7th semester bim: unit 1 critical thinking

April 9, 2023Shiva Shrestha, HSM, Hetauda 1

Unit - 1Critical Thinking

SHIVA SHRESTHALecturer

Hetauda School Of ManagementHetauda, Makawanpur


Definition Some viewpoints about critical Thinking Critical Thinking process, connections and skills Importance of critical thinking Inquiry skills used in critical thinking Checklist of observable behaviors Costs of fallacious reasoning Relationship between critical thinking & decision

making

TOPICS COVERED


What is Critical thinking?The word Critical comes from two words

‘Skeri’ and ‘Kriterion’ which means to cut and standard of judging.

“Critical thinking is skilled and active interpretation evaluation of observation and communications, information. It is the formation of logical inferences. It includes important activities such as Sensation, Biological, Psychological, Cognitive and Communications.”

Critical Thinking


According to Critical Thinker…


The mental process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information to reach an answer or conclusions.


In Next View:


Critical Thinking Process…


Connections of Critical Thiking…


Core critical Thinking Skills can be presented as Below:


1. It is learned ability that must be taught2. It is higher order thinking3. It is based on standards4. It is a kind of scientific method applied by

ordinary people to ordinary world.

characteristics


Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally. It includes the ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking. Someone with critical thinking skills is able to do the following :

understand the logical connections between ideas

identify, construct and evaluate arguments detect inconsistencies and common mistakes in

reasoning solve problems systematically identify the relevance and importance of ideas reflect on the justification of one's own beliefs

and values etc.

Purpose/ Objectives of Critical Thinking:


Basic Components of Critical Thinking


Critical Thinker Versus Uncritical Thinker


Critical thinking in the classroom or the student Critical thinking in the workplace or to the

workers Critical thinking in real life Critical thinking in the organizational decision

Need & Importance


Unwanted Assumptions Wishful thinking Lack of relevant background information Prejudice etc Egocentrism Relativistic Thinking Sociocentrism Others

Barriers in critical thinking


Steps in Inquiry skills used in critical thinking

Careful observation Analytical Description Mature Comparison Identification of the fact Effective conclusion Prediction Application

Inquiry skills used in critical thinking

Checklist of Observable Behaviors:

Are the investigation or fact finding process that a critical thinker should apply

What and how an investigator should behave to identify the fact?

What are the factors or steps that are to be followed and to analyze and solve the problem?

Observe and describe the problem or situation or behavior of others carefully and completely.

Continued…………….

Checklist of Observable Behaviors: Check for business assumptions ‘if any’ on

the basis of available information and critically examines the problem.

Match the existing problem or situation observing ones personal belief.

Consider the importance of the problem or situation on the basis of size and type of impact.

understand perception emotion and feeling of others and identify the influence.

ask themselves about potential results or solutions about the problem.

Think for developing different alternatives way of solution considering their personal potential.

Compare and contrast the different alternative way of solution on the basis of their individual advantages and disadvantages.

Decides or select the best way of solution . look for overall

aspects(Positive,negative,short term and long term effect) .

Consider the planning for negative events. Check once more even if you feel that is

correct.

Costs of Fallacious Reasoning “A fallacy is a type of argument that may

seem to be correct ,but that proves ,an examination, not to be so.”

Mistakes/errors in reasoning Definition “A fallacy is a type of argument that

may seem to be correct but that proves, on examination, not to be so “.

Main Types/Area of Fallacious reasoning:

Fallacies of Relevance Fallacies of Defect Induction Fallacies of Presumption Fallacies of ambiguity

Fallacies of Relevance

These are mistakes in reasoning that occur because the premises or arguments are logically irrelevant to the conclusion.

Example: Student after failing the examination appeal to the teacher saying that he was ill or his mother was on hospital bed and so on.

Fallacies of Defect Induction

It occurs when the connection between premises and conclusion is not strong enough to support the conclusion.

Example: I have met two Indians and both were dishonest ,so all Indians are dishonest.

Fallacies of Presumption

In the fallacies of presumption, too much is assumed in the premises.

Example: if you are not agreeing with me , then you must be my enemy.

Fallacies of ambiguity

It occurs due to the equivocal use of word or phrases.

It arises from that occurrence of some form of ambiguity in either the premises or the conclusion or both.

Example: sodium and chlorine , the atomic components of salts, are both deadly poisons. Therefore ,salt is a deadly poison.


i) Appeals to pity(Appeal for emotion)ii) The appeal to the force iii) Arguments against the personiv) Appeal to common practicev) False or wrong analogyvi) Arguments from ignorance etc

Some types of fallocious reasoning


“Critical thinking is skilled and active interpretation ad evaluation of observations and communications, information and argumentation.”

Decision making is the process of selecting best alternative.

Critical thinking is necessary for sound decision making.

Process, Technique and tools are common in both .

Relationship between Critical thinking & decision making


Creative and Critical thinking


Creativity can be defined as the reorganization of the experience into new configurations.

Creativity thinking process can be defined as process of the relating of the things or ideas which were previously unrelated.

According to a Webster's Dictionary,” Creativity is marked by the ability of power to create to bring into existence, to invest with new form, to produce through imaginative skill, to make or bring into existence something new.’

Creativity Concepts and Approaches


Intelligence Knowledge Intellectual styles Personality Motivation Environment

Components of the creativity


i. Fluency: the ability to generate a number of ideas so teat there is an increase of eth possible solution of related products.

ii. Flexibility: The ability to produce different categories of perceptions whereby there are a variety of different ideas about the same problem of thing.

iii. Elaboration : The ability to add to embellish, or build of an idea or product.

iv. Originality: the ability to create fresh, unique, unusual, totally new, or extremely different ideas or products

v. Complexity: the ability to conceptualize difficult, intricate, many layered or multifaceted ideas or products.

vi. Risk taking: the willingness to be courageous adventuresome, daring trying new things or taking risks in order to stand apart.

Creative Problem Solving(Abilities of a Creative Person)


CRITICAL THINKING VS CREATIVE THINKING


CONTINUED …


In detailed…


THANK YOU!

7th semester bim: unit 1 critical thinking

Education