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CONCORD FIELD STATION - A GUIDE TO RESOURCES

David S. Woodruff, Editor

Tne Guide to Resources, publication of which began in 1973, is designedto introduce students, visiting scientists, and local naturalists to~he natural history of the Field Station area. The Guide comprises anumber of parts which will be issued separately as· material becomesavailable. Address inquiries to: The Concord Field Station, OldCauseway Road, Bedford, Massachusetts.

No. 1 Concord Field Station - Estabrook Woods, Map of physicalfeatures, topography, and vegetation. By Lynn Maguire,Phil Nelson, W.G. Abrahamson and D.S. Woodruff (wi~hCorrigenda) . 1973.

No. 2 Concord Field Station - Pickman Area.features, topography, and vegetation.Phil Nelson, W.G. Abrahamson and David..Corrigenda) . 1973.

Map of physicalBy Lynn Maguire,S. Woodruff (with

No. 3 Vegetation and flora. By Warren G. Abrahamson, 1973.

No. 4 An annotated check1is~ of the amphibians and reptiles ofConcord, Carlisle, and Bedford, Mass. By Allen E. Greer, Jr.,Timo~hy S. Doyle, Peter Arnol~, 1973.

No. S The Social Wasps. By Robert Jeanne, 1973.

No. 6 Clima~e and meteorology. By charles S. Henry, 1973.

No. , Lis~ of mammals of eastern Massachusetts. By BarbaraLawrence, an~ C.P. Lyman, 1974.

No.· 6 Introductory no~es. By David S. Woodruff, 1974.

No. 9 Physiography an~ geology. By John J. Lit~lejohn, 1974.

No. 10 Soils. By John J. Lit~lejohn, 1974.

No. 11 }~ annotated checklist of the butterflies. By Paul S. Miliotis.tin preparation).

No. 12 Solitary Wasps of the Concord Field Station }~ea. By HowardE, Evans and rrederick Atwood, 197~.

r

Concord Field StationA Guide to Resources. No.8

lNTRODUCTORY NOTES

ByDavid S. Woodruff

Concord Field St.tionMuseum of Comp.rative Zoology

H~rvard UniversityOctober 7, 1974

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Of lIlt Beojls Ihal live on the laud,

HAving related unto you the plcafant fituation of theCountrey, the healthfulncffc of the climate -th~ na-

ture of the foile, with his vcgctativcs, and other c~J1lI11(),li-tics j it will not be amiffc to. informc you of iuch irrationnllcreatures as arc daily bred and continually nourifhcd inthis countrcy, which doe much conduce to the well bcintrof the Inh.abitants, affording not onely meate for the b(!lIJ~but cloathing for the backe, The bcafls be as followeth.

The kiugly LyoII, and Ihejlrollg al'm'd BeareTlu large limbed 17fooJes,with the tripping Deare,Quill dartiug Porcupines, and Rackcooncs bee,Cajlel/d in the hollou: of all aged tree ;-Thcfoippiug Squcrrcll, Rabbet, purblinde Hare,Immured i,t IheJelfifamc Cojlle are,Leaji red-eyed Ferrets, wily Foxes fllouldThem 2tlzdcrmille, if ra17lpird bitt willi mould.The grim fac't Ounce, and ravenous howling Woolfe,ll1haje meagre paunch Jud:es li!.:ea fivallowing gulfe.Blaci» gl(jlcriug Oilers, aud I'ich coated Bever,The Ciue:Jenlcd lIfuJ9uaflt ,/mellillg ever.

Concerning Lyons, I will not fay that I ever faw anymy felfe, but fome affirme that they have feene a T ,~,('~ ~.~Cope A ..." ,,:::::h is ,jUL above fix leagues from Bqjlolz:fame likewife bcing loft in woods, have heard fuch terribleroarings, as have made them much agaft j which mufteyther"'be Devills or Lyons; there being no other crea-tures which ufc to roare faving Bcares, which have notfilch a terrible kind of roaring: befides, Pl£moulh menhoy'! traded for Lyons skinnes in former times. But t=

1t

Figure 1. One of the oldest accounts of the mammals of Massachusetts.Opening paragraphs of Chapter 6 of William Wood's '~ew England'sProspect" first published in 1634. The impact of European settlementon the local fauna may be gauged by the fact that five of the 16mammals mentioned are now extinct locally.

Concord Field Station· A Guide to Resou~es

8. WTRODUCTORY NOTES

By

David S. Woodcuffl

Preface

The biological survey of the Field Station and the preparation ofthe Guide to its resources began in 1972. My main purpose was to pro.vide Harvard students with a basic account of the local environmentand the literature pertaining to its fauna and flora. Fro= the onsetI have deliberately avoided duplicating material readily available inother field guides and reference books. I have tried instead to pro~vide annotated lists of the local biota, draving attention whereverpossible to interesting local problems. The Guide was conceived as anopen·eaded project to be superceded one day by an authorative handbookbased on local field studies. The Guide is made up of a series ofseparate parts which are printed as material becomes available.

I thank an anonymous Friend of the Museum of Comparative Zoologyfor the financial support which made the survey and Guide possible.

I thank Dr. A. W. Crompton, Director of the Museum of ComparativeZoology, f9r his support throughout the planning and preparation ofthis Guide. Dr. C. R. Taylor, Director of the Concord Field Station,has kindly provided space, facilities and encouragement. Or. Warren G.Abrahamson collaborated with me from the beginning of this project anddeserves much of the credit for its execution. Debbie Dewing, ColleenRaQdel, Lynn Maguire, Phil Nelson, BLll Newbury, and Vicki Rowntreeprovided competent technical assistance. I am also indebted to a greatmany individuals, both at Harvard and in the Concord community, foruseful discussions and cooperation. Finally, I thank those studentsvho provoked me to prepare this Guide to the Concord Field Station byasking me the simple question: ''What's there?"

1. Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette,Indiana 47907.

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Introduction

The Concord field Station of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.Harvard University. is located about 26 km (16 miles) northwest ofC8~r1d8e. The facility consists of about 2.9 km2 (1.1.~ile2) ofwooded land with 5everal swamps and shallow ponds. The land 1s dis-tributed in tyo areas about 8 km (5 miles) apart and lies betweenthe t~ centers of Concord, Bedford, and Carlisle 1n MiddlesexCounty.

1. The Estabrook Woods. 2.6 km2 (650 acres) of mixed woodsand svamp north of the Minute Man National Historic Park in Concord.The northernmost portion of the woods are 1n the t~nship of Carlisle.The property includes Mink Pond and abutts Hutchins Pond and Punke-tasset Bill in the south. The last two features are on 18nd owned andprotected by the Concord Conservation Commission. Bateman's Pond, onthe Middlesex School land, lies to the vest of the voods. The areavas surveyed by Murray (1971) and subsequently this information hasbeen used in maps prepared by Lein (1971), Maguire and Nelson (1972a)and Maguire et a1. (1973a).

2. The Pickman Area. 0.3 km2 (70 acres) of voods and a shallowpond in the township of Bedford on the east side of the Concord River.The land became available to Harvard for use as a Field Stationthrough the munificence of the Pickman family and the Coun~ay Founda-tion. The Countvay Laboratory together vith the other Field Stationbuildings art situated on the former Nike Missile Site. The PickmanArea abutts the 10.1 km2 (2,500 acre) Great Meadows National WildlifeRefuge vhich borders the river. The area was surveyed by Dober et al.(1965) and this information has been used in the maps prepared by~suir. and Nelson (l972b) and ~2uire et al. (1973b).

The Concord Field Station has a history going back only a decade.The Station vas established through the personal efforts of ProfessorErnst Mayr, then Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, andDr. Charles P. Lyman, Curator in Mammalogy and Associate Professor ofAnatomy at the Harvard Medical School. The acquisition of the Esta-brook Woods was made possible by a grant from the Nature Conservancy,Washington, D.C., and the subsequent generosity of several philanthropicfoundations, principally the Ford Foundation. With the active supportof numerous local citizens the Field Station ~terialized during theperiod 1962-63. Dr. Lyman served as Acting Director from 1963-69.Professor C. Richard Taylor, an environmental physiologist, vas appointedthe first director in 1969.

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the Concord RLver Valley

The Concord Field Station lies in the Seaboard Lowland seeeion ofFenneman's (1938) classification of the physiographic divisions ofNew England. The reader unfamiliar with the New England 13adscape 1sreferred to the excellent general aCcOunts by Thomson (1958) andJorgensen (1971). The Field SCation lies in the valley of the ConcordRiver which flows slowly north to join the Merrimack River at Lowell.The general location of the Field Station properties is shown in insetson the Estabrook Woods Map prepared by Maguire et al. (1973.). Othermaps of this ares include Gleason (1906), A~y Mapping Service (1948),U.S. Geological Survey (1964), Murray (1971), and Fox and Harte (1973).

American Indians settled in the Conc~rd valley at least 4,000years ago and have probably been in the area at lease twice that lengthof time. Occupancy of the Bull Brook archeological site, about 40 km(25 miles) northeast of Concord, has been dated radiometrically atabout 9,000 years B.P. (before pres ene) (Byer., 1959). Griffin (1965)provides an introductory review of the prehistory of the northeasternwoodlands. When European colonists arrived in Massachusetts in 1620the Nipmunks, a local sub tribe of the Musketaquids of the AlgonkianNation, inhabited the Field Station area. In places the woods had beencleared for villages and cornfields. William Wood (1634) provides uswith a map showing the Musketaquid (Concord) River lyiag close to thewestern boundary of the new colony. By the time ot Wood's visit (1629·1633) ehe Indian population had been decimated by contagious diseases.When Concord was founded in 1635 relatively few Indians remained. Josselynsaw the area three years later and wrote: '~n. low level upon a freshriver a branch of the MerLimack is seated Concord, the first inlandtown in Massachusetts patent, well stored with fish, salmon, dace, al~ife.shad, etc., abundance of fresh marsh and cattle, this place is subjectto bitter scccee ." (1675: 170).

Attracted by opportunities for grazing cattle and haymak1ng alongthe river and the abundance of fish, European settlement was rapid.Within a century the towns of Concord. Carlisle, and Bedford were founded.Hundreds of small farms were established in the Concord valley. Shattuck(1835) has documented the early history of the town of Concord. Thecourse of this early land clearing is known to a certain extent and anoutline history of the Field Station lands has been pieced together byFit<gera1d (1974).

We can lea~ a lot about the local situation from the great nine·teenth century writers who lived in Concord (see Cleason. 1906). Tickno~(1926), among others, has compiled a volume on "Classic Concord" aspo~crayed by Emerson, Hawthorne. Thoreau. and the Alcotts. It was

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Emerson who turned Thoreau to nature writing and the result was Thoreau',first major euay on liThe Natural History of Massachusetts" (1842). Fora guide to the voluminous writings on Thoreau ste Harding (1959), Thoreau'sJournals (1906) are particularly useful 85 he made systematic observationsof local natural history over a period of many years. His entry in theHarvard Class Book, 1837. reads as fo11010'5: "Suffice to say, that thoughbodily I have been 8 member of Harvard University, heart and soul! havebeen far away among the scenes of my boyhood. Those hours that shouldhave been devoted to study, have been spent in scouring the woods, andexploring the lakes and streams of my native Village." It is from Thoreau'sJournal, for example, that we learn of the quarrying and burning of limein the Easterbrook Woods in the 1;90's, The ~oods (now spelled Estabrook)take their name from Thomas Est&brook who settled there in 1668. Thestone walll, cellar holes, and artificial ponds shown on the map. (Maguireet al., 1973 a,b) indicate that the area has had a complex history ofland use. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries much of easternMassachusett. was converted to pasture, field, or managed as wood lots.Despite this widespread environ~ntal alteration the Estabrook Woods areahas been Ie•• disturbed than adjacent areas. Thoreau, for example, writesI~~at a vild and rich domain that Easterbrook country1 Not a cultivated,hardly. cultivatable field in it, and yet it delights all natural persons,and feeds still more. Such great rocky and moist tracts, which daunt thefarmer, are reckoned as unimproved land, and therefore worth but little •• "(Oct, 20, 1857).

Sanborn's (1909) vritings also contain information about the appear·ance of the Eltabrook Wood. area in the mid-nineteenth century. (Sanbornvas planning the annual chestnutting excursion of his pupils and othersto the area when the new. of John Brown's attack on Harper's Ferry reachedConcord. Sanford, a supporter of Brown, fearing arrest by federal author·itie., left the picnic in the h.nd. of competent ••s1stant. and sailed forHalifax, Nova Scotia.) This suggest. that although timber cutting hascontinued until recently, parts of the area have been vooded for over acentury. Furthermore, ve now know that the wooded area may have increasedin extent during this period. In Concord and throughout New England farmsand fields vere abandoned during the nineteenth century as. farmers leftfor the West. Cultivated parts of the EstabrOOK Woods area sh~ on theolder map. (e.g. Merricks Pasture, Hubbards Pasture) vere allowed to returnto woodland. The effects of this exodus vere probably tempered, however,by the proximity of the city of Boston. Until recently pressures for fire-wood, pasture, and residential land constituted a major threat to theremaining privately held woodlands in Concord.

In addition to Thoreau, who collected nearly 800 specie. of plantslocally, a number of other gifted naturalists have written about theConcord area. taton (197£) reviews the early botanical activity in his

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book on the local flora. Commencing with the Jarvis brothers who begancollecting in 1823, important contributions to our knowledge of localplants were made by Edward S. Hoar, Horace Mann. and Minot Pratt. WilliamBrewster, the noted ornithologist who veoce ''Birds of Cambridge" (1906)lived in Concord. His book "October Farm" (1936) is full of observationsof local natural hiseory made around his bcus e which lay Just east ofthe Estabrook Woods. Dexter (Brewster, 1937) has edited a second collec~tion of Brewster's essays.

The Physical Setting

The Concord Valley va, glaciated repeatedly during the last ca.illionyears. At the time of the last major glacial period (Late Wisconslnstage) about 20,000 years ago the area was covered by an ice sheetpossibly 2 km thick. Although the deglaciation chronology has not:yetbeen established locally, the ice probably retr~at:ed from this regionbetween 13,500 - 12,500 years B.P. (Schafer and Hartshorn. 1965). Thesurface features of the area (includlng eskers, kames •.and drumlins) areco~equently of glacial origin in most cases and postdate the glacialretreat (Kot.ff, 1964).

The geomorphology and geology of the Field Staeion are described byLittlejOhn (1974a). The underlying basement of metamorphic rocks arealmost:completely buried by a blanket of gravels and sands. The Geologi-cal S~rvey (1964) Concord Quadrangle Sheet: shows that:while most of tnetill was dumped by the melting ice, lacustrine deposits associated withthe large Glacial Lake Concord also occur. The land is of low relief:36.5 • Sl.5m (120·170 feet) above sea level in tne Pickman Areaj andbetween 42.5 - 76.0m (140-250 feet) above sea level in the EstabrookWoods. Recognizable hills in the latter area include Hubbards, LUne.and Corly Pate Hill. The hign point in this area lies just south of theField Station: Punkatasset Hill (elevation 9;.8m or 316 feet).

The area is drained by several small streams which flow towardsthe Concord River. Pickman and Mink Ponds are man·made and shallow.Deeper nat~ral ponds near the Field Station include Batemans Pond andWalden Pond. Thoreau (1854) described his central experiment in livingbeside the latter pond in '\1alden". In addition to this main ebeee'\1alden"contains a wealth of natural history. Thoreau describes thelife of the pond and the surrounding woods in great detail. He surveyedthe pond and .stabl~hed that. at highest water, it was 32.5111 (107feet) deep.

The sandy and gravelly soils of the Field Sr.ation are relativelythin and usually slightly acid in pH. Soil ceese evaeaee Service data

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are !:vailable for this area and ere discussed by Work and Traneis (1966)and Littlejohn (1974b). Ten different soil types including organicmucks. loamy sand, sandy, and stony loams are present (Maguire andNelson, 1972 (,el; Woodruff, 1972). Additional 5011 types includingloams and sandy clays border the Concord River. These deposits formedon the site of the former Glacial Lake Concord: a shellow body of~8ter produced by the temporary d8~ing of the Merrimack River to thenorth during deglaciation (Koteff, 1963). At such times the Concordprobably flowed south into the Charles River.

Henry (1973) has described the climate of the Field Station area.Typical of New England the ~e8ther is vIriable and relatively unpre·dietable. While observations have not been made at the Field Station,~eteorological 4ata have been recorded nearby at the U.S. WeatherBureau Stations in Concord and Bedford and at the U.S. Air Force HanscomField. The records of the first mentioned station go back overo70 years.The mean temperatures for the months of January and July are -4 C (2sOf)and 210C (70or) respectively. Extrem~ temperatures of -32.SoC (-27OF)and 39.5CC (103er) are on record. The typical growing season is 140 -145 days and extends from about April 25 to about October 15. There isno dry season. Rainfall, averaging 111 em (~3 inches) is evenly distri-buted throughout the year. Snowfall is highly variable but averages145 em (57 inches) annually and 1s concentrated in the months of Decemberthrough March. For a broader discussion of the climate of the northeast,the reader is referred to Bringham (1963).

Vegetation and Flora

Between the time of the retreat of the last ice sheet and 11,000 -12.000 years B.P •• the vegetation of the Field Station area probablybore a floristic resemblance to artic tundra. Subsequently, borealf¢rest developed and was, in turn, replaced by deciduous forest as theclimate ameiliorated. The precise nature and timing of these changeshas not been investigated locally, but several detailed studies havebeen carried out els~here in New England (Davis, 1961. 1965; Ogden,1965; Argus and Davis. 1962). Braun(l950) has prepared a comprehensivereview of .egetational history of the eastern U,S. Today the regionlies in the broad transition ~One between the temperate hardwoodforest (dominated by oaks, hickory, and formerly American chestnut),and the more northerly sof~ood forest (characterized by hemlock, beech,maple, and pine). Elements of both asseciations have intermingled inthis region for at least 5,000 years. Burning and clearing of theprimeval forest by Indians (discussed by Devis (1965) and Griffin (1965)probably had only a small effect on its overall structure. In contrast,the activities of Europeans in the last 350 years have almost completelydisrupted the precolonial patterns.

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In addition to destroying all the original forest tn the FieldStation area, man has altered the nature of the secondary vegetationby introducing a targe nu~er of alien species. Many of these havebeen so successful locally that they have replaced elements of theoriginaL flora. Abrahamson (1973 b,d) estimated that nearly 600 speciesof vascular plants occur at the Field Station. Eaton (1974) reportsnearly ewice that many from the township of Concord as a whole. thisrich flora includes no less than 277 introduced species. In thisregard attention is drawn to ''Nev EngLand's Rarities Discovered" byJosselyn (1672) who was the first to note "such plants as have sprungup since the English planted and kept cattle in NewEngland". Josselyn'saccount of the birds, beasts. fish. serpents. and plants makes inter·esting reading today as he provides detailed notes on their use asphysical and surgical remedies: wherewith the natives constantly useto cure their distempers. aches, shrunk sinews. and sores; and to pro-cure love.

Dr. Warren Abraham50n (1973 b) has prepared an introductory accountof the vegetation and flora of the Concord Field Station. The vegeca-tion of the Estabrook Woods was surveyed by colored aerial photographyin the Spring of 1970 (Lockwood et al •• 1970). A detailed ground surveyof the vegetation of the whole Field Station was conducted during thesummer of 1972 by Lynn Maguire and Phil Nelson (both Harvard graduatesvbo are naw pursuing their studies at the University of Michigan). twodetailed maps have been published as part of this series (Maguire et al.1973 a,b). In addition, a comprehensive Flora of the vascular plantsof Concord has been prepared by Mr. Richard Eaton (1974). No systematiccollecting of the fungi has yet been undertaken (see Anon. 1972 b).Local lichens are discussed by Howe (1912) and Groves (1972).

The veietation at anyone point in the Field Station is • reflectionof local conditions and land use history. Spurr's (1956) study of theplant associations in the Harvard Forest (80 km vest of Concord; seeZimmerman. 1973) points to the importance of the following factors: pre-colonial distribution of species and subsequene land use history, siteaspect and elevation, soil type, depth of the water table, variationsin local climate, Unpact of fires and hurricanes, migration of new speciesinto the area, and the local and regional influeaces of insects anddiseases. Dr. Chadwick Oliver and his students initiated a detailed studyof the vegetational history of the Estabrook Woods in the summer of 1974.We are reasonably sure that the whole area has been cut over and clearedduring the last 30~ years. Abandoned fields have been planted with whitepines or have reverted to secondary forest by gradual ecological succes·sian. Old field succession in its early stages can be seen in two areas:in the northeast corne~ of the Estabrook Woods and on the western sideof Pickman Pond (see Abraha~on. 1973 b: Figure 3). In these areasencroachment begins with the appearance of red cedar. dwarf juniper.

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572

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goldenrods, huckleberries, and blueberries. In other areas'of the Esta-brook Woods white pine appears to have taken over the field. initiallyand hardwood. are now entering secondarily. For descriptions of wood-land succession elsewhere 1n New England the reader 11 referred to thework of Collin. (1962), Ol.on (1965) and Stephen. and ~aggoner (1970).

Several distinct vegetation formations occur at the Field Station.Maguire and Nelson were able to recognize twenty-one classe. of vegeta-tion 1n the Estabrook Woods (~O classes: sprout and ~rsh are notshown cn the map. See Corrigenda) and twelve in the Pick~n Area. Dry~ixed oak woodland, wet red maple swamp. pine plantations, meadows, andshallow aquatic communities are well represented. Locally, there arerelatively pure stands of ash, black birch and hemlock. Although detailed,the maps do not indicate all the microgeographic variation detected byMaguire and Nelson. For example, pitch pines rather than white pinesoccur on the east side of Hubbard Hill, and black locust 1s particularlycommon near the junction of Istabrook Road and Maiu Trail. For detailsof this kind the reader is referred to a copy of ~guire and Nelson'anotes (1972 e) which are kept at the Field Station. Attention is alsodrawn to the fact that. number of errors were introduced into the ~psduring their complicated preparation. This i. most unfortunate as itreflects unfairly on the high standard of the original survey. I callthe reader's attention to 8 Corrigenda which 1s provided with the msps.

Fauna

On. of the earliest accounts we have of the animals of Massachusettsis that prepared by William Wood (1634). The opening passage of hisaccount of the beasta that live on the land is reprinted here as Figure 1.~o ma~l. referred to in the verse m£y not be reeogni:.bl. to the reader:the ounce and musquash are the bobcat and muskrat respectiv~ly.

No comprehensive guide to the fauna of Massachusetts exists. TheBoston Society of Natural History (centennial history published in 1930)sponsored a major survey of the fauna of New England in the first decadeof this century. Although now largely out-of-date the list. of NewEngland reptile. and amphibians (Rensh8~, 1904 a,b), mammals (Allen, 1904),crustaceans (Rathbun, 1905), dragonflies (Calvert, 1905), ants CWbeeler,1906), fish (Kendall, 1908), spiders (Eryant, 1908), harvestman, pseudo-scorpions, ticks and mites (Batiks, 1908), birds (Allen, 1909), molluscs(Johnson, 1915), bugs (Parshley, 1917), and dipteran flies (Johnson, 1925)are noted. Mere recently Griscom snd Snyder (1955) have prepared anannotated check list of the Birds of Massachusetts. The ~ssachusettsAudubon Society has published accounts of the butterflies (Miliotis, 1972)and reptiles and amphibians (Laze11, 1972) of the state. Several publi-cations are also available on certain elements of the Concord fauna.

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Mr. Peter Arnold (1966) has prepared a list of the mammals of the Esta-brook Woods. Notes on the birds, reptiles and amphibians (Anon. 1966,1972) of the Great Meadows National Wildlife Refuge (see also Anon.1969) have been published. R. Heber H~e (1919) noted eighty sevenspecies of dragonflies occurring in Concord and noted Thoreau', obser-vations on several species. Wade (1927) provides a more general discus-sion of the local insects observed by Thoreau. Allen (1910) has care-fully extracted atl the notes on birds from Thoreau's Journal and ocherwritings. !t was the availabiliey of these records, which go back to1832, coupled with the voluminous Brewster journals, covering the period1886-1917, that induced Griscom to prepare his classic study of popula~tion trends in the birds of Concord (Criscom, 1949).

Introductory accounts of several groups of animals occurring in theField Station area have been prepared .s part of this Guide to Resources.Those parts concerning reptiles and amphibians (Greer, Doyle and Arnold,1973), social wasps (Jeanne, 1973), mammals (Lawrance and Lyman, 1974),solitary wasps (Evans and Atwood, 1974) hava already been published.Accounts of the birds (Lein) dragonflies and butterfies (Miliotis) willbe published in the near future. Field surveys of some other groups,notably ants and molluscs h3ve commenced a~d, in time, introductory noteson these animals will be added to the Guide. To aid the reader in identi-fying local organisms I include a brief systematic bibliography at theend of this paper (Appendix A).

The fauna of the Field Station and adjacent reserves is probablyfairly typical of this part of New England today. Shelford's (1913, 1963)classics are packed with infonnation about this and other regions. Aswith the vegetation some of the dominant elements have disappeared duringthe last 350 years. Human activities have caused the local extinctionof both tOp eaenivores like ~he mou~tain lion .~d bald eagle and suchonce abundant animals as the turkey. Wood (1634) noted that of theselatter "sometimes there be forty. threescore, and a hundred of a flocke".Cone too is the passenger pigeon of which he wrote (Wood, 1634:31):'~ese birds eome into the eountry, to go to the north parts in thebeginning of our spring, at which time (if I may be counted worthy, tobe believed in a thLng thae Ls not so serange as true) I have seen themfly as if the Ayerie regiment had been pigeonsj seeing neither beginningnor ending, length, or breadth of these million..sof mUlions.u

the remaining fauna is by no means species poor. There are probablyabout fifty mammals, over 250 birds (of which about 100 are knawn tohave bred in Concord), and thirty~two species of amphibians and reptiles.No survey of the fish has yet been undertaken, but grass plekerel andsunfLsh have been caught in Pickman Pond. Unfortunately, with the excep-tions of the publications noted above we have no eatalogues of the locallnvertebrates.··There are undoubtedly several thousand species of beetles,of flies and of lepidopterans in this area. While the natural historiesof many of the commoner animals are moderately well known, it is probably

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fair to say that the vast ~jor1ty of animals occurring at the FieldStation are suitable subjects for original autecological and behavioralstudies.

Facilities and Research at the Concord Field Station

1n1tially, the facilities at the ~ickman Area consisted of theabandoned barracks, sheds and underground bunkers associated with theNike Missile Site. The barracks, now completely renovated as the Count-way Laboratory, house offices, animal rooms, and a well equipped environ-mental physiology laboratory. In addition to several constant environ-ment chambers and oxygen analyzers, the laboratory has a Wang 700 Seriesprogramming calculator. In 1970 a grant from the Ford Foundationpermitted the draining and renovation of the flooded missile bunkers.These cavernous chambers now provide several researchers with much neededlaboratory space for gr~ing plants, insects and lizards under controlledconditions. A new laboratory-classroom building has been built over thenorthernmost bunker. The library (Handel, 1972) and herbarium (Abrahamson,1973 b,c,d) put together in the course of the preparation of this Guideare housed in this building.

Although these facilities are relatively new a considerable amountof research has already been undertaken at the Concord Field Station.In addition to indoor studies of environmental physiology, insect develop-ment, biological ryt~ and behavior a number of field studies have beeninitiated. Dr. Otto Solbrig's research (in collaboration with Drs.Madhav Gadgil and Warren Abraham$on) hal led to important developmentsin our understanding of plant life history strategies (Gadgil and Sol-brig, 1972, Abraha~on and Gadgil. 1973). Abrahamson (1973.) was thefirst Harvard student to present. doctoral thesis based on work conductedat the Field Station. This study of resource allocation in plant popu-lations i. concerned primarily with golden rods and dewberries. A secondthesis (Lein, 1973) is concerned with the role of vocalization in thecompetitive interactions and territorial behavior of warblers at theConcord Field Station. Field studies of wasps (Jeanne, 1973; Evans andArwood, 1974) bracket fungi beetles (Lawrence, in prep.) and dragonflies(Robey, in prep.) have also been undertaken locally.

Turning now from strictly research activities it is important torecognize the unique opportunities provided by the Concord Field Stationfor education in a ~ider sense. The area is visited regularly by studentsenrolled in several Harvard courses including plant systematics, ecology,mBIBcology, ecological genetics, entomology, and biology tutorials. Theuse of the Field Station in co~nect10n ~ith local school and adult educa-tion programs is now being actively developed by Mr. Bill Newbury.

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Prospect

The Concord Field Station, together with the adjacent areas pro-tected by the Concord Conservation Commission, the town of Carlisle,and the National Wildlife Refuge constitute a major educational resource.Today as population biology and eCOlogy become increasingly relevant cothe human situation it 1s important that we maincain areas where we cantrain young scientists. Areas like the Concord Field Station, becauseof their location near a large center of population, are valuable notjuse for the training of specialises but also for the development ofmodern naturalists, both amateur and professional.

In closing I draw attention CO the legacy we inherit fr~ Concord'sgreacese naturalist. Henry David Thoreau. In his Journals we see tnegradual transition from Thoreau, tne poet, to Thor ••u, the self-tutoredscientist. While his Journals are well known as important sources onAmerican natural history, nis ecological work 1s still largely unrecognized.Deevey (1942) 4ppears to be the first modern ecologist to critically re-examine thoreau's writings. He concluded tnat Thoreau was the firstAmerican limnologist. Thoreau made an independent discovery of thermalstratification of water and correctly deduced that it would effect thedistribution of freshwater fish. Oehser (1945) hailed Thoreau as apioneer in the fields of soil cOn!ervation and forest management,Thoreau calculated the proper ages to cut trees and developed sound eco-logical arguments against the common practices of spring burning andallowing woodlots to regenerate from stump sprouts. AIda Leopold andJones (1947) credited Thoreau as the father of American phenologists,for his detailed studies of the relationships between climatic factorsand periodic phenomena in plants.

Thoreau's (1860) paper on the "Succession of Forest Trees" is aclassic. In it he introduced the term luce'JJion in its ecologicalsense and answered the question: "••• how it happened that when apine wood was cut down an oak one sprang up and vice versa?" Thoreaupresented his paper in Concord at the 68th annual exhibition of theMiddlesex Agricultural Society on 20th September 1860. The occasionwas enlivened by Gilmore's brass band and Thoreau was followed at thelectern by President Felton of Harvard College. StOCkbridge (1861)records that Felton made a pithy speech, contrasting ehe customs andmethods of farming in the olden times with those of the present day andurged a higher culture as a means of still greaeer advancement.Stockbridge (the delegate from the State Board of Agricule,ure) eteereporeed: "And although I was well pleased and highly entertained bysome portions of the show, I was not, as a whole, very favorably impressedby it. Fears of the cattle scourge (pleuropneumonia) prevented theexhibition of neat stock, and the horses, though respectable in numbers,looked mean, and ~ doubt not looked as they felt, for being compelled

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to exhibit themselves in a pouring rain." Furthermore " ••• an intoxi-cated Irishman, 1n a fit of drunken fren%Y, with a dangerous weaponstabbed we men severely, and, 8S '-'&. feared at the time, fatally."Returning to Thoreau's lecture we find that drawing on observationsin his Journal, for the period 1852-1860, he prepared the first well-formulated description of the phenomenon of ecological succession.Although published 1n at least three versions his ideas were clearlybefore their time. No important studies of ecological succession were~de in America for more than thirty years after his lecture. Htswork went unrecognized for an additional fifty years Glhitford, 1950;Whitford and 'Whitford, 1951; Nash, 1951; Spurr, 1952).

This essay on succession i. the only attempt Thoreau made to pre-pare a synthesi. of observations recorded in his voluminous Journals.Further work of tni. type va. prevented by the fact that he contracteda severe cold in Dec~er, 1860, while kneeling in the snow countinggrowth rings on tree stumps. His health failed and he contracted bron-chitis and eventually tuberculosis. He died on May 6, 1862, at the ageof 45.

Whitford (1950:306) has noted that we cannot judge Thoreau's science~ithout recognizing that in many fields he ~as working almost alone inthis country. To a large extent he had compiled in hi. Journal. hisown textbook on ecology; and yet at the time of his death the science ofecology had not yet been established. The coining and introduction ofthe term ecology it.elf i, generally credited to Ha.ckel (1866). Regard-less of whether or not Thoreau had a direct impact on the science it isclear that he anticipated it. coming. Even if we cannot justify callingThoreau the Father of ecology the evidence that he wa. one of the firstecologists i. substantial. The challenge then is to continue the work10 ably begun here in Concord over a century ago.

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Appendix A

Aids to Idencification

The following is & list of references to va~ious groups of organisesfound in the Concord Field Station area. Whenever possible I refer thereader to • s1ngle source with a comprehensive bibliography. Maay ofthese volumes are in the Concord Field Station Library (see Handel, 1972).

VertebratesBlair, W.F •• A.P. Blair, P. 8rodkrob, F.R. Cagle and G.A. Moore. 1957.

Vertebrates of the United States. ~~Graw4Hill, New York.Eddy. S. 1957. How to Know the Freshwater Fishes. w.e. Brawn, Dubuque,

Iowa.Greer, A.E., T.S,

the amphibiansMassachusetts.

Griscom, L. 1949.Cambridge.

Lawrence, B. and C.P. Lyman. 1974. LiseMassachusetts. Concord Field Station

Doyle and P. A~old. 1973. An annotated checklist ofand reptiles of Concord, Carlisle and Bedford,Concord Field Station - A Gulde to Resources. No.4.the Birds of Concord. RaNard, University Press,

of the mammals of eastern- A Guide to Resources. No.7.

MolluscsBurch, J.B. 1962. How to Know the Easte~ Land Snails. W.C. B~.

Dubuque, Iowa.Pilsbry, H.A. 1939. Land Mollusca of North America (north of Mexico).

Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Honogr. 3, 2 vols.

Arthropods - Insecta - GeneralBorror. D.J. and D.M. Delong. 1970. An Introduction to the Study of

Insects. Holt. Rinehart and Winston, New York.Borror, D.J. and R.E. White. 1970. A Fi21d Cuide to the Ins.eta of

America North of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, Mass.Brues. C.T., A.t. Melander and F.M. Carpenter. 1954. Classification

of Insects. Bull. Mus. Compo Zool. 73: 1-917.Chu, H.F. 1949. Haw to Know the Immature Insects. W.C. Brown.

Dubuque, Iowa.Darlington, A. 1968. The

Press, London (BritishPeterson, A. 1960, 1962.

Pocket Encyclopediagall,).LaNae of Insects.

of Plant Galls. Blanford

2 vols. Columbus, Ohlo.

Insecta - Specific GroupsArnect. R.M. 1968."" The Beetles of the United States. Cacholic Univer-

sicy of Amer. Press, Washington. D.C.Bricton. W.E. 1923. Hemipcera or sucking insects of Connecticut. Conn.

Geol. Nat. Hist. SUNey. Bull. No. 34.

<;77

5,s

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Burks, B.D. 1953. The ~yflies, or Ephemeroptera, of Illinois. Bull.Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. 26: 1-216.

Carpenter, F.M. 1931. Revision of the nearctic Mecoptera. Bull. Mus.Compo Zool. 72: 205-277.

Creighton, 'W.S. 1950. The enes of North America. Bull .•, Mus. CompoZoo!. 104: 1-587.

Curran, C.H. 1934 (1965). The Families and Genera of North AmericanDiptera. Tripp, 'Woodhaven, N.Y.

Dillon, E.S. and L.S, Dillon. 1961. A Manual of the Common Beetles ofEastern North America. Row, Peterson, Evanston, Ill.

Ehrlich, P.R. and A.H. Ehrlich. 1961. How to Know the Butterflies.W.C. Brovn, Dubuque, Iowa.

Evans, H.E. and F. Atwood. 1973. Solitary vasps of the Concord FieldStation. Concord Field Station· A Guide to Resources No. 12.

Helfer, J.R. 1963. How to Know the Grasshopper., Cockroaches and theirAllies. W.C. Brovn, Dubuque, I"""a.

Holland, ~.J.1968. The Moth Book. Dover, N.Y.Jaques, H.E. 1951. Rev to Know the Beetles. W.C. Brown, Dubuque,

1000a.Jeanne, R.L. 1973. The social vasps. Concord Field Station ~ A Guide

to Resources No.5.Klots, A.B. 1951. A Field Guide to the Butterflies. Houghton Mifflin,

BOlton, Man.Needham, J.G. and M.J. Westfall. 1955. A m.nual of the dragonflies of

North America (Anisoptera). Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley, Calif.RoSI, H.H. 1944. The caddis fliel or Trichoptera of IllinOis. Bull.

Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. 23: 1-326.SCOtt, H.C. 1961. Collembola: pictorial keys to the nearctic genera.

Ann. Eotomol. Soc. Amer. 5': 104-113.Viereck, B.L. 1916. The Hymenoptera of Connecticut. Conn. Geol. Nat.

Hist. Surv •• Bull. No. 22.Walden, B.H. 1911. Euplexoptera and Orthoptera of Connecticut. Conn.

Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. No. 16.

SpidersKaston, B.J. 1948. Spiders of Connecticut. Conn. Geel. Nat. Hist.

Survey, Bull. 70: 1-874.and E. Kaston. 1953. Row to Know the Spiders. w.e. Brown,

~uque, lawa.leVi, H.Y. and L.R. Levi. 1968. A Guide to the Spiders and their Kin.

Gelden Press, N.Y.

Aquatic tife - including insects and protistsEdmundson, W.T. (ed.) 1959. Fresh-water Biology.Jahn, T.t. 1949. Rev to Know the Protozoa. W.C.Needham, J.G. end P.R. Needham. 1962. A Guide to

Water Biology. Holden-Day, San Francisco.

Wiley, New York.Brovn, Dubuque, Iowa.the Study of Fresh

Prescott, C.W. 1954. Haw to Knoy the Algae. w.e. Brown, Dubuque.Iowa.

Pennak. R.W. 1953. Fresh-water Invertebrates of the United States.Ronald. New York.

Soil OrganiSmsDoeksen, J. and J. van der Drift. 1963. Soil Organisms. North Holland,

Amsterdam.Eaton, T.H. 1942. Earthworms of the northeastern United States. J.

Wash. Acad. Scl. 32: 242-249.Kevan, O.K. MeE. (ed.) 1955. Soit Zoology. Butterworth, Washington.

D. c.

PlantsAbraha~on, W.C. 1973. Vegetation and Flora. Concord Field Station -

A Guide to Resources No.3.Eaton. R.J. 1974. A Vascular Flora of Concord Massachusetts, Museum

of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

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Bibliography

Note. Two unconventional abbreviations have been used in this biblio-graphy. The various part. of the Cpncord l1£l4 StAtiQD - A ~ ~Resourcesare citedas~. The variousparts of the'~ ~ ~EnglADd comprise the OccAsion"l ~ ~ ili ~ SOCiety .£f. NaturalHistory ~. 2. All unpublished reports are available at the fields~ation library.

Abrahamson, W.C. 19738. Resource allocation in plant populationa ofdifferent habitats. Ph.D. TheSis, Harvard University.

1973b. Vegetation and Flora. Guide no. 3.1973c. The Concord Field Station Herbarium. Unpub. report 4pp.1973d. Plant list for the Concord Field Station. same 7pp.and M. Gadg!l. 1973. Growth form and reproductive effort in

goldenrod. (Solidago, Compositae). Amer. Nat. 107: 651-661.Allen, F.R. (ed.) 1910. Notes on New England Birds by Henry D. Thoreau.

Houghton ~ff11n, Cambridge.Allen, G.M. 1904. Fauna of New England. List of Aves. 23Opp.Anon. 1966. Bird. of the Great Meadow. National Wildlife Refuge.

Bureau of Sport Tisherie. and Wildlife RL~174.Anon. 1969; Great MeadOlis National Wildlife Refuge. Bureau of Sport

Fisheries and Wildlife lU.-36.Anon. 1972a. Great Meadow. National Wildlife Refuge. Reptiles and

Amphibians. Bureau of Sport Fi.heries and Wildlife RL-428.Anon. 1972b. Concord Field Station ~ Fungi. Unpub. report. Ipp.Argus, C.W. and M.B. Davis. 1962. Macrofossils from a 1.te~glacial

depo.it at Cambridge, Mass.chu.ett •• Amer. Midl. Nat. 67: 106-117.Army Mapping Service. 1948. Billerica, Massachusetts. 1: 25,000.Arnold, P. 1966. Li.t of the Ma~l. of Estabrook Woods. Unpub. list,

circulated privately. 2pp.

Banks, N. 1908. Fauna of New Engl.nd~doscorpi"onidaI and Acarina. 2Opp.

Boston Society of Natural History. 1930. Milestone. 1830-1930. Updike,Boston.

Braun, E.L. 1950.Philadelphia.

Brewster, W. 1906. TheMem. Nuttall Ornith.

• 1936. October--~W~m:-.~Brew.ter.Introduction

C8lIIbridge,Mass •• 1937. Concord River. Selections from the Journals of Wm.

---B~r=ew=ster.Edited by S.O. Dexter. Harvard University, Cambridge,Mass.

List of the Phalangid., Pseu-

Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America. Blakiston,

BirdsClub,Farm.

of the Cambridge Region of Massachusetts.No.4. 426pp •From the Concordby D.C. French.

Journals and diaries ofHarvard University,

,

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Bringham, C. 1963. The climate of the northeast. Conn. AgrLe. Expel.Station, 8ull. No. 659.

Bryant. E.8, 1908. Fauna of New England. Lise of the Aranelda. lOSpp.Syers. D.S. 1959. Radiocarbon dates for the Bull Brook Sice, Massachu-

setts. Amer. Antiquity 24: 427-429.

Calvert, P,P. 1905. Fauna of New England. Lise of the Odenata. 43pp.Collins. S. 1962. Three Decades of change in an undamaged Connecticut

woodland. Conn. AgtLe. Expel. Station, Bull. No. 653.

Davis, M.S. L965. Phytogeography and palynology of northeastern UnitedScates. In Wright, H.E. and D,G. Frey (eds.) The Quaternary ofthe United States. Princeton Univ •• Princecon, N.J. pp. 377-401.

_______ 0 1961. Pollen diagrams as evidence of lace-gLacial climaticchanges in southern New England. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 95: 623-631.

Deevey, E.S. 1942. A re-examination of Thoreau's 'Walden'. Q. Rev.8iol. 17: 1-11.

Dober, Waldquist and Harris. 1965. Pickman Estate Map. Dober, Waldquistand Harris, Inc., -Cambridge, Mass.

Eaton, R.J. 1974. A Vascular Flora of Concord, Mass. Museum of Compara-tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

Evans, H.E. and F. Atwood. 1974. Solitary wasps of the Concord FieldStation. Guide No. 12.

Fenneman, N.M. 1938.Hill, N.Y.

Fitzgerald, D. 1974. A land usecord, Massachusetts from 1636

Fox, D.S. and K.J. Harte. 1973.

Physiography of the Eastern United Stat.s. McGraw

history of the Estabrook Woods in Con-- 1974. Guide no. 14.Map of Carlisle. Massachusetts.

Gadgil, M., and O.T. Solbrig. 1972. The concept of r- and k-selection:evidence from wild flowers and some theoretical considerations. Amer.Nat. 106: 14-31.

Cleason, H.G. 1906. Map of Concord, ~Assachusetts. ShOWing localitiesmentioned by Thoreau in his Journals. (errors noted by Eaton, 1974).

Creer, A.E., T.S. Doyl. and P. A~old, 1973. An annotated checklist ofthe amphibians and reptiles of Concord, Carlisle, and Bedford,Massachusetts. Guide No.4.

Criffin, J.B. 1965. Late Quaternary prehisto~ in the northeastern wood-lands. In Wright, H.E. and D.C. Frey (eds.) The Quaternary of theUnited States. Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. pp. 655-667.

Griscom, L. 1949. The Birds of Concord. Harvard University Press, Cam-bridge, Mass.

Griscom, L. and D.E. Snyder. 1955. The Birds of Massachusetts. Anannotated Ind revised check list. Peabody Museum, Salem. Mass.

Groves, S. 1972. Lichen distribution on a red maple. Biology 99 projectreport. 5pp. .-

Haecke L, E. 1866.Handel. C. 1972.

report. 7pp.Harding, W. and-C. Bode. 1958. The

New York University Press, N.Y.

Generelle Morphologle der Organismen. Reimer. Berlin.Concord Field Station Library: Llst of Books. Unpub.

Correspondence of Henry David Thoreau.

SSl

r

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• 1959. The Thoreau Handbook. Ne~ York University Press, N.Y.~H.~n~ry=-.'C.S.1973. Climate and meteorology. Guide No.6.Henshaw, S. 1904.. Fauna of New England. List of the Reptilia. 13pp.

• 1904b. Fauna of New England. List of the Batr.chia. lOpp.~H~ow~.-.-;R.H.1912. Thoreau, the lichen!st. Cuide to Nature, ~y 1912:

17-20.• 1919. The Odonat. of Concord, Massachusetts. Ent. News 30:

--'1~0-'14.

Jeanne, R.L. 1973. The SOCial wasps. Guide No.5.Johnson, C.W. 1915. Fauna of New England. list of the Mollusca. 231pp._~~~. 1925. Fauna of New England. List of the Diptera or 2-winged

flie•• 326pp.Jorgensen, N. 1971. A Guide to New England'. Landscape. Barre Publishers.

Barre, Mass.Josselyn, J. 1672. New England Rarities Discovered. G. Widdowes, London.

• 1675. An Account of Two Voyages to New England, Made during---:t~h:e-yearl1638, 1663. Reprinted by W. Veazie, Boston (1865).Kendall, W.C. 1908. Fauna of N~ England. List of the Pisces. 152pp.Koteff, C. 1963. Glacial lakes near Concord, Massachusetts. U.S. Geol.

Survey Prof. Pap. 47S-C. pp. 142-144.__ ~~. 1964. Surficial geology of the Concord Quadrangle, Massachusetts.

Introduction to accompany. U.S. Geol. Survey Map G.Q. 331.

Lawrence, B. and C.P. Lyman. 1974. List of the ma~ls of easternMAssachusetts. Guide No.7.

Lazell, J.D. 1972. Reptiles and amphibians in Massachusetts. Mass.Audobon Soc. Publ. 35pp.

Lein, M.R. 1971. Map of Estabrook Woods. Circulated privately, availableat c.r.s.

__-:~~. 1973. The biologieal significance of some communication patternsof wood warblers (Parulidae). Ph.D. thesiS, Harvard University.

Littlejoh~. J.J. 1974.. Phy.icgraphy and geOlogy. Guide No.9 •• 1974b. Soil •• Guide No. 13.

'L:oc~kw~oo~d,~I.ler and Bartlett, Inc. 1970. Concord Field Station: 5.10.72.Set of 46 (color) aerial photographs with index ~p. Lockwood,Kessler and Bartlett, Inc. Syosset, N.Y.

MBguire. L. and p. Nelson. 1972a. Concord Field Station: EstabrookWood. Property Map. Unpub. report.

---:~~. 1972b. Concord Field Station: Pickman Area Property ~p. Unpub.report.

--~~. 1972c. Concord Field Station: Estabrook Woods Soil Map. Unpub.report.

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1972e. Concord Field Station Survey. Unpub. notes. 8pp.Maguire, L., P. Nelson, W.C. Abrahamson and D.S. Woodruff. 19738. Concord

Field Station - Estabrook Woods. ~p of phYSical features, topographyand vegetation. Cuide No.1.

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______ ' 1973b. Concocd Field Scation - Pickman Area. Map of physicalfeacures, topography, and vegetation. Guide No.2.

Miliotis, P.S. 1972. An annotated checklist of the butterflies ofMassachusetts. Mass. Audubon Soc. Publ. 8pp.

______ o in preparaeion. An annotated checklist of the buteerflies.Cuide No. 11.

Murray, L.A. 1970. Location MaP. Concord Field Station. Museum ofComparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.

_______ ' 1971. Atlas of Estabrook Woods. 14pp.

Nash, t.M. 1951. Ecology in the writings of Henry David Thoreau. M.A.Thesis, University of Washington.

Oehser, P. 1945. Pioneers in conservation. Nature Mag. 38: 188-191.Ogden, J.D. 1965. Pleistocene pollen records trom eastern North America.

Boe. Rev. 31: 481-504.Olson, A,R. 1965. Natural Changes in some Connecticut woodlands during

30 years. Conn. Agric. Expel. Staeion, Bull. No. 669.

Parshley, H.M. 1917. Fauna of New England. List of the Hemiptera·Heteroptera. 125pp.

Rathbun, M.J. 1905. Fauna of New England. Lise of the Crustacea. 117pp.Robey, C.W. in preparation. Observations of Beh.vior patterns of

Pachydip1ax longlpennis (Odonata: Libe11ulidae).

Sanborn, F.B. 1909. Reflectio~ of Seventy Years. Gorham, Boston. 2 vo1s.Schafer, J.P. and J.H. Hartshorn. 1965. The Quaternary of New England.

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Shattuck, L. 1835. History of the Town of Concord. R. Odiorne. Boston.Shelford, V.E. 1913. Animal communities in temperate North America.

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Urbana.Spurr, S.H. 1952. Origin of the concept of forest succession. Ecology

33: 426-427 •.Spurr. S.H. 1956. Forest associations in the Harvard Forest. Ecol.

Monos". 26: 243-262.Stephens, G.R. and P.E. Waggoner. 1970. The forest anticipated from 40

years of natural transition in mixed hardwoods. ·Conn. Agtle. Exptl.Station, Bull. No. 707.

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Thomson, B.F. 1958•..The Chang Lng Face of New England. Macmillan, N~York.

Thoreau, H.D. 1842.Thoreau, H.D. 1854.

edieion (1908).

Natural History of ~4ssachusetts. the Dial, July. 1842.Walden, or Life in the Woods. Everyman's Library

Dutton, New York.

5"83

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Thoreau, H.D. 1860. Suceession of Forest Trees. N.Y. Tribune, October6th, 1860. Reprinted in ''Excunions'' Houghton Mifflin, Boston (1863).

Thoreau, H.D. 1906. Journals. B. Torrey and F.R. Allen (eds.).Houghton Mifflin, Boston. 14 vols.

Ticknor, C. 1926. Classic Concord as portrayed by Emerson, Hawthorne,Thoreau, and the Aleotts. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.

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Wade, J. 1927. Some insects in Thoreau's writings. J.N.Y. Entomol.Soc. 35: 1-21.

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Wood. W. 1634. New England', Prospect. Bellamie, London.Woodruff, D.S. 1972. Soil. of the Concord Field Station. Abridged

version of report by Work and Francis (1966). Unpublished report. 4pp.Work, R. and E.L. Francis. 1966. Soil. and their interpretations for

various land uses. Town of Concord, Middlesex County, Massachusetts.With air photo and air photo index ~p. Soil Conservation ServiceReport. 52pp.

Zimmerman, M.H. 1973. The Harvard Forest, 1972-73. Annual Report,available from Harvard Forest, Petersham, Mass. 01366.

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