9th class grammar short notes

8/12/2019 9th Class Grammar Short Notes

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Muhammad Awais (M.A Eng P.U)

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First Part Sentence Page No.2

Page No. 3 Subject/Predicate Phrase/Clause

Page No. 4 Noun and Its kinds

Page No. 7 Pronoun and Its kinds

Page No. 10 Adjective and its kinds

Najm- l-Huda School System

Habib Abad 049-4500350



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First Part Sentence

Sentence:

A group of words in a certain arrangement which gives complete sense

is called sentence. e.g.

Ali is working hard.

He has bought a pen.

Kinds of sentences:

The kinds of sentences are given below.

Assertive sentence

Interrogative sentence

Imperative sentence

Exclamatory sentence

Optative Sentence

Assertive Sentence:

A sentence that makes a statement is called an Assertive sentence. e.g.

We are friends.

They work for the country.The statement can be positive or negative.

Positive Sentence:

A sentence that give positive statement. e.g. She worked hard.

Negative Sentence:

A sentence that make negative statement. e.g. I shall not waste time.

Interrogative Sentence:

A sentence that asks a question is called an Interrogative sentence. e.g.Where do you live?

Are you going there?

Imperative Sentence:

A sentence that expresses a command, order, request or advice is called

an Imperative sentence. e.g. Be quiet.

Exclamatory Sentence:

Sentences which express some strong feelings or emotions such as joy,sorrow, regret, surprise, wonder etc., are called exclamatory sentences.



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What a marvelous sight!

How beautiful the flower is!

Hurrah! We have won.

Alas! She is no more.

Optative Sentence:Sentences which express a keen wish, prayer, curse etc., are called

Optative sentences.

May you live long!

May God help you!

Subject & PredicateThe part of the sentence which name the person or thing we are

speaking about is called the SUBJECT of the sentence. e.g.

He has a good memory.

In this sentence “He” is the subject of the sentence.

&

The part which tells something about the Subject is called the

PREDICATE of the sentence. e.g.

The earth revolves round the sun.In this sentence “revolve round the sun” is the Predicate of the Subject

“The earth.

Phrase

A group of words which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called

a phrase. e.g.

The sun rises in the east.

It was a sunset of great beauty.

in the east (Phrase)

of great beauty (Phrase)

Clause

A group of words which forms part of a sentence, and contain a Subject

and a Predicate, is called a clause. e.g.He has a chain which is made of gold. which is made of gold (clause)



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Parts of Speech

Words are divided into different kinds or classes according to their use

are called Parts Of Speech.

1)

Noun 2)

Pronoun 3)

Adjective 4)

Verb

5) Adverb 6) Preposition 7) Conjunction 8) Interjection

Noun

Name of person, place or thing is called noun. Aslam , Pakistan , Cat

Noun Phrases

A Noun Phrase is a group of words that does the work of a Noun iscalled a Noun Phrase. e.g.

To win a prize is my ambition.

We enjoy playing cricket.

(To win a prize) Noun Phrase

(playing cricket) Noun Phrase

Noun Clauses

A noun clause is a group of words which contains a Subjects and a

Predicate of its own, and does the work of a noun.

I expect that I shall get a prize.I do not know what he will do.

That I shall get a prize.What he will do.

Categories of Noun

Countable Noun

Countable nouns refer to people or things that can be counted. For

example, a book, a table, a chair.Uncountable Nouns:

Uncountable noun refer to people or things that cannot be counted. For

example, tea , cream , milk , wind.

Kinds of Noun:

Common Noun:

The name of a common place, person or a thing is called as commonnoun. e.g. girl, book, pen, etc.



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Proper Noun:

The name of a specific place, person or a thing is called proper noun.

e.g. Lahore , The Holy Quran , etc.

Collective Noun:The words that refer to a group of people or things are called collective

noun. e.g. Police, team, flock, jury, herd, etc.

Material Noun:

It is the name of a matter or a substance of which anything is made. e.g.

iron, cotton, milk.

Abstract Noun:

An abstract noun is the name of some quality, state or action considered

apart from the object to which it belongs; as

Quality:--honesty, truth, kindness, wisdom.

State:--Childhood , death , birth , poverty

Action:--Love, theft, laughter.

Formation of Abstract noun:Adjective Abstract Noun Verb Abstract Noun

Long Length Believe Belief

Strong Strength Laugh Laughter

Wide Width Serve Service

Young Youth Hate Hatred

True Truth Advise Advice

Proud Pride Die DeathCommon noun Abstract Noun

King Kinghood

Mother Motherhood

Friend Friendship

Author Authorship

Thief Theft

Pilgrim PilgrimageThe Noun: Gender



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We know that living things are of either the male or the female sex.

Masculine Gender

A noun that denotes a male animal is said to be of the Masculine

Gender. e.g. boy, lion, hero, king, man, brother, etc.

Feminine Gender

A noun that denotes a female animal is said to be of the Feminine

Gender. e.g. girl, lioness, heroine, queen, woman, sister, etc.

Common Gender

A noun that either a male or a female is said to be of the Common

Gender. e.g. parents, child, friend, thief, cousin, person, student, baby.Neuter Gender

A noun that denotes a thing that is neither male nor female (i.e., thing

without life) is said to be of the Neuter Gender. e.g. book, pen, room.

The Noun: Number

Singular Number

A noun that denotes one person or thing, is said to be in the Singular

Number; as, boy, girl, cow, bird, book, pen.

Plural Number

A noun that denotes more than one person or thing, is said to be in the

Plural Number; as, boys, girls, cows, birds, books, pens.

The Noun: Case

Subjective/Nominative Case

When a noun (or pronoun) is used as the subject of the verb, it is said to

be in the Subjective (or Nominative) Case. e.g. Ali threw a stone.

Objective/Accusative Case

When a noun (or pronoun) is used as the object of the verb, it is said to

be in the Objective (or Accusative) Case. e.g. Ali threw a stone.

Pronoun



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Pronoun is a word which is used in place of noun. For example,

Quaid-e-Azam is our national hero. He was born is Karachi.

Kinds of Pronoun

Personal PronounI, we, you, he, she, it, they are called personal pronoun because they stand

for three persons.

Table Of Personal Pronouns

Nominative case Possessive case Objective case

First personI My/mine Me

we Our/ours Us

Second person You Your/yours You

Third person

He His Him

She Her/hers Her

It Its It

They Their/theirs Them

Possessive Adjectives from Pronoun

It will be seen that the Possessive Cases of most of the Personal

Pronouns have two forms. Of these the forms my, our, your, her, their

are called Possessive Adjectives because they are used with nouns and

do the work of adjectives; as

This is my book.

Those are your books.That is her book.

Reflexive Pronoun

We use Reflexive pronoun when the action done by the subject turns

back upon the subject. e.g. He injured himself .

Formation of Reflexive Pronoun



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We make reflexive pronoun by adding “self/selves” to my, our, your,

him, her, their, it.

My+self = Myself

Our+selves = Ourselves

Your+self = YourselfHer+self = Herself

Him+self = Himself

Them+selves = Themselves

It+self = itself

Empathic Pronoun

If a Reflexive pronoun is used to emphasize upon something, it is called

an emphatic pronoun. e.g. I myself saw a snake in the room.

Demonstrative Pronouns

The pronouns that are used to point out the object to which they refer

are called demonstrative pronoun. e.g.

This book is mine.

What was that noise?

All such people ought to be avoided.

Indefinite Pronouns

The pronouns which refer to persons or things in general way, but do

not refer to any person or thing in particular way are called Indefinite

Pronouns. e.g.

I will take you there one day.

He is a man of few words.

Some milk was spilt.

Interrogative Pronoun

Interrogative pronouns are used for asking questions. Like the words

when, where, which, who, how, whom, why are Interrogative Pronoun.

e.g.

Who is there?

What is the matter?

I asked who was speaking.

Distributive Pronouns



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The pronouns which refer to persons or things one at a time are called

Distributive Pronoun. Each, either, neither, one. e.g.

Each of the men received a reward.

Each took it in turn.

Either of you can go.Relative Pronoun

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is

called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it

modifies. e.g.

The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.

In the above example, "who":

• relates to "person", which it modifies• introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night"

There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that

Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose

is for possession. Which is for things. In non-defining relative clauses,

that is used for things. In defining relative clauses (clauses that are

essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information) that

can be used for things and people.

Look at these examples showing defining and non-defining relative clauses:

example sentences

S=subject, O=object, P=possessivenotes

d e f

i ni n g

r e l a t i v e

c l a u s e s

S

- The person who phoned me last

night is my teacher.

- The person that phoned me last


That is preferable

- The car which hit me was yellow.

- The car that hit me was yellow. That is preferable

O

- The person whom I phoned last


- The people who I phoned last

night are my teachers.

- The person that I phoned last


- The person I phoned last night is

my teacher.

Whom is correct

but formal. The

relative pronoun is

optional.

- The car which I drive is old.

- The car that I drive is old.

- The car I drive is old.

That is preferable

to which. The

relative pronoun is



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optional.

P

- The student whose phone just

rang should stand up.

- Students whose parents are

wealthy pay extra.- The police are looking for the car

whose driver was masked.

- The police are looking for the car

of which the driver was masked.

Whose can be used

with things. Of

which is also

possible.

n

on- d e f i ni n g

r e l a t i v e

c l a u s e s

S

- Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is

my teacher.

- The car, which was a taxi,

exploded.

- The cars, which were taxis,exploded.

O

- Mrs Pratt, whom I like very

much, is my teacher.

- Mrs Pratt, who I like very much,

is my teacher.

Whom is correct but

formal. Who is

common in spoken

English and informal

written English.

- The car, which I was driving at

the time, suddenly caught fire.

P

- My brother, whose phone you

just heard, is a doctor.- The car, whose driver jumped out

just before the accident, was

completely destroyed.

- The car, the driver of which jumped

out just before the accident, was

completely destroyed.

Whose can be used

with things. Of

which is also

possible.

AdjectiveThe word that explains a noun or adds meaning to a noun is called an

adjective. For example, soft grass.

Adjective Phrases

An Adjective Phrase is a group of words that does the work of an

Adjective is called an Adjective Phrase. e.g.

The president was a wealthy man.

The president was a man of great wealth.

(wealthy) Adjective

(of great wealth) Adj Phrase



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The chief lived in a stone house.

The chief lived in a house build of stone.

(stone) Adjective

(build of stone) Adj Phrase

Adjectives Adjective Phrases

A golden crown A white elephant

A jungle track

A blank page

A heavy load

The Pakistani flag

A crown made of gold An elephant with a white skin

A track through the jungle

A page with no writing on it

A load of great weight

The flag of Pakistan

Adjective ClausesAn Adjective clause is a group of words which contains a Subjects and

a Predicate of its own, and does the work of an adjective.

The umbrella with a broken handle is mine. (Adj Phrase)

The umbrella which has a broken handle is mine.(Adj Clause)

Three Degrees of Adjective

Positive Degree

It shows the simple quality of an object. e.g. He is a wise boy.

Comparative Degree

It shows a higher degree of the quality and is used when two objects of

the same kind or class are compared. e.g. I am taller than you.

Superlative Degree

It shows the highest degree of the quality and is used when one object is

compared with all other objects of the same class. e.g.

He is the tallest boy in the class.

Formation of the Degrees

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Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree



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Dark darker darkest

Strong stronger Strongest

Clever cleverer cleverest

'( ) *(+,-"!"#$%&

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree

Able Abler Ablest

Brave braver bravest

Kinds of Adjectives

Adjective may be divided into following classes.

Adjective of Quality

An adjective that tells us about the quality of the noun, known as

Descriptive Adjective or Adjective of Quality, it tells us about the

colour, shape, size or condition of a noun. e.g.

Karachi is a large city.He is an honest man.

It is a heavy box.

Adjective of Quantity

An adjective that tells us about the quantity of the noun is called an

Adjective of Quantity. An adjective of quantity tells us the quantity or

amount, and that is 'how many' or 'how much'.; as

I ate some rice.He showed much patience.

You have no sense.

He did not eat any rice.

Adjective of Number/Numeral Adjectives

It shows how many persons or things are meant, or in what order a

person or thing stands; as

The hand has five fingers.

Few cats like cold water



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Most boys like cricket.

Adjective of Number are of three kinds:

(i) Definite Numeral Adjectives, which denote an exact number; as,

One , two , three ,etc. These are called cardinals.

First ,second ,third etc These are called ordinals.A cardinal denotes how many and an ordinal denotes the order of things

in a series.

(ii) Indefinite Numeral Adjectives, which do not denote an exact

number ;as

All , no, many ,few , some ,any , certain , several , sundry.

(iii) Distributive Numeral Adjectives, which refer to each one of a

number ;as ,

Each boy must take his turn. Every word of it is false.

Neither accusation is true.

Possessive Adjectives

An adjective that tells us about the ownership of the noun is called a

Possessive Adjective. It tells us that something belongs to a person or thing. as

This is my book.

Those are your books.That is her book.

Demonstrative Adjectives

An adjective which specifies a noun called a Demonstrative Adjective;

it is one that points out a fact about a person or thing. as

This boy is stranger than Adnan.

I hate such things.

These mangoes are sour.

Interrogative Adjectives

An adjective which poses questions in an 'interrogative' manner is

called an Interrogative Adjective. Like most adjectives, an interrogative

adjective comes before a noun. As,

What manner of man is he?

Which way shall we go?

Whose book is this?

Articles



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The word ‘a or an’ and ‘the’ are called Articles. They come before

nouns. There are two Articles –a(or an) and the.

Indefinite Article

A or an is called the Indefinite Article, because it usually leaves

indefinite ) ( the person or thing spoken of; as,

A doctor ; that is, any doctor.

The indefinite article is used before singular countable nouns, e.g,

A book ,an orange , a girl

The verbA verb is a word used to tell something about a person or thing .as,

The girls were singing.

The watch has been found.

Transitive verb: A verb which denotes an action which passes

over from the subject to an object.

The ants fought the wasps.

The horse kicked the man.

Intransitive verb: A verb that denotes an action which does not

pass over an object or expresses a state, as

He ran a long distance. The baby sleeps.

There is a flaw in this diamond.

Infinitive : The infinitive is the base of a verb, often preceded by to.

To err is human.

He refused to obey the orders.

Birds love to sing.

Auxiliaries Verbs: The verbs which used with ordinary verbs to

make tenses are called auxiliary verbs ;asBe (am , is , was) , have , do , etc.

Modal Varbs: They are used before ordinary verbs and express

meanings such as permission , possibility , certainly and necessity.

Can , could , may , might , will , would , shall , should ,must and

ought.

Be : It is used in the formation of continuous tenses; as

He is working , I was writing.Have : Have is used in the formation of perfect tenses; as

He has been working.



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He has to move the furniture hiself.

Do: It is used to form the negative and interrogative of the simple

and past tenses; as

He doesn’t work.

Did he work?Can: usually expresses ability or capacity ;as

I can swim across the river.

Can you lift this box?

May: is used to express a wish; as

May you live long.

May you secceed.

The Participle Participle: A participle is a word which is partly a verb and partly

an Adjective.

Present Participle: which ends in – ing and represents an action as

going on or incomplete.

We met a girl carrying a basket of flowers.

Loudly knocking at the door , he demanded admission.

Past Participle: which represents a complete action or state of the

thing spoken of. Deceived by his friend, he lost all hops.

We saw a few trees laden with fruit.

The Gerund

A Gerund is that form verb which ends in –ing and has the force of

a Noun and a verb.

Teach me swimming.

Giving is better than receiving.

Adverb:

An Adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, an

Adjective or another Adverb.

Kinds of Adverb:

Adverbs of frequency: adverb of frequency tell us how many times the

work is done.For example, He always speaks the truth.



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Muhammad Awais (M A E P U)

Adverbs of manner: (Which shows how or in what manner)

For example, She writes neatly.

Adverbs of place: (Which shows where)

For example, The train will stop here.

Adverbs of time: (Which shows when)

For example, I am working now.

Adverb Phrases

An Adverb Phrase is a group of words that does the work of an Adverb is called an Adverb Phrase. e.g.

Ali ran quickly. (How?)

Ali ran with great speed . (How?)

(quickly) Adverb

(with great speed) Adv Ph

He is coming now. (When?)

He is coming at this very moment.(When?)

(now) Adverb

(at this very moment) Adv PhHe fell down. (Where?)

He fell to the ground. (Where?)

(down) Adverb

(to the ground) Adverb Ph

Adverb Adverb Phrases

Bravely

Beautifully

Soon

Swiftly

In a brave manner

In a beautiful style

Before very long

In a swift manner

-Preposition

:

A preposition is a word used with a noun or a pronoun

to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun orpronoun stands in relation to something else;as,

There is a cow in the garden.

The girl is fond of music.

A fair little girl sat under a tree.

Conjunction:

It is a word used to join words or sentences; as

Arshad and Aleem are cousins.

I ran fast ,but missed the train.

Interjection :It is a word which expresses some sudden feelings; asHurrah!We have won the game.

Alas! She is dead.

9th class grammar short notes

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