84200455 research designs for nr bsn 3a

8/2/2019 84200455 Research Designs for NR BSN 3A

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Research designs


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CLASSIFICATION OFRESEARCH

Exploratory research

Descriptive research

Explanatory research


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Exploratory research

Conducted when little is known about asubject

ex

Needs of family members


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Descriptive Research

studies that simply describe theoccurrence of outcome and some of itsimportant features;

these do not involve the testing ofspecific hypothesis about therelationship of a factor and an outcome


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Explanatory

Search for causal relationship

Usually experimental


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RESEARCH DESIGNS


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Non-Experimental

Experimental

TYPES of RESEARCHDESIGNS


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Non- Experimental Designs

Observe sample subject,

Research has Massive participation

Describe & record Natural setting where pop exists


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Non- Experimental Designs

Case studies

Surveys

DevelopmentalStudies

Assessment or

Evaluation Studies

ComparativeStudies

Correlation Studies

Tracer Studies

Trends andProjection Studies

Ex-Post Facto

DocumentaryAnalysis


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Case Studies

Is a type of detailed and in-depthresearch involving few respondents,ranging from one to a small size of less

than 10, over a considerable period oftime

Ex. A case study of autistic patients


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Survey Research

A survey research is used to gatherrelatively limited data from relativelylarge number of cases

Purpose: to gather information about theprevailing conditions or about thevariables under study

Ex. Stresses and Coping Strategies ofSpinal Cord Injury Patients in the SpinalWard


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Types of Survey

Total populationsurvey

Sample survey Social survey

School survey

Public opinionsurvey

Poll survey

Market surve

Comparativesurvey

Longitudinalsurvey

Cross-sectional

surveyJob analysis

survey

Community survey


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Developmental Studies

Is used when one desires reliableinformation about a group of people overa long period of time

Longitudinal Method

Case Cohort

Case Control

Cross Sectional Method


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Case Control

an observational study in which diseasedand non-diseased subjects are identifiedafter the fact and then compared

regarding specific characteristics (studyfactors) to determine possibleassociation for the disease in question

this is a very efficient study design forstudying rare diseases

Ex

a study comparing the nutrition knowledgeof mothers whose child is undernourished


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Case Cohort

an observational study in which a group ofindividuals free of the disease is followed up for aperiod of time for the occurrence of disease

the experience of the cohort group, i.e., disease

rates, are compared to an external group (e.g.total population); or within the cohort, exposedand non-exposed populations are identified andtheir disease rates are compared

these studies allow calculation of incidence rates Ex

a study comparing rates of HIV infectionamong homosexual men in San Francisco

who used condoms consistently and those


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Longitudinal Method

Studying the sample of participants over anextended period of time

A study on autistic children from 1 to 5 years


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Cross-Sectional Studies

an observational study wherein subjects areselected or sampled; the status of each individualas to exposure and disease are determined at asingle point in time

cross-sectional studies determine who among thepopulation possess a certain characteristic(exposure, disease, other characteristics) at thetime of observation.

this design allows calculation of the prevalence ofcertain characteristics

Ex

-Behavioral Risk Factor Survey study of

the prevalence of several risk factors and-


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Assessment or EvaluationStudies

Refers to the study on the efficiency oreffectiveness of policies, instruments, orthe variables that may be considered

Factors Influencing the Compliance/Non-compliance of Mothers to the Maternal andChild Healthcare Program of the DOH


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Comparative Studies

Comparing the result in the differencesin certain characteristics according tovariable considered

The effectiveness of pineapple juice as anaid in lowering blood pressure


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Correlational Research

Explores the relationship between two ormore variables. (independent anddependent)

One variable isX.The other variable is Y

Child Malnutrition and Poverty Indices inthe City of Malolos: Perspective in

Developing Intervention Programmes


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Tracer Studies

When one wants to follow up thedevelopment of certain conditions orparticular sets of people

Employability and productivity of PLM PTgraduates from SY 2002-2007


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Trends and ProjectionStudies

Used for projects that are forwardlooking

Feasibility study

World PT Demands Within Five Years

Feasibility Study for the Offering of BSPT


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Ex Post Facto Research

It deals with the variables in retrospect,with ex post facto meaning after thefact

Dependent variable have given rise to aconsequence

The Effects of Having and Not Having

Textbooks on College AlgebraThe Effects of Therapeutic Communication

in the Quality of Life of Cancer Patient


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Documentary Analysis

It involves the gathering of informationby analyzing written records anddocuments to solve a problem

Uses secondary dataThe Relationship of IQ and Academic

Performance of PLM BSPT Students

E i l R h


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Experimental ResearchDesigns

Future-oriented (what will be?)

The most prestigious and sophisticatedmethod

Cause and effect

It is never hypothesis free

Control group vs. experimental group


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Concepts of Experimentation

An independent variable is manipulated;(manipulation)

All other variables except the treatmentvariable are held constant (control)

Assigning subjects for the control group

and experimental group (randomization)>>> homogeneity

The effect of the manipulation of theindependent variable on the dependent

variable is observed or measured.


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Design No.1 The One-ShotCase Study

Where X = treatment

O = posttest

Example: when one wants to know theeffectiveness of a certain seminarconducted to a certain audience

Pre-Experimental Designs


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Design No.2 The One-GroupPretest-Posttest Design

O1 X O2

Where O1 = pretest

X = treatment

O2 = posttest

Example: The effectiveness of dietand medicine in the treatment of

diabetes


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Design No.3 The Static-GroupComparison

X O1

O2

Where X = treatment

O1 = experimental posttest

O2 = control posttest


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Design No.4 The True Control

Group Pretest PosttestDesignR O1 X O2

R O3 O4

Where R = random assignment

O1 = experimental pretestO3 = control pretest


X = treatment

True ExperimentalDesigns


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Design No.5 The Solomon Four-Group Design

R O1 X O2

R O3 O4

R X O5

R O6


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Design No.6 The Posttest-OnlyControl Group Design

R X O1

R O2

Where R = random assignment

X = treatment


O2 = control pretest

Q lit ti R h


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Qualitative ResearchDesigns

Phenomenological Studies

Ethnographic Studies

Grounded Theory Studies Historical Studies

Case Studies

Action Research Studies


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Phenomenological Studies

Examine human experiences throughthe descriptions provided by thepeople involved

lived experiences

Goal: to describe the meaning thatexperiences hold for each subject

This is used to study areas in which there islittle knowledge

Bracketing is the process in which

researchers put aside their own feelings


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Ethnographic Studies

Involve the collection and analysis ofdata about cultural groups

Encountering alien worlds and making sense of

themThe systematic process of observing,

detailing, describing, documenting, andanalyzing the lifeways or patterns of aculture

Purpose: development of culturaltheories


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Grounded Theory Studies

Studies in which data are collected andanalyzed and then theory is developedthat is grounded in the data.

An excellent method for understanding theprocesses through which patients learn tomanage new or chronic health problems

Diversity rather than similarity is sought

Constant comparison

Is concerned more of generation ratherthan testing


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Historical Studies

Are concerned with the identification,location, evaluation, and synthesis ofdata from the past

It seeks not only to discover the eventsof the past but to relate these pasthappenings to the present and thefuture

Sources of data

Documents (libraries, archives, or personalcollections)


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Case Studies

Are in-depth examinations of people orgroups of people

Particular disease

A case study may be qualitative orquantitative

The researcher must be interested in the

meaning of experiences to the subjectsthemselves

Time consuming and costly

Response of DM px to insulin tx


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Action Research

Seeks action to improve practice andstudy the effects of action that wastaken

Immediate solution to the problem

Ex. Participatory Action Research (PAR)

There is no goal of trying to

generalize the findings of the study Implementation of solutions occurs as part of the

research process