Ed HightowerIEEE-CVT Dallas, TXSeptember 29, 2015

Brief history of M2M and the Internet of Things (IoT)

Key Components of the IoT

Devices / remote terminals / objects Wireless Networks: now and in the future

Cellular

WiFi / Bluetooth / Mesh / Short Range Devices / etc.

Low Power WANs: Weightless / LoRa WANs / NB-LTE / SIGFOX

IoT Backend: infrastructure, platforms, databases Software Defined Networking

Network Function Virtualization

Q&A

These are my personal observations

Not speaking on behalf of BlackBerry or any other entity

Thanks to these companies and groups for the public information they provided

Logos shown in this presentation are copyrights of their respective owners

1926: Nikola Tesla in an interview with Colliers

magazine:

"When wireless is perfectly applied the whole earth will be converted into a huge brain, which in fact it is, all things being particles of a real and rhythmic whole.........and the instruments through which we shall be able to do this will be amazingly simple

compared with our present telephone. A man will be able to carry one in his vest pocket."

1832: An electromagnetic telegraph was

created by Baron Schilling in Russia, and in 1833 Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber invented their own code to communicate over a distance of 1200 m within Göttingen, Germany.

1844: Samuel Morse sends the first Morse

code public telegraph message "What hath God wrought?" from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore.

Telemetry SCADA Industrial Automation Telematics

Wireline Microwave Private Radio Wi-Fi Satellite

Digitize Deceptive Disruptive Dematerialize Demonetize Democratize

Peter Diamandis of- X Prize Foundation- Singularity University

Integrated circuit is invented in 1958 Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce changed the

world

Basis for all electronic devices we have today

1984 - Bell telephone monopoly was disbanded

Early 80’s – personal computers

Early 90’s – the Internet became available to the masses

2007 – Apple introduced the iPhone

The Internet of Things will:

Become the nervous system for the planet

Help optimize our planet:

smarter power distribution

more efficient cities

digital battlefields

self-optimizing supply chains

hyper-targeted products

DEVICES IOT BACKEND SYSTEMS

NETWORKS

Sensors / Actuators

Processor / Memory

Transceiver

Embedded Application

Embedded Operating System (OS)

EMBEDDED OS / SOFTWARE APPS / SYSTEMS INTEGRATION

QNX Wind River LynxWorks Green Hills Software DDC-I Linux Mentor Graphics Windows CE & NT Embedded ENEA AB Sysgo

Samsung Sierra Wireless Telit Netconn Wireless Kontron Novatel Wireless

Devices in the future will become:

More ubiquitous

More intelligent

Smaller

Economical

Like dust

Wireline

Microwave

Private Radio

Cellular (2G, 3G, LTE)

Wi-Fi / Mesh / ZigBee / SRD

Satellite

• Cellular is very expensive, power hungry and complex to implement and manage

• Wi-Fi, mesh, ZigBee, Bluetooth, etc. suffer from short range and complexity to manage large scale deployments

• Private radio, microwave are not ubiquitous

• Satellite is expensive and impractical for many applications.

22

Projected by Type

Lo Power WAN

Internet of objects

LANBT

Cellular

Per Machina Research:

• More than 50% of IoT/M2M connections need only a few bytes of data transmitted to and from the remote device periodically

• Real-time communications not needed i.e. some latency is acceptable

• Long battery life required

• In-building coverage/penetration desired

Connected Devices: Access

Short RangeCommunicating Devices

Long Range w/ BatteryInternet of Objects

Long Range w/PowerTraditional M2M

Well established standards

Good for: • Mobile devices• In-home• Short range

Not good:• Battery life• Long range

Well established standards

Good for: • Long range• High data-rate• Coverage

Not good:• Battery life• Cost

Emerging PHY solutions / Undecided

Good for: • Long range• Long battery• Low cost

Not good:• High data-rate

CellularLo Power

WANLAN

Narrow band vs Spread spectrum

Unlicensed frequencies vs Cellular spectrum

Key approaches to LPWAN implementation:

Typical LPWAN Protocols: Weightless W▪ Spread spectrum in TV White Space

Weightless N and P▪ Ultra narrow band

LoRa protocol standards▪ Spread spectrum – ISM bands

SIGFOX▪ Ultra narrow band

NB-LTE (Nokia-Intel-Ericsson) ▪ 3GPP approved on Sept. 14, 2015

NB-CIoT (Huawei-Vodafone-China Unicom)

Internet of Objects

80% of volumeRequirements:

Connect battery operated low

cost assets?

Outdoor & harsh environments

Low cost communication

Low cost infrastructure

Low power technology

Robust communication

Permits mobility

Scalable system

• White Space refers to frequencies allocated to a broadcasting service but not used locally

• FCC Approved use of White Space in Sept. 2010

– Geolocation database must be queried to confirm frequency is available in that area

– No spectrum sensing sensor required in device (WSD)

• VHF/UHF TV Channels 7 - 69 (174-800 MHz) of particular interest due to propagation and global harmonization

– VHF/UHF travels far and penetrates buildings well

– TV channels are same around the world

ISM (Industrial, scientific & medical radio bands) and Short Range Device (SRD):• 902 – 928 MHz in US• 868 - 870 MHz in Europe (telemetry)

• 169, 433, 470 – 510, 780 MHz

Unlicensed WiFi frequencies in both the US and Europe • 2.4 / 5.8 GHz

Cellular frequencies (dedicated channels, subcarriers / guard bands)

• FCC / Ofcom under pressure to make additional frequencies available

Open Standard Ultra Narrow Band One-way communications Differential binary phase shift keying Sub 1-GHz unlicensed spectrum Frequency hopping 128 bit AES shared secret key regime

High performance Adaptive data rate - 200 bps to 100kbps

Two-way communication 169, 433, 470 – 510, 780, 868, 915 MHz

Long range 2km in urban environment

Ultra-low-power Ultra-low-power <10uA/node : <10% of BT or

ZigBee network Adaptive data rate from 200bps to 100kbps Using common PHY (GFSK, oQPSK, 802.15.4)

Ultra-large network Easily-scaled up to 50,000 wireless clients Consistent energy efficiency across all clients Smart networking for easy maintenance

- Reliable wireless Interactive radio using sub-1GHz ISM bands

excellent coverage and penetration FDMA+TDMA modulation in 12.5 kHz channels AES-128 encryption for security

www.weightless.org/about/weightlessP

For more info

Proprietary protocol Spread spectrum technology Long range / Two-way comm. Low power consumption Three classes of device endpoints: Class A – each endpoint transmission is followed by

two short downlink receive windows / long battery life

Class B – Class A functionality plus extra receive windows at scheduled times

Class C – continuously open receive windows closed only when the endpoint is transmitting

Proprietary protocol Ultra Narrow Band Added two-way communications recently Head start – deployed in 8 countries Plan for 60 countries in 5 years Will provide global cellular-IoT connectivity

Significant ecosystem/investment partners Samsung, Telefonica, SK Telecom, NTT Docomo, GDF

Suez, Air Liquide, Eutelsat, Elliott Mgt., etc.

Received over $145 in investments as of mid 2015 About to launch in 10 US cities

LoRa utilized a spread spectrum based modulation

Advantages

Demodulate below noise floor – 30dB better than FSK Better sensitivity than FSK (better Eb/No) More robust to interference, noise, and jamming Spreading codes orthogonal – multiple signals can occupy same channel Tolerant to freq offsets (unlike DSSS)

LoRa Overview

NB-CIoT (Narrow Band – Cellular IoT)

Promoted by Huawei (purchased Neul)

A variation of the Weightless-W by Neul

Support from Vodafone and China Unicom

Needs clean slate, i.e. an overlay network

Low power consumption

Low cost modules

Support for massive number of devices

Low delay sensitivity

NB-LTE (Narrow Band – LTE) Accepted by 3GPP as standard Sept. 14, 2015

Pushed by Nokia, Ericsson and Intel

Can be fully integrated into existing LTE networks

Backward compatible with existing LTE networks

Works within current LTE bands and guard bands

Does not need an overlay network

Low power consumption

Low cost modules

Support for massive number of devices

Low delay sensitivity

Alcatel-Lucent Alcatel-Lucent

Shanghai Bell AT&T CATT Deutsche Telekom Ericsson Huawei HiSilicon Intel Interdigital LG Electronics Nokia Networks OPPO Panasonic

Qualcomm Incorporated

Samsung

Sony

SouthernLINC

Sprint

Telecom Italia SPA

Telefonica

TeliaSonera

T-Mobile US

u-blox

US Cellular

Verizon

Vodafone

ZTE Corporation

• SigFox – (UNB)

• Nwave Technologies – (Weightless-N)

• Semtech – (LoRaWAN - proprietary)

• M2Communications (Weightless-P)

• Huawei (formerly Neul) – (Weightless)

• On-Ramp is now Ingenu – (Total Reach / RPMA - Utilities)

• Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) /

Cellular Carriers – (NB-LTE a 3GPP std., Release 13, product expected 2018)

• Entrepreneurs / startups

pCell/pWave radios transmit signals that deliberately interfere with each other, combining to synthesize tiny pCells, each just one cm in size

pCell is a pure software-defined radio C-RAN

Steve Perlman and team have worked on this over a decade

Recently announced pCell IoT and pCell VR

Artemis web page: http://www.artemis.com/

Stanford University lecture/demo: http://www.artemis.com/pcell

Software-defined networking (SDN) is an approach to computer networking that allows network administrators to manage network services through abstraction of higher-level functionality. This is done by decoupling the system that makes decisions about where traffic is sent (the control plane) from the underlying systems that forward traffic to the selected destination (the data plane).

Experts say that SDN, through its ability to intelligently route traffic and use underutilized network resources, will make it much easier to prepare for the data onslaught of IoT.

SDNs will eliminate bottlenecks and induce efficiencies to help the data generated by IoT to be processed without placing a larger strain on the network.

OpenFlow protocols & SDN

SDN is much more than just OpenFlowprotocols

Whole eco-system: SDN Apps

Network OS

Network Elements

Interfaces in between

Control Plane

Data Plane

Applications

AP

I

Network Operating

System

AP

I

AP

I

Switch/Network

Element

AP

I

SDN

Network-function virtualization (NFV) is a network architecture concept that uses the technologies of IT virtualization to virtualize entire classes of network node functions into building blocks that may connect, or chain together, to create communication services.

NFV focuses on optimizing the network services themselves. NFV decouples the network functions, such as DNS, Caching, etc., from proprietary hardware appliances, so they can run in software to accelerate service innovation and provisioning, particularly within service provider environments.

Together, in fact, they represent a path toward more generic network hardware and more open software, where the centralized control and management decreed in SDN can in part be realized through the virtualized functions and capabilities that come from NVF.

Q&A

Ed Hightowerwww.linkedin.com/in/EdHightowerEd.Hightower@IoTandBeyond.comIEEE-CVT, Dallas, TXSeptember 29, 2015