a beginners history of philosophy 1000053401

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COPYRIGHT,
IQIO
AND
IQl8,
BY
HERBERT
ERNEST
CUSHMAN
ALL
RIGHTS
RESERVED,
INCLUDING
THE
RIGHT
TO
REPRODUCE
THIS
TO
3EORGE
HERBERT
PALMER,
Lrrr.D.,
LL.D
PREFACE
THIS
book
is
intended
than
for
the
teacher,
vi
PREFACE
ideas,
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
IN
ANCIENT
PHI
LOSOPHY
5
CONTENTS
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
THE
COSMOLOGISTS
18
TABLE
OF
COSMOLOGISTS
xii
CONTENTS
WHAT
THE
SOCRATIC
IDEAL
INVOLVES
85
THE
Two
STEPS
xiv
CONTENTS
BRIEF
CHRONOLOGICAL
SKETCH
OF
CONTENTS
XT
THE
Two
PARTS
OF
THE
HELLENIC-ROMAN
PERIOD
xvi
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
XI.
STOICISM
CONTENTS
xvu
CHAPTER
XIII.
THE
RELIGIOUS
PERIOD
CONTENTS
xix
CHAPTER
xx
CONTENTS
MAP
SHOWING
THE
GROWTH
OF
MOHAMMEDAN
CIVIL
IZATION
IN
THE
MIDDLE
AGES
370
ILLUSTRATIONS
SOCRATES
Frontispiece
MAP
A
BEGINNER'S
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
flective
life
INTRODUCTION
3
realities
with
differing
emphasis.
BOOK
I
ANCIENT
PHILOSOPHY
(625
6
EARLY
GREEK
IN
ANCIENT
the
coasts
and
islands
which
were
washed
by
iest of
8
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
the
Epic
(1000-750
B.
c.).
During
more
than
two
centuries
of
the
age
of
the
Epic
two
changes
occurred
which
were
to
influence
future
Greek
civilization
EARLY
GREEK
10
EARLY
century
B.
c.,
as
the
moral
EARLY
14
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
sophy.
These
were
Democritus,
Plato,
and
Aristotle.
The
spread
of
Greek
culture
beyond
its
own
limits
through
the
conquests
CHAPTER
II
THE
COSMOLOGICAL
PERIOD
(625-180
B.
C.)
16
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
arose
mighty
empires
that
threatened
to
wipe
out
its
civilization.
THE
PHILOSOPHY
OF
NATURE
17
dogma.
The
special
ceremonies
were
those
of
initiation
and
purification.
hey
were
supposed
to
purify
the
par
ticipant
nd
put
him
in
a
new
frame
18
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
Of
these
later
philosophical
Pythagoreans
THE
THE
PHILOSOPHY
OF
NATURE
21
excitement
of
a
religious
22
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
:
THE
PHILOSOPHY
24
HISTORY
THE
PHILOSOPHY
OF
NATURE
25
es
(560-500
most
changeablething
26
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
THE
PHILOSOPHY
OF
NATURE
27
Graecia)
THE
PHILOSOPHY
OF
NATURE
29
It
is
one
thing
to
30
HISTORY
32
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
life.
THE
PHILOSOPHY
OF
NATURE
33
Parmenides
used
the
conception
of
Xenophanes
in
his
great
didactic
poem,
The
Way
of
Truth
34
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
not
made
up
of
parts
with
THE
PHILOSOPHY
THE
PHILOSOPHY
OF
NATURE
37
tivity
reflection
came
to
have
such
conclusiveness
theory
38
HISTORY
CHAPTER
III
PLURALISM
Hera-
cleitus
and
Parmenides
were
in
part
fantastic
and
in
part
abstract.
They
were
the
two
motives
40
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
outset
pluralism
tried
to
reconcile
the
two
extremes
to
which
the
Milesian
motifs
had
gone.
Its
later
develop
ment
change.
This
can
only
be
conceived
by
assuming
that
there
are
many
original
units
that
in
themselves
do
not
change.
The
mass
of
the
PLURALISM
41
make
the
Eleatic
conception
42
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
1.
A
plurality
PLURALISM
43
polemical
references.
There
are
PLURALISM
45
as
the
author
46
PLURALISM
47
elements.
He
called
it
the
Nous,
the
Greek
word
for
mind
or
reason.
Many
48
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
had
Thrace.
pre
sented
fully
in
its
greatest
representative,
emocritus.
The
Later
Pythagoreans.
Had
the
Pythagorean
band
remained
what
Pythagoras
had
designed
it,
PLURALISM
49
This
was
the
theory
of
numbers
which
influenced
Plato,
became
the
50
54
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
troubles
and
of
danger
from
its
warlike
neighbors.
This
peril
grew
still
greater,
until
at
the
very
CHAPTER
IV
THE
ANTHROPOLOGICAL
PERIOD
(490-399
B.
C.):
THE
PHILOSOPHY
movement
in
the
study
of
man
and
human
relations.
The
battle
of
Marathon
does
not
therefore
66
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
years
of
the
supremacy
of
Pericles
cover
the
ripest
period
of
Greek
life.
In
this
connection
it
is
well
to
mention
Hegel's
thought
that
nations
do
not
ripen
in
tellectually
ntil
they
begin
to
the
Persian
Wars
of
490
B.
c.
and
480
THE
PHILOSOPHY
OF
MAN
57
of
a
58
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
time
and
naval
centre
Wars
the
power
of
THE
PHILOSOPHY
OF
MAN
59
therefore
they
THE
PHILOSOPHY
to
weigh
the
its character.
Persian
Wars,
he
would
say
62
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
religion
as
only
incidental
to
the
growing
criticism
of
law.
In
the
days
64
HISTORY
fellows
to
a
criti
tude
Euripides
THE
character
66
HISTORY
THE
PHILOSOPHY
70
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
part
of
this
flux,
and
since
they
are,
according
to
Protag
oras,
the
only
source
of
knowledge,knowledge
is
ephem
eral
and
unreal.
Reason
is
extended
and
continued
sen
sation.
A
movement
external
to
the
organism
stimulates
an
organ
of
the
body
and
is
met
by
a
reacting
movement
of
the
organ.
The
words,
72
HISTORY
not
then
CHAPTER
V
SOCRATES
of
the
many.
He
would
destroy
the
Sophistic
move
ment,
and
he
wrote
many
satires
upon
Greek
life
with
SOCRATES
75
later
writings,
nd
SOCRATES
77
saic.
This
may
have
been
incidental
to
his
asceticism,
or
the
result
probably
consisted
SOCRATES
79
and
denying
the
gods.
a
constructive
philoso^
phy
against
the
skeptical
onclusions
SOCRATES
83
a
system
of
thought.
His
psychology
or
theory
SOCRATES
85
Greatest
Thing
in
the
World,
86
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
reason
is
actually
the
same
as
the
development
of
the
will.
Knowledge
is
virtue
and
virtue
is
knowledge.
Vice
is
ignorance
and
ignorance
is
vice.
To
have
an
insight
into
the
truth
is
the
principle
of
living.
Not
only
is
deficient
insight
the
cause
of
evil,
but
it
is
itself
the
greatest
evil.
Not
only
does
a
man
act
wrongly
be
cause
he
does
not
SOCRATES
87
that
happiness
increases
proportionately
SOCRATES
89
be
striven
for.
Starting
the
questioner
who
is
seeking
SOCRATES
91
the
quest
of
truth
is
endless
SOCRATES
93
However
imperfect
and
childlike
was
Socrates'
method
of
procedure,
whatever
nation of the
SOCRATES
95
truth.
The
excellent
Good
must
be
sought
by
each
in
his
own
way.
96
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
to
existence.
In
independence
of
all
outward
circum.
stance
the
Cynic
conceives
himself
to
be
the
Wise
Man,
in
contrast
to
whom
the
mass
of
men
are
SOCRATES
97
the
Cynic
school,
was
how
to
become
individually
inde
pendent
of
CHAPTER
VI
THE
SYSTEMATIC
PERIOD
(399
B.
C.-322
B.
C.)
THE
SYSTEMATIC
PERIOD
99
great
systems
evidently
cannot
be
accounted
for
by
the
social
conditions
in
which
they
appear.
Neither
the
need
nor
the
demand
of
the
disrupted
Greece
of
these
years
would
be
a
sufficient
cause
to
explain
the
appear
ance
of
a
Plato
to
-a,
close,was
its
final
THE
SYSTEMATIC
PERIOD
101
tain,
to
present.
He
was
not
dominated
by
the
wish
to
show
how
things
does
not
102
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
human
beings
philosophy
THE
104
THE
106
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
pliers
they
are
the
norms
of
reality.
THE
SYSTEMATIC
THE
SYSTEMATIC
PERIOD
109
shows
explaining
in
detail
how
this
or
that
quality
consists
of
atoms
in
mechanical
motion.
The
mental
life
of
man
must
be
110
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
explained
in
the
same
way.
So
too,
wherever
he
could,
he
emphasized
more
sharply
than
his
predecessors
the
mechanical
necessity
length
than
we
can
go
here
Democritus
developed
a
theoretical
description
of
materialistic
principle
ver
upon
112
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
smoothest,
and
most
114
prob
THE
psychology,
admitted
that
sense-perception
s
only
a
transitory
rocess,
THE
SYSTEMATIC
PERIOD
117
an
118
HISTORY
CHAPTER
VII
PLATO
(427-347
B.
C.)
120
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
captured
by
the
Spartans
PLATO
121
upon
an
empirical
study
122
PLATO
123
cal
point
in
his
mental
development.
For
at
this
time
(1)
he
came
PLATO
125
The
school
task
in
the
founding
of
the
Academy.
Democritus
was
126
PLATO
127
ture.
On
the
Socrates
is
usu
ally
the
spokesman
in
them,
and
to
him
is
usuallygiven
128
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
the
deciding
word.
Only
a
few
have
a
fixed
plan
of
ar
gument.
One
thread
and
then
another
is
followed,
and
in
many
no
decision
whatever
is
reached
earthy
to
PLATO
129
juxtaposition
f
Socrates,
the
teacher,
who
had
been
engaged
in
a
practical
reformation,
whose
father
was
an
artisan
and
whose
mother
a
midwife,
and
Plato,
his
adoring
pupil
PLATO
133
ing
Plato's
second
period
he
was
called
on
to
defend
the
Eleatics
knowledge
of
an
incorporeal
world,
and
that
is
precisely
134
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
unity,
and
the
dualism
PLATO
135
an
envelope
Two
Drafts.
The
twofold
one
another
PLATO
137
at
the
Lead,
and
is
the
purposeful
end
More
Detail.
i.
The
Number
of
Ideas
in
138
HISTORY
physical
nature
should
be
not
merely
PLATO
141
attentive
to
the
relations
of
coordination
other
Ideas,
and
they
bear
the
relation
to
it,
not
of
particulars
o
a
formation
and
development
of
Plato's
theory
of
Ideaa
shows
how
difficult
it
142
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
purpose
of
the
world.
maintained
PLATO
143
or
empty
space
was
emphasized
in
the
Middle
Ages.
This
mythical
account
shows,
however,
the
inherent
dualism
in
as
144
HISTORY
Good.
The
existence
of
matter
detracts
from
the
perfection
of
the
world,
but
PLATO
145
has
this
importance
man.
JPhcedo,
Plato
has
put
PLATO
147
Ideas,
these
testimonies
of
reality,
orm
a
part
of
the
human
soul.
They
are
eternal,
and
have
not
been
ere
ated
by
sees
the
objects
of
physical
nature,
it
awakens
in
painful
astonishment
at
the
contrast
between
the
sense
PLATO
149
cognized
the
mathematical
relationship
etween
the
square
on
the
hypothenuse
of
a
death is
150
PLATO
151
152
longing
on
from
height
to
height
until,
in
religion
PLATO
153
of
the
finite
to
154
HISTORY
soul.
Naturally
enough,
in
his
PLATO
157
158
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
est
efficiency
n
guidance
of
the
emotions.
(3)
Highest
of
all
is
the
cultured
PLATO
159
LYSIS.
We
only
trust
those
who
appear
to
know
more
than
ourselvef.
160
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
PLATO
161
(2)
Why
the
philosopher
is
willing
to
die,
although
he
will
not
take
his
own
life.
60
C
162
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
Book
ii.
(1)
The
argument
of
Adeimantus.
362
E
PLATO
163
Book
viii.
Democracy
and
the
PLATO
166
Book
vii.
(1)
The
good
citizen
must
not
lead
an
inactive
life.
806
D
ARISTOTLE
167
was
dedicated
to
Apollo,
totle
168
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
of
facts,
the
accurate
man
of
good
sense,
whose
imagination
does
not
soar
above
the
clouds,
but
at
the
same
ARISTOTLE
169
170
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
at
the
age
of
eighteen,
ARISTOTLE
171
ARISTOTLE
173
ness
of
Aristotle,
174
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
personality
f
the
author
is
subordinated
to
his
science.
The
collections
of
writings
transmitted
under
the
name
of
Aristotle
do
not
give
even
an
approximately
com
plete
picture
of
ARISTOTLE
175
thought,
but
this
cannot
truthfully
pply
to
any
save
these
lost
writings.
2.
The
Compilations.
These
were
excerpts
its scientific
of
Aristotle
are
orderly.
There
are
repetitions,
aste,
176
HISTORY
ARISTOTLE
177
ceptual
world,
and
he
emphasized
the
importance
of
empirical
facts.
Both
when
a
member
of
the
Academy
and
later,
he
strongly
contended
against
Plato's
evalu
ation
of
Plato's
theory
of
Ideas,
ARISTOTLE
179
The
individual
consists
of
two
aspects
place.
ARISTOTLE
181
fore
made
logic
a
preliminary
and
separate
study,
as
it
182
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
the
particular
tands
will
then
appear.
syl
logism.
The
firsttask
of
ARISTOTLE
183
the
relation
that
one
of
these
terms
bears
to
the
two
other
terms,
what
the
two
bear
to
each
other.
The
prin
ciple
employed
is
184
ARISTOTLE
185
186
ARISTOTLE
187
Aristotle
conceived
nature
teleologically.
eleology
or
purpose
we
found
Plato
using
in
his
unto
it.
In
the
case
of
organisms
Aristotle
speaks
of
two
causes,
ARISTOTLE
189
phenomena
eighteenth
and
the
190
ology
ARISTOTLE
191
world-motion,
but
God
must
be
the
cause
in
a
different
sense
working
out
of
Form.
Quite
in
ARISTOTLE
193
mechanical
necessity,
in
nature
come
through
final
causes.
Final
evolution
is
not
a
progressiveclimbing
sort,
like
the
Darwinian,
in
which
new
species
evolve.
It
means
only
that
194
ARISTOTLE
195
ARISTOTLE
197
tional
soul.
builds
up
its
body
as
a
system
of
organs,
and
as
an
organology
the
theory
of
Aristotle
has
great
significance.
ter
198
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
Aristotle
made
many
contributions
to
psychology
about
the
origin
and
ARISTOTLE
199
Aristotle
in
any
case
is
not
a
perpetuation
of
the
individuality.
2.
is
only
a
limitation.
The
essential
factor
is
200
is,
pleasures,yet
pleasures
do
not
always
attend
our
acts
in
our
present
society.
The
greatest
Good
is
happiness,
but
ARISTOTLE
201
his
will
by
right
rational
insight.
He
should
seek
to
direct
his
impulses
by
reason,
and
not
only
once
but
so
many
202
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
practical
insight
ARISTOTLE
203
herent
possibilities.
THE
HELLENIC-ROMAN
death
of
206
HISTORY
was
not
lost
THE
HELLENIC-ROMAN
208
HISTORY
We
THE
HELLENIC-ROMAN
210
Religious
Division
religious
faith
rose
because
Skepticism
had
taken
pos
session
of
the
field
of
knowledge.
The
ethical
Schools
stood
as
the world and
THE
Epicu
rean
Schools
THE
THE
HELLENIC-ROMAN
PERIOD
215
It
grew
to
have
an
elaborate
organization.
It
was
abol
ished
by
Justinian
216
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
compact
body
of
Greek
thought
disintegrated
nto
its
several
elements.
Theoretical
and
practicalknowledge,
which
had
been
so
successfully
THE
HELLENIC-ROMAN
PERIOD
219
and
the
Old
Schools
departed
very
much
from
the
teaching-
of
their
founders
THE
HELLENIC-ROMAN
PERIOD
221
prominent
leaders.
This
Academy
222
HISTORY
THE
HELLENIC-ROMAN
PERIOD
223
could
change
only
224
THE
HELLENIC-ROMAN
PERIOD
225
their
226
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
6.
The
universal
deter-
The
CHAPTER
X
EPICUREANISM
d'un
EPICUREANISM
229
230
EPICUREANISM
231
232
HISTORY
pleasure
the
pleasure
f
re
pose.
Epicurusrecognizes
herefore
both
the
pleasure
of
motion
and
the
pleasure
of
repose,
but
they
do
not
have
the
same
importance
EPICUREANISM
233
the
repose
of
the
Epicurean
to
action.
Pleasure,
on
the
other
hand,
seemed
to
him
to
be
a
concrete
and
real
object.
It
can
be
given
a
definite
con
tent.
Virtue
234
EPICUREANISM
235
Man
can
use
much,
master
of
the
effects
of
the
world
upon
himself.
To
rest
unmoved
EPICUREANISM
237
In
the
first
place,religion
carries
with
it
the
fear
of
Epicurus
death
meant
the
giving
up
of
the
present
238
EPICUREANISM
23*
trary
he
and, on
the other
CHAPTER
XI
STOICISM
importance
to
history
its
only
rival
was
neo-Platonism,
which
came
after
it.
Stoi
cism
accomplished
reform
by
reviving
the
classic
ideals.
It
became
a
retreat
STOICISM
243
totle.
The
most
important
representative
f
this
period
is
Panaetius
(180-110
B.
C.),
who
STOICISM
245
suicide,
saying,
246
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
no
Stoa.
In
the
hands
of
Chrysippus
the
Stoic
teach
ing
became
a
well-rounded
system.
The
Stoic
Writings.
Nearly
all
the
writings
248
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
make
them
entirely
compatible.
All
the
essential
diffi
culties
and
STOICISM
249
This
was
called
by
the
Stoics
the
assent
of
the
reason,
and
is
the
distinguishing
feature
of
the
Stoic
concep
tion
of
personality.
percep
tions,
the
perceptions
into
acts
of
will.
The
reason
is
therefore
a
kind
of
generating
power
not
of
it.
He
may
govern
the
world
250
STOICISM
251
conduct.
Thought-actionyields
happiness.
It
does
not
matter
whether
man
acts
Highest
Good
or
Apathy
is
(1)
intellectual
resignation
to
the
uni
verse,
(2)
practical
inner
harmony,
and
(3)
self-con
trol.
In
seeking
to
be
rational,
man
is
following
an
impulse,
the
impulse
of
self-preservation.
The
Conception
of
Nature.
In
comparison
with
the
Epicurean
the
position
of
the
Stoic
was
peculiarly
n
STOICISM
253
like
the
254
STOICISM
255
attributes
are
ascribed
to
God
in
a
way
that
is
start
ling.
The
Heracleitan
conception
256
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
44
formative
fire-mind.
It
penetrates
all
things
and
dom
inates
all
as
their
active
principle.hrough
it
STOICISM
207
258
rea
son
includes
not
Romans
alone,
but
all
men,
gods,
and
slaves.
But
the
political
overnment
is
STOICISM
259
To
seek
society.
To
dispense
with
society.
1.
Exaltation
of
justice
Exaltation
STOICISM
2G1
conception
of
Nature,
but
he
tried
to
justify
is
position
on
the
ground
that
the
individual
expressed
the
STOICISM
263
The
more
Stoicism
became
mere
moralizing,
the
more
the
Cynic
element
in
it
CHAPTER
XII
SKEPTICISM
SKEPTICISM
AND
SKEPTICISM
University
of
Athens.
They
were
not
abolished
as
Schools
until
529
A.
D.,
by
Justinian.
Internally
heir
independentgrowth
lasted
only
during
the
two
270
;
as
a
member.
His
books
appeared
in
rather
rapid
succes
sion.
272
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
Cicero
does
not
therefore
owe
his
prominence
as
a
philosopher
so
much
to
his
CHAPTER
XIII
THE
RELIGIOUS
PERIOD
(100
B.
C.-476
A.
D.)
The
Two
Causes
274
HISTORY
THE
RELIGIOUS
PERIOD
275
terest
turned
from
earthly
to
heavenly
things,
salva-
tion
from
THE
RELIGIOUS
278
THE
RELIGIOUS
PERIOD
279
ceived
God
to
be
a
person.
But
the
Stoic
antithesis
of
reason
and
280
the
Hellenic
movement
Hellenic
movement.
The
first
stage
of
each
movement
we
shall
call
its
Introductory
Period,
and
the
Development
282
THE
RELIGIOUS
THE
RELIGIOUS
PERIOD
285
2.
Neo-Pythagoreanism.
The
history
of
Pythago-
reanism
is
extremely
varied.
Its
body
of
doctrine
from
epoch
to
epoch
was
continuallychanging.
The
onlj
characteristic
common
to
286
HISTORY
mind
to
288
HISTORY
God
290
Alexandria,
under
Ammonius
Saccas,
who
was
Origen's
teacher.
He
cam
paigned
with
the
emperor,
Gordian,
against
the
Per
sians,
THE
RELIGIOUS
PERIOD
293
perfectly
inished.
In
his
conception
of
God
as
compared
to
the
world,
Plotinus
added
the
realm
THE
two
forces,
the
formative
power
Nous,
individual
souls
are
a
kind
296
HISTORY
matter;
inorganic
nature
is
the
298
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
reform
THE
RELIGIOUS
PERIOD
299
ing
was
identical
the
school
at
Athens,
he
THE
RELIGIOUS
PERIOD
301
velopment
of
THE
HELLENIZING
304
Chris
tianity
thereby
shaped
its
own
constitution
into
such
strength
that
victory
would
belong
to
the
sect
THE
HELLENIZING
306
THE
THE
HELLENIZING
OF
THE
GOSPEL
309
not
been
restricted
to
Christianity,
ut
God's
inspira
tion
has
been
at
work
in
all
mankind.
310
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
The
Gnostics.
Gnosticism
is
the
name
applied
to
a
movement
of
THE
HELLENIZING
312
THE
HELLENIZING
OF
THE
GOSPEL
313
osophy.
314
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
Catechists,
of
which
Clement
and
Origen
were
the
leaders.
Origen
(185-254)
and
the
School
of
Catechists.
Origen,
whose
surname
was
Adamantine,
was
an
early
teacher
in
the
School
of
Catechists,
which
had
been
under
the
direction
of
Clement.
Like
Plotinus,
Origen
had
been
a
pupil
of
Ammonius
Saccas.
Origen
endured
much
persecution
on
account
of
his
teaching,
THE
HELLENIZING
disappear.
The
318
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
teaching
BOOK
II
THE
MIDDLE
AGES
(476-1453)
CHAPTER
XV
CHARACTERISTICS
AND
CONDITIONS
OF
THE
MIDDLE
AGES
Comparison
of
the
Hellenic-Roman
Period
and
the
Middle
Ages.
The
Middle
Ages
can
be
conveniently
remembered
as
approximately
the
1000
years
between
the
fall
of
old
Rome,
in
476,
820
HISTORY
CONDITIONS
OF
THE
MIDDLE
AGES
321
stroy
the
entire
product
which
antiquity
ad
bequeathed.
He
was
quite
unprepared
to
assimilate
the
rich
fruits
of
that
ancient
civilization.
He
had,
indeed,
less
mind
for
the
elaborate
forms
of
Greek
philosophy
than
322
two
vast
re
gions
CONDITIONS
CONDITIONS
OF
THE
MIDDLE
AGES
325
Comedy
(see
diagram,
p.
376),*
and
appears
in
part
at
least
as
the
cosmological
326
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
cluded
plain
song
and
a
mystic
CONDITIONS
periods
the
Early
Period,
the
Transitional
Period,
Greek.
barbarians.
529
Closing
of
philosophi
cal
Schools
at
Athens
CONDITIOl^
OF
THE
MIDDLE
AGES
331
622-732
Mohammedans
conquer
Arabia,
Northern
Africa,
and
Spain.
732
Mohammedans
re
pulsed
at
the
battle
of
Tours.
600-800
Fusion
took
place
among
German
and
Roman
peoples.
800
Empire
of
Charle
magne
founded.
Civ
ilization
higher
than
the
German,
lower
CHAPTER
XVI
Early
EARLY
PERIOD
336
EARLY
PERIOD
338
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
them.
As
the
mediaeval
period
advanced,
what
in
his
teaching
had
been
a
mere
incoherence
EARLY
542
also
a
defender
346
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
vidual
certainty
central in
hand,
divine
EARLY
justice
emands
that
some
men
at
EARLY
PERIOD
monks.
The
name
of
John
Scotus
Erigena
(810-880).
Note
that
during
in
every
monastery
impulse
given
by
the
Irish
scholars
many
celebrated
monastic
and
cathedral
schools
originated,
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
are
graded
more
reality
EARLY
PERIOD
OF
THE
MIDDLE
AGES
353
uncontrolled
by
great
masses
of
thought
and
uninspired
by
practical
deals
of
building
up
the
church.
Erigena
is
a
CHAPTER
XVII
THE
TRANSITIONAL
PERIOD
(1000-1200)
of
THE
TRANSITIONAL
Charlemagne.
The
arguments
358
THE
TRANSITIONAL
PERIOD
360
and
tra
ditionally
entralized
teaching
of
Anselm,
the
imagina
tive
pantheism
of
Erigena
seems
like
a
body
that
had
in
being
a
moderate
realist.
THE
862
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
but
lie
THE
TRANSITIONAL
PERIOD
THE
366
the
infidel
The
THE
TRANSITIONAL
PERIOD
367
western
world
was
preparing
for
the
rescue,
and
the
Crusades
were
the
Ages. They bring
CHAPTER
XVIII
THE
PERIOD
OF
CLASSIC
first
one
370
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
THE
PERIOD
OF
CLASSIC
SCHOLASTICISM
371
thought
resulting
THE
PERIOD
OF
CLASSIC
SCHOLASTICISM
373
ings,
except
the
Or
g
anon,
appeared
in
Europe
in
this
form,
and
the
Organon
as
a
whole
was
not
known
until
upon
the
Chris
tian
culture
374
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
The
Conflict
between
the
THE
876
THE
378
THE
PERIOD
OF
THE
PERIOD
OF
CLASSIC
SCHOLASTICISM
381
ciliating
theology.
Certainly
his
predecessors
and
con
temporaries
stand
eclipsed
by
him.
He
satisfied
the
mediaeval
demand
for
order
and
he
prevented
deteriora
tion
in
the
church
doctrine.
He
did
not
rise
above
his
age,
although
he
stood
at
the
head
of
its
intellectual
movement.
He
was,
on
the
contrary,
the
most
perfect
expression
of
scholasticism,
and
he
was
affectionately
regarded
as
doctor
angellcus
and
again
as
doctor
uni-
ver
sails.
The
Central
Principle
of
382
HISTORY
THE
PERIOD
OF
CLASSIC
SCHOLASTICISM
383
(1)
establishing
preliminary
motives,
(2)
supplying
analogies,
(3)
mys
terious
background
of
the
religious
ife.
The
whole
theological
difice
of
Thomas
would
collapse
in
mysticunity,
the
immortality
384
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
In
THE
principle
386
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
The
problem
of
the
will
arose
first
with
reference
to
the
human
will.
Thomas
contended
against
Duns
Sco-
THE
THE
PERIOD
OF
CLASSIC
SCHOLASTICISM
389
cord
with
the
good
too
deep
root.
392
HISTORY
THE
PERIOD
3s/4
HISTORY
OF
PHILOSOPHY
forgot
the
principle
INDEX
INDEX
Abdera,
107,
119.
See
Atomists.
Abelard,
life
of,
363
INDEX
Ataraxia,
of
INDEX
Cosmology,
defined,
13.
400
INDEX
Eristic,
defined,
60.
Ethical
period
of
the
Hellenic-Ro
man
period,
INDEX
401
Hippodamus,
68.
Hippolytus,
313.
JJomoiomeriai,
46.
Human
nature,
value
set
upon,
by
Socrates,
81.
Hylozoism,
denned,
19;
402
INDEX
320,
321;
INDEX
403
Patristics,
302-318.
Perception,
and
conception,
83
n.;
according
to
Plato,
134
INDEX
405
tbe
Ideal
of,
83-86

a beginners history of philosophy 1000053401

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