70181 - nasa

70181 Reference Soil (portion frozen)

259.78 grams

70180

drill core in Sun

Figure 1: The Apollo 17 deep drill site with location of reference soil sample indicated. NASA AS17-136-20720 and 20721. Note the long drill string in the Sun and indication of degree of difficulty to perform task.

70180 Introduction Soil sample 70180 was collected about 3 meters from the location of the deep drill sample at the ALSEP site (figure 1). It is estimated to be soil material from 0 – 5 cm deep, and it contained a high percentage of agglutinates (56%, Heiken and McKay 1974). This soil sample has Is/FeO = 56 (submature). McKay et al. (1974) determined a mean grain size of 57 microns.

This soil sample was collected in the vicinity of the Apollo 17 deep drill string 70001 – 70009 and represents a reference sample for the core. However, it was apparently not included in the detailed petrologic studies of the core samples (i.e. Vaniman et al. 1979).

70180 is a surface sample and that has been exposed to the sun and experienced the full range of thermalFigure 2: Map of ALSEP site at Apollo 17.

Lunar Sample Compendium C Meyer 2010

25

20

15

FeO 10

5

0

Apollo soils

70180

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Al2O3

Figure 3: Chemical composition of Apollo soils compared with 70180.

cycling, micrometeorite bombardment, cosmic ray exposure and gardening typical of a lunar soil. However, it was returned in a vacuum container, opened only in nitrogen and a portion kept frozen all these years. This surface sample also included a large basalt sample 70185 (not included in weight of soil; not frozen).

average grain size = 64 microns

Figure 4: Grain size distribution for 70180 (Graf 1993, data from McKay).

Modal content of soil 70181 (90-150 micron). From Heiken and McKay 1974.

Agglutinates 56 % Basalt 14 Breccia 7.5 Anorthosite 0.3 Norite -Gabbro -Plagioclase 4.3 Pyroxene 10.6 Olivine -Ilmenite 2.3 Orange glass 3

200

180

160

140

C 120

ppm 100

80

60

40

20

0

Lunar Soils

70180

0 20 40 60 80 100

maturity (Is/FeO) Figure 5: Carbon content and maturity index of 70181 compared with Apollo soils.

Petrography Taylor et al. (1978) compared 70181 with the top section of the Apollo 17 drill core. 70181 was found to have a much higher content of agglutinate (56%) than the top of the core (32%) with higher content of nonmare lithic fragments (14% for 70181 compared with 2.9% for top of core).

Soil sample 70181 also appears to be chemically different from the bottom of the core (figure 6). Again the high agglutinate content (56%) for 70181 exceeds that of any depth in the core (~20-30%).

The maturity of 70181 is Is/FeO = 47 and the average grain size is 64 microns (Morris 1978; Graf 1993)(figure 3).

Meyer (1973) cataloged the 4 – 10 mm coarse-fine particles and Blanchard et al. (1975) studied the 1 – 2 mm fraction. Blanchard et al. reported on 14 “mare basalt”, 19 “glassy breccias”, and 2 “highland rocks”, but gave no details.


120

Chemistry Rhodes et al. (1974), Rose et al. (1974), Philpotts et al. (1974), Wiesmann and Hubbard (1975), Blanchard et al. (1975), Korotev et al. (1976) and Korotev and Kremser (1992) analyzed 70181 (Table 1; figures 2 and 6). Jovanovic and Reed (1974) determined Li, U, Hg, Os, Ru and halogens in 70181. Blanchard et al. gave an average for 35 individual coarse-fine particles.

LSPET (1973) and Moore et al. (1974) reported 165 ppm carbon (figure 5).

Cosmogenic isotopes and exposure ages Goswami and Lal (1974) and Crozaz et al. (1974) determined track densities in gains from 70181. Curtis and Wasserburg (1977) determined the total flux of neutrons by measuring Gd and Sm isotpoic ratios.

Other Studies Silver (1974) studied U, Th and Pb isotope distribution in 70180, 70181 and the adjacent deep drill core.

Stoenner et al. (1974) determined the radioactive rare gasses in the ALSRC container.

Pepin et al. (1975) and Alexander et al. (1977) determined the rare gas content and isotopic ratios and compared them with the drill core data.

Processing 70180 was returned, under vacuum, in ALSRC #1. In the nitrogen processing cabinets, a large basaltic rock (70185) was removed, and a portion was sieved to create size fractions (see diagram). A 20-gram portion (70180,2) was split, placed in a sealed 3-liter bolt top can and put in the freezer (~256 deg. K). Beware MoS2 grease. Another large portion (55 grams) is a “reserve sample” and may still be in its original Teflon collection bag?

70180,2 has never been opened, nor allocated.

100

70181 soil

70001 - 70006 deep drill core sample/

chondrite

10

La Pr Sm Gd Dy Er YbCe Nd Eu Tb Ho Tm Lu

Figure 6: Normalized rare-earth-element pattern of reference soil 70181 compared with average of bottom segments of deep drill 70001 - 70008.


Table 1. Chemical composition of 70181.

reference Philpotts74 Rhodes74 Wiesmann75 Korotev76 Blanchard75 Korotev92 Rose74 Jovanovic74 weight LSPET73 Nyquist74 90-150 1 - 2 mm SiO2 % 40.87 (b) ave. 35 40.9 (d) TiO2 8.11 (b) 8.17 (a) 8.4 (d) Al2O3 12.3 (b) 12.4 (d) FeO 16.37 (b) 17.7 16.4 17.9 (c ) 16.6 (c ) 16.55 (d) MnO 0.24 (b) 0.24 0.25 (c ) 0.21 (d) MgO 9.82 (b) 9.76 (d) CaO 11.05 (b) 10.97 (d) Na2O 0.35 (b) 0.36 0.38 0.458 0.429 (c ) 0.389 (c ) 0.38 (d) K2O 0.084 (a) 0.08 (b) 0.087 (a) 0.09 (d) P2O5 0.06 (b) 0.07 (d) S % 0.11 (b) sum

Sc ppm 66.5 53.8 69.9 (c ) 59.5 (c ) 61 (d) V 60 (d) Cr 2566 (a) 3407 2940 3490 (c ) 3060 (c ) Co 33 30.2 27.7 (c ) 33.7 (c ) 42 (d) Ni 190 (b) 160 140 190 (c ) 150 (c ) 220 (d) Cu 28 (d) Zn 47 (b) 13 (d) Ga 4.1 (d) Ge ppb As Se Rb 1.42 (a) 1.9 (b) 1.468 (a) 1.4 (d) Sr 167 (a) 169 (b) 170 (a) 270 (c ) 144 (d) Y 70 (b) 66 (d) Zr 338 (a) 216 (b) 220 (c ) 270 (d) Nb 18 (b) 18 (d) Mo Ru 14 Rh Pd ppb Ag ppb Cd ppb In ppb Sn ppb Sb ppb Te ppb Cs ppm Ba 104 (a) 98 (a) 90 (c ) 107 (d) La 8.09 (a) 6.72 8 7 (c ) 8.22 (c ) Ce 24.7 (a) 24.8 (a) 23.3 25.2 24.6 (c ) 24.9 (c ) Pr Nd 22 (a) 21.6 (a) 25 Sm 8.18 (a) 8.07 (a) 7.67 8.31 8.57 (c ) 8.02 (c ) Eu 1.71 (a) 1.66 (a) 1.46 1.71 1.75 (c ) 1.67 (c ) Gd 11 (a) 12 (a) Tb 2.16 2.22 2.2 (c ) 1.96 (c ) Dy 13.1 (a) 13.2 (a) Ho Er 7.52 (a) 7.63 (a) Tm Yb 7.06 (a) 7.02 (a) 7.68 7.6 8 (c ) 6.97 (c ) Lu 1.07 (a) 1.05 1.03 1.21 (c ) 0.94 (c ) Hf 6.7 7.2 7.2 (c ) 6.66 (c ) Ta 1.3 1.2 1.9 (c ) 1.1 (c ) W ppb Re ppb Os ppb 1.5 Ir ppb <5 (c ) Pt ppb Au ppb <7 (c ) Th ppm 0.6 0.9 (c ) U ppm 0.28 (a) 0.5 (c ) 0.16 technique: (a) IDMS, (b) XRF, (c ) INAA, (d) “microchemical”


References for 70181 Alexander E.C., Coscio M.R., Dragon J.C., Pepin R.O. and Saito K. (1977) K/Ar dating of lunar soils III: Comparison of 39Ar – 40Ar and conventional techniques: 12032 and the age of Copernicus. Proc. 8th Lunar Sci. Conf. 2725 – 2740.

Blanchard D.P., Krotev R.L., Brannon J.C., Jacobs J.W., Haskin L.A. Reid A.M., Donaldson C. and Brown R.W. (1975) A geochemical and petrographic study of 1-2 mm fines from Apollo 17. Proc. 6th Lunar Sci. Conf. 2321-2342.

Butler P. (1973) Lunar Sample Information Catalog Apollo 17. Lunar Receiving Laboratory. MSC 03211 Curator’s Catalog. pp. 447.

Crozaz G., Drozd R., Hohenberg C.M., Morgan C., Ralston C., Walker R.M. and Yuhas D. (1974) Lunar surface dynamics: Some general conclusions and new results from Apollo 16 and 17. Proc. 5th Lunar Sci. Conf. 2475-2500.

Curtis D.B. and Wasserburg G.J. (1977) Transport and erosional processes in the Taurus-Littrow Valley – Inferences from neutron fluences in lunar soils. Proc. 8th Lunar Sci. Conf. 3045-3057.

Eugster O., Terribilini Dario, Polnau E. and Kramers J. (2001) The antiquity indicator argon-40/argon-36 for lunar surface camples calibrated by uranium-235-xenon-136 dating. Meteor. & Planet. Sci. 36, 1097-1115.

Goswami J.N. and Lal D. (1974) Cosmic ray irradiation at the Apollo 17 site: Implications to Lunar regolith dynamics. Proc. 5th Lunar Sci. Conf. 2643-2662.

Graf J.C. (1993) Lunar Soils Grain Size Catalog. NASA Reference Pub. 1265, March 1993

Heiken G.H. (1974) A catalog of lunar soils. JSC Curator

Heiken G.H. (1975) Petrology of lunar soils. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 13, 567-587.

Heiken G.H. and McKay D.S. (1974) Petrology of Apollo 17 soils. Proc. 5th Lunar Sci. Conf. 843-860.

Herzog G.F., Moynier F., Albarede F. and Brezhnoy A.A. (2009) Isotopic and elemental abundances of copper and zinc in lunar samples - - . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 73, 5884-5904.

Jovanovic S. and Reed G.W. (1974) Labile and non-labile element relationships among Apollo 17 samples. Proc. 5th

Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 1685-1702.

Jovannovic S. and Reed G.W. (1975) Soil breccia relationships and vapor deposits on the moon. Proc. 6th

Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 1753-1760.

Korotev R.L. (1976) Geochemistry of grain-size fractions of soils from the Taurus-Littrow valley floor. Proc. 7th Lunar Sci. Conf. 695-726.

Korotev R.L. and Kremser D. (1992) Compositional variations in Apollo 17 soils and their relationships to the geology of the Taurus-Littrow site. Proc. 22nd Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 275-301.

LSPET (1973a) Apollo 17 lunar samples : Chemical and petrographic description. Science 182, 659-690.

LSPET (1973c) Preliminary examination of lunar samples. Apollo 17 Preliminary Science Report. NASA SP-330, 7-1—7-46.

McKay D.S., Fruland R.M. and Heiken G.H. (1974) Grain size and the evolution of lunar soils. Proc. 5th Lunar Sci. Conf. 887-906.

Meyer C. (1973) Apollo 17 Coarse Fines (4-10 mm) Sample Location, Classification and Photo Index. Curator Report. pp. 182.

Moore C.B., Lewis C.F. and Cripe J.D. (1974a) Total carbon and sulfur contents of Apollo 17 lunar samples. Proc. 5th

Lunar Sci. Conf. 1897-1906.

Moore C.B., Lewis C.F., Cripe J.D. and Volk M. (1974b) Total carbon and sulfur contents of Apollo 17 lunar samples (abs). Lunar Sci. V, 520-522. Lunar Planetary Institute, Houston.

Morris R.V. (1976) Surface exposure indicies of lunar soils: A comparative FMR study. Proc. 7th Lunar Sci. Conf. 315-335.

Morris R.V., Score R., Dardano C. and Heiken G. (1983) Handbook of Lunar Soils. Two Parts. JSC 19069. Curator’s Office, Houston

Morris R.V. (1978) The surface exposure (maturity) of lunar soils: Some concepts and Is/FeO compilation. Proc. 9th

Lunar Sci. Conf. 2287-2297.

Noble S.K., Pieters C.M., Taylor L.A., Morris R.V., Allen C.C., McKay D.S. and Keller L.P. (2001) The optical properties of the finest fraction of lunar soil: Implications for space weathering. Meteor. & Planet. Sci. 36, 31-42.

Nyquist L.E., Bansal B.M., Wiesmann H. and Jahn B.M. (1974) Taurus-Littrow chronology: Implications for early lunar crustal development (abs). Lunar Sci. V, 565-567.


70181 157.1 g

70180 93.25 g

70180 259.78 g

70182 4.63 g

70183 3.12 g

70184 1.68 g

,2 20.02 g frozen

,1 55 g

C Meyer2006

,0 96.1 g

,25 15 g

,24 15 g

reserve many allocations

Nyquist L.E., Bansal B.M., Wiesmann H. and Jahn B.M. (1974) Taurus-Littrow chronology: Some constraints on the Early Lunar crustal development. Proc. 5th Lunar Sci. Conf. 1515-1540.

Papike J.J., Simon S.B. and Laul J.C. (1982) The lunar regolith: Chemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 20, 761-826.

Pepin R.O., Dragon J.C., Johnson N.L., Bates A., Coscio M.R. and Murthy V.R. (1975) Rare gases and Ca, Sr and Ba in Apollo 17 drill-core fines. Proc. 6th Lunar Sci. Conf. 2027-2056.

Philpotts J.A., Schumann S., Schnetzler C.C., Kouns C.W., Doan A.S., Wood F.M, Bickel A.L. and Lum-Staab R.K.L. (1973) Apollo 17 – geochemical aspects of some soils, basalts, and breccias. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 54, 603.

Philpotts J.A., Schuhmann S., Kouns C.W., Lum R.K.L. and Winzer S. (1974) Origin of Apollo 17 rocks and soils. Proc. 5th Lunar Sci. Conf. 1255-1267.

Rhodes J.M., Rodgers K.V., Shih C., Bansal B.M., Nyquist L.E., Wiesmann H. and Hubbard N.J. (1974) The relationships between geology and soil chemistry at the Apollo 17 landing site. Proc. 5th Lunar Sci. Conf. 1097-1117.

Rose H.J., Cuttitta F., Berman S., Brown F.W., Carron M.K., Christian R.P., Dwornik E.J. and Greenland L.P. (1974) Chemical composition of rocks and soils at Taurus-Littrow. Proc. 5th Lunar Sci. Conf. 1119-1134.

Schonfeld E. (1974) The contamination of lunar highland rocks by KREEP: Interpretations by mixing models. Proc. 5th Lunar Sci. Conf. 1269-1286.

Silver L.T. (1974) Patterns for U, Th, Pb distributions and isotopic relationships in Apollo 17 soils (abs). Lunar Sci. V, 706-708.

Stoenner R.W., Davis R., Norton E. and Bauer M. (1974) Radioactive rare gases, tritium, hydrogen and helium in the

70185 466.6 g

sample return container and in the Apollo 16 and 17 drill stems. Proc. 5th Lunar Sci. Conf. 2211-2230.

Taylor G.J., Keil K. and Warner R.D. (1977) Petrology of Apollo 17 deep drill core. I: Depositional history based on modal analysis of 70007, 70008 and 70009. Proc. 8th Lunar Sci. Conf. 3195-3222.

Taylor G.J., Wentworth S., Warner R.D. and Keil K. (1978) Agglutinates as recorders of fossil soil compositions. Proc. 9th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 1959-1968.

Taylor G.J., Warner R.D. and Keil K. (1979) Stratigraphy and depositional history of the Apollo 17 drill core. Proc. 10th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 1159-1184.

Taylor L.A., Patchen A., Taylor D.H.S., Chambers J.G. and McKay D.S. (1996) X-ray digital imaging of lunar mare soil: Modal analysis of minerals and glasses. Icarus 124, 500-512.

Taylor L.A., Pieters C., Keller L.P., Morris R.V., McKay D.S., Patchen A. and Wentworth S. (2001a) The effects of space weathering on Apollo 17 mare soils: Petrographic and chemical characterization. Meteor. & Planet. Sci. 36, 285-299.

Taylor L.A., Pieters C., Keller L.P., Morris R.V. and McKay D.S. (2001b) Lunar mare soils: Space weathering and the major effects of surface-correlated nanophase Fe (or how many time can you beat a dead horse). J. Geophys. Res. Planets 106, 27985-28000.

Vaniman D.T., Labotka T.C., Papike J.J., Simon S.B. and Laul J.C. (1979) The Apollo 17 drill core: Petrologic systematics and the identification of a possible Tyco component. Proc. 10th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 1185-1227.

Wiesmann H. and Hubbard N.J. (1975) A compilation of the Lunar Sample Data Generated by the Gast, Nyquist and Hubbard Lunar Sample PI-Ships. Unpublished. JSC

Wolfe E.W., Bailey N.G., Lucchitta B.K., Muehlberger W.R., Scott D.H., Sutton R.L and Wilshire H.G. (1981) The geologic investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley: Apollo 17 Landing Site. US Geol. Survey Prof. Paper, 1080, pp. 280.


70181 - nasa

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