07 Alternative energy sowtxa (dar energy)

96/0172S Stora e and dryln of wood fuel Jiiis, R B&muss c? %p Bioenwgy, 1 5, 9, (l), 181-190. Some of the available techniques for the storage and drying of various typer of woody biomas& and how they affect dry matter loss, fuel quality and working environment are discussed. These include field trials of ventt- lated storage with arable coppice and logging residues and experiments testing the effectx of particle sixe on the storage of wood fuel. The develop mcnt of a mathemattcal model for describii bulk, and experiments to validate the mode B

the drying of wood chips tn are d&cussed.

ml726 The tranaportatlon of fuelwood from foraat to

k$!knkh C u al. Bionws & Bioencrgy 1995 9 (1) 191-293 Secondary t&portatior/ from the forest to the ~tilisa~io;l far& is the simplest of the hurdling phases in transferring fuelwood from its point-of- origin to ultimate processing point, both in its objectives and application. In spite of this sim licity secondary transport is typcially responsible for between 20 and 4&l of the delivered fuel cost. Truck transportation is in an advanced state of development as the technology employed comes from a very large scale industry that dominates the transport of industrial prod- ucts in most developed countries.

E!iE Utlllaatlon of straw and l lmllar agrlcultural

Nielsen, C. Biomass & Bioenergy, 1995, 9. (1). 315323. The authors discuss how considerable straw resources and the wish for the reduction of the CO, emission by substitution of fossil fuels with biomass are the basis for a still growing European interest in production of power based on straw or co-firing of straw and fossil fuels. However, straw is an expensive fuel, and 15 years of ex problematic as a fuel for heat- an 8”

tience have shown that straw is rather power production. Political agreements

on straw-based power production at big power plnat units in Denmark and the UK will during the years to come contribute essentially to a higher degree of know-how on utilisation of straw for energy purposes.

Se/o1 728 Vlabla energy productlon and waste recyclln anaeroblc dlgeatlon of manure and other blomaaa f

from mater ala

Tafdrup, S. Biomass & Bioener&y, 1995, 9, (l), 303-314. Energy prices and energy sales

F preconditons for the viability o ssibilities seem to be the most important

agruzuhural biogas plants. Some countries

1 rovide opportunities for electricit .10-0.15 per kWh. This price leve r

sale at prices of approxtmately USS provides sufficient mcentive for fann-

ers and other investors to become interested. In other countries, where much lower prices are offered, agricultural biogas plant do not expand. General preconditions for farming probably corn rise important factor. Reduced odours and improved ertiliser characteristics P

the second most

are important benefits of the digestion recess. The process can also play a key role for co-operative dealing urlt organic fertiliser declaration and 4 redistribution. A relatively wide range of investment and operating costs are experienced for similar plants.

96/01732 Gaotharmal raaourcea In ralatlon to plata tactonlcs. Third adltlon of the World Exploratlon and Davelopment Map Aquater S.p& Geothermics, Oct.-Dec. 1995,24, (5), 713-714. Recent developments in the exploration and utilixation of geothermal resources have led to a new edition of the world geothermal map. The third edition of this map, which is inserted loose-leaf in the issue of Georhermiu. has been updated to show the current situation worldwide in the development of geothermal fields. Improvements in computer graphics have also permitted a more accurate representation of areas with geother- mal potential. The map was conceived as a means of illustrating geotber- mal exploration worldwide and the relationship between geothermal areas

%I01 733 Geothermal l yatema In Iceland: Structure and con- ceptual models - I. Hlgh-temperature areas Amorsson. S. Georkrmics, Oct.-Dec. 1995.24, (S), 561602. There are 20 known high-temperature geothermal areas in Iceland and another eight potential areas. Surface manifestations are meagre in these eight areas and not conclusive, and no drillings has been carried out to prove or dis depth. The ii*

rove the existence of high-temperature geothermal systems at tgh-temperature areas are located within the active volcanic

belts or marginal to them. The heat source is considered to be magmatic, shallow level crustal magma chambers in the case of high-temperature systems associated with central volcanic complexes, but dyke swarms for the s

r stems on the Reykjanes Peninsula where no central volcanoes have

E:T;za. Fossil high-temperature systems am abundant in Guatemary

7 formatrons as wrtnessed by alteratron of the basaltrc erupttve

rocks into ower-greenschist mineral assemblages.

%I01 734 Geothermal ayatama In Iceland: Structure and con- capture1 modela - II. Low-temperature areas Arnorsson. S. Geothermics. Oct.-Dec. 1995. 24, (5). 603-629. A review and assessment of data pertaining toihe or@ and nature of low- temperature geothermal activity m Iceland are presented

%I01 7% Thermal waters In deep Alplne tunnels Rybach, L. Georhemrics, Oct.&c. 1995, 24, (5). 631-637. Deep tunnels in mountainous terrains usually dram large amounts of warm waters. These waters of interest for numerous reasons: they provide infor- mation about subsurface fiow conditions, can be decisive or even cata- strophic in underground construction, and represent a most interesting

& eothermal potential for direct heat applications such as space heating

amples are given from the Swiss Alps.

Solar Energy

islands of Milos and Nisyros are describ& with emphasis on the charac- teristics affecting well casing.

Geothermal Energy

%I01 7% Analyala of caalng fallurea of deep geothermal wella In Greece Chiotis, E. and Vrellis, G. Geothermics, Oct.-Dec. 199524, (5) 695-705. The soecific characteristics of the Greek neothennal fields on the volcanic

%I01 736 Aaaeaament of combined TCOlmatal rear contact

integrated ab&bans in the active layer of the device. The optimal struc-

for thln film amorphous alllcon solar cells

ture of such a device with the top and rear TCO thin film coatings is

ph9u, F. ef aL, Solar Energy Materials d Solar Cells, Nov. 1995,39, (1)

discussed.

An’optical admittance method is ap e

lied to investigate the effect of light absorption enhancement on glass/r O/p-WI’COlmetal type thin film a- Si:H solar cells. The results reveal that a combined TCOlmetal as a rear contact for a o-i-n tvne thin film a-Si:H solar cell can further increase the

Se/Q1 730 Fluld-lnclualon evidence for part temperature fluc- tuatlona In the Kllauea Eaet Rift Zone geothermal area, Hawall Bargar, K E. et al, Geofhermics, Oct.-Dee. 1995, 24, (S), 639-659. Heating and freezing data were obtained for fluid inclusions in hydrother- mal quartz, calcite, and anhydrite from several depths in three scientific observation holes drilled along the lower East Rift Zone of Kilauea vol- cano, Hawaii. Compositions of the inclusion fluids range from dilute mete- oric water to highly modified sea water concentrated by boiling. Comparison of measured &ill-hole temperatures with fluid-inclusion homogenization-tern fluid inclusions cou d p”

rature data indicates that only about 15% of the have formed under the present thermal conditions.

%I01731 Geologlcal and geoph alcel study of the Island of Klmoloa (Greece) and geothermal mpllcetlona Y T&as, G. N. et aL, Geothermic~ Oct.-Dec. 199!, 24, (5) 679-693. Volcanic products comprise the mun visible geological units in the island of Kimolos, Southern Aegean Sea Greece). Ve limited outcro s of Neo- gene and metamo I T R volcanic domes.

r&l hit formations ave been up tfted to the su ace by the ranitic outcrops also reveal the presence of a relatrvely

young near-surface granite. The interpretation of the Bouguer gravity field proposed in this dense

aper delineates the margins of the concealed mass of the metamorp E* IC basement and of the granite intrusion. The basement

appears to be uplifted in almost all the areal extent of the island, plunging to depth outside the island boundaries. Resistivity prospecting, by means of deep electrical soundings, detected the presence of low resistivities in the central part of the island, beneath layers of high resistivities. These results suggest that the granite is heavily fractured.

96lQ1737 A collector hardware almulator: Theoretlcal analy- ale and experlmental reeulta Henning, H. hf. and Sasse, M. Solar Energy, Jul. 1995, 55, (l), 39-48. The analysis of the behaviour of thermal storage load systems under tyuical solar conditions may be realixed in the labora&y if a beat source is a&la- ble that behaves like a predefined solar collector. For this purpose a collec- tor hardware simulator (CHS) was built. This CHS allows repetitive experiments with solar storage load systems under variable condiuons of tern of t r

rature and power. The influences of different radiation time patterns, e collector parameters and of the collector sixe on the performance of

the coupled storage-load system may be studied easily m ‘quasi-solar’ experiments. The description of the CHS includes the analysis of the dynamic behaviour of both, solar collectors and the CHS in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain.

9SlQ1738 Coat-benefit ratlo of trl Choudhury, C. et al., Energy Cowers. s

la pear solar alr hasten gmt., Jan. 1996,37, (1). 95-116.

In the present study, theoretical models for three pass solar air heaters with single and double cover has been developed, and the effects of depths of inlet, intermediate, and outlet air ducts, length and air mass fIow rate on the ratio of annual cost and annual energy gain has been investigated. The

r rformancc of these air heaters are compared with those of single pass air

eaters with no cover, single and double covers and two pass air heaters with single and double covers. The results are presented in the form of various design curves which will help manufacturers select appropriate designs according to utility.

Fuel and Energy Abstracts March 1 g% 117