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InternatIonal Journalof IntellIgent technologIes andapplIed statIstIcs

Vol .6, no.1 (2013) pp .51-64, DOI: 10.6148/IJITAS.2013.0601.03

Airiti Press

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Evaluate the Employability of Higher Education by

Fuzzy DataWen-Tsung Lai

1*and Tsung-kuo Tien-Liu

2

1De partment o f Educational Policy and Administration, National Chi N an University , N antou, T aiwan

2

Center f or General Education, N ational Chi Nan U niversity, Nantou, Taiwan

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to construct a new method used in evaluating the demand and

supply employability of higher education. The samples are 40 university graduates within one

year from a department of a private university. The research method uses rule-base system to

calculate the fuzzy-related membership function value and to do decision making about the

demand and supply employability of higher education. And survey by fuzzy two-dimensional

questionnaire. The results of this study are to construct the new model to evaluate the

demand and supply employability of higher education by fuzzy data. Therefore, new model

can apply to evaluate the demand and supply employability of one university by testing

all departments .Advanced application to evaluate the demand and supply employability of

higher education of one country by testing all universities.

K eywords: Higher education; Rule-base system; Fuzzy two-dimensional questionnaire;

Employability

1. Introduction

According to the statistics of the Ministry of Education [23] data, the population

over the age 15 of Taiwan university graduates were 6.08% in 1990. But af ter 20

years, it had increased to 25.11% in 2010. There were 167 colleges or universities in

2012, and the university admitted rate are 100%. When the university graduates are

increasing, but they has not been synchronized to enhance students professionalperformance. Future employment and national talent cultivation is a major worry

for graduates.

Higher education emphasis on the employability of graduates in the world in

recent years. Employment setbacks encountered to reduce the university graduates

in the labor market. Governments began to actively promote the reform policy. In

addition to the proposed economic stimulus plan, the content of school education

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52 Lai and Tien-Liu

conducted adjusts its strategic. Courses taught by the school can be more close to thedirection of social change, and professionals to meet truly the industry. European

Higher Education Area In 2010 to confirm to enhance the employability of European

citizens as the goal of the reform of higher education. British HEFCE committed

between 2002 and 2005 in the core skills of analysis and interpretation. The United

States is actively studying what university graduates workplace essential skills.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2001 pointed

out that the core of the most important employers skills. Employability Skills for the

Future published in Australia 2002 that employability was divided into 8 categories.

For the 11 countries in the European research team conducted Careers after Higher

Education -- A European Research Survey, the CHEERS survey research, graduates

should have the 32 kinds of ability. The Hong Kong UGC accounted to universityfunding in the years 2008 to 2011 base on graduates performance.

College graduates employment force survey report of National Youth

Commission, Executive Yuan in 2006, and employability concluded three kinds

of capacity, Work attitude and cooperative ability, Career planning and learning

enterprising capacity, Professional knowledge and applicative capacity. But how to

implement the graduate employability as an important indicator of school evaluation

efforts should be made in the direction of Taiwans education authorities. Higher

education must to assess the effectiveness in Taiwan. They contains the assessment

of over-assessment in higher education, the assessment of the quality of university

education, assessment of graduate employability. How to construct a system both to

evaluate over-education and quality of employability is the most important motive

in this study.

For the purposes of local appropriation, this study cited college graduate

employment force survey report of National Youth Commission, Executive Yuan

in 2006 [24]. The index concluded three items, Work attitude and cooperative

ability, Career planning and learning enterprising capacity, Professional knowledge

and applicative capacity (1) Work attitude and cooperative ability concluded

good working attitude, stability and resistance to stress, teamwork abilities,

understand and abide by professional ethics and moral. (2) Career planning and

learning enterprising capacity concluded willingness to learn and plasticity, career

planning capacity, understanding of the industry environment and development,job search and self-marketing capability, innovation capability, leadership abilities.

(3) Professional knowledge and applicative capacity concluded presentation and

communication ability, to explore and solve the problem capacity, professional

knowledge and skills, basic computer application skills, foreign language ability, able

to theories applied to practice.

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53Evaluate the Employability of Higher Education by Fuzzy Data

2. Literature review

2.1 Over education

2.1.1 Measurement method of over education

Over-education commonly used measurement of the f ollowing three ways by

worker education level. (1) Worker self-assessment: Many scholars measure Over-

education by Worker self-assessment. Listed as the following: Alba-Ramrez [1];

Bchel and van Ham [3]; Dolton and Vignoles [9]; Duncan and Hoffman [10]; Hersch

[15]; McGuinness [21-22]; Sloane et al. [28]; Sicherman [29]. (2) Job analysis: Many

scholars measure Over-education by job analysis. Listed as the following: Burris [4];Chevalier [6]; Decker et al. [8]; Groot and Maassen van den Brink [12]; Hartog and

Oosterbeek [14]; Kiker et al [17]; McGoldrick and Robst [20]; Rumberger [27]; Thurow

[30]. (3) Means of realized matches: Many scholars measure Over-education by means

of realized matches. Listed as the following: Bauer [2]; Groot [11]; Groot and Maassen

van den Brink [12]; Patrinos [25]; Verdugo and Verdugo [31].

2.2.2 Researchs of over education

Xiao [34] regarding wage function, Qualification Model is less significant

models. This indicates that personal view decides whether education influences

wage or not. If taking the method of employers evaluation or the method of job

analysis as a reference for Qualification Model, it will make Qualification Model

become more reliable. Carrolla and Tani [5] find a notable age-related effect not

reported in earlier studies. Young over-educated graduates were not penalized

after unobserved heterogeneity had been addressed, whereas older over-educated

graduates were at an earnings disadvantage relative to their well-matched peers.

Keywords: over-education; graduate labor market; human capita. Yang [35] find: (1)

polytechnic college graduates perform low in wage where their among four school

types, degree of over-education tends to be higher than university graduates. (2) The

over-education has negative impact on wage, and such effect varies by school type.

However, such effect is not significant in male sample. (3) Wage differs by gender.However, it doesnt make difference between male and female by Jensen over-

education index. (4) The learning at school variables will significantly affect wage

and the degree of over-education. College graduates in sciences tend to have the

highest wage among different fields of graduates; however they also suffer the most

serious degree of over-education.

2.2 Rule-base system

Rule is a natural knowledge representation, in the form of the If Then

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54 Lai and Tien-Liu

structure and rule base system (RBS) is popular for real applications among expertsystems. RBS consists of two components, inf erence engine and assertions. The

assertions can be divided into a set of facts and a set of rules that can be f ired by

patterns in facts. The inference engine, an interpreter of an RBS, uses an iterative

match-select-act cycling model. In act phase of the cycle, a fired rule may modify or

generate some facts. CLIPS, one of the most successful expert system shell, which

allows a knowledge base to be partitioned into modules, provides a feature called

defmodule, and provides a more explicit method for controlling the execution of

a system. Each module is able to inference sequentially and independently by

inference engine. Different domain knowledge can be placed in different modules

created by defmodule functions. Logically, related rules and facts can be collected

into one module, which provides better maintenance and performance.RBS has many advantages [26]. The f irst is naturalness of expression since

experts rely on rules rather than on textbook knowledge. The second is modularity

that permits RBS easy to construct, to debug, and to maintain. Restricted syntax

and ability of explanation are also the advantages of RBS. Although RBS is

powerful enough in many applications, it has several disadvantages in maintenance

and construction, e.g. the weak ability of incremental construction of knowledge

[18]. Accordingly, many researches aim to integrate object-oriented and rule-based

programming paradigms to take advantage of the technology. There are two

paradigms on the integration of objects and rules: incorporating rules into objects

and embedding objects into rules. Knowledge objects are an integration of the object-

oriented paradigm with logic rules [32]. Furthermore, many rule-base tools, which

cooperate with the technology, are developed, e.g., COOL (CLIPS object-oriented

language) [7].

3. Research method

3.1 Evaluating higher education employability based on the supply and

demand

In order to understand the relationship between supply and demand of the

higher education employability, firstly we use the concept of logistics in marketing,to analyze demand and supply of higher education employability. When the

employability is not balanced there will be in short supply, oversupply two kinds of

cases. The goal of the high education balanced development including: (1) To f ind

higher education employability rule-based and multiple decision-making system. (2)

If higher education employability demand is greater than supply, then we should

promote the policy to bridge the gap between course demand and supply. (3) When

the higher education employability demand is less than supply, we should reform

the policy and consider.

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3.2 What is a rule-base system?

In computer science, rule-base systems are used as a way to store and manipulate

knowledge to interpret information in a useful way. They are often used in

artificial intelligence applications and research. Rule-base systems can be used in an

expert system might help a doctor choose the correct diagnosis. Also known as the

knowledge base, knowledge is stored as rules in the rule-base. Rules are of the f orm.

The rule-base system of higher education in the educational strategies of

employability is a method of finding a rule in a rule-base. We can express the

matching policies are as follows:

Consists of arule-base(permanent data); IF some condition THEN some action [13,

16]. Therefore, the rule-base of the higher education in the educational strategies ofemployability supply and demand model is set up as below [19]:

Rule 1: If 0.5 Demand Supply 1, we will substantially reform the educational

strategies of employability.

Rule 2: If 0.1 < Demand Supply 0.5, we will moderately reform the educational


Rule 3: If 0 < Demand Supply 0.1, we will minutely reform the educational


Rule 4: If -0.1 < Demand Supply 0, we will minutely maintain the educational


Rule 5: If -0.5 < Demand Supply -0.1, we will moderately maintain the

educational strategies of employability.

Rule 6: If -1 < Demand Supply -0.5, we will substantially maintain the

educational strategies of employability.

3.3 Using of the index of demand and supply in this study

For the purposes of local appropriation, this study cited college graduate

employment force survey report of National Youth Commission, Executive Yuan

in 2006 [24]. The index concluded three items, Work attitude and cooperative

ability, Career planning and learning enterprising capacity, Professional knowledge

and applicative capacity. (1) Work attitude and cooperative ability concludedgood working attitude, stability and resistance to stress, teamwork abilities,

understand and abide by professional ethics and moral. (2) Career planning and

learning enterprising capacity concluded willingness to learn and plasticity, career

planning capacity, understanding of the industry environment and development,

job search and self-marketing capability, innovation capability, leadership abilities.

(3) Professional knowledge and applicative capacity concluded presentation and

communication ability, to explore and solve the problem capacity, professional

knowledge and skills, basic computer application skills, foreign language ability, able

to theories applied to practice.

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56 Lai and Tien-Liu

3.4 To survey by fuzzy two-dimensional questionnaire

We will put these two parts of compensation by addition. While inside these

two factors, we would like to take it by the production. Since inside the factors, the

variables are highly co-integrated.

In this research, we take two dimensional fuzzy data: the weight Xdenote

by U,w(X) as well as the memberships of satisfactory U, s(y1, y2, y3, y4, y5). y1 =

very unsatisf actory, y2=unsatisf actory, y3= medium, y4= satisfactory, y5= very

satisfactory denote byU,s(Y) for the questionnaires on the discussion domain U=

{exercise/games, art/music, leisure/tourism, religion}. Hence a random fuzzy sample

for a two dimensional case can be written as

Index of Individual leisure Activities ILA = ;Where (xi,yi) is the samplefor weight and memberships (degree of satisfactory of the linguistic variables),

is the degree of satisfactory

for factors in the universe domain,j (xi) is the weight of the factor j.

In order to find the general index of leisure activities for population, we just

calculate the mean of the sample ILAthrough population, that is, general Leisure

Activities GILA= .From the above definition we can find that, 0 ILA 1,0 TILA 1.

Example 3.1: Suppose there are three principles are doing the survey. They are

asked to write down the weight as well as the degree of satisfactory based on the

factors of the discussion domain. Table 1 shows the result [33].

Table 1.School leaders leisure activity indicators of fuzzy weight.

Leisure

Activity

Exercise/games

(w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))

Art/music

(w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))

Entertainment/

tourism

(w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))

Religion

(w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))

U,A (X , Y), (.4; (0, 0, 0, .5, .5)) (.3; (0, 0, .5, .5, 0)) (.2; (0, 0, 1, 0, 0)) (.1; (0, 0, .8, .2, 0))

U,B (X , Y), (.1; (.8, .2, 0, 0, 0)) (.1; (0, 0, 1, 0, 0)) (0; (0, 0, 0, 1, 0)) (.8; (0, .0, 0, .4, .6))

U,C(X , Y), (.2; (.4, .4, 0, .2, 0)) (.2; (0, 0, 0, .5, .5)) (.5; (0, 0, .8, .2, 0)) (0; (0, 0, 1, 0, 0))

Fuzzy M ean (.23; (.4, .2, 0, .23, .17)) (.2; (0, 0, .5, .33, .17)) (.23; (0, 0, .6, .4, 0)) (.3; (1, 0, .6, .2, .2))

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4. Empirical study

The samples are 40 university graduates within one year from a department

of national university. This study tests all 40 university graduates within one year

from 2009 graduates of the Department of Business Administration, Particular

central Taiwan University of Science and Technology. Conducted a general survey

of 40 questionnaires, 32 were recovered, recovery rate of 80%. We got the last 30

valid questions after excluding invalid questionnaires. To Survey by fuzzy two-

dimensional questionnaire select will be discovery of new operation and strategy

methods. The excepted results: to construct the new model to evaluate the

employability of higher education by fuzzy data.

4.1 The quiz scale of employability

The quiz scale of employability cited from the College graduate employment

force survey report of National Youth Commission, Executive Yuan in 2006.It

concluded three items, Work attitude and cooperative ability, Career planning

and learning enterprising capacity, Professional knowledge and applicative

capacity.They show in Table 2.

Table 2.College graduate employment f orce survey report of National Youth

Commission, Executive Yuan in 2006.

Category

Work Attitude

and Cooperative

Ability

Career Planning

and Learning

Enterprising Capacity

Professional Knowledge

and Applicative Capacity

Cronbachs 0.903 0.868 0.851

The Skills

of Employability

Good workingattitude.

Stability andresistance to stress.

Teamwork abilities.

Understand and

abide by professionalethics and moral.

Willingness to learnand plasticity.

Career planningcapacity.

Understanding of theindustry environment

and development.Job search and self-marketing capability.

Innovation capability.

Leadership abilities.

Presentation andcommunication ability.

To explore and solve theproblem capacity.

Professional knowledge andskills.

Basic computer applicationskills.

Foreign language ability.

Able to theories applied topractice.

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58 Lai and Tien-Liu

4.2 The supply and demand of employability by the self -assessment ofuniversity graduates. They showed in Table 3 and Table 4

Table 3.The supply of employability by self-assessment in higher education.

Employability

Work Attitude and

Cooperative Ability

(w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))

Career Planning and

Learning Enterprising

Capacity

(w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))

Professional Knowledge

and Applicative Capacity

(w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))

U, 1(X , Y), (.3; (.2, .1, .0, .0, .7)) (.5; (.3, .2, .1, .4, 0)) (.2; (0, 0, .2, .3, .5))

U, 2 (X , Y), (.2; (.2, .2, .3, 0, .3)) (.3; (.1, 0, .3, .5, .1)) (.5; (0, .0, 0, .5, .5))

U, 3 (X , Y), (.4; (.7, .1, .1, .1, 0)) (.1; (.2, .2, .2, .4, 0)) (.5; (.5, .3, .1, 0, .1))

U, 30(X , Y), (.2; (0, 0, 0, .5, .5)) (.5; (0, 0, .8, .2, 0)) (0; (0, 0, 1, 0, 0))

Fuzzy M ean (.4; (.3, .2, .1, .2, .2)) (.3;(.3, .2, .2, .2, .1)) (.3; (.3, .2, .1, .2, .2))

Index Demand 0.566667 0.536667 0.540667

Total Demand 0.549873

Table 4.The demand of workplace employability by self-assessment.

Employability

Work Attitude andCooperative Ability

(w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))

Career Planningand Learning

Enterprising Capacity

(w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))

Professional Knowledge andApplicative Capacity

(w; (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))

U, 1(X , Y), (.2; (.2, .5, 0, 0, .3)) (.2; (0, .2, .1, .4, .3)) (.6; (0, 0, .2, .3, .5))

U, 2 (X , Y), (.6; (.2, 0, .3, 0, .5)) (.2; (.1, 0, .3, .5, .1)) (.2; (0, .0, 0, .5, .5))

U, 3 (X , Y), (.3; (.7, .1, .1, .1, 0)) (.1; (.1, .1, .2, .4, .2)) (.6; (.1, .1, .1, 0, .7))

U, 30(X , Y), (.4; (.2, .2, .1, .2, .3)) (.2; (.1, .2, .1, .2, .4)) (.4; (.2, .1, .2, .2, .3))

Fuzzy Mean (.4; (.3, .2, .1, .2, .2)) (.2; (.1, .2, .1, .2, .4)) (.4; (.1, .1, .2, .2, .4))

Index Demand 0.592667 0.718667 0.681333Total Demand 0.654951

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4.3 Summary

4.3.1 Work attitude and cooperative ability

1. Demand Supply = 2.963333 / 5 2.833333 / 5 = 0.130000 / 5 = 0.026000

2. Rule 3: If 0 < Demand Supply 0.1, we will minutely reform the educational


3. Educative development in work attitude and cooperative ability, they will

minutely reform the educational strategies of employability.

4.3.2 Career planning and learning enterprising capacity

1. Demand Supply = 3.593333 / 5 2.683333 / 5 = 0.910000 / 5 = 0.182000

2. Rule 2: If 0.1 < Demand Supply 0.5, we will moderately reform the educational


3. Educative development in career planning and learning enterprising capacity,

they will moderately reform the educational strategies of employability.

4.3.3 Professional knowledge and applicative capacity

1. Demand Supply = 3.406667 / 5 2.703333 / 5 = 0.703334 / 5 = 0.140667



3. Educative development in professional knowledge and applicative capacity,

they will moderately reform the educational strategies of employability.

4.3.4 Employability of higher education

1. Demand Supply = 3.274756 / 5 2.749367 / 5 = 0.525389 / 5 = 0.105078



3. Educative development in the overall employability, they will moderately

reform the educational strategies of employability.

5. Conclusion

Therefore, new model that showed in Figure 1 can apply to evaluate the demand

and supply employability of one university by testing all departments. Advanced

application to evaluate the demand and supply employability of higher education of

the country by testing all universities.

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60 Lai and Tien-Liu

5.1 New model showed in Figure 1

Figure 1.Evaluate the employability of higher education by fuzzy data.

5.2 Superiority of the new mode in this study

5.2.1 Closer to real than over-education assessment

The over education assessment f ocused on the analysis of the supply and demand

of the overall national higher. The results of assessment are excessive education or

lack of education. But such analysis methods are too macroscopic. Failed to point out

where there is the problem. Because of this, this type of evaluation and conclusions

could not improve the ef ficiency of policy and implementation.

5.2.2 More holistic connotation of the evaluation

Visits members only independent alumni satisfaction survey at the evaluation

of university or department. And they did not included in the evaluation project for

the employment rate and the employability. Such practices lack an overall assess-ment. We must use the same respondents object to do the gap assessment of the edu-

cation force and the market employability. And aptly ref lect the educational quality

of the department. This mode provides the more in-depth and appropriate method in

the university evaluation.

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5.2.3 Both macroscopic features of the assessment model of over-educationand microscopic f eatures of the assessment model of department

employability

This is an integrated assessment model. Base on the purposes that there are both

macroscopic features of the assessment model of over-education and microscopic

features of the assessment model of department employability. The new mode had

both the microscopic and macroscopic features. It is the ssuperiority of the new mode

in this study. But how to apply the new mode? Let us introduce in the following.

1. How to apply the new mode in the evaluation of a university?

First for the department graduates to test the supply of employability by self-assessment. At the same time, to test the demand of workplace employability by self-

assessment. Using the methods of expert decision-making system (rule-base system)

to give the overall level of performance of the department employability had micro-

scopic features. The type of using the same method to all departments had macro-

scopic features.

2. How to apply the new mode in the evaluation of higher education of a country?

First for all university graduates in one university to test the supply of employ-

ability by self-assessment. At the same time, to test the demand of workplace em-

ployability by self-assessment. Using the methods of expert decision-making system

(rule-base system) to give the overall level of performance of the university employ-

ability had microscopic features. And the type of using the same method to all uni-

versities had macroscopic features. It can apply in the quality evaluation of senior

high school and the teacher evaluation of junior high school.

5.2.4 With high quality features

The type of questionnaire in this new model designed by fuzzy two-dimensional

questionnaire. Subjects must answer both fuzzy weight and fuzzy membership.

Because fuzzy statistic method is more robust than traditional statistic method.

Therefore, we can get the more real and more robustic results by the new model of

this study.

5.2.5 The new model is suitable for the assessment of the employability in

Taiwan

The employability index of cited from the National Youth Commission, Executive

Yuan in 2006. Therefore, this new model is very appropriate to evaluate the local

employability of higher education.

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62 Lai and Tien-Liu

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