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Introduction Groundwater The present research project
• Objectives
• Experimental
• Results and Discussion
References
Introduction
• Water as a Natural Resource
Occurrence of Groundwater
The Present Research Project
• Highly populated.
• U.S.J.P.
• Nawinna garbage
dumping site.
• Agricultural
activities.
U.S.J.P.
Dumping Site
Paddy Fields
Objectives
• Determination of the quality of groundwater in the
land area around University of Sri Jayewardenepura
and Nawinna garbage dumping site.
• Investigate how the geology and human activities of
the area affect to the quality of groundwater.
• To make suggestion to avoid possible contamination
of groundwater.
Procedure Adopted in the Investigation
• Randomly selected 96 domestic wells.
• 14 water quality parameters.
• Interpretation of the results.
• Statistical analysis - ANOVA
Physical Parameters
1. Temperature
2. Conductivity
3. Turbidity
4. Total solids
5. Dissolved oxygen
Chemical Parameters1. pH
2. NO3- concentration
3. NO2- concentration
4. Total hardness5. Total iron concentration6. Zn concentration7. Pb concentration 8. Cr concentration9. Mn concentration10. Chemical oxygen demand
Biological Parameters
1. Biochemical oxygen demand
2. Coliform and E.coli test
MethodsParameter Method
Nitrite concentration Colorimetric method
Nitrate concentration UV spectrometric screening method
Total iron concentration Phenanthroline method
Total hardness EDTA titrimetric method
Dissolved oxygen Winkler method
Total solids Gravimetric method
Heavy metals Atomic absorption spectrometry
Chemical oxygen demand Open reflux method
Biochemical oxygen demand 5-day BOD test
Total Coiform and E.coli Multiple fermentation tube method
1. 0 Interpretation of the pH value
Comparatively low pH in cluster A.
Hydrolysis of heavy metal ions.
2.0 Interpretation of the Conductivity
Low conductivity values.
3.0 Interpretation of the Turbidity
Turbidity has a significant effect on microbial growth.
4.0 Interpretation of the Total Solids
TS and conductivity are high in cluster D.
5.0 Interpretation of the Total Hardness
The land is free from carbonate rocks.
5.1 Results Obtained from the Statistical Analysis
Analysis of Variance Source DF SS MS F PRegression 1 208489 208489 41.67 0.000
The regression equation isConductivity/µS cm-1 = 165 + 1.54 Hardness/ppm
Hardness/ ppm
Conduct
ivit
y/µScm
-1
250200150100500
500
400
300
200
100
0
S 70.7314R-Sq 53.0%R-Sq(adj) 51.7%
Fitted Line PlotConductivity/µScm-1 = 164.8 + 1.544 Hardness/ppm
R2 = 51.7%Moderately positive correlation
6.0 Interpretation of the NO2-
concentration
About 22% of the samples.
Low DO level.
6.1 Results Obtained from the Statistical Analysis
One-way ANOVA: Nitrite versus Clusters
Source DF SS MS F PClusters_3 3 0.0008772 0.0002924 22.72 0.000
Clusters_3 -------+---------+---------+---------+--B (----*-----)C (-----*-----)D (-----*-----) -------+---------+---------+---------+-- -0.0050 0.0000 0.0050 0.0100
p< 0.05
There is a significant difference among the mean nitrite
concentrations of the clusters.
7.0 Interpretation of the NO3-
concentration
All the values are below the maximum permissible level.
7.1 Results Obtained from the Statistical Analysis
One-way ANOVA: Nitrate versus Clusters Source DF SS MS F PClusters 3 7.417 2.472 3.13 0.030Clusters = A subtracted from:Clusters Lower Center Upper ---------+---------+---------+---------+B -0.6635 -0.0117 0.6401 (--------*--------)C -1.0504 -0.3523 0.3458 (---------*---------)D -1.3165 -0.6584 -0.0003 (---------*--------) ---------+---------+---------+---------+ -0.70 0.00 0.70
p< 0.05
There is a significant difference among the mean nitrate
concentrations of the clusters.
8.0 Interpretation of Total Iron
Iron is present in laterite soil.Deposition of soft soil.
9.0 Interpretation of the Dissolved Oxygen
In fresh water DO level at 25°C is 8.4 mg dm-3 .Groundwater contamination by organic waste.
10. Interpretation of the Chemical Oxygen Demand
Organic and oxidizable inorganic substances.
11. Interpretation of the Manganese Concentration
50% of the samples are above the maximum desirable level.
Low pH.
12. Interpretation of the Zinc Concentration
High concentrations in cluster A.Low pH.
13. Interpretation of the BOD Values
About 40% of the samples. Presence of organic materials.
14. Interpretation of the Results of Coliform and E.coli Test
The maximum permissible level is10 coliform organisms per 100 cm3.
Out of 6 samples, 4 samples showed high MPN values.2 samples in clusters C and D were detected as
contaminated with E.coli bacteria.
Considering the pH value, water of 95.8% of
wells is not suitable for drinking.
With respect to conductivity and turbidity ,
well water is safe to drink.
Total solids were moderately low.
The NO2- concentrations were found to be
rather high.
Moderately high concentrations of NO3- were
found around the university.
The iron concentration and total hardness
were found to be low.
When considering the DO, COD, and BOD
values, the groundwater is polluted.
Zn and Mn concentrations were significant in
the area around the university.
Pb and Cr were found to be absent.
Groundwater contamination by Coliform and
E.coli bacteria was significant around the
garbage dumping site.
Some wells located in the direction of natural
water flow from the dumping site have been
affected adversely.
Human activities have been adversely affected
on the groundwater quality.
The deterioration of the quality of groundwater
takes time because undesirable products take
time to penetrate through the soil layers.
In general, groundwater in the area is not suitable
to be considered as potable water.
Suggestions for further workCarrying out investigations during both dry and
wet seasons.
Identification of the variation of the contamination
level with the distance from any significant
location by GPS measurements.
The wells that were highly polluted can be studied
separately.
Sanitary landfill sites should be designed.
3R concept.
References1. Chow V.T., Fried J.J., Developments in water science -Ground water
pollution, Elsevier publishers, 1
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Geological Institute, 5th edition, 311
3. Appelo C.A.J., Postma D., Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, 2nd
edition, 1
4. Dr. Raymond L. S., Jr., "What Is Groundwater?” New York State Water
Resources Institute, Cornell University.
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Consulting Company Limited, 30.
6. C. R. Panabokke, A.P.G.R.L. Perera, Groundwater Resources of Sri Lanka,
Water Resources Board.
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Netherlands Publishers.
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larvae of the amphibians Bufo bufo and Triturus vulgaris. Canadian Journal
of Zoology Articals, November 2006.
10. WHO, Revised background document for development of WHO Guidelines
for Drinking-water Quality, pH in Drinking-water
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in Various Water Samples, California State Science Fair, 2006
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Cardiovascular Disease, 1979
13. Environmental Fact Sheet, New Hampshire Department of Environmental
Services, 2008
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Clinicians, 3rd edition, Taylor and Francis Publishers, 373
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61
References cont..16. World Health Organization, Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 3rd
edition. Volume 1, 390.
17. Anderson, J.E; Mueller, S.A; Kim, B. R, Incomplete Oxidation of
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid in Chemical Oxygen Demand Analysis,
Water Environment Federation, Volume 79, Number 9, September 2007 ,
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18. Cohen JM et al. Taste threshold concentrations of metals in drinking water.
Journal of the American Water Works Association, 1960, 52:660.
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Environmental Protection Agency, January 2004.
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22. Dissanayaka C.B, Weerasooriya S.V.R., The Hydrological Atlas of Sri Lanka,
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examination of water & waste water, American Public Health Association,
American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, 20th
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Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6th edition, Pearson Education Limited, 2004.
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in Groundwater in Parts of Palar and Cheyyar River Basins, South India,
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27. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hydrological_cycle
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