9780521713757_frontmatter

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Self-study grammar

reference and practice

MARTIN HEWINGS

for

CAE andProficiency

Grammar

with answers

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-71375-7 - Grammar for CAE and Proficiency with AnswersMartin HewingsFrontmatterMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/

http://www.cambridge.org/9780521713757




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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

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Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

www.cambridge.org

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521713757

© Cambridge University Press 2009

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place without the written

permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2009

Printed in Italy by G. Canale

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ISBN 987 0 521 71375 7

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My thanks go firstly to Fiona Davis for her

encouragement, constructive suggestions, and eye for

detail. Fiona’s considerable editorial expertise has helped

me enormously in writing the book. Thanks, too, to Lynn

Townsend for guiding the project so professionally, and to

Lynn, Nora McDonald and Linda Matthews for their work

in the final stages.

Nick Witherick and Peter Sunderland gave extensive

feedback on drafts of the book. Their experience was

invaluable in helping me revise the grammar reference

and exam practice material in particular. Thanks are also

due to Sam Brown, Claire Fooks, Nathalie Key, Suzanne

Hewings and Hannah Templeton for their assistance in

drafting sample answers.

At home, thanks to Ann and Suzanne for being always

willing to listen, help and support.

The author and publishers acknowledge the following

sources of copyright material and are grateful for the

permissions granted. While every effort has been made,

it has not always been possible to identify the sources of

all the material used, or to trace all copyright holders.

If any omissions are brought to our notice, we will be

happy to include the appropriate acknowledgements on

reprinting.

HarperCollins Publishers Ltd for the text on p. 9 from

Bel Canto. Copyright © Ann Patchett 2001. Reprinted

by permission of HarperCollins Publishers Ltd; TheEconomist for the adapted text on p. 10 The Economist .

Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Limited, London,

19 December 2006; Alite Ltd for the adapted text on

p. 11 from Alite Ltd Newsletter, www.alite.co.uk; Tom

Kirkwood for the text on p. 21 from BBC Reith Lecture,

Radio 4, 2001; BBC News Online for the text on p. 22.

Copyright © bbc.co.uk; Sir David Attenborough for the

text on p. 78 ‘Why do birds eat seeds?’ from The Life of

Birds by Sir David Attenborough; International Masters

Publishers for the adapted text on p. 79 from Reflexology

Leaflet. Reproduced with the permission of International

Masters Publishers AB. Copyright © 1999 InternationalMasters Publishers AB. All rights reserved; Text on p. 97

‘My life as a human speed bump’ by George Monbiot,

The Green Living Guide, The Guardian 23 October 2006;

Telegraph Media Group Ltd for the adapted text on p.

116 from ‘Gadgets to make your home energy efficient’

Daily Telegraph 14 April 2007, for the text on p. 168

‘Terrible Orchestra’ by Alexander McCall Smith, Daily

Telegraph 1 November 2007. Copyright © Telegraph Media

Group Limited; Hodder & Stoughton Limited and MBA

Literary Agents for the text on p.117 from Natural Flights

of the Human Mind. Copyright © 2006 by Clare Morrall,

published by Sceptre. Reproduced by permission of

Hodder & Stoughton Limited and MBA Literary Agents

on behalf of the author; Penguin Books Ltd for the text

on p. 127 from Eyewitness Travel Guides: Spain (Dorling

Kindersley 1996, 1997). Copyright © 1996, 1997 Dorling

Kindersley Limited, London. Reproduced by permission of

Dorling Kindersley Ltd; BBC.co.uk for the text on p. 143

from www.bbc.co.uk /nature/animals/mammals/explore/

instincts.shtml, and for the text on p. 159 from www.bbc.

co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/articles /psychology/

what_is_psychology.shtml. Reproduced by permission of

BBC.co.uk; Nick Rennison for the extracts on pp. 206-207,

from the Waterstone’s Guide to Popular Science. Reproduced

with permission of the editor, Nick Rennison

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Recordings produced by Leon Chambers at The

Soundhouse, London.

Design by Kamae Design.

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements








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ContentsContents

10 Verb patterns 2

Compound nouns and noun phrases; subject–verb agreement; countable anduncountable nouns; articles 43

5 Nouns, agreement and articles

Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs; comparisonswith as ...; comparisons with so ..., too ..., enough 71

8 Comparison

Verbs with two objects; verb + object + adjective; verb + reflexive pronoun;verb + each other / one another 81

9 Verb patterns 1

Complex modal forms; dare and need; had better; be allowed to; be supposed to; otherverbs with modal meanings 34

4 Modals 2

Simple and continuous tenses; perfect tenses; present perfect continuous and past

perfect continuous 1

1 Tenses

3 Modals 1

2 The future

Will, be going to + infinitive, shall; present tenses for the future; future continuous,future perfect and future perfect continuous; be to + infinitive; future in the past 13

Ability; possibility; conclusions, willingness, habitual events; necessity, deduction;‘not necessary’; obligation 24

6 Determiners and quantifiers

No, none, not a, not any; much, many, a lot of, lots of; all, both, whole; every, each; (a/the)

few, little; less, fewer; much, many, etc. + (of) 53

7 Adverbs and adjectives

Position of adverbs; quite, rather, already, yet, still, even, only, really ; position ofadjectives; gradable adjectives; patterns after adjectives 62

Introduction vii

Verb + to-infinitive / -ing ; verb + (object) + bare infinitive; verb + object +to-infinitive / -ing ; verb + object / possessive + -ing ; other patterns after verbs 90








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Participle clauses; to-infinitive clauses; adjective phrases; prepositional phrases 111

12 Relative clauses 2

Defining and non-defining relative clauses; relative pronouns; other words beginning relative clauses; prepositions in relative clauses 101

11 Relative clauses 1

Real and unreal conditionals; if … not and unless; even if and even though; if only and wish; other conditional expressions 129

14 Conditionals

Participle clauses including present participle (-ing ) clauses, past participle (-ed)clauses, participle clauses after conjunctions and prepositions, to-infinitive clauses,reduced clauses 138

15 Participle,to

-infinitive and reduced clauses

Structures in the reported clause – that - clause, to-infinitive and -ing ; verb tensein reporting; modal verbs in reporting; reporting questions; should in that - clauses;

present subjunctive 172

19 Reporting

That- noun clauses; wh- noun clauses; whether and if 145

16 Noun clauses

Sentence conjunctions and connectors including: before, until; hardly, no sooner,

scarcely; first(ly), at first, last(ly), at last; however; even so, even though; on theother hand, on the contrary; as well as, apart from, because of, besides, despite /in spite of, due to, during 153

17 Conjunctions and connectors

Using the passive; active and passive verb forms; passive forms of verbs with twoobjects; get + past participle; get/have + object + past participle 161

18 The passive

Adverbial clauses including time clauses, contrast and concession clauses, reasonclauses, purpose and result clauses 120

13 Adverbial clauses








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Key 234

Recording scripts 259

Appendices 287CD tracklist 296

Nominalised forms; do, give, have, make, take + noun 201

22 Nominalisation

Introductory it as subject and object; there; common expressions with it’s no …and there’s no … 209

23 It and there

Complex prepositions; verb + preposition: common patterns; phrasal verbs:word order 218

24 Complex prepositions and prepositions after verbs

Noun + preposition: related verbs and adjectives; noun + preposition + -ing ornoun + preposition + noun; noun + of + -ing or noun + to-infinitive; noun + in ornoun + of ; adjective + preposition 227

25 Prepositions after nouns and adjectives

Fronting; cleft sentences; inversion; inversion in conditional sentences 192

21 Word order and emphasis

One/ones; so + auxiliary verb + subject; neither; nor, not … either; do so;leaving out words after auxiliary verbs and after to 182

20 Substitution and ellipsis








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IntroductionIntroduction

To the student

Who is this book for?

This book is for anyone preparing for theCambridge Certificate in Advanced English(CAE) or Certificate of Proficiency in English(Proficiency/CPE) exams and covers thegrammar needed for these exams. Youcan use it to support a CAE or Proficiencycoursebook, for extra grammar practiceon a general English language course, orwith practice tests as part of a revisionprogramme. You can use in it class or for self-

study.

How do I use this book?

There are two ways to use this book. You caneither start at Unit 1 and work through tothe end of the book, or you can do the onlineEntry test to find out which units you needmost practice in and begin with those. Go towww.cambridge.org/elt/grammarforcae.

What is in this book?

This book contains 25 units. Each unit is infour parts:

A: Context listening This introduces thegrammar of the unit in context. This will helpyou to understand the grammar more easilywhen you study section B. It also gives youuseful listening practice. Play the recordingand answer the questions. Then check youranswers in the Key.

B: Grammar Read through this section before you do the grammar exercises. Startpoints act as a brief reminder of grammarthat you probably already know, and youshould look at these before reading the moreadvanced explanations. Material likely to be relevant to students taking Proficiency isindicated with a bar in the margin.

C: Grammar exercises Write your answers toeach exercise and then check them in the Key. You can refer back to section B when you aredoing the exercises.

D: Exam practice Each unit has a writingtask and one other exam task. These have been designed to give you practice in thegrammar for that unit as well as helping youto get to know the different parts of the CAEand Proficiency exams. The Use of English

tasks test the grammar presented in that unit, but they also test other areas of grammar(which are presented in the rest of the book).Tasks similar to those in the Proficiency examare indicated with a bar in the margin.

Appendices

The Appendices give more information aboutsome of the grammar points presented in theunits. They include lists of verbs commonly

found in particular grammatical patterns,and further examples of points explained inSection B.

The Key

The Key contains:• answers for all the exercises. Check your

answers at the end of each exercise.• sample answers for all the writing tasks in

the Exam practice section. Read these afteryou have written your own answer. Studythe language used and the way the ideasare organised. Examples of the grammarpoints practised in the unit are highlightedin the sample answers.








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The Recording scripts

There are recording scripts for the Contextlistening in each unit, and for the Exampractice listening tasks. Do not look atthe script until after you have answeredthe questions. It is a good idea to play therecording again while you read the script.

The Entry test

The Entry test is available online at www.cambridge.org/elt/grammarforcae. You cando this test before using the book to help youchoose what to study. Answer the questionsand then check your answers in the onlineKey. This Key tells you which units are mostimportant for you.

To the teacher

This book offers concise yet comprehensivecoverage of the grammar students need to be successful in the Cambridge Certificatein Advanced English (CAE) and Certificateof Proficiency in English (Proficiency/CPE)exams. It can be used for self-study or witha class. It will be particularly valuable for

revision, for students retaking one of theexams, and for candidates in classes wheresome students are not entered for the exam.Sections A, B and C are designed to be usefulfor all advanced level students whether or notthey are entered for CAE or Proficiency.

The Entry test

The online Entry test can be useddiagnostically as a means of prioritising the

language areas to be covered, either for aclass, or for individual students.

What is in this book?

A: Context listening This section is suitablefor classroom use. Many of the tasks can bedone in pairs or small groups if appropriate.

B: Grammar This section is designed forprivate study, but you may wish to discussthose parts which are particularly relevant toyour students’ needs.

C: Grammar exercises This section can be

done in class or set as homework. Studentscan be encouraged to check their own workand discuss any difficulties they encounter.

D: Exam practice This section can beused to familiarise students with the tasktypes found in the CAE and Proficiencyexams, while offering further practice in thegrammar for each unit. Each task is followed by a Grammar focus task. The Grammar

focus task highlights how the grammarstudied in the unit is used in the exam task.The book contains at least one task frommost parts of the Reading, Writing, Use ofEnglish and Listening papers in the CAE andProficiency exams. Although the tasks havethe same format as those found in the exams,the content has sometimes been changed toreflect the focus on grammar found in this book. In addition, there are more tasks fromthe Use of English paper than the others because this paper tests grammar more thanthe others. The Writing tasks cover a widerange of the tasks which students may comeacross in the exams, including articles, essays,reviews and proposals. Tasks similar to thosefound in the Proficiency exam are indicatedwith a bar in the margin. The Writing hintsoffer extra support in the form of usefulwords and expressions.

In classes where there are students who arenot entered for either of the exams, youmight prefer to set Exam tasks as extra workfor exam candidates only. Alternatively,you could set the tasks for all students, as afurther opportunity to practise the grammarof each unit.








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