choose to locate its manufacturing or R 6 D activities outside the UK, if it sees a shortage of relevant skills or tax incentives within the UK'. What i s of great concern i s the fact that the UK is being forced to de-skill, leading to massive social problems. Not only do we need our own technology, but we also need experienced leadership of the new disciplines and a fundamental change in the attitude of British industry business leaders,

68 ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT JOURNAL APRIL 2002

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Fig. 3 UK share of world exports

e: GATT/British Histo

particularly in taking an interactive role in education.

Education Education is cited as being one of Britain’s

biggest weaknesses; the system is not up to training people in the skills required for high- tech industries and engineering courses are becoming less popular.

Much more needs to be done to attract good brains, at school level, into mathematics and science, and hence engineering, and then to retain them in engineering. It is not helped by the high bonuses paid in the constant merry- go-round as banks try to attract the few highly skilled people in the City. A bonus of 51-22 million a year seems extreme to those in the engineering industry beavering away at the coalface of wealth creation. However, the events of last Autumn have caused banks to cut back on guaranteeing such high levels of income. Whilst the rewards in the City are high, the job security is zero and this is the risk those who enter the City take.

Two of the most significant declines have been in ‘time-served’ engineering apprenticeships and in the technician grades. In 1993, Britain had a quarter of a million people on apprentice schemes compared with more than two million in Germany. It is a vicious circle; the demise of the apprenticeships in this country came with the industrial recession of the 1980s. Currently, the UK is training 24 000 people on advanced modern apprenticeship schemes against an industrial need of 36 000’. Advancement of technology has reduced the demand for the traditional workshop skills, but incorporated engineers and engineering technicians are now the UK’s most vital need and the key is flexibility of skills.

Whilst the future economy will be very

ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT JOURNAL

dependent on ‘knowledge workers’, a term used currently to describe those with theoretical knowledge and experience (engineers, lawyers, doctors and accountants), the major contribution will be made by ‘knowledge technologists’. These are the people who work with their hands using theoretical knowledge and practical experience simultaneously, such as computer technicians, software designers, manufacturing technologists and laboratory analysts. ‘Just as unskilled manual workers in manufacturing were the dominant social and political force in the 20th century, knowledge technologists are likely to become the dominant force over the next decade’*. The absence of this reservoir of skills will have a marked effect on UK society in future years and the shortages are already beginning to bite.

So for many reasons, UK engineering industry has undergone profound changes in the last 20 years (Fig. 3). In my own power engineering career I have seen the demise of great British manufacturing companies such as Parsons, Clarke Chapman, Reyrolle, W.H. Allens, International Combustion, Babcock and BICC; and the emergence, in the FT 100, of high-technology international companies such as Marconi, Energis, Colt Telecom, Misys and ARM.

In September last year there was a bursting of the bubble of potential growth and cash flows, rather than bottom-line profit, that lead to a slump in the world’s economy and these companies were replaced once again by more traditional companies such as Enterprise Oil, British Land, Innogy and Severn and Trent. The loss declared by Nortel at that time, $19 billion, was the largest ever in corporate history, whilst Marconi wrote off $4.5 billion in goodwill from one acquisition alone. The Enron story is a case study of its own!

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70

Extract from The Bankers Bertie Ramsbottomlq

O h to he in banking Now that April’s here! And celebrate a spanking, Profitable year! Some prefer to hear a Cuckoo on the wing, But oh to he a Clearer Now that it is Spring!

I the Engineering Council, but the whole of the engineering community, a vital difference. This was in response to market demands that wanted an organisation that is able, at a strategic level, 1 ’

! to build bridges between:

I industry and academia 1

i j Better than the crocus i Peeping through the soil; ! Richer than the hocus : Pocus with the oil;

Money is the medium Surer than the rest, The City For sweetening the tedium What is at the other side of the bridge? What With the interest! is the City? It is not just a series of high

rise buildings and venerable institutions, but a Other men may hanker vibrant collection of people, with many and For a bluer sky, varied financial skills and abilities, who are from But oh to he a banker many different academic backgrounds, indeed Now the rates are high! from a global community. It has been described It’s freezing, more’s the pity, as a huge financial seascape of rip-tides and The darling buds of May, cross-currents, and, in the depths, swim the But down here in the City, whales and the sharks of money and all the little It’s roses all the way! fishes that feed on the hottomla.

Whilst it is true that many individuals in O h to he in Credit, the City have never given any thought to the As the seasons turn, fact they could not function without the With other people’s debit, effective infrastructures of energy, water, heat- Filling up the urn! ing, transport and high-speed communication, Never mind the weather, that are designed and built and maintained by Banking is the thing; engineers, many of them, in their day-to-day As long as we’re together, jobs, are required to understand the wealth It’s everlasting Spring! creating role of engineering companies, par-

ticularly in the high-technology sector, in the The shock and horror of the attack on the UK and global economy. But do they really

World Trade Centre in New York on 11 understand it and are they capable of dealing September 2001 gave an added push to the with the intricacies of the rapid technology spiralling slump, followed by a further slump change that is taking place around us day and as the markets reacted to possible US retalia- night? In my experience the answer is yes, tion and its potential effects. Yet few of the helped by the fact a large number of the companies in the FT 100 are engineering analysts and investment hankers come from an companies, even taking the definition of engineering or science background. engineering in the broadest sense. Recently, one As a result of this improved expertise, the leading analyst said, ‘Engineering will continue City is now far more demanding of a company’s to he a shrinking part of the UK market. It will management to develop coherent, convincing, go the same way as agriculture 100 years ago.’ business strategies for the longer term. They

want to know, for example, the industrial The Engineering and Technology Board logic beingpursued. Questions being asked as a

The recognition of the need to reverse these matter of course include: changes by the Government was one of the reasons for the formation of the Hawley How does a company intend to grow its Group, whose report’ led to the split up of the businesses, particularly through organic responsibilities of the Engineering Council and growth, also recognising that complementary the formation of a new, powerful and lively acquisitions are often necessary to add body on 14 November 2001 -the Engineering markets, products, processes, good people and Technology Board (ETB-which repre- and technology? sents not only the engineering profession, as did How will the company become or remain

ENGINEERING MANAGEMENTJOURNAL APRIL 2002

the so-called ‘old’ and ‘new’ economies the wider engineering community, the Government and the City.

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Fig. 4 Private equity investment by UK firms

one of the leaders in its sector? How will the company continue to develop new and improved products and processes? How will the company maintain or improve its margins on sales, and by doing so, generate sufficient cash to meet all its financial obli- gations as well as investing sufficiently for the future?'j

To be able to deal with such questions, engineers in management need to be multi-skilled and good communicators. So, in addition to the need to educate engineers at universities in all- round skills, such as the ability to work in a team, they need to be able to communicate clearly and to understand the strategic needs of the business that employs them.

During the demise of Marconi last year there were many articles that blamed the City advisors for the debacle because of their long- term criticism of the cash-rich, risk adverse approach of the old GEC. This caused the new Marconi to change into a debt-ridden high-tech company. My view is that advisors give advice and it is up to management to take it or ignore it in the interests of the long-term stability of their company rather than chase a surge in share price. Surely this is where engineers in management, with their built-in training in risk assessment, are a great advantage?

The City is often accused of short termism. To quote a CBI Task Force of 1987:

'The Task Force found no evidence to link attitudes of the City directly to the long-run decline of the nation's manufacturing sector.. .Rather it found that many commonly held perceptions were simply not supported by the available facts. They were part of a pervasive mythology that needs to be debunked in the interests of both City and industry alike.'

For example UK investors have backed3 Eurotunnel (more than once), the Biotech sector, Internet and software companies, and the UK's world-class pharmaceutical industry.

In addition, private equity is playing a vital role in funding companies. Since 1983, UK private equity firms have invested E25 billion in over 20 000 companies worldwide (Fig. 4). In the UK alone venture capital backed firms are estimated in 2000 to have contributed over $180 billion sales revenue, E50 billion in export sales, resulting in a tax contribution of E22.7 billion per year. The firms backed by venture capital employ 2 million people, 10% of the private sector workforce. This sector's employment growth was 24% per year compared to the national average of 1.3%. Between 1992 and 1998, 37% of all flotations on the London Stock Exchange were venture capital backed. Just think of the range of engineering disciplines involved in those companies, from civil through electrical and mechanical to highly specialised computing and high-technology skills.

Even so, UK companies are continuing the worrying trend of spending less on research and development and capital equipment than our international competitors".

The technological revolution Over the last 20 years it has almost become

a clich6 to stress the huge importance that technology plays in the modern economy. It is wrong that it is not recognised that it is engineering that creates technology. Engineer- ing is the process that turns science into technology, which in turn produces a marketable product.

The Malpas Report12 points out that engineering as a process has two very important bridging roles:

ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT JOURNAL APRIL 2002 71

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it is the bridge between science and tech-

it is the bridge between technology and inno- nology

vation.

Engineering and technology are completely tied together. In recent years, and in particular in the 1990s, the pace of the technological revolution has increased beyond all expectations.

In spite of the violent surges in popularity, technology and ‘knowledge-based’ businesses are now at the heart of our future economy, nationally and globally. Whilst engineering continues to perform its vital role in driving wealth creation, it is increasingly not perceived as engineering, and the talented people involved often do not see themselves as engineers.

The question we must answer is how can some of the brightest, best-educated, most innovative people and businesses in the country be supported, so that their talents are used to the fullest extent; not only for wealth creation, but also in such vital fields as sustainability, energy and water conservation, health, safety, security and risk management? These are concerns that rise higher on the political agenda and in the minds of the public every year. Internationally, the emphasis varies, but the growing weight attached to these issues shows they are a common global threat, and engineers must carry the major role in solving them13.

Over the past year there has been a shift in the understanding and definition of the scope of ‘engineering’. Until relatively recently, dis- cussions about engineering, and the prospects for the engineering sector, tended to be gloomy. The focus, at least in the Press, remained on traditional heavy engineering and the problems of the UK decline in international competitiveness.

The City and the Press have now begun to understand that engineering, and the technology which engineering creates, encompasses a vastly wider range of industries and businesses. Not only is the information technology sector ‘engineering’, the same is true of bio- engineering, nanoengineering and many other areas that are central to future wealth creation. It is the job of engineers to explain this in clear terms to the City. A. Morita, Chairman of Sony, summed it up well when he said, ‘Our job as top managers is to explain to our financial institutions and our shareholders which way we are going’14.

What are the future trends that will affect today’s engineering profession in the UK;

trends that the engineering profession and the City jointly need to understand in order to protect the UK economy? For example, the technology jobs of tomorrow will be in areas such ast5:

financial modelling new drug discover techniques biotechnology learning technology e and m-commerce body part replacement genomics media technology and leisure software intelligent software cleaner energy sources nanotechnology new materials new drug delivery techniques pharmaceutical control of ageing

The need for change To get the correct flow of traffic between

engineering and the City we must firstly understand the fundamentals of that traffic. There is a desperate need to grow UK companies based on future engineering and techology advances. Such companies will be searching for suitably talented people and future engineers will have a huge role to play; but first they need to become more capable of understanding the basic details of finance and marketing and be more able and rounded entrepreneurs.

There are examples of successful niche market engineering companies in the UK16, but what is needed are the ingredients to grom- such small companies into medium and large companies. Here, the City is ready to help employing, as it does, experts whose sole job is to identify and invest in those companies who are capable of growth.

In addition to possessing an entrepreneurial spirit, it is also time engineers broadened their horizons, came out of their specialist silo mentality, and made their voices heard by becoming involved in public life. How often do we hear the cry ‘why are there so few engineers in Parliament and in the House of Lords?’ It is clear that the engineering profession itself needs to take a hard look as to how it needs to change to support a rapidly changing, modern, knowledge-based economy.

New arrangements are needed to ensure that business and industry can be certain of the right quality, quantity and type of engineering and technological skills that will be required, not


WEALTH CREATION

just for today, but more importantly in the future.

The UK WBS not ready for the knowledge revolution, although we caught up quickly, but the question that matters now is are we ready for the biotechnology revolution, the nanotechnology revolution, and the next two revolutions after that? It is part of the role of the Engineering and Technology Board to ensure that we are.

It i s now over 40 years since C.P. Snow stepped forward in the Senate House of Cambridge University to deliver his famous, or infamous, ‘Two Cultures’ lecture”. Then it was the polarisatinn, and lack of communication, between the ‘science’ and ‘literary intellectual’ elites of our society which bothered him.

The world is much changed since 1959, but- as the continuing debate about Europe maybe also signifies-we British still make haste slowly in bringing our social and cultural prejudices into line with our economic and technological realities. Through occasions like this, we learn to communicate more sympa- thetically across our bridges, hut maybe we need to re-read Snow for a more fundamental update.

Bringing more high-flying young people into the engineering programmes, and building professional cadres of excellence, ultimately also requires, if it i s to prosper and be sustainable, that more subtle social and cultural adjustment which makes for confidence and ease of relationships. Our engineering profes- sionals are maturing into their full role, not only as key drivers of technology and economic performance, hut also as fully-paid-up members of the social, political and cultural communities.

The future Is the bridge effective, does it carry two-way

traffic, and is it in a good state of repair? The answer to these three questions has to be yes, but much more needs to be done because we now face major challenges in Britain.

For nine years we have had uninterrupted economic growth, hut today nearly 80% of UK imports are the consumer goods that we could design and make ourselves. Yet whilst consumer spending goes up, manufacturing capacity goes down. UK consumer debt is equivalent to 110% of income, the highest ever. By the measure of comparative purchasing power, Britain lies 27th in the world league of gross domestic product per head. We rank


.. . .....

24th in the world in terms of health, and in adult literacy, 24th out of the 29 OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries‘.

We have 7 million adults with literacy skills below those expected of average 11 year olds and thcrc are 5 million families on some form of state subsidy At the same time major technical skill shortages are appearing throughout UK society. These are the problems the combination of engineering and the City must urgently tackle for the U K s economic survival.

The Government has started to play its role by putting much needed money into the basic science funding and infrastructure in our universities, by allowing universities to benefit from the proceeds of intellectual property spin off into start-up companies, and by giving tax incentives for small high-tech non-listed companies thus removing some of the obstacles for the growth of such companies. But in the UK, very few small companies have become medium or large companies that are competitive internationally. Emphasis now needs to be given to the next step in the process: the

Thpy didn’t rute your innovutiveapproach either, huh!

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.. c-------- I I

Engineers’ Corner Wendy Cope18

We make more fuss of ballads than of blueprints-That’s why so many poets end up rich. While engineers scrape by in cheerless garrets Who needs a bridge or dam? Who needs a ditch?

Whereas the person who can write a sonnet Has got it made. It’s always been the way, For everybody knows that we need poems And everybody reads them every day

Yes, life is hard if you choose engineering- You’re sure to need another job as well; You’ll have to plan your projects in the evenings Instead of going out. It must be hell.

While well-heeled poets ride around in Daimlers. You’ll burn the midnight oil to earn a crust. With no hope of a statue in the Abbey, With no hope, even, of a modest bust.

No wonder small boys dream of writing couplets And spurn the bike, the lorry and the train. There’s far too much encouragement for poets- That’s why this country’s going down the drain.

~

!

engineering that turns high-tech ideas into global saleable products.

In addition, there is a real need to think more carefully about the ethical context in which engineering and technology Ethical in the sense of how engineering and technology are used, and of the responsibility which many engineers and technologists have for safety or for sustainability. There are also broader ethical questions, which are increasingly important, which cut across all disciplines. Such questions can no longer he ignored and the ETB, together with the engineering institutions, must be prepared to give a lead.

In some areas there is progress. Engineering is the vital ingredient for sustainability and all engineers and technologists need to understand this and ensure that sustainability considera- tions are built into plans and projects. There is considerable progress on this aspect and yet other aspects still need to be thought through almost from scratch. Enhanced communication on the Web is a huge benefit. It also allows almost total disregard for traditional influences over the quality of its contents. The speed and availability of information is such that it is impossible to guarantee accuracy or balance. Propaganda can flow unchecked and often unrecognised for what it is. The speed with which information now travels outstrips management by national governments and can provide huge assistance to the operations of

terrorists and international criminals. In other fields, more closely related to

science, society is already grappling with complex ethical issues. In the field of safety, we have to tackle the problem that engineering and technology are capable of delivering major safety improvements and hence significantly reducing risk, but at a cost. Should we pay that cost regardless, or can we learn to accept that even in this emotive area, cost, risk and benefit do in fact have to be balanced out?

At the corporate level, company directors now have to face a double challenge. If engineering and technology are not operated properly, directors are increasingly likely to face legal penalties; and if potentially available engineering solutions are not put in place, even if the decision not to do so is commercially sound, company directors face not only heavy criticism hut legal censure. How society addresses questions such as these, and arrives at an ethical, but also a pragmatic set of answers, is a challenge the ETB is set to take on.

Conclusion The universe of engineering is changing

rapidly and will continue to do so. The engineering profession must be able to cope with these changes and at the same time keep the City informed of its needs. The City, in turn, must be capable of understanding new technology and its potential for wealth crea-


tion. The bridge between the two communities is the vital link to ensure the future prosperity of the UK.

So what can be done to improve the effectiveness of the bridge and what will be the nature of the traffic the bridge will have to carry in the future? The speed of change in the business environment will undoubtedly increase, creating new challenges for engineering, as a wealth creating force, and for the City, as a support to that force as well as in its own right as part of the global economy. Both sides of the bridge will need to cope with strident demands to ensure the ethics of their operations are clear and can be easily understood.

In the case of engineering, the potential for technology to do untold harm and the mistrust of the public in the role of basic science need to be rectified and the importance of the vital role for engineering to produce a sustainable planet needs to be explained. More needs to be done to get across the hidden significance of engineering. With more and more regulation of its activities, by the Financial Services Authority, and the need to prevent money laundering, the City too has much work to do. Both sides can help one another in achieving these aims.

In addition to the existing bridges between engineering and the City and between engineering and science, there is one fascinating bridge to be more strongly built and used in the future, that between engineering and the creative arts.

Whilst the thought processes of the individuals involved can be different, the creative arts depend on engineering for the production of their output whilst engineering, particularly in the design field, still has much to learn from those involved in the arts. Building this bridge will strengthen the foundations of the other two bridges.

This article is based on the Bridge Lecture 2002, sponsored by the Worshipful Company of Engineers and City University, and given by D r Robert Hawley on 6 February 2002.

Acknowledgements My thanks are due to many people who

helped with this paper, but in particular Ralph Windle (alias Bertie Ramsbottom) for his guidance on the need to relate engineers to the creative arts, to Lord Wakeham for his input on many aspects of engineering in public life and to Simon Birkett for his insights into an engineer- turned banker.


References 1.

2.

3.

4.

5 . 6.

7.

8.

9,

10.

‘The One Thousand’, Institute for Employment Research, 1998 Hahn, C., Mickey, J., and Mortiz, R.: ‘Technical Awareness Amongst British Decision Makers: A Comparative Study Between the United Kingdom and the United States’ Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA, 1994 Burton, N.: ‘City Short-termism-Myth or Reality?’, IEE London Centre Chairman’s Address, 26 January 1999 Barnett, C.: ‘The Verdict of Peace: Britain between her yesterday and the future’ Macmillan, 2001 Investment UK, Key Facts, 2001 Hawley, R.: ‘A Review of R and D for Industry into the Next Millennium’, Royal Academy of Engineering, October 1998 ‘Unlocking our Potential’, EEF, November 2001 ‘The Next Society’, The Economist, p.4, 3 November 2001 Hawley, R ‘Making the Best of Valuable Talent’, Engineering Council, December 2000 Seitz, G.H.R.: ‘Over Here’, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1998

11. Brown, K.: ‘British Industry Falling Behind on Investment’, Financiul Times, 10 December 2001

12. Malpas, R.: ‘The Universe of Engineering-A UK Perspective’, The Royal Academy of Engineering and the Engineering Council, 2000

13. Smith, J.C.: ‘The Global Challenge for Britain’s Energy Industry’, The Bridge Lecture, 1996

14. Morita, A.: ‘S does not equal T and T does not equal 1’, The First United Kingdom Innovation Lecture, Royal Society/DTI February, 1992

15. Hawley, R. and Tubbs, M.: ‘Who are the future engineers?’, The Engineer, 24 November 2000

16. Marsh, P.: ‘Bright Sparks Show the Way in Industrial Gloom’, Finunciul Times, 5 Decem- ber 2001

17. Snow, C.P.: ‘The Two Cultures’, Cambridge University Press, 1998

18. ‘Making Cocoa for Kingsley Amis’, Faber and Faber Ltd

19. Ramsbottom, R.: ‘Boardroom Ballads’, The Bankers, p54, Bertie Ramifications Ltd. and ‘The Poetry of Business Life’, Berrett-Koehler 1994

20. Florman, S.C.: ‘The Existential Pleasures of Engineering’, Souvenir Press, 1995

21. Tomkins, B., and Howard, I.: ‘Ethics in Engi- neering’, Ingenia, p65-71,2001

0 IEE: 2002 Dr Robert Hawley, an IEE Past President, is Chairman of Taylor Woodrow plc and Advisor to HSBC Investment Bank plc

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