1202015

Nancy Hennessy PDE Conference Feb 4 2015

Time toTime toTime toTime to DemystifyDemystifyDemystifyDemystify DyslexiaDyslexiaDyslexiaDyslexia

The diagnosis is clinical

The treatment is is educational

The differences are personal

Dyslexia

TheTheTheThe understandingunderstandingunderstandingunderstanding isisisis scientificscientificscientificscientific

Nancy Hennessy 2015

The understandingThe understandingThe understandingThe understanding isisisis

scientificscientificscientificscientific

MBRawson 1982

DyslexiaDyslexiaDyslexiaDyslexia

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

2

ldquoFrscr nd svn yrs g r fthrs brt fth n ths cntnnt a n ntn cncvd n lbt nd ddctd t th prpstn tht ll mn r crtd ql N w r ngd n grt cvl w tstng whth tht ntn r n ntn s cncvd nd s ddctd cn lng nde Bt n lrgr sns w cnnt ddct w cnnthellip

1202015

SSSSttttrrrruguguguggggglinlinlinlingggg rrrreeeeaaaaddddeeeerrrrsssshelliphelliphelliphellip

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

Word RecognitionWord RecognitionWord RecognitionWord Recognition

COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

FluencyFluencyFluencyFluency

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Fletcher et al 2007

This slide is static and does not animate

Dyslexia ishellipDyslexia ishellipDyslexia ishellipDyslexia ishellip

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

3

1202015

So what does the research tell us about causes characteristics and consequences

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

TTTThhhheeee nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll bbbbaaaassssisisisis ooooffff rrrreeeeaaaaddddinininingggg

bull Left inferior frontal gyrus

bull Left temporoshyparietal cortex

bull Left inferoshytemporal cortex

PhonologicalPhonologicalPhonologicalPhonological ProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessing

SoundshySymbol Connection

LetterLetterLetterLetter RecognitionRecognitionRecognitionRecognition

4

1202015

TypicalTypicalTypicalTypical ReadersReadersReadersReaders DyslexicDyslexicDyslexicDyslexic ReadersReadersReadersReaders Brain Briefings Society for Neuroscience

Neurobiological Basis of Dyslexia

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Mapping the neural pathways Lyon Shaywitz amp Shaywitz 2003

range of neurobiological investigations has documented the disruption of neural systems for

reading in dyslexia that cross languages and cultures

bull Imaging studies indicate different activation patterns in proficient vs poor readers

bull Good readers of all ages show strong activation in the back of the brain less in the front in the left hemisphere

bull DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiicccc iiiinnnnddddiiiivvvviiiidddduuuuaaaallll uuuusssseeeessss aaaauuuuxxxxiiiilllliiiiaaaarrrryyyy ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmmssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeee rrrriiiigggghhhhtttt ssssiiiiddddeeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee bbbbrrrraaaaiiiinnnn aaaannnndddd sssshhhhoooowwww aaaannnn uuuunnnnddddeeeerrrrshyshyshyshy aaaaccccttttiiiivvvvaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee bbbbaaaacccckkkk

bull DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiicccc cccchhhhiiiillllddddrrrreeeennnn aaaallllssssoooo sssshhhhoooowwww oooovvvveeeerrrr aaaaccccttttiiiivvvvaaaattttiiiioooonnnn iiiinnnn ffffrrrroooonnnnttttaaaallll aaaarrrreeeeaaaa ((((nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll ssssiiiiggggnnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ffffoooorrrr pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiicccc ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss))))

Nancy Hennessy 2015

ldquoReadingshyimpaired young children have higher levels of the metabolites glutamate and choline in their brains and these higher levels continue to be indicative of difficulties in developing typical reading and language skillsrdquo

Yale Office of Public Affairs amp Communications 2014

Ken Pugh Stephen Frost Douglas Rothman Fumiko Hoeft Stephanie Del Tufo Graeme Mason Peter Molfese Einer Mencl Elena Grigorenko Nicole Landi Jonathan Preston LeslieJacobsen and Mark Seidenberg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

5

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

6

1202015

deficits in phonological processinghelliphellip

bull phonological and phonemic awareness bull phonological memoryshy working with storing and retrieving information from memory

bull speech perception and productionshyperceiving and producing phonological sequenceshellip

nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll mmmmeeeecccchhhhaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss tttthhhhaaaatttt tttthhhhaaaatttt aaaalllllllloooowwww uuuussss ttttoooo uuuusssseeee ssssppppeeeeeeeecccchhhh ssssoooouuuunnnnddddssss ttttoooo pppprrrroooocccceeeessssssss oooorrrraaaallll aaaannnndddd wwwwrrrriiiitttttttteeeennnn llllaaaannnnggggaaaauuuuggggeeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phonemic awareness

bull discovery ldquosingle most powerful advance in the science and pedagogy of reading this century (Adams 1991)rdquo

bull ldquopowerful predictor of reading achievmentshy90 of poor readers who lacked PA in first grade remained poor readers in fourth grade (Juel 1988)rdquo

bull teachable

Nancy Hennessy 2015

AAAAccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee ampampampamp AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaattttiiiicccc PPPPhhhhoooonnnneeeemmmmeeeesssshelliphelliphelliphellip

bull Identify bull Categorize

bull Isolate bull Blend bull Segment bull Deletehellip

Nancy Hennessy 2015

7

1202015

One more piece of the puzzle

PA a major contributor but dyslexia is the outcome of multiple risk factors interacting synergistically with the environment eg other aspects of language eg morphological awareness RAN early expressive language (syntax)

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

8

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

difficulties with accurate andor fluent word recognition and poor spellinghellip

ldquoA child has to develop the insight that spoken words can be pulled

apart into phonemes and that letters in a word represent these

soundsrdquo

Ben ldquoOh I get itshysounds make wordsrdquoNancy Hennessy 2015

AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaatttticicicic ampampampamp AAAAccccccccururururaaaatttteeee

bull Letter naming bull Lettershysound association bull Word reading

CCCCrrrriiiittttiiiiccccaaaallll PPPPiiiieeeecccceeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg PPPPrrrrooooffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy PPPPuuuuzzzzzzzzlllleeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015

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1202015

ConsolidatedFull AlphabeticAlphabetic

Partial

Alphabetic

Preshy

alphabetic

incidental

visual cues

letter

knowledge

partial

phoneme

awareness complete

phoneme

awareness

phoneme-

grapheme

correspondence

early sight

word

learning

reading

fluently

by sound

syllable

morpheme

whole word

families

and

analogies

EEEEhhhhrrrriiiirsquorsquorsquorsquossss PPPPhhhhaaaasssseeeessss ooooffff WWWWoooorrrrdddd RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg 2222000000005555

SSSSkkkkiiiilllllllleeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggghelliphelliphelliphellip

ldquoMost of the words are known by sight Sight reading is a fast acting process The term sight indicates sight of the word activates that word in memory including information about its pronunciation spelling typical role in sentences and meaningrdquo

Ehri 2005

Nancy Hennessy 2015

ldquoMost people think dyslexia is a reading disorder but it is also a spelling and writing problemrdquo

Berninger 2006

Nancy Hennessy 2015

10

1202015

IIII ssssaaaawwww aaaa rrrreeeedddd ssssuuuurrrrffffbbbboooorrrrdddd llllaaaayyyyiiiinnnngggg oooonnnn tttthhhheeee rrrrooooddddeeee IIIItttt llllooooooookkkk lllliiiikkkkeeee mmmmyyyy ffffrrrriiiieeeennnndddd ssssoooo IIII hhhhiiiidddd iiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee bbbbuuuusssshhhhiiiissss jjjjuuuusssstttt iiiinnnn ccccaaaasssseeee WWWWhhhheeeennnn IIII wwwwhhhheeeennnntttt ttttoooo tttthhhheeee bbbbeeeecccchhhh IIII ssssaaaawwww mmmmyyyy ffffrrrreeeennnndddd SSSSppppeeeennnncccceeee hhhheeee hhhhaaaadddd hhhhiiiissss bbbboooorrrrddddhelliphelliphelliphellip

Too many cooks spoil the broadrdquo

Nancy Hennessy 2015

SSSSttttrrrruguguguggggglinlinlinlingggg rrrreeeeaaaaddddeeeerrrrsssshelliphelliphelliphellip

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

Word RecognitionWord RecognitionWord RecognitionWord Recognition

COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

FluencyFluencyFluencyFluency

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Fletcher et al 2007

Struggling readershellip CCCCOOOOMMMMPPPPRRRREEEEHHHHEEEENNNNSSSSIIIIOOOONNNN

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

WORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITION

PHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICAL PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

LANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGE COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

ORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHIC PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

11

1202015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Do you know me

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

12

Jack

1202015

Words Failed Then Saved Mehellip

Repeating third grade at a new school after having been asked to leave my old one for hitting kids who made fun of my perceived stupidity I was placed in the ldquodummy classrdquo There were three of us separated from our classmates at a table in the corner of the room One day the teacher who seldom spoke to us since it was understood that most of what she taught was beyond the reach of our intelligence placed books in our hands and whispered that we should sit there quietly ldquopretending to readrdquo The principal was coming

Phillip Schultz Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phillip Schultz

Poet

David Yurman

Designer

Jack Horner Paleontologist

The animationWWWWeeee tttthhhhiiiinnnnkkkk oooouuuuttttssssiiiiddddeeee tttthhhheeeeautomatically begins

bbbbooooxxxx pppprrrreeeecccciiiisssseeeellllyyyy bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee wwwweeee hhhhaaaavvvveeee nnnneeeevvvveeeerrrr bbbbeeeeeeeennnn iiiinnnn oooonnnneeee

IIII wwwwaaaassss AAAADDDDDDDD aaaannnndddd ddddyyyysssslllleeeexixixixicccc bbbbuuuutttt wwwwaaaassssnnnnrsquorsquorsquorsquotttt ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeeedddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh AAAADDDDDDDD uuuunnnnttttiiiillll rsquorsquorsquorsquo77775555 IIII wwwwoooouuuulllldddd ddddaaaayyyyddddrrrreeeeaaaammmm aaaannnndddd ffffiiiinnnndddd mmmmyyyy llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnn ddddrrrraaaawwwwiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd lllliiiinnnneeeessss IIII lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnneeeedddd hhhhoooowwww ttttoooo wwwweeeelllldddd aaaannnndddd IIII hhhhaaaadddd tttthhhheeeesssseeee lllliiiittttttttlllleeee oooobbbbjjjjeeeeccccttttssss aaaarrrroooouuuunnnndddd IIII ppppuuuutttt llllooooooooppppssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeeemmmm aaaannnndddd ssssoooolllldddd tttthhhheeeemmmm iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccaaaaffffeeeetttteeeerrrriiiiaaaa

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

13

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

14

ldquoldquoldquoldquoaaaatttttttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ccccooooddddeeee iiiissss ccccaaaappppaaaacccciiiittttyyyy ddddrrrraaaaiiiinnnniiiinnnnggggshyshyshyshyrrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn iiiinnnnaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo aaaatttttttteeeennnndddd ttttoooo mmmmeeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhhaaaatttt rrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn

bull less exposure to text less practice that results inhelliphelliphellip

bull diminished capability in areas of vocabulary syntactic structures and declarative knowledge

bull that influences verbal intelligencerdquo Cunningham amp Stanovich 2002

Nancy Hennessy 2015

MB Rawson 1982

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Assessment of Dyslexia

bull Thorough analysis and synthesis of assessment data informed by pppprrrrooooffffeeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnaaaallll cccclllliiiinnnniiiiccccaaaallll jjjjuuuuddddggggmmmmeeeennnntttt

bull NNNNoooo ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee tttteeeesssstttt iiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeee ddddyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa rather the determination must be based on observational historical and informalformal assessment data

Testing for Dyslexia 2000

IDA wwwinterdysorg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

TTTTyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff aaaasssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt

bullScreening bullProgress monitoring bullDiagnostic bullOutcome

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Looking for the evidencehelliphellip Difficulty with bull oral language skills bull performing phonologicalphonemic awareness tasks bull naming letters bull acquiring soundshysymbol relationships bull reading single words accurately and automatically bull decoding new or nonsense words bull reading passages fluently bull spelling words consistently bull organized writing bull reading vs listening comprehension

ffffaaaammmmiiiillllyyyy hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy aaaannnndddd nnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrvvvveeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo

ddddaaaatttteeee Nancy Hennessy 2015

15

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

2

ldquoFrscr nd svn yrs g r fthrs brt fth n ths cntnnt a n ntn cncvd n lbt nd ddctd t th prpstn tht ll mn r crtd ql N w r ngd n grt cvl w tstng whth tht ntn r n ntn s cncvd nd s ddctd cn lng nde Bt n lrgr sns w cnnt ddct w cnnthellip

1202015

SSSSttttrrrruguguguggggglinlinlinlingggg rrrreeeeaaaaddddeeeerrrrsssshelliphelliphelliphellip

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

Word RecognitionWord RecognitionWord RecognitionWord Recognition

COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

FluencyFluencyFluencyFluency

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Fletcher et al 2007

This slide is static and does not animate

Dyslexia ishellipDyslexia ishellipDyslexia ishellipDyslexia ishellip

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

3

1202015

So what does the research tell us about causes characteristics and consequences

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

TTTThhhheeee nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll bbbbaaaassssisisisis ooooffff rrrreeeeaaaaddddinininingggg

bull Left inferior frontal gyrus

bull Left temporoshyparietal cortex

bull Left inferoshytemporal cortex

PhonologicalPhonologicalPhonologicalPhonological ProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessing

SoundshySymbol Connection

LetterLetterLetterLetter RecognitionRecognitionRecognitionRecognition

4

1202015

TypicalTypicalTypicalTypical ReadersReadersReadersReaders DyslexicDyslexicDyslexicDyslexic ReadersReadersReadersReaders Brain Briefings Society for Neuroscience

Neurobiological Basis of Dyslexia

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Mapping the neural pathways Lyon Shaywitz amp Shaywitz 2003

range of neurobiological investigations has documented the disruption of neural systems for

reading in dyslexia that cross languages and cultures

bull Imaging studies indicate different activation patterns in proficient vs poor readers

bull Good readers of all ages show strong activation in the back of the brain less in the front in the left hemisphere

bull DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiicccc iiiinnnnddddiiiivvvviiiidddduuuuaaaallll uuuusssseeeessss aaaauuuuxxxxiiiilllliiiiaaaarrrryyyy ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmmssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeee rrrriiiigggghhhhtttt ssssiiiiddddeeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee bbbbrrrraaaaiiiinnnn aaaannnndddd sssshhhhoooowwww aaaannnn uuuunnnnddddeeeerrrrshyshyshyshy aaaaccccttttiiiivvvvaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee bbbbaaaacccckkkk

bull DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiicccc cccchhhhiiiillllddddrrrreeeennnn aaaallllssssoooo sssshhhhoooowwww oooovvvveeeerrrr aaaaccccttttiiiivvvvaaaattttiiiioooonnnn iiiinnnn ffffrrrroooonnnnttttaaaallll aaaarrrreeeeaaaa ((((nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll ssssiiiiggggnnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ffffoooorrrr pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiicccc ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss))))

Nancy Hennessy 2015

ldquoReadingshyimpaired young children have higher levels of the metabolites glutamate and choline in their brains and these higher levels continue to be indicative of difficulties in developing typical reading and language skillsrdquo

Yale Office of Public Affairs amp Communications 2014

Ken Pugh Stephen Frost Douglas Rothman Fumiko Hoeft Stephanie Del Tufo Graeme Mason Peter Molfese Einer Mencl Elena Grigorenko Nicole Landi Jonathan Preston LeslieJacobsen and Mark Seidenberg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

5

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

6

1202015

deficits in phonological processinghelliphellip

bull phonological and phonemic awareness bull phonological memoryshy working with storing and retrieving information from memory

bull speech perception and productionshyperceiving and producing phonological sequenceshellip

nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll mmmmeeeecccchhhhaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss tttthhhhaaaatttt tttthhhhaaaatttt aaaalllllllloooowwww uuuussss ttttoooo uuuusssseeee ssssppppeeeeeeeecccchhhh ssssoooouuuunnnnddddssss ttttoooo pppprrrroooocccceeeessssssss oooorrrraaaallll aaaannnndddd wwwwrrrriiiitttttttteeeennnn llllaaaannnnggggaaaauuuuggggeeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phonemic awareness

bull discovery ldquosingle most powerful advance in the science and pedagogy of reading this century (Adams 1991)rdquo

bull ldquopowerful predictor of reading achievmentshy90 of poor readers who lacked PA in first grade remained poor readers in fourth grade (Juel 1988)rdquo

bull teachable

Nancy Hennessy 2015

AAAAccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee ampampampamp AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaattttiiiicccc PPPPhhhhoooonnnneeeemmmmeeeesssshelliphelliphelliphellip

bull Identify bull Categorize

bull Isolate bull Blend bull Segment bull Deletehellip

Nancy Hennessy 2015

7

1202015

One more piece of the puzzle

PA a major contributor but dyslexia is the outcome of multiple risk factors interacting synergistically with the environment eg other aspects of language eg morphological awareness RAN early expressive language (syntax)

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

8

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

difficulties with accurate andor fluent word recognition and poor spellinghellip

ldquoA child has to develop the insight that spoken words can be pulled

apart into phonemes and that letters in a word represent these

soundsrdquo

Ben ldquoOh I get itshysounds make wordsrdquoNancy Hennessy 2015

AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaatttticicicic ampampampamp AAAAccccccccururururaaaatttteeee

bull Letter naming bull Lettershysound association bull Word reading

CCCCrrrriiiittttiiiiccccaaaallll PPPPiiiieeeecccceeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg PPPPrrrrooooffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy PPPPuuuuzzzzzzzzlllleeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015

9

1202015

ConsolidatedFull AlphabeticAlphabetic

Partial

Alphabetic

Preshy

alphabetic

incidental

visual cues

letter

knowledge

partial

phoneme

awareness complete

phoneme

awareness

phoneme-

grapheme

correspondence

early sight

word

learning

reading

fluently

by sound

syllable

morpheme

whole word

families

and

analogies

EEEEhhhhrrrriiiirsquorsquorsquorsquossss PPPPhhhhaaaasssseeeessss ooooffff WWWWoooorrrrdddd RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg 2222000000005555

SSSSkkkkiiiilllllllleeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggghelliphelliphelliphellip

ldquoMost of the words are known by sight Sight reading is a fast acting process The term sight indicates sight of the word activates that word in memory including information about its pronunciation spelling typical role in sentences and meaningrdquo

Ehri 2005

Nancy Hennessy 2015

ldquoMost people think dyslexia is a reading disorder but it is also a spelling and writing problemrdquo

Berninger 2006

Nancy Hennessy 2015

10

1202015

IIII ssssaaaawwww aaaa rrrreeeedddd ssssuuuurrrrffffbbbboooorrrrdddd llllaaaayyyyiiiinnnngggg oooonnnn tttthhhheeee rrrrooooddddeeee IIIItttt llllooooooookkkk lllliiiikkkkeeee mmmmyyyy ffffrrrriiiieeeennnndddd ssssoooo IIII hhhhiiiidddd iiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee bbbbuuuusssshhhhiiiissss jjjjuuuusssstttt iiiinnnn ccccaaaasssseeee WWWWhhhheeeennnn IIII wwwwhhhheeeennnntttt ttttoooo tttthhhheeee bbbbeeeecccchhhh IIII ssssaaaawwww mmmmyyyy ffffrrrreeeennnndddd SSSSppppeeeennnncccceeee hhhheeee hhhhaaaadddd hhhhiiiissss bbbboooorrrrddddhelliphelliphelliphellip

Too many cooks spoil the broadrdquo

Nancy Hennessy 2015

SSSSttttrrrruguguguggggglinlinlinlingggg rrrreeeeaaaaddddeeeerrrrsssshelliphelliphelliphellip

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

Word RecognitionWord RecognitionWord RecognitionWord Recognition

COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

FluencyFluencyFluencyFluency

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Fletcher et al 2007

Struggling readershellip CCCCOOOOMMMMPPPPRRRREEEEHHHHEEEENNNNSSSSIIIIOOOONNNN

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

WORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITION

PHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICAL PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

LANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGE COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

ORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHIC PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

11

1202015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Do you know me

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

12

Jack

1202015

Words Failed Then Saved Mehellip

Repeating third grade at a new school after having been asked to leave my old one for hitting kids who made fun of my perceived stupidity I was placed in the ldquodummy classrdquo There were three of us separated from our classmates at a table in the corner of the room One day the teacher who seldom spoke to us since it was understood that most of what she taught was beyond the reach of our intelligence placed books in our hands and whispered that we should sit there quietly ldquopretending to readrdquo The principal was coming

Phillip Schultz Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phillip Schultz

Poet

David Yurman

Designer

Jack Horner Paleontologist

The animationWWWWeeee tttthhhhiiiinnnnkkkk oooouuuuttttssssiiiiddddeeee tttthhhheeeeautomatically begins

bbbbooooxxxx pppprrrreeeecccciiiisssseeeellllyyyy bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee wwwweeee hhhhaaaavvvveeee nnnneeeevvvveeeerrrr bbbbeeeeeeeennnn iiiinnnn oooonnnneeee

IIII wwwwaaaassss AAAADDDDDDDD aaaannnndddd ddddyyyysssslllleeeexixixixicccc bbbbuuuutttt wwwwaaaassssnnnnrsquorsquorsquorsquotttt ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeeedddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh AAAADDDDDDDD uuuunnnnttttiiiillll rsquorsquorsquorsquo77775555 IIII wwwwoooouuuulllldddd ddddaaaayyyyddddrrrreeeeaaaammmm aaaannnndddd ffffiiiinnnndddd mmmmyyyy llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnn ddddrrrraaaawwwwiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd lllliiiinnnneeeessss IIII lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnneeeedddd hhhhoooowwww ttttoooo wwwweeeelllldddd aaaannnndddd IIII hhhhaaaadddd tttthhhheeeesssseeee lllliiiittttttttlllleeee oooobbbbjjjjeeeeccccttttssss aaaarrrroooouuuunnnndddd IIII ppppuuuutttt llllooooooooppppssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeeemmmm aaaannnndddd ssssoooolllldddd tttthhhheeeemmmm iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccaaaaffffeeeetttteeeerrrriiiiaaaa

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

13

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

14

ldquoldquoldquoldquoaaaatttttttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ccccooooddddeeee iiiissss ccccaaaappppaaaacccciiiittttyyyy ddddrrrraaaaiiiinnnniiiinnnnggggshyshyshyshyrrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn iiiinnnnaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo aaaatttttttteeeennnndddd ttttoooo mmmmeeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhhaaaatttt rrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn

bull less exposure to text less practice that results inhelliphelliphellip

bull diminished capability in areas of vocabulary syntactic structures and declarative knowledge

bull that influences verbal intelligencerdquo Cunningham amp Stanovich 2002

Nancy Hennessy 2015

MB Rawson 1982

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Assessment of Dyslexia

bull Thorough analysis and synthesis of assessment data informed by pppprrrrooooffffeeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnaaaallll cccclllliiiinnnniiiiccccaaaallll jjjjuuuuddddggggmmmmeeeennnntttt

bull NNNNoooo ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee tttteeeesssstttt iiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeee ddddyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa rather the determination must be based on observational historical and informalformal assessment data

Testing for Dyslexia 2000

IDA wwwinterdysorg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

TTTTyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff aaaasssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt

bullScreening bullProgress monitoring bullDiagnostic bullOutcome

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Looking for the evidencehelliphellip Difficulty with bull oral language skills bull performing phonologicalphonemic awareness tasks bull naming letters bull acquiring soundshysymbol relationships bull reading single words accurately and automatically bull decoding new or nonsense words bull reading passages fluently bull spelling words consistently bull organized writing bull reading vs listening comprehension

ffffaaaammmmiiiillllyyyy hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy aaaannnndddd nnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrvvvveeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo

ddddaaaatttteeee Nancy Hennessy 2015

15

1202015

SSSSttttrrrruguguguggggglinlinlinlingggg rrrreeeeaaaaddddeeeerrrrsssshelliphelliphelliphellip

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

Word RecognitionWord RecognitionWord RecognitionWord Recognition

COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

FluencyFluencyFluencyFluency

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Fletcher et al 2007

This slide is static and does not animate

Dyslexia ishellipDyslexia ishellipDyslexia ishellipDyslexia ishellip

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

3

1202015

So what does the research tell us about causes characteristics and consequences

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

TTTThhhheeee nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll bbbbaaaassssisisisis ooooffff rrrreeeeaaaaddddinininingggg

bull Left inferior frontal gyrus

bull Left temporoshyparietal cortex

bull Left inferoshytemporal cortex

PhonologicalPhonologicalPhonologicalPhonological ProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessing

SoundshySymbol Connection

LetterLetterLetterLetter RecognitionRecognitionRecognitionRecognition

4

1202015

TypicalTypicalTypicalTypical ReadersReadersReadersReaders DyslexicDyslexicDyslexicDyslexic ReadersReadersReadersReaders Brain Briefings Society for Neuroscience

Neurobiological Basis of Dyslexia

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Mapping the neural pathways Lyon Shaywitz amp Shaywitz 2003

range of neurobiological investigations has documented the disruption of neural systems for

reading in dyslexia that cross languages and cultures

bull Imaging studies indicate different activation patterns in proficient vs poor readers

bull Good readers of all ages show strong activation in the back of the brain less in the front in the left hemisphere

bull DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiicccc iiiinnnnddddiiiivvvviiiidddduuuuaaaallll uuuusssseeeessss aaaauuuuxxxxiiiilllliiiiaaaarrrryyyy ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmmssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeee rrrriiiigggghhhhtttt ssssiiiiddddeeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee bbbbrrrraaaaiiiinnnn aaaannnndddd sssshhhhoooowwww aaaannnn uuuunnnnddddeeeerrrrshyshyshyshy aaaaccccttttiiiivvvvaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee bbbbaaaacccckkkk

bull DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiicccc cccchhhhiiiillllddddrrrreeeennnn aaaallllssssoooo sssshhhhoooowwww oooovvvveeeerrrr aaaaccccttttiiiivvvvaaaattttiiiioooonnnn iiiinnnn ffffrrrroooonnnnttttaaaallll aaaarrrreeeeaaaa ((((nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll ssssiiiiggggnnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ffffoooorrrr pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiicccc ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss))))

Nancy Hennessy 2015

ldquoReadingshyimpaired young children have higher levels of the metabolites glutamate and choline in their brains and these higher levels continue to be indicative of difficulties in developing typical reading and language skillsrdquo

Yale Office of Public Affairs amp Communications 2014

Ken Pugh Stephen Frost Douglas Rothman Fumiko Hoeft Stephanie Del Tufo Graeme Mason Peter Molfese Einer Mencl Elena Grigorenko Nicole Landi Jonathan Preston LeslieJacobsen and Mark Seidenberg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

5

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

6

1202015

deficits in phonological processinghelliphellip

bull phonological and phonemic awareness bull phonological memoryshy working with storing and retrieving information from memory

bull speech perception and productionshyperceiving and producing phonological sequenceshellip

nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll mmmmeeeecccchhhhaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss tttthhhhaaaatttt tttthhhhaaaatttt aaaalllllllloooowwww uuuussss ttttoooo uuuusssseeee ssssppppeeeeeeeecccchhhh ssssoooouuuunnnnddddssss ttttoooo pppprrrroooocccceeeessssssss oooorrrraaaallll aaaannnndddd wwwwrrrriiiitttttttteeeennnn llllaaaannnnggggaaaauuuuggggeeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phonemic awareness

bull discovery ldquosingle most powerful advance in the science and pedagogy of reading this century (Adams 1991)rdquo

bull ldquopowerful predictor of reading achievmentshy90 of poor readers who lacked PA in first grade remained poor readers in fourth grade (Juel 1988)rdquo

bull teachable

Nancy Hennessy 2015

AAAAccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee ampampampamp AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaattttiiiicccc PPPPhhhhoooonnnneeeemmmmeeeesssshelliphelliphelliphellip

bull Identify bull Categorize

bull Isolate bull Blend bull Segment bull Deletehellip

Nancy Hennessy 2015

7

1202015

One more piece of the puzzle

PA a major contributor but dyslexia is the outcome of multiple risk factors interacting synergistically with the environment eg other aspects of language eg morphological awareness RAN early expressive language (syntax)

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

8

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

difficulties with accurate andor fluent word recognition and poor spellinghellip

ldquoA child has to develop the insight that spoken words can be pulled

apart into phonemes and that letters in a word represent these

soundsrdquo

Ben ldquoOh I get itshysounds make wordsrdquoNancy Hennessy 2015

AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaatttticicicic ampampampamp AAAAccccccccururururaaaatttteeee

bull Letter naming bull Lettershysound association bull Word reading

CCCCrrrriiiittttiiiiccccaaaallll PPPPiiiieeeecccceeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg PPPPrrrrooooffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy PPPPuuuuzzzzzzzzlllleeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015

9

1202015

ConsolidatedFull AlphabeticAlphabetic

Partial

Alphabetic

Preshy

alphabetic

incidental

visual cues

letter

knowledge

partial

phoneme

awareness complete

phoneme

awareness

phoneme-

grapheme

correspondence

early sight

word

learning

reading

fluently

by sound

syllable

morpheme

whole word

families

and

analogies

EEEEhhhhrrrriiiirsquorsquorsquorsquossss PPPPhhhhaaaasssseeeessss ooooffff WWWWoooorrrrdddd RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg 2222000000005555

SSSSkkkkiiiilllllllleeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggghelliphelliphelliphellip

ldquoMost of the words are known by sight Sight reading is a fast acting process The term sight indicates sight of the word activates that word in memory including information about its pronunciation spelling typical role in sentences and meaningrdquo

Ehri 2005

Nancy Hennessy 2015

ldquoMost people think dyslexia is a reading disorder but it is also a spelling and writing problemrdquo

Berninger 2006

Nancy Hennessy 2015

10

1202015

IIII ssssaaaawwww aaaa rrrreeeedddd ssssuuuurrrrffffbbbboooorrrrdddd llllaaaayyyyiiiinnnngggg oooonnnn tttthhhheeee rrrrooooddddeeee IIIItttt llllooooooookkkk lllliiiikkkkeeee mmmmyyyy ffffrrrriiiieeeennnndddd ssssoooo IIII hhhhiiiidddd iiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee bbbbuuuusssshhhhiiiissss jjjjuuuusssstttt iiiinnnn ccccaaaasssseeee WWWWhhhheeeennnn IIII wwwwhhhheeeennnntttt ttttoooo tttthhhheeee bbbbeeeecccchhhh IIII ssssaaaawwww mmmmyyyy ffffrrrreeeennnndddd SSSSppppeeeennnncccceeee hhhheeee hhhhaaaadddd hhhhiiiissss bbbboooorrrrddddhelliphelliphelliphellip

Too many cooks spoil the broadrdquo

Nancy Hennessy 2015

SSSSttttrrrruguguguggggglinlinlinlingggg rrrreeeeaaaaddddeeeerrrrsssshelliphelliphelliphellip

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

Word RecognitionWord RecognitionWord RecognitionWord Recognition

COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

FluencyFluencyFluencyFluency

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Fletcher et al 2007

Struggling readershellip CCCCOOOOMMMMPPPPRRRREEEEHHHHEEEENNNNSSSSIIIIOOOONNNN

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

WORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITION

PHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICAL PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

LANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGE COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

ORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHIC PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

11

1202015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Do you know me

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

12

Jack

1202015

Words Failed Then Saved Mehellip

Repeating third grade at a new school after having been asked to leave my old one for hitting kids who made fun of my perceived stupidity I was placed in the ldquodummy classrdquo There were three of us separated from our classmates at a table in the corner of the room One day the teacher who seldom spoke to us since it was understood that most of what she taught was beyond the reach of our intelligence placed books in our hands and whispered that we should sit there quietly ldquopretending to readrdquo The principal was coming

Phillip Schultz Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phillip Schultz

Poet

David Yurman

Designer

Jack Horner Paleontologist

The animationWWWWeeee tttthhhhiiiinnnnkkkk oooouuuuttttssssiiiiddddeeee tttthhhheeeeautomatically begins

bbbbooooxxxx pppprrrreeeecccciiiisssseeeellllyyyy bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee wwwweeee hhhhaaaavvvveeee nnnneeeevvvveeeerrrr bbbbeeeeeeeennnn iiiinnnn oooonnnneeee

IIII wwwwaaaassss AAAADDDDDDDD aaaannnndddd ddddyyyysssslllleeeexixixixicccc bbbbuuuutttt wwwwaaaassssnnnnrsquorsquorsquorsquotttt ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeeedddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh AAAADDDDDDDD uuuunnnnttttiiiillll rsquorsquorsquorsquo77775555 IIII wwwwoooouuuulllldddd ddddaaaayyyyddddrrrreeeeaaaammmm aaaannnndddd ffffiiiinnnndddd mmmmyyyy llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnn ddddrrrraaaawwwwiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd lllliiiinnnneeeessss IIII lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnneeeedddd hhhhoooowwww ttttoooo wwwweeeelllldddd aaaannnndddd IIII hhhhaaaadddd tttthhhheeeesssseeee lllliiiittttttttlllleeee oooobbbbjjjjeeeeccccttttssss aaaarrrroooouuuunnnndddd IIII ppppuuuutttt llllooooooooppppssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeeemmmm aaaannnndddd ssssoooolllldddd tttthhhheeeemmmm iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccaaaaffffeeeetttteeeerrrriiiiaaaa

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

13

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

14

ldquoldquoldquoldquoaaaatttttttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ccccooooddddeeee iiiissss ccccaaaappppaaaacccciiiittttyyyy ddddrrrraaaaiiiinnnniiiinnnnggggshyshyshyshyrrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn iiiinnnnaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo aaaatttttttteeeennnndddd ttttoooo mmmmeeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhhaaaatttt rrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn

bull less exposure to text less practice that results inhelliphelliphellip

bull diminished capability in areas of vocabulary syntactic structures and declarative knowledge

bull that influences verbal intelligencerdquo Cunningham amp Stanovich 2002

Nancy Hennessy 2015

MB Rawson 1982

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Assessment of Dyslexia

bull Thorough analysis and synthesis of assessment data informed by pppprrrrooooffffeeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnaaaallll cccclllliiiinnnniiiiccccaaaallll jjjjuuuuddddggggmmmmeeeennnntttt

bull NNNNoooo ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee tttteeeesssstttt iiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeee ddddyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa rather the determination must be based on observational historical and informalformal assessment data

Testing for Dyslexia 2000

IDA wwwinterdysorg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

TTTTyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff aaaasssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt

bullScreening bullProgress monitoring bullDiagnostic bullOutcome

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Looking for the evidencehelliphellip Difficulty with bull oral language skills bull performing phonologicalphonemic awareness tasks bull naming letters bull acquiring soundshysymbol relationships bull reading single words accurately and automatically bull decoding new or nonsense words bull reading passages fluently bull spelling words consistently bull organized writing bull reading vs listening comprehension

ffffaaaammmmiiiillllyyyy hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy aaaannnndddd nnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrvvvveeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo

ddddaaaatttteeee Nancy Hennessy 2015

15

1202015

So what does the research tell us about causes characteristics and consequences

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

TTTThhhheeee nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll bbbbaaaassssisisisis ooooffff rrrreeeeaaaaddddinininingggg

bull Left inferior frontal gyrus

bull Left temporoshyparietal cortex

bull Left inferoshytemporal cortex

PhonologicalPhonologicalPhonologicalPhonological ProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessing

SoundshySymbol Connection

LetterLetterLetterLetter RecognitionRecognitionRecognitionRecognition

4

1202015

TypicalTypicalTypicalTypical ReadersReadersReadersReaders DyslexicDyslexicDyslexicDyslexic ReadersReadersReadersReaders Brain Briefings Society for Neuroscience

Neurobiological Basis of Dyslexia

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Mapping the neural pathways Lyon Shaywitz amp Shaywitz 2003

range of neurobiological investigations has documented the disruption of neural systems for

reading in dyslexia that cross languages and cultures

bull Imaging studies indicate different activation patterns in proficient vs poor readers

bull Good readers of all ages show strong activation in the back of the brain less in the front in the left hemisphere

bull DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiicccc iiiinnnnddddiiiivvvviiiidddduuuuaaaallll uuuusssseeeessss aaaauuuuxxxxiiiilllliiiiaaaarrrryyyy ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmmssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeee rrrriiiigggghhhhtttt ssssiiiiddddeeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee bbbbrrrraaaaiiiinnnn aaaannnndddd sssshhhhoooowwww aaaannnn uuuunnnnddddeeeerrrrshyshyshyshy aaaaccccttttiiiivvvvaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee bbbbaaaacccckkkk

bull DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiicccc cccchhhhiiiillllddddrrrreeeennnn aaaallllssssoooo sssshhhhoooowwww oooovvvveeeerrrr aaaaccccttttiiiivvvvaaaattttiiiioooonnnn iiiinnnn ffffrrrroooonnnnttttaaaallll aaaarrrreeeeaaaa ((((nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll ssssiiiiggggnnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ffffoooorrrr pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiicccc ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss))))

Nancy Hennessy 2015

ldquoReadingshyimpaired young children have higher levels of the metabolites glutamate and choline in their brains and these higher levels continue to be indicative of difficulties in developing typical reading and language skillsrdquo

Yale Office of Public Affairs amp Communications 2014

Ken Pugh Stephen Frost Douglas Rothman Fumiko Hoeft Stephanie Del Tufo Graeme Mason Peter Molfese Einer Mencl Elena Grigorenko Nicole Landi Jonathan Preston LeslieJacobsen and Mark Seidenberg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

5

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

6

1202015

deficits in phonological processinghelliphellip

bull phonological and phonemic awareness bull phonological memoryshy working with storing and retrieving information from memory

bull speech perception and productionshyperceiving and producing phonological sequenceshellip

nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll mmmmeeeecccchhhhaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss tttthhhhaaaatttt tttthhhhaaaatttt aaaalllllllloooowwww uuuussss ttttoooo uuuusssseeee ssssppppeeeeeeeecccchhhh ssssoooouuuunnnnddddssss ttttoooo pppprrrroooocccceeeessssssss oooorrrraaaallll aaaannnndddd wwwwrrrriiiitttttttteeeennnn llllaaaannnnggggaaaauuuuggggeeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phonemic awareness

bull discovery ldquosingle most powerful advance in the science and pedagogy of reading this century (Adams 1991)rdquo

bull ldquopowerful predictor of reading achievmentshy90 of poor readers who lacked PA in first grade remained poor readers in fourth grade (Juel 1988)rdquo

bull teachable

Nancy Hennessy 2015

AAAAccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee ampampampamp AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaattttiiiicccc PPPPhhhhoooonnnneeeemmmmeeeesssshelliphelliphelliphellip

bull Identify bull Categorize

bull Isolate bull Blend bull Segment bull Deletehellip

Nancy Hennessy 2015

7

1202015

One more piece of the puzzle

PA a major contributor but dyslexia is the outcome of multiple risk factors interacting synergistically with the environment eg other aspects of language eg morphological awareness RAN early expressive language (syntax)

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

8

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

difficulties with accurate andor fluent word recognition and poor spellinghellip

ldquoA child has to develop the insight that spoken words can be pulled

apart into phonemes and that letters in a word represent these

soundsrdquo

Ben ldquoOh I get itshysounds make wordsrdquoNancy Hennessy 2015

AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaatttticicicic ampampampamp AAAAccccccccururururaaaatttteeee

bull Letter naming bull Lettershysound association bull Word reading

CCCCrrrriiiittttiiiiccccaaaallll PPPPiiiieeeecccceeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg PPPPrrrrooooffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy PPPPuuuuzzzzzzzzlllleeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015

9

1202015

ConsolidatedFull AlphabeticAlphabetic

Partial

Alphabetic

Preshy

alphabetic

incidental

visual cues

letter

knowledge

partial

phoneme

awareness complete

phoneme

awareness

phoneme-

grapheme

correspondence

early sight

word

learning

reading

fluently

by sound

syllable

morpheme

whole word

families

and

analogies

EEEEhhhhrrrriiiirsquorsquorsquorsquossss PPPPhhhhaaaasssseeeessss ooooffff WWWWoooorrrrdddd RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg 2222000000005555

SSSSkkkkiiiilllllllleeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggghelliphelliphelliphellip

ldquoMost of the words are known by sight Sight reading is a fast acting process The term sight indicates sight of the word activates that word in memory including information about its pronunciation spelling typical role in sentences and meaningrdquo

Ehri 2005

Nancy Hennessy 2015

ldquoMost people think dyslexia is a reading disorder but it is also a spelling and writing problemrdquo

Berninger 2006

Nancy Hennessy 2015

10

1202015

IIII ssssaaaawwww aaaa rrrreeeedddd ssssuuuurrrrffffbbbboooorrrrdddd llllaaaayyyyiiiinnnngggg oooonnnn tttthhhheeee rrrrooooddddeeee IIIItttt llllooooooookkkk lllliiiikkkkeeee mmmmyyyy ffffrrrriiiieeeennnndddd ssssoooo IIII hhhhiiiidddd iiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee bbbbuuuusssshhhhiiiissss jjjjuuuusssstttt iiiinnnn ccccaaaasssseeee WWWWhhhheeeennnn IIII wwwwhhhheeeennnntttt ttttoooo tttthhhheeee bbbbeeeecccchhhh IIII ssssaaaawwww mmmmyyyy ffffrrrreeeennnndddd SSSSppppeeeennnncccceeee hhhheeee hhhhaaaadddd hhhhiiiissss bbbboooorrrrddddhelliphelliphelliphellip

Too many cooks spoil the broadrdquo

Nancy Hennessy 2015

SSSSttttrrrruguguguggggglinlinlinlingggg rrrreeeeaaaaddddeeeerrrrsssshelliphelliphelliphellip

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

Word RecognitionWord RecognitionWord RecognitionWord Recognition

COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

FluencyFluencyFluencyFluency

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Fletcher et al 2007

Struggling readershellip CCCCOOOOMMMMPPPPRRRREEEEHHHHEEEENNNNSSSSIIIIOOOONNNN

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

WORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITION

PHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICAL PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

LANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGE COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

ORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHIC PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

11

1202015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Do you know me

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

12

Jack

1202015

Words Failed Then Saved Mehellip

Repeating third grade at a new school after having been asked to leave my old one for hitting kids who made fun of my perceived stupidity I was placed in the ldquodummy classrdquo There were three of us separated from our classmates at a table in the corner of the room One day the teacher who seldom spoke to us since it was understood that most of what she taught was beyond the reach of our intelligence placed books in our hands and whispered that we should sit there quietly ldquopretending to readrdquo The principal was coming

Phillip Schultz Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phillip Schultz

Poet

David Yurman

Designer

Jack Horner Paleontologist

The animationWWWWeeee tttthhhhiiiinnnnkkkk oooouuuuttttssssiiiiddddeeee tttthhhheeeeautomatically begins

bbbbooooxxxx pppprrrreeeecccciiiisssseeeellllyyyy bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee wwwweeee hhhhaaaavvvveeee nnnneeeevvvveeeerrrr bbbbeeeeeeeennnn iiiinnnn oooonnnneeee

IIII wwwwaaaassss AAAADDDDDDDD aaaannnndddd ddddyyyysssslllleeeexixixixicccc bbbbuuuutttt wwwwaaaassssnnnnrsquorsquorsquorsquotttt ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeeedddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh AAAADDDDDDDD uuuunnnnttttiiiillll rsquorsquorsquorsquo77775555 IIII wwwwoooouuuulllldddd ddddaaaayyyyddddrrrreeeeaaaammmm aaaannnndddd ffffiiiinnnndddd mmmmyyyy llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnn ddddrrrraaaawwwwiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd lllliiiinnnneeeessss IIII lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnneeeedddd hhhhoooowwww ttttoooo wwwweeeelllldddd aaaannnndddd IIII hhhhaaaadddd tttthhhheeeesssseeee lllliiiittttttttlllleeee oooobbbbjjjjeeeeccccttttssss aaaarrrroooouuuunnnndddd IIII ppppuuuutttt llllooooooooppppssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeeemmmm aaaannnndddd ssssoooolllldddd tttthhhheeeemmmm iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccaaaaffffeeeetttteeeerrrriiiiaaaa

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

13

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

14

ldquoldquoldquoldquoaaaatttttttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ccccooooddddeeee iiiissss ccccaaaappppaaaacccciiiittttyyyy ddddrrrraaaaiiiinnnniiiinnnnggggshyshyshyshyrrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn iiiinnnnaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo aaaatttttttteeeennnndddd ttttoooo mmmmeeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhhaaaatttt rrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn

bull less exposure to text less practice that results inhelliphelliphellip

bull diminished capability in areas of vocabulary syntactic structures and declarative knowledge

bull that influences verbal intelligencerdquo Cunningham amp Stanovich 2002

Nancy Hennessy 2015

MB Rawson 1982

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Assessment of Dyslexia

bull Thorough analysis and synthesis of assessment data informed by pppprrrrooooffffeeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnaaaallll cccclllliiiinnnniiiiccccaaaallll jjjjuuuuddddggggmmmmeeeennnntttt

bull NNNNoooo ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee tttteeeesssstttt iiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeee ddddyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa rather the determination must be based on observational historical and informalformal assessment data

Testing for Dyslexia 2000

IDA wwwinterdysorg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

TTTTyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff aaaasssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt

bullScreening bullProgress monitoring bullDiagnostic bullOutcome

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Looking for the evidencehelliphellip Difficulty with bull oral language skills bull performing phonologicalphonemic awareness tasks bull naming letters bull acquiring soundshysymbol relationships bull reading single words accurately and automatically bull decoding new or nonsense words bull reading passages fluently bull spelling words consistently bull organized writing bull reading vs listening comprehension

ffffaaaammmmiiiillllyyyy hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy aaaannnndddd nnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrvvvveeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo

ddddaaaatttteeee Nancy Hennessy 2015

15

1202015

TypicalTypicalTypicalTypical ReadersReadersReadersReaders DyslexicDyslexicDyslexicDyslexic ReadersReadersReadersReaders Brain Briefings Society for Neuroscience

Neurobiological Basis of Dyslexia

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Mapping the neural pathways Lyon Shaywitz amp Shaywitz 2003

range of neurobiological investigations has documented the disruption of neural systems for

reading in dyslexia that cross languages and cultures

bull Imaging studies indicate different activation patterns in proficient vs poor readers

bull Good readers of all ages show strong activation in the back of the brain less in the front in the left hemisphere

bull DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiicccc iiiinnnnddddiiiivvvviiiidddduuuuaaaallll uuuusssseeeessss aaaauuuuxxxxiiiilllliiiiaaaarrrryyyy ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmmssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeee rrrriiiigggghhhhtttt ssssiiiiddddeeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee bbbbrrrraaaaiiiinnnn aaaannnndddd sssshhhhoooowwww aaaannnn uuuunnnnddddeeeerrrrshyshyshyshy aaaaccccttttiiiivvvvaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll ssssyyyysssstttteeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee bbbbaaaacccckkkk

bull DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiicccc cccchhhhiiiillllddddrrrreeeennnn aaaallllssssoooo sssshhhhoooowwww oooovvvveeeerrrr aaaaccccttttiiiivvvvaaaattttiiiioooonnnn iiiinnnn ffffrrrroooonnnnttttaaaallll aaaarrrreeeeaaaa ((((nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll ssssiiiiggggnnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ffffoooorrrr pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiicccc ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss))))

Nancy Hennessy 2015

ldquoReadingshyimpaired young children have higher levels of the metabolites glutamate and choline in their brains and these higher levels continue to be indicative of difficulties in developing typical reading and language skillsrdquo

Yale Office of Public Affairs amp Communications 2014

Ken Pugh Stephen Frost Douglas Rothman Fumiko Hoeft Stephanie Del Tufo Graeme Mason Peter Molfese Einer Mencl Elena Grigorenko Nicole Landi Jonathan Preston LeslieJacobsen and Mark Seidenberg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

5

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

6

1202015

deficits in phonological processinghelliphellip

bull phonological and phonemic awareness bull phonological memoryshy working with storing and retrieving information from memory

bull speech perception and productionshyperceiving and producing phonological sequenceshellip

nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll mmmmeeeecccchhhhaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss tttthhhhaaaatttt tttthhhhaaaatttt aaaalllllllloooowwww uuuussss ttttoooo uuuusssseeee ssssppppeeeeeeeecccchhhh ssssoooouuuunnnnddddssss ttttoooo pppprrrroooocccceeeessssssss oooorrrraaaallll aaaannnndddd wwwwrrrriiiitttttttteeeennnn llllaaaannnnggggaaaauuuuggggeeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phonemic awareness

bull discovery ldquosingle most powerful advance in the science and pedagogy of reading this century (Adams 1991)rdquo

bull ldquopowerful predictor of reading achievmentshy90 of poor readers who lacked PA in first grade remained poor readers in fourth grade (Juel 1988)rdquo

bull teachable

Nancy Hennessy 2015

AAAAccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee ampampampamp AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaattttiiiicccc PPPPhhhhoooonnnneeeemmmmeeeesssshelliphelliphelliphellip

bull Identify bull Categorize

bull Isolate bull Blend bull Segment bull Deletehellip

Nancy Hennessy 2015

7

1202015

One more piece of the puzzle

PA a major contributor but dyslexia is the outcome of multiple risk factors interacting synergistically with the environment eg other aspects of language eg morphological awareness RAN early expressive language (syntax)

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

8

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

difficulties with accurate andor fluent word recognition and poor spellinghellip

ldquoA child has to develop the insight that spoken words can be pulled

apart into phonemes and that letters in a word represent these

soundsrdquo

Ben ldquoOh I get itshysounds make wordsrdquoNancy Hennessy 2015

AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaatttticicicic ampampampamp AAAAccccccccururururaaaatttteeee

bull Letter naming bull Lettershysound association bull Word reading

CCCCrrrriiiittttiiiiccccaaaallll PPPPiiiieeeecccceeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg PPPPrrrrooooffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy PPPPuuuuzzzzzzzzlllleeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015

9

1202015

ConsolidatedFull AlphabeticAlphabetic

Partial

Alphabetic

Preshy

alphabetic

incidental

visual cues

letter

knowledge

partial

phoneme

awareness complete

phoneme

awareness

phoneme-

grapheme

correspondence

early sight

word

learning

reading

fluently

by sound

syllable

morpheme

whole word

families

and

analogies

EEEEhhhhrrrriiiirsquorsquorsquorsquossss PPPPhhhhaaaasssseeeessss ooooffff WWWWoooorrrrdddd RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg 2222000000005555

SSSSkkkkiiiilllllllleeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggghelliphelliphelliphellip

ldquoMost of the words are known by sight Sight reading is a fast acting process The term sight indicates sight of the word activates that word in memory including information about its pronunciation spelling typical role in sentences and meaningrdquo

Ehri 2005

Nancy Hennessy 2015

ldquoMost people think dyslexia is a reading disorder but it is also a spelling and writing problemrdquo

Berninger 2006

Nancy Hennessy 2015

10

1202015

IIII ssssaaaawwww aaaa rrrreeeedddd ssssuuuurrrrffffbbbboooorrrrdddd llllaaaayyyyiiiinnnngggg oooonnnn tttthhhheeee rrrrooooddddeeee IIIItttt llllooooooookkkk lllliiiikkkkeeee mmmmyyyy ffffrrrriiiieeeennnndddd ssssoooo IIII hhhhiiiidddd iiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee bbbbuuuusssshhhhiiiissss jjjjuuuusssstttt iiiinnnn ccccaaaasssseeee WWWWhhhheeeennnn IIII wwwwhhhheeeennnntttt ttttoooo tttthhhheeee bbbbeeeecccchhhh IIII ssssaaaawwww mmmmyyyy ffffrrrreeeennnndddd SSSSppppeeeennnncccceeee hhhheeee hhhhaaaadddd hhhhiiiissss bbbboooorrrrddddhelliphelliphelliphellip

Too many cooks spoil the broadrdquo

Nancy Hennessy 2015

SSSSttttrrrruguguguggggglinlinlinlingggg rrrreeeeaaaaddddeeeerrrrsssshelliphelliphelliphellip

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

Word RecognitionWord RecognitionWord RecognitionWord Recognition

COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

FluencyFluencyFluencyFluency

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Fletcher et al 2007

Struggling readershellip CCCCOOOOMMMMPPPPRRRREEEEHHHHEEEENNNNSSSSIIIIOOOONNNN

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

WORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITION

PHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICAL PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

LANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGE COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

ORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHIC PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

11

1202015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Do you know me

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

12

Jack

1202015

Words Failed Then Saved Mehellip

Repeating third grade at a new school after having been asked to leave my old one for hitting kids who made fun of my perceived stupidity I was placed in the ldquodummy classrdquo There were three of us separated from our classmates at a table in the corner of the room One day the teacher who seldom spoke to us since it was understood that most of what she taught was beyond the reach of our intelligence placed books in our hands and whispered that we should sit there quietly ldquopretending to readrdquo The principal was coming

Phillip Schultz Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phillip Schultz

Poet

David Yurman

Designer

Jack Horner Paleontologist

The animationWWWWeeee tttthhhhiiiinnnnkkkk oooouuuuttttssssiiiiddddeeee tttthhhheeeeautomatically begins

bbbbooooxxxx pppprrrreeeecccciiiisssseeeellllyyyy bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee wwwweeee hhhhaaaavvvveeee nnnneeeevvvveeeerrrr bbbbeeeeeeeennnn iiiinnnn oooonnnneeee

IIII wwwwaaaassss AAAADDDDDDDD aaaannnndddd ddddyyyysssslllleeeexixixixicccc bbbbuuuutttt wwwwaaaassssnnnnrsquorsquorsquorsquotttt ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeeedddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh AAAADDDDDDDD uuuunnnnttttiiiillll rsquorsquorsquorsquo77775555 IIII wwwwoooouuuulllldddd ddddaaaayyyyddddrrrreeeeaaaammmm aaaannnndddd ffffiiiinnnndddd mmmmyyyy llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnn ddddrrrraaaawwwwiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd lllliiiinnnneeeessss IIII lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnneeeedddd hhhhoooowwww ttttoooo wwwweeeelllldddd aaaannnndddd IIII hhhhaaaadddd tttthhhheeeesssseeee lllliiiittttttttlllleeee oooobbbbjjjjeeeeccccttttssss aaaarrrroooouuuunnnndddd IIII ppppuuuutttt llllooooooooppppssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeeemmmm aaaannnndddd ssssoooolllldddd tttthhhheeeemmmm iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccaaaaffffeeeetttteeeerrrriiiiaaaa

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

13

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

14

ldquoldquoldquoldquoaaaatttttttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ccccooooddddeeee iiiissss ccccaaaappppaaaacccciiiittttyyyy ddddrrrraaaaiiiinnnniiiinnnnggggshyshyshyshyrrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn iiiinnnnaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo aaaatttttttteeeennnndddd ttttoooo mmmmeeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhhaaaatttt rrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn

bull less exposure to text less practice that results inhelliphelliphellip

bull diminished capability in areas of vocabulary syntactic structures and declarative knowledge

bull that influences verbal intelligencerdquo Cunningham amp Stanovich 2002

Nancy Hennessy 2015

MB Rawson 1982

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Assessment of Dyslexia

bull Thorough analysis and synthesis of assessment data informed by pppprrrrooooffffeeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnaaaallll cccclllliiiinnnniiiiccccaaaallll jjjjuuuuddddggggmmmmeeeennnntttt

bull NNNNoooo ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee tttteeeesssstttt iiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeee ddddyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa rather the determination must be based on observational historical and informalformal assessment data

Testing for Dyslexia 2000

IDA wwwinterdysorg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

TTTTyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff aaaasssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt

bullScreening bullProgress monitoring bullDiagnostic bullOutcome

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Looking for the evidencehelliphellip Difficulty with bull oral language skills bull performing phonologicalphonemic awareness tasks bull naming letters bull acquiring soundshysymbol relationships bull reading single words accurately and automatically bull decoding new or nonsense words bull reading passages fluently bull spelling words consistently bull organized writing bull reading vs listening comprehension

ffffaaaammmmiiiillllyyyy hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy aaaannnndddd nnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrvvvveeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo

ddddaaaatttteeee Nancy Hennessy 2015

15

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

6

1202015

deficits in phonological processinghelliphellip

bull phonological and phonemic awareness bull phonological memoryshy working with storing and retrieving information from memory

bull speech perception and productionshyperceiving and producing phonological sequenceshellip

nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll mmmmeeeecccchhhhaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss tttthhhhaaaatttt tttthhhhaaaatttt aaaalllllllloooowwww uuuussss ttttoooo uuuusssseeee ssssppppeeeeeeeecccchhhh ssssoooouuuunnnnddddssss ttttoooo pppprrrroooocccceeeessssssss oooorrrraaaallll aaaannnndddd wwwwrrrriiiitttttttteeeennnn llllaaaannnnggggaaaauuuuggggeeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phonemic awareness

bull discovery ldquosingle most powerful advance in the science and pedagogy of reading this century (Adams 1991)rdquo

bull ldquopowerful predictor of reading achievmentshy90 of poor readers who lacked PA in first grade remained poor readers in fourth grade (Juel 1988)rdquo

bull teachable

Nancy Hennessy 2015

AAAAccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee ampampampamp AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaattttiiiicccc PPPPhhhhoooonnnneeeemmmmeeeesssshelliphelliphelliphellip

bull Identify bull Categorize

bull Isolate bull Blend bull Segment bull Deletehellip

Nancy Hennessy 2015

7

1202015

One more piece of the puzzle

PA a major contributor but dyslexia is the outcome of multiple risk factors interacting synergistically with the environment eg other aspects of language eg morphological awareness RAN early expressive language (syntax)

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

8

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

difficulties with accurate andor fluent word recognition and poor spellinghellip

ldquoA child has to develop the insight that spoken words can be pulled

apart into phonemes and that letters in a word represent these

soundsrdquo

Ben ldquoOh I get itshysounds make wordsrdquoNancy Hennessy 2015

AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaatttticicicic ampampampamp AAAAccccccccururururaaaatttteeee

bull Letter naming bull Lettershysound association bull Word reading

CCCCrrrriiiittttiiiiccccaaaallll PPPPiiiieeeecccceeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg PPPPrrrrooooffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy PPPPuuuuzzzzzzzzlllleeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015

9

1202015

ConsolidatedFull AlphabeticAlphabetic

Partial

Alphabetic

Preshy

alphabetic

incidental

visual cues

letter

knowledge

partial

phoneme

awareness complete

phoneme

awareness

phoneme-

grapheme

correspondence

early sight

word

learning

reading

fluently

by sound

syllable

morpheme

whole word

families

and

analogies

EEEEhhhhrrrriiiirsquorsquorsquorsquossss PPPPhhhhaaaasssseeeessss ooooffff WWWWoooorrrrdddd RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg 2222000000005555

SSSSkkkkiiiilllllllleeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggghelliphelliphelliphellip

ldquoMost of the words are known by sight Sight reading is a fast acting process The term sight indicates sight of the word activates that word in memory including information about its pronunciation spelling typical role in sentences and meaningrdquo

Ehri 2005

Nancy Hennessy 2015

ldquoMost people think dyslexia is a reading disorder but it is also a spelling and writing problemrdquo

Berninger 2006

Nancy Hennessy 2015

10

1202015

IIII ssssaaaawwww aaaa rrrreeeedddd ssssuuuurrrrffffbbbboooorrrrdddd llllaaaayyyyiiiinnnngggg oooonnnn tttthhhheeee rrrrooooddddeeee IIIItttt llllooooooookkkk lllliiiikkkkeeee mmmmyyyy ffffrrrriiiieeeennnndddd ssssoooo IIII hhhhiiiidddd iiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee bbbbuuuusssshhhhiiiissss jjjjuuuusssstttt iiiinnnn ccccaaaasssseeee WWWWhhhheeeennnn IIII wwwwhhhheeeennnntttt ttttoooo tttthhhheeee bbbbeeeecccchhhh IIII ssssaaaawwww mmmmyyyy ffffrrrreeeennnndddd SSSSppppeeeennnncccceeee hhhheeee hhhhaaaadddd hhhhiiiissss bbbboooorrrrddddhelliphelliphelliphellip

Too many cooks spoil the broadrdquo

Nancy Hennessy 2015

SSSSttttrrrruguguguggggglinlinlinlingggg rrrreeeeaaaaddddeeeerrrrsssshelliphelliphelliphellip

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

Word RecognitionWord RecognitionWord RecognitionWord Recognition

COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

FluencyFluencyFluencyFluency

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Fletcher et al 2007

Struggling readershellip CCCCOOOOMMMMPPPPRRRREEEEHHHHEEEENNNNSSSSIIIIOOOONNNN

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

WORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITION

PHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICAL PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

LANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGE COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

ORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHIC PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

11

1202015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Do you know me

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

12

Jack

1202015

Words Failed Then Saved Mehellip

Repeating third grade at a new school after having been asked to leave my old one for hitting kids who made fun of my perceived stupidity I was placed in the ldquodummy classrdquo There were three of us separated from our classmates at a table in the corner of the room One day the teacher who seldom spoke to us since it was understood that most of what she taught was beyond the reach of our intelligence placed books in our hands and whispered that we should sit there quietly ldquopretending to readrdquo The principal was coming

Phillip Schultz Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phillip Schultz

Poet

David Yurman

Designer

Jack Horner Paleontologist

The animationWWWWeeee tttthhhhiiiinnnnkkkk oooouuuuttttssssiiiiddddeeee tttthhhheeeeautomatically begins

bbbbooooxxxx pppprrrreeeecccciiiisssseeeellllyyyy bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee wwwweeee hhhhaaaavvvveeee nnnneeeevvvveeeerrrr bbbbeeeeeeeennnn iiiinnnn oooonnnneeee

IIII wwwwaaaassss AAAADDDDDDDD aaaannnndddd ddddyyyysssslllleeeexixixixicccc bbbbuuuutttt wwwwaaaassssnnnnrsquorsquorsquorsquotttt ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeeedddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh AAAADDDDDDDD uuuunnnnttttiiiillll rsquorsquorsquorsquo77775555 IIII wwwwoooouuuulllldddd ddddaaaayyyyddddrrrreeeeaaaammmm aaaannnndddd ffffiiiinnnndddd mmmmyyyy llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnn ddddrrrraaaawwwwiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd lllliiiinnnneeeessss IIII lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnneeeedddd hhhhoooowwww ttttoooo wwwweeeelllldddd aaaannnndddd IIII hhhhaaaadddd tttthhhheeeesssseeee lllliiiittttttttlllleeee oooobbbbjjjjeeeeccccttttssss aaaarrrroooouuuunnnndddd IIII ppppuuuutttt llllooooooooppppssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeeemmmm aaaannnndddd ssssoooolllldddd tttthhhheeeemmmm iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccaaaaffffeeeetttteeeerrrriiiiaaaa

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

13

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

14

ldquoldquoldquoldquoaaaatttttttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ccccooooddddeeee iiiissss ccccaaaappppaaaacccciiiittttyyyy ddddrrrraaaaiiiinnnniiiinnnnggggshyshyshyshyrrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn iiiinnnnaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo aaaatttttttteeeennnndddd ttttoooo mmmmeeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhhaaaatttt rrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn

bull less exposure to text less practice that results inhelliphelliphellip

bull diminished capability in areas of vocabulary syntactic structures and declarative knowledge

bull that influences verbal intelligencerdquo Cunningham amp Stanovich 2002

Nancy Hennessy 2015

MB Rawson 1982

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Assessment of Dyslexia

bull Thorough analysis and synthesis of assessment data informed by pppprrrrooooffffeeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnaaaallll cccclllliiiinnnniiiiccccaaaallll jjjjuuuuddddggggmmmmeeeennnntttt

bull NNNNoooo ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee tttteeeesssstttt iiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeee ddddyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa rather the determination must be based on observational historical and informalformal assessment data

Testing for Dyslexia 2000

IDA wwwinterdysorg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

TTTTyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff aaaasssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt

bullScreening bullProgress monitoring bullDiagnostic bullOutcome

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Looking for the evidencehelliphellip Difficulty with bull oral language skills bull performing phonologicalphonemic awareness tasks bull naming letters bull acquiring soundshysymbol relationships bull reading single words accurately and automatically bull decoding new or nonsense words bull reading passages fluently bull spelling words consistently bull organized writing bull reading vs listening comprehension

ffffaaaammmmiiiillllyyyy hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy aaaannnndddd nnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrvvvveeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo

ddddaaaatttteeee Nancy Hennessy 2015

15

1202015

deficits in phonological processinghelliphellip

bull phonological and phonemic awareness bull phonological memoryshy working with storing and retrieving information from memory

bull speech perception and productionshyperceiving and producing phonological sequenceshellip

nnnneeeeuuuurrrraaaallll mmmmeeeecccchhhhaaaannnniiiissssmmmmssss tttthhhhaaaatttt tttthhhhaaaatttt aaaalllllllloooowwww uuuussss ttttoooo uuuusssseeee ssssppppeeeeeeeecccchhhh ssssoooouuuunnnnddddssss ttttoooo pppprrrroooocccceeeessssssss oooorrrraaaallll aaaannnndddd wwwwrrrriiiitttttttteeeennnn llllaaaannnnggggaaaauuuuggggeeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phonemic awareness

bull discovery ldquosingle most powerful advance in the science and pedagogy of reading this century (Adams 1991)rdquo

bull ldquopowerful predictor of reading achievmentshy90 of poor readers who lacked PA in first grade remained poor readers in fourth grade (Juel 1988)rdquo

bull teachable

Nancy Hennessy 2015

AAAAccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee ampampampamp AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaattttiiiicccc PPPPhhhhoooonnnneeeemmmmeeeesssshelliphelliphelliphellip

bull Identify bull Categorize

bull Isolate bull Blend bull Segment bull Deletehellip

Nancy Hennessy 2015

7

1202015

One more piece of the puzzle

PA a major contributor but dyslexia is the outcome of multiple risk factors interacting synergistically with the environment eg other aspects of language eg morphological awareness RAN early expressive language (syntax)

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

8

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

difficulties with accurate andor fluent word recognition and poor spellinghellip

ldquoA child has to develop the insight that spoken words can be pulled

apart into phonemes and that letters in a word represent these

soundsrdquo

Ben ldquoOh I get itshysounds make wordsrdquoNancy Hennessy 2015

AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaatttticicicic ampampampamp AAAAccccccccururururaaaatttteeee

bull Letter naming bull Lettershysound association bull Word reading

CCCCrrrriiiittttiiiiccccaaaallll PPPPiiiieeeecccceeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg PPPPrrrrooooffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy PPPPuuuuzzzzzzzzlllleeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015

9

1202015

ConsolidatedFull AlphabeticAlphabetic

Partial

Alphabetic

Preshy

alphabetic

incidental

visual cues

letter

knowledge

partial

phoneme

awareness complete

phoneme

awareness

phoneme-

grapheme

correspondence

early sight

word

learning

reading

fluently

by sound

syllable

morpheme

whole word

families

and

analogies

EEEEhhhhrrrriiiirsquorsquorsquorsquossss PPPPhhhhaaaasssseeeessss ooooffff WWWWoooorrrrdddd RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg 2222000000005555

SSSSkkkkiiiilllllllleeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggghelliphelliphelliphellip

ldquoMost of the words are known by sight Sight reading is a fast acting process The term sight indicates sight of the word activates that word in memory including information about its pronunciation spelling typical role in sentences and meaningrdquo

Ehri 2005

Nancy Hennessy 2015

ldquoMost people think dyslexia is a reading disorder but it is also a spelling and writing problemrdquo

Berninger 2006

Nancy Hennessy 2015

10

1202015

IIII ssssaaaawwww aaaa rrrreeeedddd ssssuuuurrrrffffbbbboooorrrrdddd llllaaaayyyyiiiinnnngggg oooonnnn tttthhhheeee rrrrooooddddeeee IIIItttt llllooooooookkkk lllliiiikkkkeeee mmmmyyyy ffffrrrriiiieeeennnndddd ssssoooo IIII hhhhiiiidddd iiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee bbbbuuuusssshhhhiiiissss jjjjuuuusssstttt iiiinnnn ccccaaaasssseeee WWWWhhhheeeennnn IIII wwwwhhhheeeennnntttt ttttoooo tttthhhheeee bbbbeeeecccchhhh IIII ssssaaaawwww mmmmyyyy ffffrrrreeeennnndddd SSSSppppeeeennnncccceeee hhhheeee hhhhaaaadddd hhhhiiiissss bbbboooorrrrddddhelliphelliphelliphellip

Too many cooks spoil the broadrdquo

Nancy Hennessy 2015

SSSSttttrrrruguguguggggglinlinlinlingggg rrrreeeeaaaaddddeeeerrrrsssshelliphelliphelliphellip

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

Word RecognitionWord RecognitionWord RecognitionWord Recognition

COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

FluencyFluencyFluencyFluency

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Fletcher et al 2007

Struggling readershellip CCCCOOOOMMMMPPPPRRRREEEEHHHHEEEENNNNSSSSIIIIOOOONNNN

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

WORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITION

PHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICAL PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

LANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGE COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

ORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHIC PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

11

1202015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Do you know me

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

12

Jack

1202015

Words Failed Then Saved Mehellip

Repeating third grade at a new school after having been asked to leave my old one for hitting kids who made fun of my perceived stupidity I was placed in the ldquodummy classrdquo There were three of us separated from our classmates at a table in the corner of the room One day the teacher who seldom spoke to us since it was understood that most of what she taught was beyond the reach of our intelligence placed books in our hands and whispered that we should sit there quietly ldquopretending to readrdquo The principal was coming

Phillip Schultz Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phillip Schultz

Poet

David Yurman

Designer

Jack Horner Paleontologist

The animationWWWWeeee tttthhhhiiiinnnnkkkk oooouuuuttttssssiiiiddddeeee tttthhhheeeeautomatically begins

bbbbooooxxxx pppprrrreeeecccciiiisssseeeellllyyyy bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee wwwweeee hhhhaaaavvvveeee nnnneeeevvvveeeerrrr bbbbeeeeeeeennnn iiiinnnn oooonnnneeee

IIII wwwwaaaassss AAAADDDDDDDD aaaannnndddd ddddyyyysssslllleeeexixixixicccc bbbbuuuutttt wwwwaaaassssnnnnrsquorsquorsquorsquotttt ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeeedddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh AAAADDDDDDDD uuuunnnnttttiiiillll rsquorsquorsquorsquo77775555 IIII wwwwoooouuuulllldddd ddddaaaayyyyddddrrrreeeeaaaammmm aaaannnndddd ffffiiiinnnndddd mmmmyyyy llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnn ddddrrrraaaawwwwiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd lllliiiinnnneeeessss IIII lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnneeeedddd hhhhoooowwww ttttoooo wwwweeeelllldddd aaaannnndddd IIII hhhhaaaadddd tttthhhheeeesssseeee lllliiiittttttttlllleeee oooobbbbjjjjeeeeccccttttssss aaaarrrroooouuuunnnndddd IIII ppppuuuutttt llllooooooooppppssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeeemmmm aaaannnndddd ssssoooolllldddd tttthhhheeeemmmm iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccaaaaffffeeeetttteeeerrrriiiiaaaa

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

13

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

14

ldquoldquoldquoldquoaaaatttttttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ccccooooddddeeee iiiissss ccccaaaappppaaaacccciiiittttyyyy ddddrrrraaaaiiiinnnniiiinnnnggggshyshyshyshyrrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn iiiinnnnaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo aaaatttttttteeeennnndddd ttttoooo mmmmeeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhhaaaatttt rrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn

bull less exposure to text less practice that results inhelliphelliphellip

bull diminished capability in areas of vocabulary syntactic structures and declarative knowledge

bull that influences verbal intelligencerdquo Cunningham amp Stanovich 2002

Nancy Hennessy 2015

MB Rawson 1982

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Assessment of Dyslexia

bull Thorough analysis and synthesis of assessment data informed by pppprrrrooooffffeeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnaaaallll cccclllliiiinnnniiiiccccaaaallll jjjjuuuuddddggggmmmmeeeennnntttt

bull NNNNoooo ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee tttteeeesssstttt iiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeee ddddyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa rather the determination must be based on observational historical and informalformal assessment data

Testing for Dyslexia 2000

IDA wwwinterdysorg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

TTTTyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff aaaasssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt

bullScreening bullProgress monitoring bullDiagnostic bullOutcome

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Looking for the evidencehelliphellip Difficulty with bull oral language skills bull performing phonologicalphonemic awareness tasks bull naming letters bull acquiring soundshysymbol relationships bull reading single words accurately and automatically bull decoding new or nonsense words bull reading passages fluently bull spelling words consistently bull organized writing bull reading vs listening comprehension

ffffaaaammmmiiiillllyyyy hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy aaaannnndddd nnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrvvvveeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo

ddddaaaatttteeee Nancy Hennessy 2015

15

1202015

One more piece of the puzzle

PA a major contributor but dyslexia is the outcome of multiple risk factors interacting synergistically with the environment eg other aspects of language eg morphological awareness RAN early expressive language (syntax)

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

8

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

difficulties with accurate andor fluent word recognition and poor spellinghellip

ldquoA child has to develop the insight that spoken words can be pulled

apart into phonemes and that letters in a word represent these

soundsrdquo

Ben ldquoOh I get itshysounds make wordsrdquoNancy Hennessy 2015

AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaatttticicicic ampampampamp AAAAccccccccururururaaaatttteeee

bull Letter naming bull Lettershysound association bull Word reading

CCCCrrrriiiittttiiiiccccaaaallll PPPPiiiieeeecccceeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg PPPPrrrrooooffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy PPPPuuuuzzzzzzzzlllleeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015

9

1202015

ConsolidatedFull AlphabeticAlphabetic

Partial

Alphabetic

Preshy

alphabetic

incidental

visual cues

letter

knowledge

partial

phoneme

awareness complete

phoneme

awareness

phoneme-

grapheme

correspondence

early sight

word

learning

reading

fluently

by sound

syllable

morpheme

whole word

families

and

analogies

EEEEhhhhrrrriiiirsquorsquorsquorsquossss PPPPhhhhaaaasssseeeessss ooooffff WWWWoooorrrrdddd RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg 2222000000005555

SSSSkkkkiiiilllllllleeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggghelliphelliphelliphellip

ldquoMost of the words are known by sight Sight reading is a fast acting process The term sight indicates sight of the word activates that word in memory including information about its pronunciation spelling typical role in sentences and meaningrdquo

Ehri 2005

Nancy Hennessy 2015

ldquoMost people think dyslexia is a reading disorder but it is also a spelling and writing problemrdquo

Berninger 2006

Nancy Hennessy 2015

10

1202015

IIII ssssaaaawwww aaaa rrrreeeedddd ssssuuuurrrrffffbbbboooorrrrdddd llllaaaayyyyiiiinnnngggg oooonnnn tttthhhheeee rrrrooooddddeeee IIIItttt llllooooooookkkk lllliiiikkkkeeee mmmmyyyy ffffrrrriiiieeeennnndddd ssssoooo IIII hhhhiiiidddd iiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee bbbbuuuusssshhhhiiiissss jjjjuuuusssstttt iiiinnnn ccccaaaasssseeee WWWWhhhheeeennnn IIII wwwwhhhheeeennnntttt ttttoooo tttthhhheeee bbbbeeeecccchhhh IIII ssssaaaawwww mmmmyyyy ffffrrrreeeennnndddd SSSSppppeeeennnncccceeee hhhheeee hhhhaaaadddd hhhhiiiissss bbbboooorrrrddddhelliphelliphelliphellip

Too many cooks spoil the broadrdquo

Nancy Hennessy 2015

SSSSttttrrrruguguguggggglinlinlinlingggg rrrreeeeaaaaddddeeeerrrrsssshelliphelliphelliphellip

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

Word RecognitionWord RecognitionWord RecognitionWord Recognition

COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

FluencyFluencyFluencyFluency

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Fletcher et al 2007

Struggling readershellip CCCCOOOOMMMMPPPPRRRREEEEHHHHEEEENNNNSSSSIIIIOOOONNNN

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

WORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITION

PHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICAL PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

LANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGE COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

ORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHIC PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

11

1202015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Do you know me

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

12

Jack

1202015

Words Failed Then Saved Mehellip

Repeating third grade at a new school after having been asked to leave my old one for hitting kids who made fun of my perceived stupidity I was placed in the ldquodummy classrdquo There were three of us separated from our classmates at a table in the corner of the room One day the teacher who seldom spoke to us since it was understood that most of what she taught was beyond the reach of our intelligence placed books in our hands and whispered that we should sit there quietly ldquopretending to readrdquo The principal was coming

Phillip Schultz Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phillip Schultz

Poet

David Yurman

Designer

Jack Horner Paleontologist

The animationWWWWeeee tttthhhhiiiinnnnkkkk oooouuuuttttssssiiiiddddeeee tttthhhheeeeautomatically begins

bbbbooooxxxx pppprrrreeeecccciiiisssseeeellllyyyy bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee wwwweeee hhhhaaaavvvveeee nnnneeeevvvveeeerrrr bbbbeeeeeeeennnn iiiinnnn oooonnnneeee

IIII wwwwaaaassss AAAADDDDDDDD aaaannnndddd ddddyyyysssslllleeeexixixixicccc bbbbuuuutttt wwwwaaaassssnnnnrsquorsquorsquorsquotttt ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeeedddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh AAAADDDDDDDD uuuunnnnttttiiiillll rsquorsquorsquorsquo77775555 IIII wwwwoooouuuulllldddd ddddaaaayyyyddddrrrreeeeaaaammmm aaaannnndddd ffffiiiinnnndddd mmmmyyyy llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnn ddddrrrraaaawwwwiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd lllliiiinnnneeeessss IIII lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnneeeedddd hhhhoooowwww ttttoooo wwwweeeelllldddd aaaannnndddd IIII hhhhaaaadddd tttthhhheeeesssseeee lllliiiittttttttlllleeee oooobbbbjjjjeeeeccccttttssss aaaarrrroooouuuunnnndddd IIII ppppuuuutttt llllooooooooppppssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeeemmmm aaaannnndddd ssssoooolllldddd tttthhhheeeemmmm iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccaaaaffffeeeetttteeeerrrriiiiaaaa

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

13

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

14

ldquoldquoldquoldquoaaaatttttttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ccccooooddddeeee iiiissss ccccaaaappppaaaacccciiiittttyyyy ddddrrrraaaaiiiinnnniiiinnnnggggshyshyshyshyrrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn iiiinnnnaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo aaaatttttttteeeennnndddd ttttoooo mmmmeeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhhaaaatttt rrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn

bull less exposure to text less practice that results inhelliphelliphellip

bull diminished capability in areas of vocabulary syntactic structures and declarative knowledge

bull that influences verbal intelligencerdquo Cunningham amp Stanovich 2002

Nancy Hennessy 2015

MB Rawson 1982

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Assessment of Dyslexia

bull Thorough analysis and synthesis of assessment data informed by pppprrrrooooffffeeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnaaaallll cccclllliiiinnnniiiiccccaaaallll jjjjuuuuddddggggmmmmeeeennnntttt

bull NNNNoooo ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee tttteeeesssstttt iiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeee ddddyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa rather the determination must be based on observational historical and informalformal assessment data

Testing for Dyslexia 2000

IDA wwwinterdysorg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

TTTTyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff aaaasssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt

bullScreening bullProgress monitoring bullDiagnostic bullOutcome

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Looking for the evidencehelliphellip Difficulty with bull oral language skills bull performing phonologicalphonemic awareness tasks bull naming letters bull acquiring soundshysymbol relationships bull reading single words accurately and automatically bull decoding new or nonsense words bull reading passages fluently bull spelling words consistently bull organized writing bull reading vs listening comprehension

ffffaaaammmmiiiillllyyyy hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy aaaannnndddd nnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrvvvveeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo

ddddaaaatttteeee Nancy Hennessy 2015

15

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

difficulties with accurate andor fluent word recognition and poor spellinghellip

ldquoA child has to develop the insight that spoken words can be pulled

apart into phonemes and that letters in a word represent these

soundsrdquo

Ben ldquoOh I get itshysounds make wordsrdquoNancy Hennessy 2015

AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaatttticicicic ampampampamp AAAAccccccccururururaaaatttteeee

bull Letter naming bull Lettershysound association bull Word reading

CCCCrrrriiiittttiiiiccccaaaallll PPPPiiiieeeecccceeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg PPPPrrrrooooffffiiiicccciiiieeeennnnccccyyyy PPPPuuuuzzzzzzzzlllleeee

Nancy Hennessy 2015

9

1202015

ConsolidatedFull AlphabeticAlphabetic

Partial

Alphabetic

Preshy

alphabetic

incidental

visual cues

letter

knowledge

partial

phoneme

awareness complete

phoneme

awareness

phoneme-

grapheme

correspondence

early sight

word

learning

reading

fluently

by sound

syllable

morpheme

whole word

families

and

analogies

EEEEhhhhrrrriiiirsquorsquorsquorsquossss PPPPhhhhaaaasssseeeessss ooooffff WWWWoooorrrrdddd RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg 2222000000005555

SSSSkkkkiiiilllllllleeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggghelliphelliphelliphellip

ldquoMost of the words are known by sight Sight reading is a fast acting process The term sight indicates sight of the word activates that word in memory including information about its pronunciation spelling typical role in sentences and meaningrdquo

Ehri 2005

Nancy Hennessy 2015

ldquoMost people think dyslexia is a reading disorder but it is also a spelling and writing problemrdquo

Berninger 2006

Nancy Hennessy 2015

10

1202015

IIII ssssaaaawwww aaaa rrrreeeedddd ssssuuuurrrrffffbbbboooorrrrdddd llllaaaayyyyiiiinnnngggg oooonnnn tttthhhheeee rrrrooooddddeeee IIIItttt llllooooooookkkk lllliiiikkkkeeee mmmmyyyy ffffrrrriiiieeeennnndddd ssssoooo IIII hhhhiiiidddd iiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee bbbbuuuusssshhhhiiiissss jjjjuuuusssstttt iiiinnnn ccccaaaasssseeee WWWWhhhheeeennnn IIII wwwwhhhheeeennnntttt ttttoooo tttthhhheeee bbbbeeeecccchhhh IIII ssssaaaawwww mmmmyyyy ffffrrrreeeennnndddd SSSSppppeeeennnncccceeee hhhheeee hhhhaaaadddd hhhhiiiissss bbbboooorrrrddddhelliphelliphelliphellip

Too many cooks spoil the broadrdquo

Nancy Hennessy 2015

SSSSttttrrrruguguguggggglinlinlinlingggg rrrreeeeaaaaddddeeeerrrrsssshelliphelliphelliphellip

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

Word RecognitionWord RecognitionWord RecognitionWord Recognition

COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

FluencyFluencyFluencyFluency

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Fletcher et al 2007

Struggling readershellip CCCCOOOOMMMMPPPPRRRREEEEHHHHEEEENNNNSSSSIIIIOOOONNNN

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

WORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITION

PHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICAL PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

LANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGE COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

ORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHIC PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

11

1202015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Do you know me

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

12

Jack

1202015

Words Failed Then Saved Mehellip

Repeating third grade at a new school after having been asked to leave my old one for hitting kids who made fun of my perceived stupidity I was placed in the ldquodummy classrdquo There were three of us separated from our classmates at a table in the corner of the room One day the teacher who seldom spoke to us since it was understood that most of what she taught was beyond the reach of our intelligence placed books in our hands and whispered that we should sit there quietly ldquopretending to readrdquo The principal was coming

Phillip Schultz Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phillip Schultz

Poet

David Yurman

Designer

Jack Horner Paleontologist

The animationWWWWeeee tttthhhhiiiinnnnkkkk oooouuuuttttssssiiiiddddeeee tttthhhheeeeautomatically begins

bbbbooooxxxx pppprrrreeeecccciiiisssseeeellllyyyy bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee wwwweeee hhhhaaaavvvveeee nnnneeeevvvveeeerrrr bbbbeeeeeeeennnn iiiinnnn oooonnnneeee

IIII wwwwaaaassss AAAADDDDDDDD aaaannnndddd ddddyyyysssslllleeeexixixixicccc bbbbuuuutttt wwwwaaaassssnnnnrsquorsquorsquorsquotttt ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeeedddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh AAAADDDDDDDD uuuunnnnttttiiiillll rsquorsquorsquorsquo77775555 IIII wwwwoooouuuulllldddd ddddaaaayyyyddddrrrreeeeaaaammmm aaaannnndddd ffffiiiinnnndddd mmmmyyyy llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnn ddddrrrraaaawwwwiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd lllliiiinnnneeeessss IIII lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnneeeedddd hhhhoooowwww ttttoooo wwwweeeelllldddd aaaannnndddd IIII hhhhaaaadddd tttthhhheeeesssseeee lllliiiittttttttlllleeee oooobbbbjjjjeeeeccccttttssss aaaarrrroooouuuunnnndddd IIII ppppuuuutttt llllooooooooppppssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeeemmmm aaaannnndddd ssssoooolllldddd tttthhhheeeemmmm iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccaaaaffffeeeetttteeeerrrriiiiaaaa

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

13

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

14

ldquoldquoldquoldquoaaaatttttttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ccccooooddddeeee iiiissss ccccaaaappppaaaacccciiiittttyyyy ddddrrrraaaaiiiinnnniiiinnnnggggshyshyshyshyrrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn iiiinnnnaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo aaaatttttttteeeennnndddd ttttoooo mmmmeeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhhaaaatttt rrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn

bull less exposure to text less practice that results inhelliphelliphellip

bull diminished capability in areas of vocabulary syntactic structures and declarative knowledge

bull that influences verbal intelligencerdquo Cunningham amp Stanovich 2002

Nancy Hennessy 2015

MB Rawson 1982

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Assessment of Dyslexia

bull Thorough analysis and synthesis of assessment data informed by pppprrrrooooffffeeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnaaaallll cccclllliiiinnnniiiiccccaaaallll jjjjuuuuddddggggmmmmeeeennnntttt

bull NNNNoooo ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee tttteeeesssstttt iiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeee ddddyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa rather the determination must be based on observational historical and informalformal assessment data

Testing for Dyslexia 2000

IDA wwwinterdysorg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

TTTTyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff aaaasssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt

bullScreening bullProgress monitoring bullDiagnostic bullOutcome

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Looking for the evidencehelliphellip Difficulty with bull oral language skills bull performing phonologicalphonemic awareness tasks bull naming letters bull acquiring soundshysymbol relationships bull reading single words accurately and automatically bull decoding new or nonsense words bull reading passages fluently bull spelling words consistently bull organized writing bull reading vs listening comprehension

ffffaaaammmmiiiillllyyyy hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy aaaannnndddd nnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrvvvveeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo

ddddaaaatttteeee Nancy Hennessy 2015

15

1202015

ConsolidatedFull AlphabeticAlphabetic

Partial

Alphabetic

Preshy

alphabetic

incidental

visual cues

letter

knowledge

partial

phoneme

awareness complete

phoneme

awareness

phoneme-

grapheme

correspondence

early sight

word

learning

reading

fluently

by sound

syllable

morpheme

whole word

families

and

analogies

EEEEhhhhrrrriiiirsquorsquorsquorsquossss PPPPhhhhaaaasssseeeessss ooooffff WWWWoooorrrrdddd RRRReeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg 2222000000005555

SSSSkkkkiiiilllllllleeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggghelliphelliphelliphellip

ldquoMost of the words are known by sight Sight reading is a fast acting process The term sight indicates sight of the word activates that word in memory including information about its pronunciation spelling typical role in sentences and meaningrdquo

Ehri 2005

Nancy Hennessy 2015

ldquoMost people think dyslexia is a reading disorder but it is also a spelling and writing problemrdquo

Berninger 2006

Nancy Hennessy 2015

10

1202015

IIII ssssaaaawwww aaaa rrrreeeedddd ssssuuuurrrrffffbbbboooorrrrdddd llllaaaayyyyiiiinnnngggg oooonnnn tttthhhheeee rrrrooooddddeeee IIIItttt llllooooooookkkk lllliiiikkkkeeee mmmmyyyy ffffrrrriiiieeeennnndddd ssssoooo IIII hhhhiiiidddd iiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee bbbbuuuusssshhhhiiiissss jjjjuuuusssstttt iiiinnnn ccccaaaasssseeee WWWWhhhheeeennnn IIII wwwwhhhheeeennnntttt ttttoooo tttthhhheeee bbbbeeeecccchhhh IIII ssssaaaawwww mmmmyyyy ffffrrrreeeennnndddd SSSSppppeeeennnncccceeee hhhheeee hhhhaaaadddd hhhhiiiissss bbbboooorrrrddddhelliphelliphelliphellip

Too many cooks spoil the broadrdquo

Nancy Hennessy 2015

SSSSttttrrrruguguguggggglinlinlinlingggg rrrreeeeaaaaddddeeeerrrrsssshelliphelliphelliphellip

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

Word RecognitionWord RecognitionWord RecognitionWord Recognition

COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

FluencyFluencyFluencyFluency

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Fletcher et al 2007

Struggling readershellip CCCCOOOOMMMMPPPPRRRREEEEHHHHEEEENNNNSSSSIIIIOOOONNNN

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

WORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITION

PHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICAL PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

LANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGE COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

ORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHIC PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

11

1202015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Do you know me

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

12

Jack

1202015

Words Failed Then Saved Mehellip

Repeating third grade at a new school after having been asked to leave my old one for hitting kids who made fun of my perceived stupidity I was placed in the ldquodummy classrdquo There were three of us separated from our classmates at a table in the corner of the room One day the teacher who seldom spoke to us since it was understood that most of what she taught was beyond the reach of our intelligence placed books in our hands and whispered that we should sit there quietly ldquopretending to readrdquo The principal was coming

Phillip Schultz Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phillip Schultz

Poet

David Yurman

Designer

Jack Horner Paleontologist

The animationWWWWeeee tttthhhhiiiinnnnkkkk oooouuuuttttssssiiiiddddeeee tttthhhheeeeautomatically begins

bbbbooooxxxx pppprrrreeeecccciiiisssseeeellllyyyy bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee wwwweeee hhhhaaaavvvveeee nnnneeeevvvveeeerrrr bbbbeeeeeeeennnn iiiinnnn oooonnnneeee

IIII wwwwaaaassss AAAADDDDDDDD aaaannnndddd ddddyyyysssslllleeeexixixixicccc bbbbuuuutttt wwwwaaaassssnnnnrsquorsquorsquorsquotttt ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeeedddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh AAAADDDDDDDD uuuunnnnttttiiiillll rsquorsquorsquorsquo77775555 IIII wwwwoooouuuulllldddd ddddaaaayyyyddddrrrreeeeaaaammmm aaaannnndddd ffffiiiinnnndddd mmmmyyyy llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnn ddddrrrraaaawwwwiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd lllliiiinnnneeeessss IIII lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnneeeedddd hhhhoooowwww ttttoooo wwwweeeelllldddd aaaannnndddd IIII hhhhaaaadddd tttthhhheeeesssseeee lllliiiittttttttlllleeee oooobbbbjjjjeeeeccccttttssss aaaarrrroooouuuunnnndddd IIII ppppuuuutttt llllooooooooppppssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeeemmmm aaaannnndddd ssssoooolllldddd tttthhhheeeemmmm iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccaaaaffffeeeetttteeeerrrriiiiaaaa

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

13

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

14

ldquoldquoldquoldquoaaaatttttttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ccccooooddddeeee iiiissss ccccaaaappppaaaacccciiiittttyyyy ddddrrrraaaaiiiinnnniiiinnnnggggshyshyshyshyrrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn iiiinnnnaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo aaaatttttttteeeennnndddd ttttoooo mmmmeeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhhaaaatttt rrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn

bull less exposure to text less practice that results inhelliphelliphellip

bull diminished capability in areas of vocabulary syntactic structures and declarative knowledge

bull that influences verbal intelligencerdquo Cunningham amp Stanovich 2002

Nancy Hennessy 2015

MB Rawson 1982

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Assessment of Dyslexia

bull Thorough analysis and synthesis of assessment data informed by pppprrrrooooffffeeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnaaaallll cccclllliiiinnnniiiiccccaaaallll jjjjuuuuddddggggmmmmeeeennnntttt

bull NNNNoooo ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee tttteeeesssstttt iiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeee ddddyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa rather the determination must be based on observational historical and informalformal assessment data

Testing for Dyslexia 2000

IDA wwwinterdysorg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

TTTTyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff aaaasssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt

bullScreening bullProgress monitoring bullDiagnostic bullOutcome

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Looking for the evidencehelliphellip Difficulty with bull oral language skills bull performing phonologicalphonemic awareness tasks bull naming letters bull acquiring soundshysymbol relationships bull reading single words accurately and automatically bull decoding new or nonsense words bull reading passages fluently bull spelling words consistently bull organized writing bull reading vs listening comprehension

ffffaaaammmmiiiillllyyyy hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy aaaannnndddd nnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrvvvveeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo

ddddaaaatttteeee Nancy Hennessy 2015

15

1202015

IIII ssssaaaawwww aaaa rrrreeeedddd ssssuuuurrrrffffbbbboooorrrrdddd llllaaaayyyyiiiinnnngggg oooonnnn tttthhhheeee rrrrooooddddeeee IIIItttt llllooooooookkkk lllliiiikkkkeeee mmmmyyyy ffffrrrriiiieeeennnndddd ssssoooo IIII hhhhiiiidddd iiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee bbbbuuuusssshhhhiiiissss jjjjuuuusssstttt iiiinnnn ccccaaaasssseeee WWWWhhhheeeennnn IIII wwwwhhhheeeennnntttt ttttoooo tttthhhheeee bbbbeeeecccchhhh IIII ssssaaaawwww mmmmyyyy ffffrrrreeeennnndddd SSSSppppeeeennnncccceeee hhhheeee hhhhaaaadddd hhhhiiiissss bbbboooorrrrddddhelliphelliphelliphellip

Too many cooks spoil the broadrdquo

Nancy Hennessy 2015

SSSSttttrrrruguguguggggglinlinlinlingggg rrrreeeeaaaaddddeeeerrrrsssshelliphelliphelliphellip

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

Word RecognitionWord RecognitionWord RecognitionWord Recognition

COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

FluencyFluencyFluencyFluency

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Fletcher et al 2007

Struggling readershellip CCCCOOOOMMMMPPPPRRRREEEEHHHHEEEENNNNSSSSIIIIOOOONNNN

SammySammySammySammy

AlishaAlishaAlishaAlisha

JackJackJackJack

WORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITIONWORD RECOGNITION

PHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICALPHONOLOGICAL PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

LANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGELANGUAGE COMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSIONCOMPREHENSION

ORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHICORTHOGRAPHIC PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

11

1202015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Do you know me

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

12

Jack

1202015

Words Failed Then Saved Mehellip

Repeating third grade at a new school after having been asked to leave my old one for hitting kids who made fun of my perceived stupidity I was placed in the ldquodummy classrdquo There were three of us separated from our classmates at a table in the corner of the room One day the teacher who seldom spoke to us since it was understood that most of what she taught was beyond the reach of our intelligence placed books in our hands and whispered that we should sit there quietly ldquopretending to readrdquo The principal was coming

Phillip Schultz Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phillip Schultz

Poet

David Yurman

Designer

Jack Horner Paleontologist

The animationWWWWeeee tttthhhhiiiinnnnkkkk oooouuuuttttssssiiiiddddeeee tttthhhheeeeautomatically begins

bbbbooooxxxx pppprrrreeeecccciiiisssseeeellllyyyy bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee wwwweeee hhhhaaaavvvveeee nnnneeeevvvveeeerrrr bbbbeeeeeeeennnn iiiinnnn oooonnnneeee

IIII wwwwaaaassss AAAADDDDDDDD aaaannnndddd ddddyyyysssslllleeeexixixixicccc bbbbuuuutttt wwwwaaaassssnnnnrsquorsquorsquorsquotttt ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeeedddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh AAAADDDDDDDD uuuunnnnttttiiiillll rsquorsquorsquorsquo77775555 IIII wwwwoooouuuulllldddd ddddaaaayyyyddddrrrreeeeaaaammmm aaaannnndddd ffffiiiinnnndddd mmmmyyyy llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnn ddddrrrraaaawwwwiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd lllliiiinnnneeeessss IIII lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnneeeedddd hhhhoooowwww ttttoooo wwwweeeelllldddd aaaannnndddd IIII hhhhaaaadddd tttthhhheeeesssseeee lllliiiittttttttlllleeee oooobbbbjjjjeeeeccccttttssss aaaarrrroooouuuunnnndddd IIII ppppuuuutttt llllooooooooppppssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeeemmmm aaaannnndddd ssssoooolllldddd tttthhhheeeemmmm iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccaaaaffffeeeetttteeeerrrriiiiaaaa

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

13

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

14

ldquoldquoldquoldquoaaaatttttttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ccccooooddddeeee iiiissss ccccaaaappppaaaacccciiiittttyyyy ddddrrrraaaaiiiinnnniiiinnnnggggshyshyshyshyrrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn iiiinnnnaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo aaaatttttttteeeennnndddd ttttoooo mmmmeeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhhaaaatttt rrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn

bull less exposure to text less practice that results inhelliphelliphellip

bull diminished capability in areas of vocabulary syntactic structures and declarative knowledge

bull that influences verbal intelligencerdquo Cunningham amp Stanovich 2002

Nancy Hennessy 2015

MB Rawson 1982

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Assessment of Dyslexia

bull Thorough analysis and synthesis of assessment data informed by pppprrrrooooffffeeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnaaaallll cccclllliiiinnnniiiiccccaaaallll jjjjuuuuddddggggmmmmeeeennnntttt

bull NNNNoooo ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee tttteeeesssstttt iiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeee ddddyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa rather the determination must be based on observational historical and informalformal assessment data

Testing for Dyslexia 2000

IDA wwwinterdysorg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

TTTTyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff aaaasssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt

bullScreening bullProgress monitoring bullDiagnostic bullOutcome

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Looking for the evidencehelliphellip Difficulty with bull oral language skills bull performing phonologicalphonemic awareness tasks bull naming letters bull acquiring soundshysymbol relationships bull reading single words accurately and automatically bull decoding new or nonsense words bull reading passages fluently bull spelling words consistently bull organized writing bull reading vs listening comprehension

ffffaaaammmmiiiillllyyyy hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy aaaannnndddd nnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrvvvveeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo

ddddaaaatttteeee Nancy Hennessy 2015

15

1202015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Do you know me

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

12

Jack

1202015

Words Failed Then Saved Mehellip

Repeating third grade at a new school after having been asked to leave my old one for hitting kids who made fun of my perceived stupidity I was placed in the ldquodummy classrdquo There were three of us separated from our classmates at a table in the corner of the room One day the teacher who seldom spoke to us since it was understood that most of what she taught was beyond the reach of our intelligence placed books in our hands and whispered that we should sit there quietly ldquopretending to readrdquo The principal was coming

Phillip Schultz Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phillip Schultz

Poet

David Yurman

Designer

Jack Horner Paleontologist

The animationWWWWeeee tttthhhhiiiinnnnkkkk oooouuuuttttssssiiiiddddeeee tttthhhheeeeautomatically begins

bbbbooooxxxx pppprrrreeeecccciiiisssseeeellllyyyy bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee wwwweeee hhhhaaaavvvveeee nnnneeeevvvveeeerrrr bbbbeeeeeeeennnn iiiinnnn oooonnnneeee

IIII wwwwaaaassss AAAADDDDDDDD aaaannnndddd ddddyyyysssslllleeeexixixixicccc bbbbuuuutttt wwwwaaaassssnnnnrsquorsquorsquorsquotttt ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeeedddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh AAAADDDDDDDD uuuunnnnttttiiiillll rsquorsquorsquorsquo77775555 IIII wwwwoooouuuulllldddd ddddaaaayyyyddddrrrreeeeaaaammmm aaaannnndddd ffffiiiinnnndddd mmmmyyyy llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnn ddddrrrraaaawwwwiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd lllliiiinnnneeeessss IIII lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnneeeedddd hhhhoooowwww ttttoooo wwwweeeelllldddd aaaannnndddd IIII hhhhaaaadddd tttthhhheeeesssseeee lllliiiittttttttlllleeee oooobbbbjjjjeeeeccccttttssss aaaarrrroooouuuunnnndddd IIII ppppuuuutttt llllooooooooppppssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeeemmmm aaaannnndddd ssssoooolllldddd tttthhhheeeemmmm iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccaaaaffffeeeetttteeeerrrriiiiaaaa

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

13

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

14

ldquoldquoldquoldquoaaaatttttttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ccccooooddddeeee iiiissss ccccaaaappppaaaacccciiiittttyyyy ddddrrrraaaaiiiinnnniiiinnnnggggshyshyshyshyrrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn iiiinnnnaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo aaaatttttttteeeennnndddd ttttoooo mmmmeeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhhaaaatttt rrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn

bull less exposure to text less practice that results inhelliphelliphellip

bull diminished capability in areas of vocabulary syntactic structures and declarative knowledge

bull that influences verbal intelligencerdquo Cunningham amp Stanovich 2002

Nancy Hennessy 2015

MB Rawson 1982

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Assessment of Dyslexia

bull Thorough analysis and synthesis of assessment data informed by pppprrrrooooffffeeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnaaaallll cccclllliiiinnnniiiiccccaaaallll jjjjuuuuddddggggmmmmeeeennnntttt

bull NNNNoooo ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee tttteeeesssstttt iiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeee ddddyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa rather the determination must be based on observational historical and informalformal assessment data

Testing for Dyslexia 2000

IDA wwwinterdysorg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

TTTTyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff aaaasssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt

bullScreening bullProgress monitoring bullDiagnostic bullOutcome

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Looking for the evidencehelliphellip Difficulty with bull oral language skills bull performing phonologicalphonemic awareness tasks bull naming letters bull acquiring soundshysymbol relationships bull reading single words accurately and automatically bull decoding new or nonsense words bull reading passages fluently bull spelling words consistently bull organized writing bull reading vs listening comprehension

ffffaaaammmmiiiillllyyyy hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy aaaannnndddd nnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrvvvveeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo

ddddaaaatttteeee Nancy Hennessy 2015

15

Jack

1202015

Words Failed Then Saved Mehellip

Repeating third grade at a new school after having been asked to leave my old one for hitting kids who made fun of my perceived stupidity I was placed in the ldquodummy classrdquo There were three of us separated from our classmates at a table in the corner of the room One day the teacher who seldom spoke to us since it was understood that most of what she taught was beyond the reach of our intelligence placed books in our hands and whispered that we should sit there quietly ldquopretending to readrdquo The principal was coming

Phillip Schultz Nancy Hennessy 2015

Phillip Schultz

Poet

David Yurman

Designer

Jack Horner Paleontologist

The animationWWWWeeee tttthhhhiiiinnnnkkkk oooouuuuttttssssiiiiddddeeee tttthhhheeeeautomatically begins

bbbbooooxxxx pppprrrreeeecccciiiisssseeeellllyyyy bbbbeeeeccccaaaauuuusssseeee wwwweeee hhhhaaaavvvveeee nnnneeeevvvveeeerrrr bbbbeeeeeeeennnn iiiinnnn oooonnnneeee

IIII wwwwaaaassss AAAADDDDDDDD aaaannnndddd ddddyyyysssslllleeeexixixixicccc bbbbuuuutttt wwwwaaaassssnnnnrsquorsquorsquorsquotttt ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeeedddd wwwwiiiitttthhhh AAAADDDDDDDD uuuunnnnttttiiiillll rsquorsquorsquorsquo77775555 IIII wwwwoooouuuulllldddd ddddaaaayyyyddddrrrreeeeaaaammmm aaaannnndddd ffffiiiinnnndddd mmmmyyyy llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnn ddddrrrraaaawwwwiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd lllliiiinnnneeeessss IIII lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnneeeedddd hhhhoooowwww ttttoooo wwwweeeelllldddd aaaannnndddd IIII hhhhaaaadddd tttthhhheeeesssseeee lllliiiittttttttlllleeee oooobbbbjjjjeeeeccccttttssss aaaarrrroooouuuunnnndddd IIII ppppuuuutttt llllooooooooppppssss oooonnnn tttthhhheeeemmmm aaaannnndddd ssssoooolllldddd tttthhhheeeemmmm iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee ccccaaaaffffeeeetttteeeerrrriiiiaaaa

Nancy Hennessy 2015

DDDDyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa iiiissss aaaa ssssppppeeeecccciiiiffffiiiicccc lllleeeeaaaarrrrnnnniiiinnnngggg ddddiiiissssaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss nnnneeeeuuuurrrroooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll iiiinnnn oooorrrriiiiggggiiiinnnn IIIItttt iiiissss cccchhhhaaaarrrraaaacccctttteeeerrrriiiizzzzeeeedddd bbbbyyyy ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss wwwwiiiitttthhhh aaaaccccccccuuuurrrraaaatttteeee aaaannnnddddoooorrrr fffflllluuuueeeennnntttt wwwwoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd bbbbyyyy ppppoooooooorrrr ssssppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd ddddeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss

TTTThhhheeeesssseeee ddddiiiiffffffffiiiiccccuuuullllttttiiiieeeessss ttttyyyyppppiiiiccccaaaallllllllyyyy rrrreeeessssuuuulllltttt ffffrrrroooommmm aaaa ddddeeeeffffiiiicccciiiitttt iiiinnnn tttthhhheeee pppphhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll ccccoooommmmppppoooonnnneeeennnntttt ooooffff llllaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee tttthhhhaaaatttt iiiissss oooofffftttteeeennnn uuuunnnneeeexxxxppppeeeecccctttteeeedddd iiiinnnn rrrreeeellllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ooootttthhhheeeerrrr ccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiivvvveeee aaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttiiiieeeessss aaaannnndddd tttthhhheeee pppprrrroooovvvviiiissssiiiioooonnnn ooooffff eeeeffffffffeeeeccccttttiiiivvvveeee ccccllllaaaassssssssrrrroooooooommmm iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn

SSSSeeeeccccoooonnnnddddaaaarrrryyyy ccccoooonnnnsssseeeeqqqquuuueeeennnncccceeeessss mmmmaaaayyyy iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee pppprrrroooobbbblllleeeemmmmssss iiiinnnn rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg ccccoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd rrrreeeedddduuuucccceeeedddd rrrreeeeaaaaddddiiiinnnngggg eeeexxxxppppeeeerrrriiiieeeennnncccceeee tttthhhhaaaatttt ccccaaaannnn iiiimmmmppppeeeeddddeeee tttthhhheeee ggggrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh ooooffff vvvvooooccccaaaabbbbuuuullllaaaarrrryyyy aaaannnndddd bbbbaaaacccckkkkggggrrrroooouuuunnnndddd kkkknnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee

AAAAddddoooopppptttteeeedddd bbbbyyyy tttthhhheeee BBBBooooaaaarrrrdddd ooooffff DDDDiiiirrrreeeeccccttttoooorrrrssss NNNNoooovvvveeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11112222 2222000000002222

13

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

14

ldquoldquoldquoldquoaaaatttttttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ccccooooddddeeee iiiissss ccccaaaappppaaaacccciiiittttyyyy ddddrrrraaaaiiiinnnniiiinnnnggggshyshyshyshyrrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn iiiinnnnaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo aaaatttttttteeeennnndddd ttttoooo mmmmeeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhhaaaatttt rrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn

bull less exposure to text less practice that results inhelliphelliphellip

bull diminished capability in areas of vocabulary syntactic structures and declarative knowledge

bull that influences verbal intelligencerdquo Cunningham amp Stanovich 2002

Nancy Hennessy 2015

MB Rawson 1982

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Assessment of Dyslexia

bull Thorough analysis and synthesis of assessment data informed by pppprrrrooooffffeeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnaaaallll cccclllliiiinnnniiiiccccaaaallll jjjjuuuuddddggggmmmmeeeennnntttt

bull NNNNoooo ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee tttteeeesssstttt iiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeee ddddyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa rather the determination must be based on observational historical and informalformal assessment data

Testing for Dyslexia 2000

IDA wwwinterdysorg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

TTTTyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff aaaasssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt

bullScreening bullProgress monitoring bullDiagnostic bullOutcome

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Looking for the evidencehelliphellip Difficulty with bull oral language skills bull performing phonologicalphonemic awareness tasks bull naming letters bull acquiring soundshysymbol relationships bull reading single words accurately and automatically bull decoding new or nonsense words bull reading passages fluently bull spelling words consistently bull organized writing bull reading vs listening comprehension

ffffaaaammmmiiiillllyyyy hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy aaaannnndddd nnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrvvvveeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo

ddddaaaatttteeee Nancy Hennessy 2015

15

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

14

ldquoldquoldquoldquoaaaatttttttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo ccccooooddddeeee iiiissss ccccaaaappppaaaacccciiiittttyyyy ddddrrrraaaaiiiinnnniiiinnnnggggshyshyshyshyrrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn iiiinnnnaaaabbbbiiiilllliiiittttyyyy ttttoooo aaaatttttttteeeennnndddd ttttoooo mmmmeeeeaaaannnniiiinnnngggg tttthhhhaaaatttt rrrreeeessssuuuullllttttssss iiiinnnn

bull less exposure to text less practice that results inhelliphelliphellip

bull diminished capability in areas of vocabulary syntactic structures and declarative knowledge

bull that influences verbal intelligencerdquo Cunningham amp Stanovich 2002

Nancy Hennessy 2015

MB Rawson 1982

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Assessment of Dyslexia

bull Thorough analysis and synthesis of assessment data informed by pppprrrrooooffffeeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnaaaallll cccclllliiiinnnniiiiccccaaaallll jjjjuuuuddddggggmmmmeeeennnntttt

bull NNNNoooo ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee tttteeeesssstttt iiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeee ddddyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa rather the determination must be based on observational historical and informalformal assessment data

Testing for Dyslexia 2000

IDA wwwinterdysorg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

TTTTyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff aaaasssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt

bullScreening bullProgress monitoring bullDiagnostic bullOutcome

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Looking for the evidencehelliphellip Difficulty with bull oral language skills bull performing phonologicalphonemic awareness tasks bull naming letters bull acquiring soundshysymbol relationships bull reading single words accurately and automatically bull decoding new or nonsense words bull reading passages fluently bull spelling words consistently bull organized writing bull reading vs listening comprehension

ffffaaaammmmiiiillllyyyy hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy aaaannnndddd nnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrvvvveeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo

ddddaaaatttteeee Nancy Hennessy 2015

15

1202015

Assessment of Dyslexia

bull Thorough analysis and synthesis of assessment data informed by pppprrrrooooffffeeeessssssssiiiioooonnnnaaaallll cccclllliiiinnnniiiiccccaaaallll jjjjuuuuddddggggmmmmeeeennnntttt

bull NNNNoooo ssssiiiinnnngggglllleeee tttteeeesssstttt iiiissss ddddeeeessssiiiiggggnnnneeeedddd ttttoooo ddddiiiiaaaaggggnnnnoooosssseeee ddddyyyysssslllleeeexxxxiiiiaaaa rather the determination must be based on observational historical and informalformal assessment data

Testing for Dyslexia 2000

IDA wwwinterdysorg

Nancy Hennessy 2015

TTTTyyyyppppeeeessss ooooffff aaaasssssssseeeessssssssmmmmeeeennnntttt

bullScreening bullProgress monitoring bullDiagnostic bullOutcome

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Looking for the evidencehelliphellip Difficulty with bull oral language skills bull performing phonologicalphonemic awareness tasks bull naming letters bull acquiring soundshysymbol relationships bull reading single words accurately and automatically bull decoding new or nonsense words bull reading passages fluently bull spelling words consistently bull organized writing bull reading vs listening comprehension

ffffaaaammmmiiiillllyyyy hhhhiiiissssttttoooorrrryyyy aaaannnndddd nnnnaaaattttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff iiiinnnnssssttttrrrruuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd iiiinnnntttteeeerrrrvvvveeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnn ttttoooo

ddddaaaatttteeee Nancy Hennessy 2015

15

1202015

Test for bull Oral Language

bull PPPPhhhhoooonnnnoooollllooooggggiiiiccccaaaallll pppprrrroooocccceeeessssssssiiiinnnngggg ((((aaaawwwwaaaarrrreeeennnneeeessssssss mmmmeeeemmmmoooorrrryyyy))))

bull Orthographic Processing

bull RRRRaaaappppiiiidddd AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaattttiiiicccc NNNNaaaammmmiiiinnnngggg

bull WWWWoooorrrrdddd rrrreeeeccccooooggggnnnniiiittttiiiioooonnnn

bull SSSSppppeeeelllllllliiiinnnngggg

bull DDDDeeeeccccooooddddiiiinnnngggg

bull CCCCoooommmmpppprrrreeeehhhheeeennnnssssiiiioooonnnn

Nancy Hennessy 2015

AssessmentAssessmentAssessmentAssessmentshyshyshyshyPhonological amp OrthographicPhonological amp OrthographicPhonological amp OrthographicPhonological amp Orthographic ProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessing

CTOPP

RANshy

RAS AIMSweb

TOCTOCTOCTOC

AssessmentAssessmentAssessmentAssessmentshyshyshyshyAlphabetic Principle Word RecognitionAlphabetic Principle Word RecognitionAlphabetic Principle Word RecognitionAlphabetic Principle Word Recognition SpellingSpellingSpellingSpelling

AIMSweb WISTWISTWISTWIST

WJ III ACHWJ III ACHWJ III ACHWJ III ACH

GDRT 2

16

1202015

MB Rawson 1982

Nancy Hennessy 2015

ldquoTeachers cannot rely on their implicit understanding alone to teach reading explicit teaching requires explicit understandingrdquo

Moats 1999

Teachersrsquo Knowledge of Literacy Concepts Classroom Practices and Student Reading Growth Piasta Connor Fishman amp Morrison 2009

ldquoldquoldquoldquoaaaa kkkkeyeyeyey eeeelllleeeemmmmenenenentttt ooooffff tttteeeeaaaacccchhhheeeerrrr qqqquuuuaaaalllliiiittttyyyy iiiissss tttthhhheeee ssssppppeeeecccciiiiaaaalllliiiizzzzedededed kkkknnnnoooowwwwllllededededggggeeee tttteeeeaaaacccchhhhererererssss uuuuttttiiiilllliiiizzzzeeee wwwwhhhheeeennnn tttteeeeaaaacccchhhhiiiinnnnggggrdquordquordquordquo

Nancy Hennessy 2015

17

1202015

Knowledge and PracticeKnowledge and PracticeKnowledge and PracticeKnowledge and Practice StandardshellipStandardshellipStandardshellipStandardshellip wwwinterdysorgwwwinterdysorgwwwinterdysorgwwwinterdysorg

KKKKnnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee SSSSttttrrrruuuuccccttttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff LLLLaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee

Phonology and Phonics

bull know and identify bull role of graphemes phases in typical progression

bull historical influences on English spelling patterns

bull Identify pronounce classify and compare the consonant and vowel bull common orthographic phonemes of English rules and patterns in

English

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Vision EfficiencyVision EfficiencyVision EfficiencyVision Efficiency Movement BasedMovement BasedMovement BasedMovement Based TherapiesTherapiesTherapiesTherapies

Nancy Hennessy 2015

18

syllables

onsetshyrime

phonemes

phonemeshygrapheme correspondence

phonemes and sound patterns

inflectional morphemesinflectional morphemesinflectional morphemesinflectional morphemes

ssssyllable spellingsyllable spellingsyllable spellingsyllable spellings

1202015

Louisa Moats 2014

1111 2222 3333

4444 5555 6666 Structured Literacy

1111 LLLLiiiinnnngggguuuuiiiissssttttiiiicccc CCCCoooonnnncccceeeeppppttttssss 4444 CCCCuuuummmmuuuullllaaaattttiiiivvvveeee

3333 EEEExxxxpppplllliiiicccciiiitttt

2222 SSSSyyyysssstttteeeemmmmaaaattttiiiicccc

6666 IIIInnnntttteeeennnnssssiiiivvvveeee

5555 MMMMuuuullllttttiiiisssseeeennnnssssoooorrrryyyy

Applied to purposeful reading and writing Nancy Hennessy 2015

derivational morphemes

Phonological Progression syllablessyllablessyllablessyllables

onsetonsetonsetonsetshyshyshyshyrimerimerimerime

phonemesphonemesphonemesphonemes

phonemeshygrapheme correspondence

phonemes and sound patterns

inflectional morphemes

syllable spellings

wwwwoooorrrrddddssss

Nancy Hennessy 2015

PPPPhhhhoooonnnniiiiccccssss PPPPrrrrooooggggrrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn

derivational morphemes

PPPPhhhhoooonnnniiiiccccssss PPPPrrrrooooggggrrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn BBBBaaaassssiiiicccc ttttoooo AAAAddddvvvvaaaannnncccceeeedddd

Nancy Hennessy 2015

19

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Brain research has demonstrated that reading fluency is strongly associated with the development of the brainrsquos reading system and that this system is amenable to the effects of intervention

Pugh et al 2000

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Brain Images Comparing 9shyYearshyOld Average Reader and 9shyYearshyOld Unremediated Poor Reader

20

1202015

The diagnosis is clinical

The treatment is is educational The

differences are personal

Dyslexia UnderstandingUnderstandingUnderstandingUnderstanding isisisis scientificscientificscientificscientific

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Thanks nhennessycharternet

21

1202015

MB Rawson 1982

Nancy Hennessy 2015

ldquoTeachers cannot rely on their implicit understanding alone to teach reading explicit teaching requires explicit understandingrdquo

Moats 1999

Teachersrsquo Knowledge of Literacy Concepts Classroom Practices and Student Reading Growth Piasta Connor Fishman amp Morrison 2009

ldquoldquoldquoldquoaaaa kkkkeyeyeyey eeeelllleeeemmmmenenenentttt ooooffff tttteeeeaaaacccchhhheeeerrrr qqqquuuuaaaalllliiiittttyyyy iiiissss tttthhhheeee ssssppppeeeecccciiiiaaaalllliiiizzzzedededed kkkknnnnoooowwwwllllededededggggeeee tttteeeeaaaacccchhhhererererssss uuuuttttiiiilllliiiizzzzeeee wwwwhhhheeeennnn tttteeeeaaaacccchhhhiiiinnnnggggrdquordquordquordquo

Nancy Hennessy 2015

17

1202015

Knowledge and PracticeKnowledge and PracticeKnowledge and PracticeKnowledge and Practice StandardshellipStandardshellipStandardshellipStandardshellip wwwinterdysorgwwwinterdysorgwwwinterdysorgwwwinterdysorg

KKKKnnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee SSSSttttrrrruuuuccccttttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff LLLLaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee

Phonology and Phonics

bull know and identify bull role of graphemes phases in typical progression

bull historical influences on English spelling patterns

bull Identify pronounce classify and compare the consonant and vowel bull common orthographic phonemes of English rules and patterns in

English

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Vision EfficiencyVision EfficiencyVision EfficiencyVision Efficiency Movement BasedMovement BasedMovement BasedMovement Based TherapiesTherapiesTherapiesTherapies

Nancy Hennessy 2015

18

syllables

onsetshyrime

phonemes

phonemeshygrapheme correspondence

phonemes and sound patterns

inflectional morphemesinflectional morphemesinflectional morphemesinflectional morphemes

ssssyllable spellingsyllable spellingsyllable spellingsyllable spellings

1202015

Louisa Moats 2014

1111 2222 3333

4444 5555 6666 Structured Literacy

1111 LLLLiiiinnnngggguuuuiiiissssttttiiiicccc CCCCoooonnnncccceeeeppppttttssss 4444 CCCCuuuummmmuuuullllaaaattttiiiivvvveeee

3333 EEEExxxxpppplllliiiicccciiiitttt

2222 SSSSyyyysssstttteeeemmmmaaaattttiiiicccc

6666 IIIInnnntttteeeennnnssssiiiivvvveeee

5555 MMMMuuuullllttttiiiisssseeeennnnssssoooorrrryyyy

Applied to purposeful reading and writing Nancy Hennessy 2015

derivational morphemes

Phonological Progression syllablessyllablessyllablessyllables

onsetonsetonsetonsetshyshyshyshyrimerimerimerime

phonemesphonemesphonemesphonemes

phonemeshygrapheme correspondence

phonemes and sound patterns

inflectional morphemes

syllable spellings

wwwwoooorrrrddddssss

Nancy Hennessy 2015

PPPPhhhhoooonnnniiiiccccssss PPPPrrrrooooggggrrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn

derivational morphemes

PPPPhhhhoooonnnniiiiccccssss PPPPrrrrooooggggrrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn BBBBaaaassssiiiicccc ttttoooo AAAAddddvvvvaaaannnncccceeeedddd

Nancy Hennessy 2015

19

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Brain research has demonstrated that reading fluency is strongly associated with the development of the brainrsquos reading system and that this system is amenable to the effects of intervention

Pugh et al 2000

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Brain Images Comparing 9shyYearshyOld Average Reader and 9shyYearshyOld Unremediated Poor Reader

20

1202015

The diagnosis is clinical

The treatment is is educational The

differences are personal

Dyslexia UnderstandingUnderstandingUnderstandingUnderstanding isisisis scientificscientificscientificscientific

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Thanks nhennessycharternet

21

1202015

Knowledge and PracticeKnowledge and PracticeKnowledge and PracticeKnowledge and Practice StandardshellipStandardshellipStandardshellipStandardshellip wwwinterdysorgwwwinterdysorgwwwinterdysorgwwwinterdysorg

KKKKnnnnoooowwwwlllleeeeddddggggeeee ooooffff tttthhhheeee SSSSttttrrrruuuuccccttttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff LLLLaaaannnngggguuuuaaaaggggeeee

Phonology and Phonics

bull know and identify bull role of graphemes phases in typical progression

bull historical influences on English spelling patterns

bull Identify pronounce classify and compare the consonant and vowel bull common orthographic phonemes of English rules and patterns in

English

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Vision EfficiencyVision EfficiencyVision EfficiencyVision Efficiency Movement BasedMovement BasedMovement BasedMovement Based TherapiesTherapiesTherapiesTherapies

Nancy Hennessy 2015

18

syllables

onsetshyrime

phonemes

phonemeshygrapheme correspondence

phonemes and sound patterns

inflectional morphemesinflectional morphemesinflectional morphemesinflectional morphemes

ssssyllable spellingsyllable spellingsyllable spellingsyllable spellings

1202015

Louisa Moats 2014

1111 2222 3333

4444 5555 6666 Structured Literacy

1111 LLLLiiiinnnngggguuuuiiiissssttttiiiicccc CCCCoooonnnncccceeeeppppttttssss 4444 CCCCuuuummmmuuuullllaaaattttiiiivvvveeee

3333 EEEExxxxpppplllliiiicccciiiitttt

2222 SSSSyyyysssstttteeeemmmmaaaattttiiiicccc

6666 IIIInnnntttteeeennnnssssiiiivvvveeee

5555 MMMMuuuullllttttiiiisssseeeennnnssssoooorrrryyyy

Applied to purposeful reading and writing Nancy Hennessy 2015

derivational morphemes

Phonological Progression syllablessyllablessyllablessyllables

onsetonsetonsetonsetshyshyshyshyrimerimerimerime

phonemesphonemesphonemesphonemes

phonemeshygrapheme correspondence

phonemes and sound patterns

inflectional morphemes

syllable spellings

wwwwoooorrrrddddssss

Nancy Hennessy 2015

PPPPhhhhoooonnnniiiiccccssss PPPPrrrrooooggggrrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn

derivational morphemes

PPPPhhhhoooonnnniiiiccccssss PPPPrrrrooooggggrrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn BBBBaaaassssiiiicccc ttttoooo AAAAddddvvvvaaaannnncccceeeedddd

Nancy Hennessy 2015

19

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Brain research has demonstrated that reading fluency is strongly associated with the development of the brainrsquos reading system and that this system is amenable to the effects of intervention

Pugh et al 2000

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Brain Images Comparing 9shyYearshyOld Average Reader and 9shyYearshyOld Unremediated Poor Reader

20

1202015

The diagnosis is clinical

The treatment is is educational The

differences are personal

Dyslexia UnderstandingUnderstandingUnderstandingUnderstanding isisisis scientificscientificscientificscientific

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Thanks nhennessycharternet

21

syllables

onsetshyrime

phonemes

phonemeshygrapheme correspondence

phonemes and sound patterns

inflectional morphemesinflectional morphemesinflectional morphemesinflectional morphemes

ssssyllable spellingsyllable spellingsyllable spellingsyllable spellings

1202015

Louisa Moats 2014

1111 2222 3333

4444 5555 6666 Structured Literacy

1111 LLLLiiiinnnngggguuuuiiiissssttttiiiicccc CCCCoooonnnncccceeeeppppttttssss 4444 CCCCuuuummmmuuuullllaaaattttiiiivvvveeee

3333 EEEExxxxpppplllliiiicccciiiitttt

2222 SSSSyyyysssstttteeeemmmmaaaattttiiiicccc

6666 IIIInnnntttteeeennnnssssiiiivvvveeee

5555 MMMMuuuullllttttiiiisssseeeennnnssssoooorrrryyyy

Applied to purposeful reading and writing Nancy Hennessy 2015

derivational morphemes

Phonological Progression syllablessyllablessyllablessyllables

onsetonsetonsetonsetshyshyshyshyrimerimerimerime

phonemesphonemesphonemesphonemes

phonemeshygrapheme correspondence

phonemes and sound patterns

inflectional morphemes

syllable spellings

wwwwoooorrrrddddssss

Nancy Hennessy 2015

PPPPhhhhoooonnnniiiiccccssss PPPPrrrrooooggggrrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn

derivational morphemes

PPPPhhhhoooonnnniiiiccccssss PPPPrrrrooooggggrrrreeeessssssssiiiioooonnnn BBBBaaaassssiiiicccc ttttoooo AAAAddddvvvvaaaannnncccceeeedddd

Nancy Hennessy 2015

19

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Brain research has demonstrated that reading fluency is strongly associated with the development of the brainrsquos reading system and that this system is amenable to the effects of intervention

Pugh et al 2000

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Brain Images Comparing 9shyYearshyOld Average Reader and 9shyYearshyOld Unremediated Poor Reader

20

1202015

The diagnosis is clinical

The treatment is is educational The

differences are personal

Dyslexia UnderstandingUnderstandingUnderstandingUnderstanding isisisis scientificscientificscientificscientific

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Thanks nhennessycharternet

21

Nancy Hennessy 2015

1202015

Brain research has demonstrated that reading fluency is strongly associated with the development of the brainrsquos reading system and that this system is amenable to the effects of intervention

Pugh et al 2000

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Brain Images Comparing 9shyYearshyOld Average Reader and 9shyYearshyOld Unremediated Poor Reader

20

1202015

The diagnosis is clinical

The treatment is is educational The

differences are personal

Dyslexia UnderstandingUnderstandingUnderstandingUnderstanding isisisis scientificscientificscientificscientific

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Thanks nhennessycharternet

21

1202015

The diagnosis is clinical

The treatment is is educational The

differences are personal

Dyslexia UnderstandingUnderstandingUnderstandingUnderstanding isisisis scientificscientificscientificscientific

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Nancy Hennessy 2015

Thanks nhennessycharternet

21