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MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

Understanding the manufacture of Sulphuric acid

Synthesising the manufacture of ammonia and its salts Understanding

alloy

Evaluating uses of Composite materials

Applying uses of glass and ceramics

Evaluating uses of synthetic polymers

1. What is the name of industrial process to produce sulphuric acid? 2. Give 3 uses of sulphuric acid.

1. Define alloy. 2. Explain why the alloy is harder than pure metal. 3. List 2 examples of alloys and list its compositions respectively. 4. List 2 examples of alloy and their compositions.

1. What is synthetic polymer? 2. List two examples of synthetic polymers. Then state its monomer. 3. List 3 naturally occurring polymers.

1. List the different between glasses and ceramic. 2. List uses of ceramics. 3. State properties of glass

1. Define composite material. 2. Give an example of composite material; explain its properties and its uses. 3. List 3 examples of composite materials and their components

1.Describe Haber Process 2.List 3 uses of ammonia 3.Describe an experiment to prepare ammonium fertilizer

T. 9.0

CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRIES

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MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID

Manufacturing of sulphuric acid

Uses Environmental pollution

Stage I: - Formation of sulphur dioxide Combustion of sulfur in oxygen/ metal sulphide in oxygen S + O2 SO2 Stage II: - Formation of sulphur trioxide Combustion in the excess oxygen V2O5 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 450oC, 1 atm. Stage III: - Formation of sulphuric acid Sulphur trioxide is added to concentrated sulphuric acid. SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7 Oleum H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4 Sulphuric acid

1. Production of fertilizer e.g.: (a) ………………………… (b)…………………………… (c)…………………………… 2. Drying agent (dehydration agent) 3. Manufacture of detergent. 4. Electrolyte in battery

1. Manufactured materials of sulphuric acid are usually non-biodegradation 2. The combustion could evolve sulphur dioxide to causes acid rain. 3. The fertilizer may cause water pollution if use it in excess. 4. Detergent may cause water pollution.

Explanation

Contact Process T. 9.1

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MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA AND ITS SALTS

Properties of ammonia Manufacturing ammonia in

industry

To produce ammonium fertilizer in laboratory

1. Pungent smell 2. Colourless 3. Base 4. Dissolved in water to form alkali Haber process

Iron filings N2 + 3H2 2NH3 300atm., 500oC

Preparation of ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4

T. 9.2

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Alloy Composition Usage Steel Fe , C Vehicle, ,bridge Brass Cu , Zn Electrical componen Bronze Cu, Sn Medal, statue Duralumi Al , Mg/Cu Airplanes Cupronickel Cu, Ni Coin Pewter Sn , Cu/Sb Souvenir,

ALLOYS

Definition

Compare the hardness of pure metals and alloys//Rate of corrosion of iron and steel

Experiment

Structural of atoms (particles) in pure metal and alloy

Aim of making alloy

Composition and uses of alloy

Metal atoms

Metal atoms

Foreign atoms

Pure metal

Alloy

Atoms of Pure metal are the same in sizes and arrange in a regular arrangement. Therefore the atoms can slide over each other easily by force.

Metal atoms and foreign atoms are not the same in sizes and arranged in irregular arrangement. Therefore the atoms are difficult to slide over each other using force.

Weight

Metal block

Iron ball

Mixture of two or more elements whereas one of them is metal mixed in a certain composition.

T. 9.3

*To increase hardness *To improve appearance. *To prevent rusting

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SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

Definition

Natural polymers

Natural polymer, monomer & its uses

Synthetic polymers monomers & uses

Environmental pollution

A substance form by linking together many simpler units calls monomers.

Most of the synthetic polymers are non- biodegradable and producing poisonous gas on burning

Synthetic polymers

Polymer Monomer Uses Starch glucose food Protein amino acid food Natural rubber isoprene Tyre

Polymer & formula Monomer & formula Uses Polythene Ethene Plastic bottle Polypropylene Propene Plastic bag PVC Vinyl chloride Water pipe

T. 9.4

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GLASS AND CERAMICS

Glass

Ceramic

Type of glass and composition

Properties of glass

Type of glass, special properties and uses

1. Hard 2. Transparent 3. Water impermeable. 4. Brittle 5. Compress resistance 6. Electrical insulation 7. Heat insulation. 8. Inert to chemical substance.

Ceramic is produced by heating clay at high temperature. Basic composition of ceramic is Al, Si, O. Ceramic cannot be melt repeatedly like glass.

General properties of ceramic

1. Very hard. 2. High melting and boiling point. 3. Able to extend high pressure. 4. Very good as heat insulation/ electric insulation. 5. Inert toward chemicals. 6. Weak toward extension. 7. Density less then most of metals.

Uses of ceramics: 1. 2. 3.

Improvement the quality of the ceramic for certain purposes: Explain; 1. Optic fibre 2. Photo chromic glass 3. Ceramic glass.

Glass accessory, prism

High density, Easy to shape,

Lead crystal glass

Dishes, Laboratory Apparatus (boiling tube, conical flask etc.)

Less expand and contract, High melting point.

Borosilicate glass

Window glass, bottle

Low melting point.

Soda-lime glass

High melting Point High viscosity

Fused silica glass

Usage Special properties Type of glass

Silica molten silica fused silicaglass (SiO2) Molten silica + CaCO3 soda-lime glass + Na2CO3 Molten silica + B2O3 Borosilicate glass Silica + PbO Lead crystal glass. (Sand)

Freeze

Freeze

Freeze

T. 9.5

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COMPOSITE MATERIAL

Examples and its components and uses

Compare the properties of composite material and its original component:

Definition

Reinforced concrete: Super conductor material:

Fiber glass: Photo chromic glass:

The future of composite material

PROJECT: My composite material...

T. 9.6

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CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

A. SULPHURIC ACID 1. Complete the diagram.

2. Complete the following equations and conditions involve in the three stages of Contact Process as shown below.

Stage I: Production of sulphur dioxide Molten sulphur is burnt in dry air. ............... + ................... SO2(g) The gas produced is purified and cooled. Stage II: Conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide ..... SO2(g) + ................ ................ Optimum conditions: (i) Temperature : ................. (ii) Pressure : ................. (iii) Catalyst : .............................

USES OF SULPHURIC ACID

Paint pigment

Producing Detergent

Metal cleaning

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Stage III: Production of sulphuric acid Sulphur trioxide is reacted with concentrated acid to form oleum. SO3(g) + .................. ..................... The oleum is diluted with water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid in large quantities. ....................... + H2O (l) ......H2SO4(l)

3. Sulphur dioxide can cause acid rain. Acid rain occurs when pH of the rain is

between 2.4 and 5.0.

Balance the equation below to show the reaction of sulphur dioxide with rainwater. ....... SO2(g) + O2 (g) + .....H2O(l) ......H2SO4(aq)

4. Explain how sulphuric acid and its byproducts ( sulphur dioxide) cause environmental pollution.

Environmental

Pollution Explaination

Air

Water

The combustion could evolve sulphur dioxide to cause acid rain. Acid rain corrodes buildings and metal structures Acid rain flow into lakes and river. Lakes and river becomes acidic Fish and other aquatic organisms die

Soil

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B. AMMONIA AND ITS SALTS

1. 2. Properties of Ammonia.Ammonia, NH3 ....

(i) Is alkaline (ii) Is a .....................gas (iii) Has a ........................smell (iv) Is ...............dense than air (v) Is very ....................in water (vi) Gives a ............................ when reacted with hydrogen chloride gas,

HCl.

USES OF AMMONIA

Fertilisers e.g. ............................. .............................

Synthetic fibre

Raw material in the Oswald Process

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3. The diagram below shows the process in manufacturing of ammonia. Complete the diagram.

Liquid air Natural gas

Fractional distillation

Hydrogen

React with steam

Haber Process .............. + ....H2 (l) .......... (i) Temperature : ......................... (ii) Pressure : ......................... (iii) Catalyst : .........................

Ammonia gas, nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas

Liquid ammonia

cooled

Unreacted N2 and H2 are recycled

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4. To prepare ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4 fertiliser

Apparatus: Retort stand and clamp, burrett, conical flask, white tile, evaporating dish, fiter funnel, Bunsen burner, wire gauze.

Material; Methyl orange, 2 mol dm-3 ammonia, NH3 solution , 1.0 mol dm-3

sulphuric acid, H2SO4

Based on figure above, describe how you can prepare ammonium

sulphate, (NH4)2SO4 crystals. Procedure: Observation: Discussion:

Sulphuric acid

Ammonia solution + methyl orange

Ammonium sulphate solution

Heat

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C. ALLOYS

1. What are alloys? ………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..

2. The aim of making alloys:

(i) …………………………………….. (ii) …………………………………….. (iii) ……………………………………..

3. The composition, properties and use of alloys:

Alloy Composition Properties Uses

Brass 70% Cu 30% Zn

Bronze Hard and strong Do not corrode easily

Duralumin Body of aeroplane

Pewter 96% Sn 3% Mg

Steel Hard and strong

Stainless steel 99% Fe 8% C

Cutlery Surgical instruments

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4. Draw the arrangement of atoms in pure metal and alloy;

Pure metal alloy

5. Relate the arrangement of atoms in pure metal to its ductile and maleable properties. ……………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………….

6. Explain why an alloy is harder than its pure metal. ………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………….

7. Experiment: To compare the hardness of pure metal and its alloy

Weight

Copper block

Iron ball

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Referring to the above set-up of the apparatus, design a laboratory experiment to compare copper and brass based on the hardness property.

Problem Statement: Are alloys harder than pure metal Hypothesis: Apparatus: Material: Procedure: Tabulation of data:

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D. SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

1. Polimers are large molecules made up of many identical repeating sub-units

called ……………….. which are joined together by covalent bonds.

2. List three natural occurring polymers. (i) ………………………….. (ii) ………………………….. (iii) ………………………….

3. Complete the table below.

Synthetic polymer Monomer Uses Nylon

Perspex

Polypropene

Polyvinyl chloride, PVC

Terylene

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E. GLASS AND CERAMICS

1. Complete the table below:

Type of glass Special properties Uses Borosilicate glass

Fused silica glass

Lead glass

Soda glass

2. State six propertise of ceramics:

(i) ………………………………………………… (ii) ………………………………………………… (iii) ………………………………………………… (iv) ………………………………………………… (v) ………………………………………………… (vi) …………………………………………………

3. List three uses of ceramics

(i) ……………………………………………………. (ii) …………………………………………………… (iii) ……………………………………………………

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F. COMPOSITE MATERIAL

1. A composite material is a structural material that is formed by combining two or

more difference substances such as ………………, …………….., ……………., ………………. and …………………

2. Complete the table below

Type of composite material

Components Special properties Example/Uses

Fiber glass

Photo chromic glass

Reinforced concrete

Superconductor material

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CHAPTER 9: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY Objective Questions:

1. What are the raw materials used for manufacturing sulphuric acid? A. Sulphur and air B. Sulphur and water C. Sulphur dioxide and air D. Sulphur trioxide and water

2. Which of the following is a harmful effect which results from the release of

sulphur dioxide to the atmosphere? A. Acid rain B. The green house effect C. Thinning of the ozone layer D. Breeding of algae in rivers and lakes

3. The following chemical equation shows the reaction of the Haber process.

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

Which of the following represent catalyst X, temperature Y and pressure Z ?

Catalyst X Temperature Y/ 0 C

Pressure Z / atm

A Paltinum 900 5 B Platinum 450 1 C Iron 900 450 D Iron 450 300

4. Which of the following chemicals can be used to test for the presence of

ammonia? A. Sulphur dioxide gas B. Nitrogen dioxide gas C. Concentrated sulphuric acid D. Concentrated hydrochloric acid

Catalyst X

Temperature Y, Pressure Z

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5. Which of the following fertilizers contains the highest percentage of nitrogen? ( Relative atomic mass: H, 1, C,12, N,14,O,16,S,32,Cl, 35.5) A. Urea, (NH2)2CO B. Potassium nitrate, KNO3 C. Ammonium nitrate, NH4 NO3 D. Ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2 SO4

6. Which of the the following shows the arrangement of atoms in an alloy?

7. Steel is harder than pure iron because the carbon atoms in steel make …… A. the iron atoms have more empty spaces B. the iron atoms remain in their fixed position C. the iron atoms become more orderly arranged D. the iron atoms less able to slide on one another

8. Pewter is an alloy material used for making souvenirs and cups. Which of the

following metals is not found in pewter? A. Tin B. Iron C. Copper D. Antimony

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9. The body of the aeroplane shown in the figure is made of alloy X .

What is alloy X? A Pewter B Bass C Bronze D Duralumin

10. Which of the following is the monomer of polyvinyl chloride? A. CH2=CH2 B. CH2 = CHCl C. CHCl= CHCl D. CH2 Cl CH2 Cl

11. Polymerization of phenyl-ethene produces…. A. Teflon B. Perspex C. Polystyrene D. Polyvinyl chloride

12. Ceramic is suitable than a metal for making the engine blocks of vehicles because

ceramic is…. A. lighter B. harder C. cheaper D. more heat resistant

13. When a mixture of sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate and silicone dioxide is

heated to a temperature of 1500°C, which type of glass is produced? A. Soda-lime glass B. Borosilicate glass

Alloy X

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C. Fused silica glass D. Photochromic glass

14. Which of the following is not a composite material? A. Fiber glass B. Superconductor C. Synthetic polymer D. Photochromic glass 15. Which of the following is mixed with glass to produce photochromic glass? A. Silver chloride B. Lead (II) oxide C. Sodium chloride D. Aluminium oxide

Structural Questions:

1. (a) Figure 3.1 shows an industrial preparation of sulphuric acid by the contact process.

Figure 3.1

Write the chemical equation for the reactions in stage II and IV. [ 2 marks ]

Stage I Stage II Stage III Stage IV S SO2 SO3 H2S2O7 H2SO4 Oxygen Oxygen Concentrated Water sulphuric acid

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(b) Figure 3.2 shows the waste product from a factory which affects the quality of the environment.

Figure 3.2 Based on Figure 3.2, describe how the waste product affects the quality of the environment.

Your description should include the following aspects: • Source • Process • Effect

(c )

Sarah coulod easily bend her bangle which is made of pure metal but she could not bend her mother’s bangle which is made of its alloy

By using one suitable example, describe a laboratory experiment to show the hardness of the alloy compared to its pure metal.

Explain the difference in hardness of the metal and its alloy in term of atomic arrangement

[10 marks]

Sulphur dioxide gas

Factory

Building

Toxic waste

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2. (a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction used in

Haber Process for the industrial production of ammonia. [ 2 marks ]

(b) State the optimum conditions required in the Haber process [2 marks]

(c ) Ammonia from the haber process can be used to manufacture ammonia fertilizer, NH4NO3 ,

(i) State one other use of ammonia nitrate.

[ 1 mark ]

(ii) Complete the chemical equation below for the preparation of ammonia nitrate fertilizer, NH4NO3 ;

+ � NH4NO3 (s) [ 2 marks ]

(iii) The apparatus below is used to make ammonium nitrate solution.

Next to the arrow, draw a diagram of set up of the apparatus used in the preparation of ammonium nitrate crystals.

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[ 2 marks ]

(d) Calculate the percentage content of nitrogen by weight in the Fertilizer in (c) (iii).

(Relative atomic mass; H, 1;N, 14;O, 16)

[2 marks]

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Essay Question: (Paper 3) ALLOY 1. You are required to study the hardness of bronze and pure copper. Your

explanation should include the following: (a) Aim of the experiment (b) All the variables (c) Statement of the hyphotesis (d) List of substances and apparatus (e) Procedure of the experiment (f) Tabulation of the data [17 marks]

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