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Disaster PreparednessDisaster Preparedness

For Public Transit SystemsFor Public Transit Systems

Transportation Research Board Transportation Research Board 87th Annual Meeting 87th Annual Meeting

Geary L. RobinsonGeary L. RobinsonEnvironmental Design and Planning Environmental Design and Planning

Ph.D. CandidatePh.D. Candidate

Anne E. DunningAnne E. DunningAssistant ProfessorAssistant Professor

Department of Planning and Landscape ArchitectureDepartment of Planning and Landscape Architecture

Clemson UniversityClemson UniversityClemson, SC 29634-0511Clemson, SC 29634-0511

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AbstractAbstract

Paris Metro Bombing - 1995

Tokyo Metro Police File Photo 1995

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Madrid Train Bombing -2004

London Underground Bombing - 2005

Reuters - 2005

AbstractAbstract

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MethodologyMethodology

Research needs in the area of security training and Research needs in the area of security training and disaster preparedness for transportation systems. disaster preparedness for transportation systems.

Literature resources: academic literature, industry Literature resources: academic literature, industry publications and general newspublications and general news

Focus on problems of disaster preparednessFocus on problems of disaster preparedness

National and International disaster preparedness drills National and International disaster preparedness drills information will be included as a part of the process information will be included as a part of the process

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Research Issues for Public TransitResearch Issues for Public Transit

Understand the need and demands for transportation Understand the need and demands for transportation securitysecurity

Determine Level of disaster preparednessDetermine Level of disaster preparedness

Current state of security drills/training for public transit Current state of security drills/training for public transit systems and complementary first-response agencies systems and complementary first-response agencies

Comparative analysis will be used to determine how Comparative analysis will be used to determine how well plans achieve the needs of security planning well plans achieve the needs of security planning

Creation of training models to establish sustainable Creation of training models to establish sustainable preparednesspreparedness

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Threat DefinitionThreat Definition

Event “which suddenly occurs or is unstoppable Event “which suddenly occurs or is unstoppable that may overwhelm the resources of an that may overwhelm the resources of an impacted people and region, having a long term impacted people and region, having a long term impact on social or natural life and at the onset impact on social or natural life and at the onset is always negative”is always negative” [i]

[i] Emergency Disaster Management, Inc. web site accessed July 31, 2007. http://www.emergency-management.net/ Emergency Disaster Management, Inc. web site accessed July 31, 2007. http://www.emergency-management.net/

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70 percent of transportation executives believe shipping 70 percent of transportation executives believe shipping containers carrying 90 percent of the world’s cargo to be containers carrying 90 percent of the world’s cargo to be vulnerablevulnerable [ii]

Threats to transportation systems and the vulnerability of Threats to transportation systems and the vulnerability of the traveling public have been demonstrated the traveling public have been demonstrated

Investments are going toward improving securityInvestments are going toward improving security

Spending money does not necessarily equate to disaster Spending money does not necessarily equate to disaster preparedness preparedness

[ii] Deloitte Touche Research (November 2004). “Prospering in a Secure Economy 2004.” Presentation at the US Maritime Security Deloitte Touche Research (November 2004). “Prospering in a Secure Economy 2004.” Presentation at the US Maritime Security Expo, New York City, New York. http://www.maritimesecurityexpo.com/whitepapers.htmlExpo, New York City, New York. http://www.maritimesecurityexpo.com/whitepapers.html

PotentialPotential ThreatsThreats

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U.S. government is participating more in an U.S. government is participating more in an increasing number of natural disaster events. increasing number of natural disaster events.

Presidents declared an average of 30.6 natural Presidents declared an average of 30.6 natural disasters each year from 1964 to 2000.disasters each year from 1964 to 2000.

From 2000 to 2007 has seen an average of 53.9 From 2000 to 2007 has seen an average of 53.9 presidential disaster declarations presidential disaster declarations [iii] . .

[iii] Federal Emergency Management Administration (2007). “Get Disaster Information: Disaster Maps.” Web site Federal Emergency Management Administration (2007). “Get Disaster Information: Disaster Maps.” Web site accessed July 31, 2007. http://www.fema.gov/hazard/map/index.shtmaccessed July 31, 2007. http://www.fema.gov/hazard/map/index.shtm

PresidentialPresidential DeclarationsDeclarations

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Hijacking of airplanes from 1947 to 1958 was Hijacking of airplanes from 1947 to 1958 was reported 23 times.reported 23 times.

The peak activity of 324 hijackings occurred The peak activity of 324 hijackings occurred between 1968 and 1972. between 1968 and 1972.

Early airplane hijackings from the 1930s to Early airplane hijackings from the 1930s to 1955, while stressful to passengers, did not lead 1955, while stressful to passengers, did not lead to death. to death.

Emergency Disaster Management, Inc. “Airplane Hijacking,” web site accessed July 31, 2007. http://www.emergency-management.net/airterror_hijack.htm

DomesticDomestic HijackingsHijackings

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Physical Attacks Car bomb at bridge approach Attack on passenger vessel in port Series of small explosives on highway bridge Shooting in rail station Single small explosive on highway bridge Vehicle bomb adjacent to rail station Single small explosive in highway tunnel Bombing of airport transit station Car bomb in highway tunnel Bombing of underwater transit tunnel Series of car bombs on adjacent bridges or tunnels Bus bombing Bomb(s) detonated at pipeline compressor stations Deliberate blocking of highway-rail grade crossing Bomb detonated at pipeline storage facility Terrorist bombing of rail tunnel Bomb detonated on pipeline segment Bomb detonated on train in rail station Simultaneous attacks on ports Vandalism of track structure and signal system Terrorist bombing of waterfront pavilion Terrorist bombing of rail bridge Container vessel fire at marine terminal Explosives attack on multiple rail bridges Ramming of railroad bridge by maritime vessel Explosive in cargo of passenger aircraft

Biological Attacks Biological release in multiple subway stations Anthrax release in transit station Anthrax release from freight ship Anthrax release on passenger train

Chemical Attacks

Sarin release in multiple subway stations Physical attack on railcar carrying toxics

Cyber and C3 Attacks (Command-Control-Communications) Cyber attack on highway traffic control system Sabotage of train control system Cyber attack on pipeline control system Tampering with rail signals Attack on port power/telecommunications Cyber attack on train control center

Source: Improving Surface Transportation Security: A Research and Development Strategy, National Academies Press ISBN: 0-309-51429-0, 96 pages, 6 x 9, (1999): http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9689.html

PotentialPotential AttackAttack TypesTypes

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Transportation Operations and Disaster Transportation Operations and Disaster PreparednessPreparedness

Disaster preparedness for transportation Disaster preparedness for transportation systems frequently focuses on infrastructuresystems frequently focuses on infrastructure

Attacks on passenger transportation in the Attacks on passenger transportation in the United States and Europe in recent years has United States and Europe in recent years has shown that both infrastructure and operations shown that both infrastructure and operations require focus. require focus.

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Preparedness for Threats to Public TransitPreparedness for Threats to Public Transit

In 1991, the Urban Mass Transportation In 1991, the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (now the Federal Transit Administration (now the Federal Transit Administration) recognized the need for transit Administration) recognized the need for transit systems to address emergency response systems to address emergency response planning as part of its operationsplanning as part of its operations [iv] . .

[iv] Recommended Emergency Preparedness Guidelines for Urban, Rural and Specialized Transit Systems Recommended Emergency Preparedness Guidelines for Urban, Rural and Specialized Transit Systems U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration January 1991 Final Report, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration January 1991 Final Report, UMTA-MA-06-0196-91-1 DOT-VNTSC -UMTA-91-1UMTA-MA-06-0196-91-1 DOT-VNTSC -UMTA-91-1

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passenger fall or illness; passenger fall or illness; vehicle breakdown; vehicle breakdown; driver incapacitation; driver incapacitation; vehicle collision; vehicle collision; vehicle fire; vehicle fire; vehicle collision with fire;vehicle collision with fire; vehicle rollover; vehicle rollover; vehicle immersion in water; and vehicle immersion in water; and severe weather conditions or natural disasters.severe weather conditions or natural disasters. [v]

[v] Ritter, Luke; Barrett, J. Michael; and, Wilson, Rosalyn (2006). Securing Global Transportation Networks: A Total Security Management Approach; New York: McGraw-Hill ISBN97800071477512.

Typical Public Transit Emergency Typical Public Transit Emergency Scenarios Include:Scenarios Include:

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2302 CDT April 21, 1996 - National Climatic Data Center - NOAA GOES 8 Satellite

Supercell Thunderstorm Crossing Oklahoma / Arkansas Border

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Downtown Ft. Smith, AR April 22, 1996Downtown Ft. Smith, AR April 22, 1996

Arkansas Democrat-Gazette / Tom Ewart / April 22, 1996

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Arkansas Democrat-Gazette / Rick McFarland / April 23, 1996

Mount Vista area

Van Buren, AR

April 23, 1996

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Role of Transportation Operations in an Role of Transportation Operations in an

EvacuationEvacuation Recent years have demonstrated the accessible Recent years have demonstrated the accessible

nature of transportation systems makes them nature of transportation systems makes them particularly vulnerable to threats.particularly vulnerable to threats.

Aside from being targets, transportation systems Aside from being targets, transportation systems are also solutions. are also solutions.

They provide means of evacuating people out of They provide means of evacuating people out of harm’s way and modes to deliver recovery harm’s way and modes to deliver recovery supplies and services. supplies and services.

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Three Objectives Of An Emergency Three Objectives Of An Emergency

Plan Are:Plan Are: To plan the response by a transit system To plan the response by a transit system

and its outside emergency organizations to a and its outside emergency organizations to a transit emergency;transit emergency;

To mobilize the actual response to To mobilize the actual response to

emergencies; emergencies;

And, to recover from emergencies and And, to recover from emergencies and restore normal operations. restore normal operations. [vi]

[vi] Ritter, Luke; Barrett, J. Michael; and, Wilson, Rosalyn (2006). Securing Global Transportation Networks: A Total Security Management Approach; New York: McGraw-Hill

ISBN97800071477512.

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Outbound evacuees,Outbound evacuees, Inbound mutual aid operational resources,Inbound mutual aid operational resources, Inbound state and federal operational resources,Inbound state and federal operational resources, Outbound returning mutual aid operational Outbound returning mutual aid operational

resourcesresources Inbound support shipments,Inbound support shipments, Inbound returning evacuees, andInbound returning evacuees, and Outbound state and federal resources Outbound state and federal resources [vii]..

[vii] Recommended Emergency Preparedness Guidelines for Urban, Rural and Specialized Transit Systems U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration January 1991 Final Report, UMTA-MA-06-0196-91-1 DOT-VNTSC -UMTA-91-1

Needs In Disasters For Transport Are:Needs In Disasters For Transport Are:

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Policy and ScopePolicy and Scope

Agreements between emergency organizationsAgreements between emergency organizations

Transit system functions and responsibilitiesTransit system functions and responsibilities

Procedural guidelines for specific emergenciesProcedural guidelines for specific emergencies

General response capability criteriaGeneral response capability criteria

Supporting documentation Supporting documentation

Successful Emergency Plan Contain The Successful Emergency Plan Contain The Following Elements:Following Elements:

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Organizing resources, Organizing resources,

Assessing risks, Assessing risks,

Developing a mitigation plan, and Developing a mitigation plan, and

Implementing & monitoring the plan progress Implementing & monitoring the plan progress [viii]..

[viii] Integrating Historic Property and Cultural Resource Considerations Into Hazard Mitigation Integrating Historic Property and Cultural Resource Considerations Into Hazard Mitigation Planning, FEMA 386-6 / May 2005Planning, FEMA 386-6 / May 2005

The Federal Emergency Management The Federal Emergency Management Administration Four Step Process:Administration Four Step Process:

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Strategic (long-term), Strategic (long-term),

Operational (how the company is being run), Operational (how the company is being run), and and

Tactical (applying core TSM values and tenetsTactical (applying core TSM values and tenets

to a firm’s daily operation). to a firm’s daily operation).

Total Security Management Considers Total Security Management Considers Operational EnablersOperational Enablers

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Total Security Management 5 Pillars Total Security Management 5 Pillars

Must base practices on creating value that can be measured;

Involves everyone throughout value chains;

Implies continual improvement;

Helps firms avoid, minimize, or survive disruptive events; and,

Requires resiliency and business continuity planning as essential business functions.

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Stanford University StudyStanford University Study

Customs inspections reduced by 48 percent,Customs inspections reduced by 48 percent,

Asset visibility enhanced by 50 percent,Asset visibility enhanced by 50 percent,

Time taken to identify problems reduced by 21 Time taken to identify problems reduced by 21 percent, andpercent, and

Customer attrition diminished by 26 percent. Customer attrition diminished by 26 percent. (([ix]))

[ix] Peleg-Gillai, Barchi; Bhat, Gauri; and, Sept, Lesley (July 2006). “Innovations in Supply Chain Peleg-Gillai, Barchi; Bhat, Gauri; and, Sept, Lesley (July 2006). “Innovations in Supply Chain Security: Better Security Drives Business Value,” the Manufacturing Innovation Series, Stanford Security: Better Security Drives Business Value,” the Manufacturing Innovation Series, Stanford University. http://www.nam.org/supplychainsecurityUniversity. http://www.nam.org/supplychainsecurity

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U.S. Department of TransportationU.S. Department of Transportation Intelligent Transportation SystemsIntelligent Transportation Systems

1996 Formally established intelligent 1996 Formally established intelligent transportation system standards program.transportation system standards program. [X]

Transit professionals identify interoperability as Transit professionals identify interoperability as the standard for an intelligent transportation the standard for an intelligent transportation system program.system program.

[X] Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, “Deployment of Standards for [X] Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, “Deployment of Standards for Intelligent Transportation Systems TE7.N27s no.280 ISBN 0-309-09453-4Intelligent Transportation Systems TE7.N27s no.280 ISBN 0-309-09453-4

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Intelligent Transportation Systems Standards Application Areas

Center to center

Data archival Incident management (emergency management systems) Rail Coordination Traffic management Transit management Traveler Information

Center to roadside

Data collection and monitoring Dynamic message signs Environmental monitoring Ramp metering

Traffic Signals Vehicle sensors

Video surveillance

Center to vehicle/traveler

Mayday Transit vehicle communications

Traveler information

Roadside to roadside [left blank in the source]

Roadside to vehicle (dedicated short-range)

Signal priority

Toll/fee collection

Source: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, “Deployment of Standards for Intelligent Transportation Systems TE7.N27s no.280 ISBN 0-309-09453-4

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National ITS Architecture Subsystems and Communications Source: U.S. DOT Report No. FHWA -JPO - 98 - 26#

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Public Transit Security TrainingPublic Transit Security Training

Information and Intelligence

Security and Emergency Management

Regional Coordination

Information Technology & Communications

Employee and Public Communications

Contingency and Continuity Plans

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Research Questions:Research Questions:Public TransitPublic Transit

1. What understanding do public transit system managers have of the needs and demands for transportation security?

2. What level of disaster preparedness is sufficient for public transit systems? If such a benchmark can be developed, how well do transit systems meet this benchmark?

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Research Questions:Research Questions:Planning and ModelPlanning and Model

3. Through comparative analysis of public transit security plans, how well do plans achieve the needs of security planning? Beyond the documents, how well are the plans followed and implemented in either drills or actual events?

4. What training model can be created to establish sustainable methods of training to ensure preparedness becomes the norm and not the exception?

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Research Questions:Research Questions:Drills and TrainingDrills and Training

5. What is the current state of security drills and training for public transit systems and complementary first-response agencies?

6. How well do drills simulate real disasters, and how well do training exercises enhance preparedness?

7. What training techniques work most effectively in this highly-specialized context?