8/13/2019 A 800331

1/33

UNCLASSIFIED

AD NUMBER

LIMITATION CHANGES

TO:

FROM:

AUTHORITY

THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED

ADA800331

Approved for public release; distribution isunlimited.

Distribution authorized to DoD and DoDcontractors only; Administrative/OperationalUse; 25 JAN 1952. Other requests shall bereferred to Watertown Arsenal Laboratory,

Watertown, MA.

AMRA ltr dtd 1 Mar 1966

8/13/2019 A 800331

2/33

sa^ y'jgij j-g- eL 5. .SJ5;* ^ =3J3 j ss int :r 3 5 3 > ---nvT~^f-f^.^~-

roouce

^ ft V- C 1 & : f t It M i; Al N ? C Tl

- .V' 0' YJ ..? J ? ft if-* ? YM-. V-ILM

8/13/2019 A 800331

3/33

^ r _ SifesM^iSi (fiaa,Js.-._~. aiwiBi.y

^

JNCLASSIFIEP

1

TI 158 937

Copies obtainable from ASTIA-DSC)

m

*?J ew Yjafc University. Research Div,. N.Y. Interim Technical Vj

2 Report N o. 1) jL n he Quench Hardening of Titanium-Manganese Alloys T In Jj iu, Y.C 2 -5 Jan"52 29pp, table, graphs t? , 5i -~: - ; . ' . - ^ atertown Arsenal Lab., Mass;,, U S A Contr. N o. D30^69-QBD^207 ia W L Seport N o. 401/88-6) . . a Metals,- Hrdenability etallurgy (SB)'

''-

%

etals - Heat treatment

tructural Metallurgy (1 )

g

Titanium alloys Manganese

UNqM^SIFIED

1 .

. .

K

8/13/2019 A 800331

4/33

-; 'T>r v< ^r

i,, \? C ._-*.. _ -

. , . .:. : J

Ttki&gL distribisCion has been made of this report "la sm&S^&es v^Ji he distribution list contained herein* Additional strifoittion atheist recourse o he Ordnance Office aay to m a & $ o TJhited States isftlitary o^anisations s and to wfe of their contractors as ^ey certify to bs -cleared; to receiw feis report and to need it n the #srthsrsnea of a MUtaxy ssEtraSt^

iT^refOlK Raw^H crW s * r ** ^JK 53SK^**'T raBa3^

8/13/2019 A 800331

5/33

8/13/2019 A 800331

6/33

c + 7 mmimmt 'm ^ m fm i y * ~**< mm*z

".^?^:- '

-- ~

ti .' V~

lfc *,fV .4t.

8/13/2019 A 800331

7/33

3 E

Vi-a Wi-liigyvpj-op -

1

2

i

i

i

i

2

1

ft '

BXSfRIBUTIOM liMtZ&CXstsr& mue**mt t ? u * m

Chief of Ordnance, Departiaaat of &s^ g Washinftjoa 2 S. S?j kffls HEf B-Bss> & . Ka$fcs.

Chief of .ftdace., Bepartasat of J#s^, Wshisgoa 20, D. G* T T N s S^A^rraaiti WM

'Mef of 'ordnance, spartiESnt of ansy-" "~~~ ISashingtea #> U* C. AOTs OHpm-^itillosrjr Btv

Ghiof of Os'daaaGQ, Bepar&s&nt of ASS^-S fta&iBgtoa 2$,.B e > ffst K B T S - S p s 3 L 2 , Ana J*a

Chief of drdaaac* Bapartsgafc of &3?ay, Mhiagft$a 25, B, C. ASfEh O T ? T ~ f & i a & AKtaeafeie

Chief of Ordnance* Steparimsai of raf L&gton 25 D ." S. OHto-Boetefe SIT,

C&i@f f rdnaaee, Dparissat- of &R5f, Washington. | s S* *- S SBSfrJOt-I&Mu

Chief f Gstnance, Bepartsssai ef A Washington ff* r . C, OT HS

0 e j B g s ? 3 L , Aberdeen SreviSSg. G i r o ' * , &yiaaijk &fflp K ff l S B H . i );e& i,

Gonpaaddag .Qensral, Betroi$ Arsenal.;, Center MOB*. ESLeaigan

C b B a i i a a ^4flg.. Offl ear,. Irankfaffc rs^aaXg Bridesbtnig gtaiieal hilawiLplji 37, Pa

Coraandiae Officer* icatiasr

Bver , New Jersey C H ff i t h d & s g Officer, Redstone Arsenal, HwJts-viKLe^ Alabama

Research Division, ew York University

' ^X-^ Tt T ty **^^

8/13/2019 A 800331

8/33

-,. ?

ft I J

1

t

s

X

1

i

i

i

X$38X8l&X& .&C

W

eproandLLpg Officer, o.?k Bosk Islas^j, llinois

d Arso&dl,

GOar Officer^ ps?jgfiia Anaosgr,

CoBs iisag, 0ffic8? 9 J&issvliet Arseaals, tateWliet, fif "loxk

Central E? BoetBsafcs Office* B Buildics, Bgytoa ,2 , Ohio AT T H SPfr

yoja&saadaiig Officer* Office of rdaaace Resees^j, .oAnsf', Wka Uriivereity, 12? S^rrtlo Bri-ro, itax&axa North Carolina

Chief j Bureau of Aeronautics^ M m y BeperteDafe, 25, D,

Chief 5 tareau of Ordasea, ^sy Bepart&e&t,

Chief# BOTeS. Of Ships 3 av; ir]jiA uiKaatou.p ^shing'feoa. 2$ t B L A T T M;g ode '2i|

Chief HaTOl Experimental Station^,

iiai.

A & . P , ab,,

Hd, NwL esespch Laboratory Amcostia St&tioa> Washingt% D, C

Chief ** of H a * s r a l Research* * 8 8 g & g Washiagtoa 2jj D 0.

Sepsralj Air Research & BeTlpssssfi G o x a s s a p d ^ Wrighi~S%itersn Air ?orce Bas05 Bay%m % M . A$fl's spd'istioa Resemrcg-s KSPB & flight: Researcib; L aba

Chief, Bureau of Mines, Eastera Research .Statiop 9 liege a r k p feryland . Rem^ru Titania5 nc os Midlaadj Pennsylvania If Br. -o iVBM s -(via Springfislif Ord*nist

Rese&reh Division; ew lork TJniWrsity

*tT i.J jy yyq p S* "**^E="*"~->5>?.7*)*?'~." -- j.r'tTS"^^, ' ^ -Bei Pa i-ES ^ S ^^^TS

8/13/2019 A 800331

9/33

ft

1

3 ,

1

1.

. . . tmasssam Mm teat .) _." _ TO

-' -

Commanding General, Air'Hessarch ft Bevelegsssat Gespahd, WrighVP&tters Air Ferse Ms'* Bytea 2 hio ff Is Materials LW MBSSH

Director^ o Ss Department of-Interior- Bureau of Hines,, Hashiagton,D 0 6*

Efational Advisory Goms&tt@ for Aeronaut 0 0 $ , 1000 N eu Hatapshire Avenue;, Washington. D* 0*

Office f he -'Chief of Engineers^ pa&fesQt ef Sm s Washington $ A.-G. JUAN' finge R ss0 ft

Bav, BiVfts/^Jiitary Oper

* So Atomie Bhergy Commission,'Tfchnical Information Service, P.eBox 62., ak Bdg% Tennesse, A f T H s - Chiefs Library Branch

Aliegheny Ldlum Steel Corp* atervliet s He w 1 0 3 ATTf i S-r'o So Herrss via Rochester f fe a @ - District)

Araiour Research foundation, fechhelogy Ceniesy Chicago. 16, llinois AT T N g Dr tec Hansen, (via Chicago rdaance District) r

Battelle Memorial Institute , 5 0 0 ELng &^e s GolmhTQS Ohio ATMs r .- H G .Cross,, Br 'S .1 Kaffee, via Cleveland Ordnance District)

Case Institute of Technology, Dspi ? f Metallurfgieal Engineeringj, Cleveland 6., Ohio., A*TNo rccx,. & " " E V. Trpiano, via Cleveland Ordnanee District)

Klhhecott. Copper 'Corporation,. 161 East U2nd St^lie o y - k 17s N , Y T Br u H,P:0Grot via Hew York Ordnance District).

University of l&shigati.,. Engiseriiig Seeaxp pastituteg Ami. A rIff, .Hichigaa'""' fM 'il^ tS. "" s via Detroit. Crdnance District)

Hew York university^ College -of' university Sgts 0j 3, ew York via: lew l e -TJfc Ordnance District)

TV=

Kessaretl BiVaSion, ssn .WEK; JiiV*ex3r

HiSvPspw- * -

8/13/2019 A 800331

10/33

4

In t roduct ion

Much w o r k h a s been K j n e in recent y e a r s to improve

th e strength o f titniuMbase a l l o y s a itanitam has g r e a t

poten t ia l va lue as a n engineering siterial bec-use it h a s

o ne Of th highes t strengthtoweight ra t ios o f mate r i a l s

known: taaytrandj in addition., d i sp lays supe r io r cowosion

res i s tance under v a r i o u s opera t ing condit ions o r e o v e r ^

th e existence o f a n l lo t rop ic t ransformat ion and th e

concomitant possibi l i t ies fo r quench hardening h a v e in te res ted

r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s engaged in a l l oy development,

P r e - y i p - o a Wo r k mr th e f i -Mn Sys tem

-

Accord ing to recent work (1) * th e betaT>o=alphs -

( b , c ; c , to c > p . h . ; ) transfonnatiorii iniodise t i tanium o c c u r s

a t 8825 e - l e a t is known tha t th e be ta p h a s e in pure

t i tanium cannot be re ta ined-even y a n ext remely rap id quench

to r o o m t empera ture . h e same phenomenon is a l so encountered

in e t h e r - pure meta l s , such a s zirconium^ thal l ium a nd i r on 0

H o w e v e r, th e introduct ion o f al luring elements of ten m a k e s

th e t ransformat ion o f th e high temperature phase s n . sluggish

t ha t a por t i on o r , a l l - o f this p h a s e is deta ined o n quenching

o r e v e n - s l o w cooling^ h is beha v io r is typ ica l o f titanium,.

* Refe r ences a r e l isted consecut ive ly a t t h e . back o f th e r e p o r t

-1 -

R e s e a r c h Division, New o r k universi ty

, E ^ 2 T, k i*w?,-*. * % s ~ i < r v ' o r - * i f 3

8/13/2019 A 800331

11/33

u I I

A number of elements lower th e transformation temperature

f -beta titanium and tend to stabilize this phase* j&moug

these elements are columbium ( 2 ) , cobalt ( 3 ) j . _ c h r o m i u m (h)*.

copper ( 5 ) * iron ( 6 )? manganese ( 7 3 t s molybdenumJ.}5 nickel

$ 8 . 5 si l icon (9), tantalum ( 7 )s vanadium ( 1 0 ) , . tungsten ( 7 )

and zirconium v( 1 1 ) *

v " - - = ' " Addition o f the Wts tMl iz ing elements^ manganese

and c h r s n i u f i i , h a s produced titanium alloys which quench naraen

Figure 1 , based o n Ba t teUe ( 1 2 ) data, shows the effect of

homogenizing temperatures o n hardness o f titanium al loys

containing up to 1 0$ m a n g a n e s e , reatest hardening is obtained

Oh quenching from 1700*F, ab which temperature all alloys used

are in th e beta field, with al loys containing 3 ~ ? J ? manganese

rdeveloping maximum hardness. Jgn^ddition^ . f a b l e 1 1 1 2 . ) , , s h o w s

the effect of quenching temperatures o n th e final hardness of

manganese and chromium alloys

- ~ fable 1 ffect o f ; Q u e r i C - h i f t g Temperature o n Hardness of Ti~Mh h c l TiCr Alloys

Composit ion in %

Mn j n.

y

1 o0 Cr n.xf.

3.5 & 10,0 10,0

v'i dk 'e ,Es ; * Sadness;, .Number Homogenized at 9^QC for-10 mih

in argon atmosphere Quenched n cold Quenched n liquid water (0G,

itrogen C~196Q8 )

, 268

al.o

332

322

3

8/13/2019 A 800331

12/33

{j o

b s t h ^ j s a i i h i ; -

F r o m Tab le 1 5 th e effec t o f quenching in liquid

ni t rogen seems to be similar in both the Ti=Mh a nd Ti*Cr

s y s t e m s aximrai ha rdnes s o f a l m o s t ident ical ' a l u e o c c u r s

in th e $% a l l o y o f e a c h system, t is o f in te res t to note

tha t th e 5$ a l l oys a r e th e on ly ones to s h o w a n extensive

i n c r ea se in ha rdn es s be tween th e cold- water quench a nd

n i t rogen qu eah data.. imilar changes: in h a rdhes s 9: _ : -

hi'vis and-negat ive, were o b s e r v e d in bo th s y s t e m s _ -

fo r manganese o r ch romium content a b o v e a nd b e l o w f ive

percent .

It is a l so interest ing to note tha t a ge hardening

occu r s in th e Ti -Mn a l l o y s o n anneal ing in t he a lph a~be t a

f ie ld a nd that h ighes t ha rd nes s among th e a l l o y s l i s ted is

at tained in th e % Mn alloy.. Thi s is shown . in F i g , . , , 2 ; , , C l 2 , )

Which summar izes th e i so the rma l t ransformat ion data obtained

with Ti~Mh a lXpys, homogen ized a t ? u > 0 p fo r 1 0 minutes in a n

a rg o n a t m o s p h e r e a nd q uenched into a l e a d bath a t 3 0 t | G^ ;

Th e t i tnium^rich T'i~Mn equil ibrium d iag ram

detea^mined a t Battel le (? ) is r ep roduced h e re as . E ig s 3

Th e main fea tures o f th i s par t ia l equil ibr ium diagram a re

tha t th e t rnsus l ine de c r ea se s cont inuous ly with increas ing

Ma content,, th e amount o f sl i ibi l i^ o f Mn in a p h a s e is quite

l imited^ and t h e r e is s o m e evidence Of th e existence o f a

eutec to id reac t ion

1

**~j

i R e s e a r c h Division, Ne w Yo r k Univers i ty

t T t r i A ^ . c - y ' a : V t3y"tei T ^V? /7 '* -*ia*i .. *sa^a^

8/13/2019 A 800331

13/33

V -

- = . =

o The_Ti-Mn Queri^h^Hardening React ion

The occurrence of quench nardetlng in th e T i ? M n

sys tem has been adequately substantiated in th e present

literature s u r v e y , t ir th e purpose of the,present investigation, t h e r e f o r e , , to study th e conditions under

which such hardening occurs and to determine th e mechanism

underlying that b e h a v i o r ,

ixw3 oieiiiaxi:iitet luj.uji .ii i*"Wji"eu,iUjy,j yen* yc CCnSiCsSS'e to

cph), and ( b ) th e similarity existihg between the T i * M n

phase diagram and other al loy systems. -

( a ) onsideration, of the bgg^c to c .p .h transformations

No t many alloy systems show transformations like th e

beta-to-alpha transformation in titanium 0 he most extensively

studied system wa s th e Gu~Al system f i r ^ s t . investigated by

Wassermahn ( I j i ) in th e composition range from 1 1 9 to 12e 7 / 6 . A le

Figure k hows the copperrich portion o f the Qu-Al equilibrium

diagrm containing th e eutectoid composition he high tempera

-k Y o Wh'aeo '^3 p transforms into a structure of a + 6 o n s low

cooling^ but when rapidly < e o o l e d? t ransforms to H h r U g h a

maTtensitic transformation, The ' p h a s e ^ , determined later ( l l i ) j

Shows a distorted ce p .eh structure

Wasserman suggested that th e phfe^transfrmatioh

arund eutoetoid composition wa s as followst

upon rapid cooling f rom th e . field ( ' f i g . , Uli.

(disordered b.c.c.) -> x (ordered b, ;e , . c . ) -> a (distorted . c p h ' )

and upon reheating, > - > -fix ^ a + 6 - * *

j e s e a r c h D iv i s ion , N e v y Yo r k University

8/13/2019 A 800331

14/33

sgSiGSfcAS

a nd t h a t , th e ; . l t r ns f imat ion wa s -csiteletely r eve r s ib l e . ' :

Later, Kurdjumw a nd Ste l le tzku (15) d i s c o v e r e d a ne w

aiartensitic l a t t ice hay ing a c r y s t a l s t ruc ture di ffe ren t f r o m

t ha t o f a nd which t hey des ignated ^ ? , cco rd ing to them,

V r e su l t ed f r o m r ap id coo l ing o f a l l o y s containing be tween

1 2 < , a nd 13.lAl, a nd y * on ly f r o m a l l oys a b o v e 1 3 . 1 & Al e

r E c r o s c o p ic w r k h b w e d th e irretaxiogrphic s t ruc ture o f ; p *

to be a lmos t identical with -*%. th e on ly d i ffe rence being

tha t Y needles of ten co nta ined appa ren t twin bands

KLie r a nd G r y m k o (16) r ecen t ly made a mic ros t ruC tu ra l

study o f this t r ans fo rma t ion a nd c lar i f ied th e sequence o f th e

decompos i t i on o f ( o r ) . h e i so the rma l t ransformat ion^

a t o r b e l o w euteetoid: t empera ture , in th e 1 3 * 5 * 5 5 4I spec imens

inves t iga ted s h o w e d t ha t twordis t inc t reac t ions occu r r ed

T h e f i r s t r eac t i on r e su l t ed in th e fo rma t ion o f a n ac i cu l a r

prec ip i ta te but the s t ruc ture-was no t stable , a nd o n fur ther

holding a t t ha t t empera ture , 'was subjec t to a s e c o n d r eac t ion

o f agg lomera t i on a nd grlowfu _ihe_resnl t ihg . structure-underwent-

no fur ther change during continued i so the rma l holding,

Afte;f quenching f r o m th e isothermal , anneal , p r i o r.

to th e s t a r t of th e f i r s t react ion, th e s t ruc ture as quenched

wa s Y1 with poss ib l e t r a ce s of o r - l onge r annealing:

times,, t h rough th e cou r se o f th e f i r s t react ion* th e s t ruc ture

in th e quenched spec imen became a m i x f c v i r e o f y a n d ' - f0 h is

JR e s e a r c h Division, Ne w Yo r k Univers i ty

* " * ^ti ir

8/13/2019 A 800331

15/33

u

m e a n tt h a t t h e Y* r e v e a l e d w a s n o t o r i g i n a l m a t r i x Y* b u t

r a t h e r , b e c a u s e o f t h e o r m a t i o n of t h e l a r g e a m o u n t o f 1 ,

t h e Y1

f o r m e d w a s o f n e c e s s i t y r i c h i n kl a T h e Y' w a s n e x t r e p l a c e d by a n d t h e s t r u c t u r e w a s t h e 6 a n d J , F o r

t h e f u l l y t r a n s f o r m e d a l l o y s t h e s t r u c t u r e w a s c o m p o s e d o f

d a n d 6

s b o t h * s n d Y *- s p r m e d ^ f r e m B^ V o r y f

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c o m p o s i t i o n ^ K l i e r a n d G ^ x n k o p o i n t e d p i *

t h a t t h e s t r u c t u r e s f r o m t h e f i r s t r e a c t i o n b e f o r e q u e n c h i n g

c o n s i s t e d - o f p a . o f t w o c o m p o s i t i o n s , n a m e l y, ( A l ^ r i c h |

a n d ^ ( A l ^ d e p l e t e d ) . W h e n q u e n c h e d , t r a n s f o r m e d t o Y *

a n d ^t *0 O n s l o w c o o l i n g , j b e c a m e e n r i c h e d i n l t o

t h e p o i n t y w h e r e , i t c o u l d p r e c i p i t a t e a s 6 , T h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n

Y 1 5 - d e p l e t e d ' t h e ' - i f o i ' S3L^%o h e point w h e r e . , d . c o u l d - - =

p r e c i p i t a t e . , t h e f i n a l - s t r u c t u r e t h e n b e i n g m a d e u p o f 6

a n d a T h e s e q u e n c ew a s a s f o l l o w s * J S 8 * ( a ) , ( s l o w c o o l i n g

~ ^. Y (on q u e n c ? -^ - l i^e-

$ :

^^, j ^ . a + ( 8 ) ( s l o w c o o l i n g )

^ x ' ( o n q u e n c h i n g )

A s f o u n d b y I s a i t s c h e n , . K a m i r i s k y, a n d K u r d j u m o w ^w*

Y * i s a C P. he . s t r u c t u r e w i t h a n o r d e r e d a r r a n g e m e n t o f a t o m s

p ' d i f f e r s f r o m Y* i n t h a t t h e , Q @ 0 l 3 , d i r e c t i o n i s a t a n a n g l e

8

J e sea r ch Division, Ne w York Universi ty

8/13/2019 A 800331

16/33

e

O ( )

u

~

'

i u

o f 2* to th e ( . O D O l ) plane normal , a nd th e angle be tween

th e plane ( 1 1 Q ) a nd (0110) di ffe rs about 1 * f rom 120 0

T h e wri te rs a l so indicated that. Br "can. be t r ans fo rmed to

Y8 . b y mechanica l deformation, stating that . . e , , * af te r

deformation, some lines o n the jDebye pa t t e rn o f { p h a s e

merge together, giving; b r o a d l ines; th e ne w line s y s t e m

b ecome s ana logous to th e line sys t em f th e y p h a s e .

T h e or ien ta t ion re la t ionsh ip be tween x and y as

found by Greninger ( 1 7 ) * ma y be defined c rys t a l l og raph ica l l y

s fo l lows? ....-'

-VI ) : , Y

( 0 1 1 0 ] .

I l i i o l P i

t o o o i i Y

(Oil) = h' i

[oiioi Y1 l ^/

jL~an&~ ~ j i e i > e a r e i p . twi ^ela+' iongli ipj with the ( 1 0 1 1 )

plane f A - as th e twinning plane ince is o f a pseudo

hexagonal f ramework , as ment ioned previously, , it s riehtat iqr

re la t ionsh ip (17) c a n . only be pprojcLmately r ep re sen t ed a s s .

- ; , . " oooi ) | - . l i o ) , : k - H

[loi] | [ i l l ] . . In addition S; the habit plane as determined by Greninger ( l ? )

is ( J L j l p ) _ fo r 8 and ( , 2 2 1 ) a fo r v1 in th e transformations

px~ x -------- ' -, 7 Research Div i s ion , New Yo r k University

' * - -i - v' - _ - .* . . _ * . ; . ^ 'K?

8/13/2019 A 800331

17/33

_ ' i - j* - ' =*5- %' n *- "

() n

L

p * " ^ - > im^.^^^respectively. = . . - -

t h e p h a s e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n z i r c o n i u m i s a n o t h e r

e x m p i e o f t h e t r a n sf e r n s t i o n f i C f i- y v ^ >: t . - t ^ _ c = p0 hv s t r u c t u r e ,

F r o m a s t u d y o f t h e o r i e n t a t i o n r e l a t i o n s h i p * B u r g e r s ( 1 8 )

h a s p r o p o s e d t h a t i ^ e. m a ^ - b ^ i t s- t r a n s f o r m a t i o n j c c u r s i n . . _

Z r b y a h e t e r o g e n e o u s , s h e a r o n t h e s y s t e m ( 3 1 2 ) i 1 1 1 ] T h e

r r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c p r i n c i p l e u n d e r l y i n g h i s p r o p o s a l i s t h a t

t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n - o f ^ a t o m s i n t h e ( 2 1 2 ) p l a n e o f a b . c . . c ,

s t r u c t u r e i p e x a c t l y t h e s a m e a s t h a t i n t h e ( 1 0 1 ) p l a n e

o f a C P h s t r u c t u r e b a s e d o n t h e s a m e a t o m i c r a d i u s .

T h u s a c l o s e - p a c k e dh e x a g o n a l s t r u c t u r e c a r t b e b u i l t u p

f r o m a b . c . c . s t r u c t u r e s i m p l y b y d i s p l a c i n g t h e ( 1 1 2 )

p l a n e s r e l a t i v e t o e a c h o t h e r . * . T h i s m e c h a n i s m l e a d s t o

o r i e n t a t i o n s t h a t c a n b e d e s c r i b e d b y t h e r e l a t i o n s

b cc ,e

c - ^ p . n

T h e h a b i t p l a n e r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h i s . j m e c i i a n i s m _ . w o P l d ^ h e n _ .

a u t o m a t i c a l l y b e t h e ( 1 1 2 ) p l a n e , , , H o w e v e r . , , t h e . h a b i t p l a n e

f o u n d b y . B o w l e s ( 1 9 ) i n t h e b c C s C t o ca pe h v t r a n s f o r m a t i o n ,

i n L i i s a p l a n e B e a r i n gM i l l e r i n d i c e s o f t h e ( I f i j l - ) t y p e ,

A n o t h e r p o s s i b l e m e c h a n i s m p r e s e n t e d ^ u r g e r s

( 1 8 ) i s t h a t t h e . s t r u c t u r a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n f r o m b : c ; , c , t o

c . p . h . c o u l d h a v e a n i n t e r m e d i a t e f , c . - c . . t r a n s i t i o n l a t t i c e .

- 8 ~

R e s e a r c h Division, Ne w Yo r k Universi ty

^j^aenssa^ s~*x^zr* - . l e ^ r

8/13/2019 A 800331

18/33

( o i

the structural cycle an be briefly illustrated as fcl i^s

b.c e ce * * f.c e c,

p -bras&t^a -brass)

\J~UJj II ~--_

boCftC, f CjiC/s

[noA~C C

x o c ,c ov

p oft ( G o *--% $>Go)

(111) .c.c V V j,. ,A 1Q1)

Thus* th e ne t t ransformat ion will be t -

b . e ^ e a '_-J* e*p,gu _ . . _ ' -

D ( j C g C eP-^

tml w. t i2 @ C: .P = R, which is th e same as wa s just g iven fo r th e c a s e o f Z&9

We e r b s 20) r epo r t ed t ha t th e eps i l on ph ase

t ransformat ion in t he Ag2n s ys t e m a lso h a d a b.c.c, to

h . c 0 p,d . s t ructural a l te ra t ion mth th e fol lowing relat ions

C H I ) , - - e - -

o r : , I I C i e i )

Bowles 1Q) eported that he habit picine of

martensrtic ransformation n a be c..c ;0 matrix was ocated

Rftseetrch Division, N ew York University

\ *%

8/13/2019 A 800331

19/33

v./ o

most ly in th e vicinity o f some minor planes with indices

corresponding to { & & . } * o " satisfactory theoretical

eacplntipn has been offered fo r this observation

( b ) - Consideration o f th e similarity between Bhase diagrams s

The quenching of iron^rich EeNi al loys f rom the

high temperature gamma field ( i < , ce c structure), Fig e ? ,

as first repor ted by Owen and Sully ( 2 1 ) , , produced a distorted

a l p h a : structure ( $ r ) h e y observed that, after quenching

f j j o m 800 . C a completely distorted a l p h a , s ^ structure wa s

present in al loys o f Ni content f rom 2,6 to 23,32 atomic

percent a nd co-existed with retained gas r sna in a l loys f rom

27.12 t 0 " 6 O atomic Ni The lines in th e X-ra^ diffrs.etin

pattern of & - are diff e - r e n t f r o n t those " o f 5 in that - they are

much broader, the (310) doublet of a' with Co r a d i a t i o n , usually

being unresolve d and d i f f u s e , h e ; material wa s obviously no t

in e q u i l i b r i u m ^ , and th e lattice wa s considerably d i s t o r t e d ,

It was this distorted structure ( a ') which wa s

unfamiliar to Osmond and Gartaud ( 2 2 ) and le d them to speculate

that a simple eutectid react ion existed in th e Fe-Ni

equilibrium diagrams lso, this same distorted s t r u c t u r e , , a

wa s des ignated as martensit by Hansn^and F r e e m a n . (IZ)

owing to it s resemblance to th e martensite in carbon s teel

L a t e r ' , Owen (2k) baoad o n his observations o n meteorites^

-10=

R e s e a r c h Division, New York Universi ty

8/13/2019 A 800331

20/33

'descr ibed a 1 s oi3 a supersa tura ted alpha^ s j v l l d so lu t ion

o f Ni i r on In iwiich t h e r e - w i l l be internal s t r e s s e s caused

b g j r th e distort ion o f th e c r y s t a l la t t ice owing to th e e x c e s s

o f Ni s , . . . uc h mater ia l is in a n unstable condit ioh ?

a nd if hea ted to modera t e temperatures will s e p a r a t e into

th e stable components , kahac i te a nd tejalte, as found in

meteor i tes .

T h e i r oh^ r i ch por t ion o f th e FeMn equil ibr ium

diagram h a s phase boundary l ines similar to t h o s e J L n th e

Ti-Mii sys t em (Fig* 6 ) * s shown by Tro i aho a nd McGuire (25) ,

th e gamma t ransformat ion in the Fe~Mh, s y s t e m occurs in a l m o s t

th e Sdme manner as tha t in th e bet^eutecjbid Cul system,,

lTbei rg 'Quenched te r o o m t empera ture | th e gamma t ransformed

to d f th e samg c ompos i t i o n a nd th e amount o f a* v a r i ed

di rec t ly with th e amount o f gamma original ly present, h e

a ? wa s a l so cha rac t e r i z ed by i ffuse l ines disp laced so as

to indicate a n abnormal ly l a rge la t t ice parameter a h e final

X - r a y pat te rn r e v e a l e d th e p r e s e n c e of tw o a lpha solut ions

namely, equilibrium a lpha with s h a r p lines,, a nd supersa tura ted

a l p h a with diffuse l ines 0 amma Of approximate ly 3 to l j ?

a tomic pe rcen t Mn g a v e a n X ~ r a y diffract ion pat te rn cor responding

to th e lines, o f th e supersa tura ted a lph a ph ase 9

Gammao f approximate ly 1 3 to 3 0 ' atomic pe rcen t Mn in

Ih e Fe -Mn sy s t em f o r m e d th e unstable, eps i l o n p h a s e (c

8/13/2019 A 800331

21/33

u X J

during. q;aenchihg. 0 h e quenching t empera ture a n d , spec imen

s i z e j , . apparent ly inf luencedth: aawwA o f _#psJla; p h a s e

formatiohj n-gehera l j th e h i g h e r th e quenching tempera ture

and th e l a rg e r th e specimen* th e g r e a t e r was th e amount o f .

eps i l on p h a s e formed,, o w e v e r9 under no .conditions wa s

^ eps i l on o b s e r v e d beiqw app roadma te ly 1 Q a nd a b o v e 26 atomic

pe rcen t Mh *

T h e t r ans fo rma t ion t empera tu re s f y * a e- a nd

Y ~ * L J 5 a r e independent o f th e cool ing r a t e , h e

pre sence o f multiple twin~like s t ruc ture in 6 dist inguishes

it s mic ros t rue tu re f r o m th e a p h a & e

B o t h 6 a nd re ta ined y d e c o m p o s e during cold- ro l l ing .

In a l l o y s o f 1 0 6 2 to 1 3 , 0 0 $ Mn, th e y re ta ined af te r quenching

t r ans fo rmed a lmos t ent i re ly to supe r sa tu ra t ed a * with a trace-

o f phase, l l o y s o f l52U to l6*7-U# Mh showed apprxiinately

equal amounts o f only y a nd s after quenching t a n inter-

media te stage o f deformationj on ly e with a smal l amount o f

a wa s: present , while af te r severe- deformation^ th e Bebye

pa t t e rn ind ica ted th e s t ruc ture to cons i s t a lmos t ent i re ly o f

a* with only traces, o f s h e l a rge amount of addit ional a >

cou ld h a v e b e e n fo rmed on ly f rom th e decompos i t i on o f $ . *

uwez ( . 2 6 ) a l so found th e supe r sa tu ra t ed a l p h a

s t ruc ture^ a* s in th e Ti -Mo-sys t em by means o f X - r a y di ff rac t ion

pat te rns . e found, it in TiMo a l l oys Of up to 1 . .0 -s afte3? , . . . 12

. 1

R e s e a r c h Divis ion, New Yo r k Univers i ty

" ^ . T T " wtSn ^*

8/13/2019 A 800331

22/33

i u

homogeniz ing at 9 , 8 06 C fi r 2k o u r s and quenchi from the

be t a fields. Only par t ia l t ransformat ion occu r ed f r om about

l * - to 1 2$ Mo , while a b o v e % 2% Mos th e structure was retained

Also, a l though th e t empera ture o f th e a l lo t rop ic t ransformat ion

in p ' j r e . T i d e c r e a s e d p r o g r e s s i v e l y f r om 88 2 ^ C to abou t 8 $ 0 -BG

with increas ing ra tes o f coo l i n g f r om k to 1 . , , 0 pe r sec , ,

th e cool ing ra te h a d no effec t o n th e t empera ture of t rans-

format ion o f p h a s e into a * ( c u r v e M in " F i g . ? ) e suggests

th e re ten t ion Of at r o o m t empera ture might be expla ined

o n th e basis o f cu rv e M* F i g , ' ? * exfcrapo^ nted to th e 1 2$ Mo

ordinate line be low r o o m t empera ture .

In a l locs showing; a t ransformed a st ructure , D . u w e z

r epo r t ed that th e diffuseness o f th e lines, cor responding to

a l structure did not permit him to determine, th e la t t ice

pa rame te r of < x t structure with a ny degree o f certainty,

Similar observa t ions h a v e b e e n r epo r t ed f o r . th e F e~Ni (21)

s y s t e m * bvious ly, h e amount o f annealing will improves th e

diffuse lines of a in t roduced during quenching* since

anneal ing would cause decomposi t ion Of th e a ?

Hansen a nd h is co l l abo ra to r s (2) were unable t o >

differentiate between th e t r a n s fo rmed structure (a') and

i so thermal a s t ruc ture e j n th e bas i s o f X ~ r a y diffract ion

p a t t e r n s ? , , everthelesj . th e equi l ibr ium phase in th e

Ti=Mo sys tem will t r ans fo rm during quenching pa r t i a l l y o r

- 1 3 -

n e s e a r c h Divis ion, Ne w j o r f c U n i v e r s i t y

-- J i 1; ' ; . ^ *r JCW *^ST-^. v*^ ' ^fiZ ' ^ ' prsvp

8/13/2019 A 800331

23/33

I V

w h o l l y into d* a t a . given t empera ture in a two-phase r e g i o n

within definite? composi t ion limits... X t would be r e a sonab l e

to exp ec t th i s metas tab le a * s t ructure to p l a y a n impor tan t f c o l e in th e qu.enchhar""'>* j.' - n/'j*?* ~ -;-,-

8/13/2019 A 800331

24/33

i 1 winlaw

o f ; t h e metal ro m th e evidence presented^ th e ^quenching

t ransformation in th e Ti-Mn system would seem to be of th e marconsitie t y p e _6 owever, th e f o r m , o f the transition

structure and the possible mechanism by which it is generated

i ? i l l have to be determined experimentally

- 1 5 ,

Resea rch Division, Ne w York Univers i ty

8/13/2019 A 800331

25/33

- m

) u awJao-.'.-Mi"f*xiaciy

L

R E F E R N E "

(I) McQuillan, A . D 2

(2) jiserij M ., men, S, Lejj Kessler-, .I).

. ahdMcPhersoh, . E. J .

(3) afNlle Memorial Institute

(ii> Cuff, F, B. Jr,

(5) Joukaxnen, ,

"Barker* G . . and PefetffE; eA0

(7) BatVelle Memorial Institute

:in, - . , and Nielsen, 0 Po

"Some l>se:s^ation& on he-Alph

Beta Transformation n Titanium",

|o hst. f Metals-, 8

Systems T.iMo and Ti^Ch, * of Metals,* c-i, iS&K) ~ 881

"Swmmafy Report Fart ill on Preparation and Evaluation of Titanium Alloys", o Air Material Command,- WrightBatterson Air Force Base, Baytofts hio

"Summary of Ti-Cr Binary System", Contract N o. AF 33 038) 87& Mi Ji T9

Summary of Ti^Cu Binary System , Contract No . AF 33 ( 0 3 8 ) ~ 870b M I. T9

" ' " " S p i r y Repor t o h th e T i - F e - ~=^ ~ System'V C o n t r a c t . No; AF 33 (38) - Bh9$ Universi ty o f Notre Dame

Titanium Alloy Phase Diagrams fo r th e Systems Ti~Mn, T i * Ta and Ti - s - W " * Contract No * AF 33 (038) - 8^

" S u i t g f i a r y o f Progress o n Ti~Ni P h a s e , D i a g r a m ? ' , Contract N o , , AF 33

8/13/2019 A 800331

26/33

f

\ \J "W^Wflf-

Refe rences (Gn%*&)

| > Battels ' M e m o r i a l Institute

(12) autei le M e m o r : ' . Institute

?.) asse3?inaiinj G.

(lU) I'saitscnen, ,,, ICaminsky, s na Kurdjumw, e

. (&5) Kurd^umoj&.^G ? and. _ . Stellefczlctr--

(16) Klier, -JPpo and Grymfco, , M

Jl?) 'Gfeningerj, A, *

(18) urgers ? W. . G / . (19) owles, J , ,

eert&) .

"Research and Oeyfloprrient on Titanium Allays 1', econd Progress 19k9 } Contract. No. Afr 33 033:)

Research and Development n Titanium Alloys,. Contract ie M 33 (5S) ?3&- July 30, ? ;?, April 0* 951

"ber die nwaulungG Vorgnge in Beta Aluminum-bronze", Metallwirts chaft 193li) ?. 33

ABE Trans., 28 1938) p. 37 Discussion

:"ber L^ine SwisehenphSe in den ub5r6^ 5lCSts?:di-ssnen CU"-A1 Iiegieruigen 0 Metllwirt sehaft

03-^19514 pw*30 .,. -

"The Transformations n BetaCu Al Alloys, AII# Trans.., 8g..

"Martensite Transformation in Beta Copper-Aluminum^ IME 'Trans e . * . 132 (1939)

Physica 1 1931*) + 561

"Metallographie gfcudy of he Hartensite Transformation in lAtfeium", . f Metals, an

"ber mwaadlunf-svorgange n BetaM0ssing nd in Beta- Silver 2inlclegie.rungecl5,j 2, Metallkunde. h 1932:) p. 65

Research Division, N ew York University

- *" -^zi's^f-'TS''

8/13/2019 A 800331

27/33

/

Rgfergnces (Cont ' d)

(21) wen, E . A. a r i d Sully, A. . H ,

(22) smond, P a i a nd Gr tand j G

(23) anson , 1 4 a nd Freeman;* , Le R ,

(2k) Owen, E . A

( ? S ) ; trianp, A .R. a n d , McGutre, F, T.

D w e z . , /P.

Sqrillbriusi Diagram o f . I r o n a nd Nicke l Alloy s , Phil , : Mag, , / London, Series ? 27 ( 1 9 3 9 )

' S u r Le s F e r s .Meteoriques' 5^ R e v. de Met. ^ ( ; i ? u )

Th e Gonstitufeija f th e Al loys o f I r on a nd r K l c k e l s J . o f I r o n a nd Steel Inst J ? ( 1 5 * 2 3 ) p . 301

T h e Structure o f Meteor i t i c Iron , Ph e M a g , , | ( 1 9 U 0 ) p . 053

A Study o f th e I ron-Eich I ron- Manganese A l lo y s , A.SJf , Trans, . |1 ( 1 9 ) ^ 3 ) p. . 3U 0

Effec t f Rate o f Cool ing o n th e Alpha=Beta Tr ans fo rma t ion in Titanium and Titaniurr^MolybdenUm Alloys'?, J . o f Metals , Sept (19&) p. , ? 6

L iXO

R e s e a r c h Division, Ne w Yo r k Univers i ty

'e^gSB^T^vr",-*,"^ s^n i ;-?" -f KECr iTS?35f2SK3S3KW' aKj.^-/^ ~zzraszz3$j3Z.. ; J. ^ . i' r-

8/13/2019 A 800331

28/33

=s e ?

Contract No. A * 3 G ~ O 6 9 ~ 0 R B - < 2 ' 7 B A D Project .No. TBVlO DA Project 93-08-020)

R A D No,. R E T ' B 1-12072

I If s T RATION S

Pig. 1.

Pig. .

Pig .

Fig:*. -

Pig 5.

fig ,

Fig.

attiec-G or eax Treatment n vari-o'os Mn Alloys

I-Stherml Transformation Study of .. Ti~Mn Alloys

Titanium-rich Portion f' the Tentative TiMn Eotjiiibrium Diagram

3ey?rich, Portion of he u-Al Equilibriin Diagram

Iron-rich Portion, of he Fe-Ni Eqiiilihrium Diagram

irn-'ri'Ch Portion of he' Fe-$En Eq^lrium. Diagram

Titni-um-riGh Portion f he i-Mo EqiMMbritim Diagram

i 8

_ .......... , __ o Kaseorcfo Division, f c f e York University

:J/

8/13/2019 A 800331

29/33

Y\. ,. i -/ _ .-

5 do

'5

Hots '/?//*# tf , /45tf I 2/2 ow ff/ 1700 Fj

Cold Water Qknch

Hot - Ft.oJ/edt~Mg SF

1/2 hour at 1650 *F

Hot -Rolled at ,r450F f 1/2 hour at I6F

2.0 :0- .O Mgng,gm sef Weight i TECT OF HEAT REATMENT

ON Ti - Mn ALLOYS (Bat ; , : - - ,;

>-:3;:^^F,5"? ,-^-iift *"-* T ,^ j yi t ^ e -*.T s '

8/13/2019 A 800331

30/33

+- >

/*

-- -

k *

S7

^

Ts*

8/13/2019 A 800331

31/33

7 ~

9

Q v' fiV , n > , -si' ;

C > i *i q *.'Q t, Q(

45

Monganem, Weight Fig. 3 TBgnium -Rich Port ion of the Tentative i-Mn

Eguitipfiurp diagram (Batterie)

5 t a

.0 3

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 4 6 8 Aluminum, Weight.

Fig. 4- Copper-Rich Portion of the Gu-Al Equilibrium DiogrOm (National M e fa is Handbook

8/13/2019 A 800331

32/33

*" > - A JTi --*= 'Uf II 'l.X"

40>

_ < . _ . . -

y

S

5 - /

o IQ eg m 40 Nhk&l, Weight

ich Portionrg$* Me Fe -M EouiMbnum Dkf&gm (petals l ' aH:vbo0 .k 948 Edta}

t

/n

Fig. 6 Manganese, Weight

Iron - Rich Portion of the Fe M n Equilibrium Diagram (Metals Handbook 948 Edition)

'',.:'.-"*VrT .'-'v~

8/13/2019 A 800331

33/33

V

c ;

.jfoQXL

ig . 7

2 4 6 & 1 0 '

Molybdenum,. Weight

m is

Titmum - Rich ortion of the i M o {Equilibrium Diagram. Duwez)