7a – tissues and transplants
DESCRIPTION
7A – Tissues and Transplants. Overview of Topic. Human organs Plant organs Organ transplants Plant and Animal cells Using microscopes Specialised cells Body systems Cell division and MRS GREN. Organs of the Human body. Learning Objectives: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
7A – Tissues and Transplants
Overview of Topic• Human organs• Plant organs• Organ transplants• Plant and Animal cells• Using microscopes• Specialised cells• Body systems• Cell division and MRS GREN
Organs of the Human body• Learning Objectives:
• Be able to label the positions of the lungs, heart, kidneys, liver, brain and stomach on a diagram
• Describe what each organ does
Identify the organs labelled in the diagram. brain
skin heartlung
stomach
muscle
intestines
Organs• Write on the body
where the following organs go...
• Brain• Lungs• Heart• Kidneys• Liver• Stomach• Intestines
Starter• Can you think of 7 main organs in our
body??? • Here’s a clue...
B____ L____L____ K______H____ S______
S____ and L____ I_________
Organs and Organ Transplants
• Objectives:• Be able to label a diagram of the
human body with the main organs• Describe what each of the main
organs does (its function)• Discuss organ transplants
Organs• Brain• Lungs• Heart• Kidneys• Liver• Stomach• Large and Small
Intestines
Put the correct
labels on your
worksheet
Which organ is
missing??
What does each organ do?• Brain - • Heart - • Lungs - • Liver - • Stomach - • Kidneys - • Intestines -
Organ Transplants• Sometimes people’s organs don’t
work properly and they become ill.• If Doctors can’t fix the organs they
may be able to replace them with artificial organs or with organs from someone else’s body.
• When people die they can donate their organs so they can be used in other people’s bodies to make them better.
Organ Transplants• The person who gives the organ is
the donor• The person who gets the organ is the
host• The donor and the host need to
match each other to stop the body rejecting the new organ.
Some people carry donor cards because they want to donate their
organs.
Which organs can be transplanted?
• Corneas (part of your eye)• Lungs• Heart• Liver• Kidneys• Pancreas• Stomach
The organs are kept cool to keep
them in good condition and
stop them decaying
Animal and Plant cells• Learning Objectives:
• Be able to label a plant and animal cell
• Describe what each part of the cell does
Think about the size of your little toe. It has about 2 or 3 thousand million cells!
That’s a lot of cells to make one toe, so cells must be very, very, very small.
Living things are made up of tiny building blocks called cells. Each cell breathes, takes in food, gets rid of wastes, grows, reproduces and dies.A living thing can be just one cell or millions of cells. Big living things don’t have bigger cells they just have more cells.Amazingly, the human body has more than 10,000,000,000,000 (that’s 10 million million) cells!
Animal and plant cells come in different shapes
and sizes, but they all have three basic features.
What is a cell?
plant cellanimal cell
cytoplasmcell
membrane
Plant cells also have some extra features that make them different to
animal cells.
nucleus
Animal cell
Cell Membra
ne – controls
what goes in and
comes out of the cell
Cytoplasm- jelly
substance, useful
chemical reactions happen in
here
Nucleus – controls the cell (like a
brain)
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Vacuole (filled with cell sap)
Chloroplast (contains chlorophyll)
Cell Membrane
Cell WallStarch Grains
Plant cells
Chloroplasts – capture sunlight to convert to
food
Cell Wall – gives the cell a rigid
shape
4)1)
5)
6)
2)
3)
Plant cells vs. Animal cellsBoth types of cell have these:
Only plant cells have these:
Cell wall – provides support
Large Vacuole – contains sap
Chloroplasts – contain chlorophyll
Cell Membrane – holds the cell together
Cytoplasm - this is where the reactions happen
Nucleus – The “brain” of the cell
Questions• Name a part of a cell that both plants
and animals have• What is the vacuole for?• What is the cell wall for?• What happens in the cytoplasm?• What keeps all the cytoplasm inside
the cell?• What would happen to a plant if it
didn’t have any chloroplasts?
Each of the following sentences has at least one mistake in it. Rewrite each one, correcting the mistakes.
• A) The vacuole contains a substance called cytoplasm.
• B) Animal cells have a cell wall, a nucleus and cytoclasm.
• C) Chloroform is a green substance found in chloroplasts.
• D) A cell is held together by a cell surface counterpane.
• E) The cell wall is used for storage.• F) The cytoplasm controls the cell.
Animal cell
Cell Membra
ne
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Vacuole (filled with cell sap)
Chloroplast (contains chlorophyll)
Cell Membrane
Cell WallStarch Grains
Plant cells
Using Microscopes• Learning Objectives:
• Learn how to use the microscope• Look at some cells under the
microscope and draw them
Microscopes• Cells could not have been
discovered without the invention of the microscope.
• “micro-” means” small”,• “-scope” means “looking at”.• A microscope allows us to look at
very small things by making them seem bigger. It magnifies tiny details and makes them visible to the human eye.
Label the microscopeA __________________B ____________________C ____________________D ____________________E ____________________F ____________________G ____________________
Looking at onion cells• Peel a very thin layer of onion skin off• Place it on a microscope slide• Add a few drops of iodine solution• Put a cover slip over it• Place it under the microscope to view
it• Draw what you can see
Specialised Cells• Learning Objectives:
• Name some specialised cells in plants and animals
• Describe how these specialised cells are adapted for their function
Specialised cellsNot all cells look the same, some
have to do a special job so they change (adapt) to do this job.
Cells we need to know about are: In animals In Plants1. Ciliated epithelial cell 1. Root hair
cell2. Muscle cell 2. Palisade
cell3. Nerve cell 3. Xylem cell
Specialised animal cells1. Ciliated epithelial cell
2. Muscle cell Elongated. Can contract and
stretch to allow movement.
3. Nerve cell Long and thin. Form connections with other
nerve cells. Carry signals from the
brain.
Specialised plant cells1. Root hair cell
2. Palisade cell
3. Xylem cell
Systems of the body• Learning Objectives:
• Describe how the body is organised from cells to tissues to organs to systems
• Explain what a body system is and give an example of one in the human body
To understand how the body is organised, think about how a school is organised..A school needs to be very organised. Every pupil in the school needs to know where they should be and what they are doing. However...
Not all pupils study the same subjects.
Not all pupils can work together efficiently.There is not room for all the pupils to be in the same
place.
How is the body organised?
A school is made up of an organised system.
How is the body organised?
Individual pupil
Registration group
Subject class
Year group
School
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
• Living things are made up of organised systems.• Each specific cell is grouped with cells similar to them in structure and function to form a tissue.•The tissues then go on to form organs.
How is the body organised?
cells tissu
e
Groups of tissues work together to
form organs.
How is the body organised?
cell tissue organ
Groups of similar cells
work together to form tissues.
Cells are thebasic units
of life.
Groups of organs form systems. For example, the human digestive system is made up of several organs including the mouth, gullet, stomach and small intestine.
The different organs in a system are linked together by tubes or vessels.
What other human body systems can you think of?
How is the body organised?
Organ Systems• Our body has lots of organs inside it
to help it work properly. The 6 main organ systems that help our bodies work are:
• 1 – Respiratory System• 2 – Circulatory System• 3 – Digestive System• 4 – Excretory System• 5 – Nervous system• 6 – Reproductive System
Respiratory System• Main Organs: Lungs,
trachea
• What does it do?• We breathe in and out
to get oxygen, this oxygen is needed by our body to keep us alive.
Circulatory System• Main Organs: Heart and
blood vessels
• What does it do?• The heart pumps blood all
around the body through the blood vessels.
• The blood carries important substances around the body e.g oxygen and food.
Digestive System• Main Organs:
Stomach and intestines
• What does it do?• It digests food into
really small pieces so our body can get the energy from it.
Oesophagus
Excretory System• Main Organs: Kidneys and
Liver
• What does it do?• Our kidneys filter our blood
and remove any waste products from it.
• Our liver breaks down harmful substances in our body.
• Any waste is excreted by sweating, urine or faeces.
Nervous System• Main Organs: Brain, spinal
cord and nerves
• What does it do?• The brain controls the
nervous system • Nerve signals are sent
along the nerves all over the body
• They pass on the messages from the brain to the body
Reproductive System• Main Organs: Ovaries and
Testes
• What does it do?• Women have ovaries which
make eggs.• Men have testes which make
sperm.• When the egg and sperm
meet they form an embryo, this embryo grows into a baby.
Plant systems• Plants have organ systems just like
animals. One of the plants organ systems is its root system
Root Hair Cell
Root Hair Tissue
RootWater transport system
Cell Division and MRS GREN• Learning Objectives:
• Recall the 7 life processes• Explain what happens in cell division
The 7 life processesHow can you tell if something
is alive or not...?
• The things living people do are called life processes, if you want to tell if something is alive or not look for the 7 life processes
• We can remember it by using MRS GREN
S = SENSITIVITYLiving things notice and react to changes intheir surroundings. They can respond to light, heat, sound, taste, sight or touch.
R = RESPIRATIONLiving things need energy to carry out thefunctions that keep them alive. Respiration is the process by which food is turned into energy.
M = MOVEMENTLiving things are able to move about. Animals move from place to place. Plants move by responding to light.
R = REPRODUCTIONLiving things produce offspring. Reproduction continues the survival of each species.
G = GROWTHLiving things grow, increasing in size and complexity.
N = NUTRITIONLiving things need to take in food so that respiration can occur. Nutrients in food help to build, maintain and repair the organism.
E = EXCRETIONLiving things have to get rid of unwanted waste products.
MRS GREN (the 7 life processes)• M - MOVEMENT• R – RESPIRATION (breathing and circulating)• S – SENSITIVITY (responding to changes)
• G - GROWTH• R – REPRODUCTION (making babies)• E – EXCRETION (getting rid of waste)• N – NUTRITION (eating and digesting)
How does the body produce new cells?
The body needs to produce new cells for three main reasons:
● growth● repair● reproduction
How does it produce these cells?The body is constantly producing new cells from old cells dividing (splitting into two). This is called cell division.
What would be the problem if cells did split in half to produce new cells ?
What actually happens is that cells have to make new copies of the material inside them, as well as new membranes before they divide.
Just before a cell divides, it appears to grow slightly as it reproduces everything inside itself.
The nucleus doubles in size and then divides into two equal halves.
Where do cells come from?
There wouldn’t be much of the cells left!
New cells are produced by cell division, but this doesn’t mean that cells split in half.
Cell division occurs extremely quickly and each new cell is also able to divide.
Where do cells come from?
Cell division makes it possible for the body to: grow quickly; repair cuts and replace dead cells quickly; produce an enormous number of reproductive cells.