7-31 à jour as of 25 juin 2008 aérosols

8/10/2019 7-31 à Jour as of 25 Juin 2008 Aérosols

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January 1998

Revised May 2003

of 47

STORAGE OF AEROSOL PRODUCTS

Table of ContentsPage

1.0 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 Changes .......................................................................................................................................... 3

2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 3

2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3

2.1.1 Aerosol Hazard Classification ............................................................................................... 3

2.2 Construction and Location ............................................................................................................... 4

2.3 Occupancy ....................................................................................................................................... 5

2.4 Protection ......................................................................................................................................... 6

2.4.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 6

2.4.2 Warehouses ........................................................................................................................... 7

2.4.3 Small Quantities of Storage ................................................................................................ 142.4.4 Mercantile Locations ........................................................................................................... 14

2.4.5 Shipping/Receiving Areas ................................................................................................... 15

3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 15

3.1 Test Data ....................................................................................................................................... 15

3.1.1 Additional Testing ................................................................................................................ 16

3.1.2 Suppression Mode Automatic Sprinkler Testing .................................................................. 16

3.1.2.1 Level 1 Aerosols ...................................................................................................... 16

3.1.2.2 Level 2 and 3 Aerosols—25 ft (7.6 m) Ceiling ........................................................ 17

3.1.2.3 Level 2 and 3 Aerosols—30 ft (9.1 m) Ceiling ........................................................ 17

3.1.2.4 Designated Areas .................................................................................................... 17

3.1.2.5 Mixing Commodities ................................................................................................ 17

3.1.3 Small Containers ................................................................................................................. 18

4.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 18

4.1 FM Global ...................................................................................................................................... 18

4.2 Others ............................................................................................................................................ 18

APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS ..................................................................................................... 19

APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY ..................................................................................... 19

APPENDIX C NFPA STANDARD .............................................................................................................. 19

APPENDIX D AEROSOL PRODUCTS ...................................................................................................... 19

D.1 General ......................................................................................................................................... 19

D.2 Aerosol Classification by Chemical Heat of Combustion ............................................................. 20

D.3 Previous Aerosol Classification Schemes ..................................................................................... 20

D.3.1 Aerosol Flammability Test (AFT) ........................................................................................ 20

D.3.2 12-Pallet Test ...................................................................................................................... 20

D.4 Aerosol Can Labeling ................................................................................................................... 20

D.5 Chemical Heat of Combustion Data ............................................................................................. 20

APPENDIX E IN-RACK SPRINKLER LAYOUTS AND FIRE PROTECTION SCHEMES ........................ 23

E.1 In-Rack Sprinkler Layouts ............................................................................................................. 23

E.2 Fire Protection Scheme A ............................................................................................................. 41

E.3 Aerosol Flow-Through Rack Protection Scheme .......................................................................... 46

List of FiguresFig. 1. Aerosol classification. ......................................................................................................................... 4

Fig. 2a. Cartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols — single row racks. ................................................................. 24

FM GlobalProperty Loss Prevention Data Sheets 7-31

©2003 Factory Mutual I nsurance Company. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of Factory Mutual Insurance Company.



Fig. 2b. Cartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols — double row racks. ............................................................... 25

Fig. 2c. Cartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols — multiple row racks. .............................................................. 26

Fig. 3a. Cartoned Level 3 aerosols — single row racks up to 25 ft (7.6 m) high storage

in suppression mode protected building. ...................................................................................... 27

Fig. 3b. Cartoned Level 3 aerosols — double row racks up to 25 ft (7.6 m) high storage

in suppression mode protected building. ...................................................................................... 28Fig. 4a. Cartoned Level 3 aerosols — single row racks. ........................................................................... 29

Fig. 4b. Cartoned Level 3 aerosols — double row racks. .......................................................................... 30

Fig. 4c. Cartoned Level 3 aerosols — multiple row racks. ........................................................................ 31

Fig. 5a. Cartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols, clearance > 15 ft (4.6 m) — single row racks. ....................... 32

Fig. 5b. Cartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols, clearance > 15 ft (4.6 m) — double row racks. ..................... 33

Fig. 5c. Cartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols, clearance > 15 ft (4.6 m) — multiple row racks. .................... 34

Fig. 6a. Uncartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols — single row racks up to 20 ft (6.1 m) high storage. ......... 35

Fig. 6b. Uncartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols — double row racks up to 20 ft (6.1 m) high storage. ........ 36

Fig. 6c. Uncartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols — multiple row racks up to 20 ft (6.1 m) high storage. ...... 37

Fig. 7a. Uncartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols — single row racks up to 25 ft (7.6 m) high storage. ......... 38

Fig. 7b. Uncartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols — double row racks up to 25 ft (7.6 m) high storage. ........ 39

Fig. 7c. Uncartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols — multiple row racks up to 25 ft (7.6 m) high storage. ........ 40

Fig. 8a. Single row rack in-rack sprinkler layout — Fire Protection Scheme A. ........................................ 42

Fig. 8b. Single row rack in-rack sprinkler layout — Fire Protection Scheme A. ........................................ 43Fig. 8c. Double row rack in-rack sprinkler layout — Fire Protection Scheme A. ....................................... 44

Fig. 8d. Multiple row rack in-rack sprinkler layout — Fire Protection Scheme A. ...................................... 45

Fig. 9a. Aerosol picking area elevation view. ............................................................................................. 47

Fig. 9b. Aerosol picking area plan view. ..................................................................................................... 47

List of TablesTable 1. Aerosol Classification ....................................................................................................................... 3

Table 2. Chemical Heat of Combustion for Various Materials ...................................................................... 4

Table 3. Aerosol Storage Location Options .................................................................................................. 4

Table 4. Palletized and Solid Pile Storage of Level 2 Aerosols ................................................................... 8

Table 5. Palletized and Solid Pile Storage of Level 3 Aerosols .................................................................. 9

Table 6. Rack Storage of Cartoned Level 2 Aerosols ............................................................................... 10

Table 7. Rack Storage of Cartoned Level 3 Aerosols ............................................................................... 11Table 8. Rack Storage of Uncartoned Level 2 Aerosols ........................................................................... 12

Table 9. Rack Storage of Uncartoned Level 3 Aerosols ........................................................................... 13

Table 10. Fire Test Summary ...................................................................................................................... 18

Table 11. Chemical Heat of Combustion Data ............................................................................................. 21

7-31 Storage of Aerosol Products FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

©2003 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.



1.0 SCOPE

This data sheet applies to the storage of Level 1, 2 and 3 aerosol products.

1.1 Changes

May 2003. Minor editorial changes were made for this revision.

2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Aerosol Hazard Classification

2.1.1.1 Classify aerosol products in accordance with Table 1. Calculate the aerosol product ’s chemical heat

of combustion by one of the following methods.

a) Sum the chemical heat of combustion for the constituent components of the aerosol product (e.g.,

propellant, liquid products, etc.) multiplied by their weight fraction. This is represented in mathematical

notation by the following formula.

∆Hcht = Σ x i∆Hchi

Where ∆Hcht

= total chemical heat of combustion of the product, Btu/lb [kJ/g]

xi = weight fraction of component i

∆Hchi = chemical heat of combustion of component i

Table 1. Aerosol Classification

If the chemical heat of

combustion is:

greater than: and less than or equal to: then, aerosol should be

classified as Level

0 8,600 Btu/lb

(20 kJ/g) 1

8,600 Btu/lb

(20 kJ/g)

12,900 Btu/lb

(30 kJ/g) 2

12,900 Btu/lb

(30 kJ/g) — 3

b) Use Figure 1 if the aerosol’s constituent materials are known and consist of saturated hydrocarbons,

such as propane and isobutane, alcohols such as ethanol or methanol and inert materials.

c) Conduct a 12-pallet test to determine the aerosol classification, if product compositions are not known.

d) Classify the aerosol product as Level 3, if product compositions are not known and test results are

not available.

2.1.1.2 Determine the chemical heat of combustion for the constituents of an aerosol product from one of

the following sources:

a) Use the chemical heat of combustion data compiled in Table 10, located in the Appendix D of this

document, when the exact aerosol product components and their weight percents are known.

b) Use the total heat of combustion, as determined by oxygen bomb calorimeter measurements, when

the exact aerosol product components and their weight percents are known but the chemical heat ofcombustion is not available.

c) Use the values provided in Table 2 when the exact components of the aerosol product are not known

but the product can be broken down by weight percent into the generic groups of hydrocarbon (e.g.,

propellent, non-water miscible flammable liquids), alcohol (e.g., ethanol, isopropanol, etc.), and inert (e.g.,

solids, nonflammable liquids).

d) Conduct an oxygen bomb calorimeter test on the aerosol product mixture including the propellent.

Note: Materials should be considered inert if they are liquids with a flash point that exceeds 500 °F (260°C)

(e.g., some vegetable cooking oils), solids (e.g., powders), nonflammable gases (e.g., carbon dioxide),

or nonflammable liquids (e.g., water).

Storage of Aerosol Products 7-31FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets




Table 2. Chemical Heat of Combustion for Various Materials

Material ∆H ch

(Btu/lb)

∆H ch

(kJ/g)

Hydrocarbon 19,000 44

Alcohol 11,000 25

Inert 0 0

2.2 Construction and Location

2.2.1 Segregate aerosol storage in accordance with the options provided in Table 3.

Table 3. Aerosol Storage Location Options

Aerosol Level Storage Array Protection Mode Storage Location Options 1 Palletized or Rack Control or Suppression Any Location is Acceptable

2 Palletized or Rack Control or Suppression Dedicated Building, Cutoff Room, or Dedicated Area

Defined by a Chain Link Fence

3 Palletized Control Dedicated Building or Cutoff Room

Suppression Dedicated Building, Cutoff Room, or Dedicated Area


Rack Control or Suppression Dedicated Building, Cutoff Room, or Dedicated Area


Fig. 1. Aerosol classification.





2.2.2 Design cutoff rooms in accordance with the following:

a) Locate the room outside the building on an exterior wall. A less desirable alternative would be to locate

the room inside the building on an exterior wall with access from the outside.

b) Provide noncombustible partitions, including gypsum wallboard, with a minimum 1-hr fire resistance

as described in Data Sheet 1-21, Fire Resistance of Building Assemblies.

c) If gypsum wallboard is used, provide a with minimum 22 gauge (0.76 mm) metal facing on the wallboard

to provide some protection against aerosol can impact.

d) Provide a consistent level of sprinkler protection throughout the cutoff room.

2.2.3 Design dedicated storage areas within general-purpose warehouses as follows:

a) Provide a floor-to-ceiling chain link fence that completely surrounds the designated aerosol storage

area. Fencing can use the rack structure for support and may be located in longitudinal flue spaces. An

alternative to fencing would be to provide noncombustible impact resistant barriers (e.g., sheet metal)

within the racks.

b) Use fencing that is at least 9 gauge (3.8 mm) steel wire woven into a 2 in. (50 mm) diamond mesh.

c) Provide a consistent level of sprinkler protection throughout the designated area.

d) Extend the recommended ceiling protection 20 ft (6.1 m) beyond the fence if it is more stringent than

the ceiling sprinkler requirement for the adjacent occupancy.

2.2.4 For cutoff rooms and dedicated areas, maintain the doors normally closed and provide a mechanical

opener. A less desirable approach is to use a normally open door with a mechanical door closer that is inter-

locked to close the door upon sprinkler operation or activation of a heat detector within the rack or at ceil-

ing level. An alternative for openings in chain link fence enclosed areas is to design a doorless opening that

does not provide a direct line of sight for a rocketing can to the area outside of the enclosure.

2.2.5 If aerosols expose MFL walls, arrange openings so as to eliminate cans rocketing through the openings.

Labyrinth or tunnel approaches to the opening are possible solutions.

2.2.6 If a suspended ceiling is needed to meet ceiling height limitations listed in the protection tables,

construct the ceiling as follows:

a) Extend the ceiling 4 ft (1.2 m) beyond the storage and provide a draft curtain around the ceilingperimeter.

b) Construct the suspended ceiling to be capable of withstanding fire plume uplift velocity pressures of

at least 3 lb/ft2 (14.6 kg/m2). Material suitable for such purpose include 3 ⁄ 8 in. (0.95 cm) plywood, 3 ⁄ 8 in.

(0.95 cm) gypsum board, corrugated or sheet steel, or mineral tile in a fire rated support frame. Sheets

of these materials should be securely fastened to the supporting framework.

c) Install two clips per ceiling tile to resist uplift pressure and can impact.

d) If the ceiling is hung from the existing roof framework, conduct a study to verify that the roof can support

the additional dead load.

e) Provide sprinklers at the roof level above the suspended ceiling if the roof is combustible or if there

are enough combustibles in the space between the roof and the ceiling to warrant sprinklers.

2.3 Occupancy

2.3.1 Maintain only aerosol storage in designated aerosol storage areas or cutoff rooms/buildings. Do not

mix aerosol storage with any flammable liquid storage.

2.3.2 Provide minimum 8 ft (2.4 m) aisles for all rack storage of Level 2 and 3 aerosols.





2.4 Protection

2.4.1 General

2.4.1.1 Protect Level 2 or 3 aerosols with a container size of 5 fl oz (148 ml) or less using the protection

criteria provided in Data Sheet 8-9 for cartoned Group A unexpanded plastics. Products in this category maybe stored in general-purpose warehouses without any subdivision or cutoff. Basements should be avoided.

Products that are commonly found in this category include cigarette lighters, lighter refills and some small

hand-held torch cylinders.

2.4.1.2 Protect Level 1 aerosols using the protection criteria provided in Data Sheet 8-9 for a Class 3

commodity.

2.4.1.3 If storage is mixed, provide protection for the most hazardous classification of products present.

2.4.1.4 Use only wet or preaction sprinkler systems to protect aerosol storage. Dry-pipe systems do not have

adequate response time to control a fire in aerosol storage. Preaction sprinkler systems must be designed

to ensure water deliver to sprinklers before the sprinkler operates. One approach to achieve adequate

preaction system water delivery is to install heat detectors at either one-half their listed linear spacing or

the full allowable sprinkler spacing.

2.4.1.5 Install sprinklers in accordance with their appropriate installation standards.

a) Install suppression mode sprinkler protection in accordance with Data Sheet 2-2.

b) Install Large Drop sprinkler protection in accordance with Data Sheet 2-7.

c) Install control mode sprinkler protection in accordance with Data Sheet 2-8N.

2.4.1.6 Base the in-rack sprinkler water demand on the simultaneous operation of the most hydraulically

remote sprinklers as follows:

a) Eight (8) sprinklers where only one level of in-rack sprinklers is provided.

b) Twelve (12) sprinklers (six [6] sprinklers on two levels) where only two (2) levels of in-rack sprinklers

are provided.

c) Eighteen (18) sprinklers (six [6] sprinklers on the top three levels) where more than two (2) levels of

in-rack sprinkler are provided.d) In-rack design flows are provided in Tables 6 through 9. The end-sprinkler discharge pressure must

be at least 15 psi (1 bar) regardless of sprinkler type.

2.4.1.7 When required in Tables 6 through 9, install in-rack sprinklers in accordance with Figures 1 through 6.

In-rack sprinklers must be staggered vertically where indicated in the figures.

2.4.1.8 In addition to the water supply requirements for automatic sprinkler systems, provide the following

hose stream demands:

a) 500 gpm (1900 l/min) for buildings protected with control-mode sprinkler protection.

b) 250 gpm (950 l/min) for buildings protected with suppression-mode sprinkler protection.

c) 250 gpm (950 l/min) for buildings or rooms with a floor area of 2000 ft2. (185 m2) or less regardless

of the ceiling protection.

Loss experience indicates that because of rocketing cans, fire departments fight aerosol can fires from appre-

ciable distances with greatly reduced effects, which increases the importance of designing for hose streams

in a warehouse sprinkler design. (See Tables 4 through 9.)

2.4.1.9 Provide the following fire protection water supply durations:

a) 2 hour duration for buildings protected with control-mode sprinkler protection.

b) 1 hour duration for buildings protected with suppression-mode sprinkler protection.

2.4.1.10 Provide small hose with combination spray nozzles and portable extinguishers suitable for fires

that involve flammable liquids as well as ordinary combustibles.





2.4.1.11 Instruct and train operating employees and members of the Emergency Organization in the hazards

of butane and propane containers and in the emergency procedures to follow in the event of accident. Alert

the public fire department to the hazards and to the fire protection facilities provided.

2.4.2 Warehouses

2.4.2.1 Protect palletized or solid piled storage of Level 2 and 3 aerosols in accordance with Tables 4 and 5.

2.4.2.2 Protect rack storage of Level 2 and 3 aerosols in accordance with Tables 6, 7, 8, 9 and Figures 1

through 6.





Table 5. Palletized and Solid Pile Storage of Level 3 Aerosols 1, 2

Packaging

Type

Max

Ceiling

Height

Max

Storage

Height

Ceiling Sprinkler Protection Criteria

Design

(density/area)

(# sprinklers @ discharge

pressure)

Sprinkler Type

Protection

Mode

Nominal

K Factor

gpm/psi 0.5

(l/min/bar 0.5 )

Response/

Nominal

Temperature Rating

Cartoned 20 ft

(6.1 m)

5 ft

(1.5 m)

Control-

Density/Area

≥ 8.0

(115)

SR/Hi gh 0.30 gpm/ft2 over 2500 ft2

(12 mm/min over 232 m2)

10 ft

(3 m)

Control-Specific

Application

11.2

(161)

SR/Ordinary 15 @ 75 psi (5.2 bar)

25 ft

(7.6 m)

15 ft

(4.6 m)

Suppression-

pendent

14.0

(202)

QR/Ordinary 12 @ 50 psi (3.4 bar)

Suppression-

pendent

16.8

(235)


Suppression-

pendent

22.4

(314)


Suppression-

pendent

25.2

(363)


30 ft(9.1 m) 5 ft(1.5 m) Control-Density/Area ≥ 11.2(161) SR/High 0.60 gpm/ft

2

over 2500 ft

2

(25 mm/min over 232 m2)

15 ft

(4.6 m)

Suppression-

pendent

14.0

(202)


Suppression-

pendent

16.8

(235)


Suppression-

pendent

22.4

(314)


Suppression-

pendent

25.2

(363)


Uncartoned No Protection Criteria Available

1. QR = Quick Response; SR = Standard Response2. Hose stream demands and water supply duration criteria provided in sections 2.4.1.8 and 2.4.1.9.





T a b l e 6 .

R a c k S t o

r a g e o f C a r t o n e d L e v e l 2 A e r o s o l s 1 ,

2

M a x

R o o f

H e i g h t

M a x

S t o r a g e

H e i g h t

C e i l i n g S p r i n k l e r P r o t e c t i o n C r i t e r i a

I n - R a c k S p r i n k l e r P r o t e c t i o n C r i t e r i a 3

S p r i n k l e r T y p e

D e s i g n

( d e n s i t y / a r e a )

( # s p r i n k l e r s @

d i s c h a r g e p r e s s u r e )

L a y o u t

S e e F i g u r e :


D i s c h a r g e

f l o w

g p m

( l / m i n )

P r o t e c t i o n

M o d e

N o m i n a l

K F a c t o r

g p m / p s i 0 . 5

( l / m i n / b a r 0 . 5 )

R e s p o n s e /

N o m i n a l

T e m p e r a t u r e

R a t i n g

N o m i n a l

K F a c t o r

g p m / p s i 0 . 5

( l / m i n / b a r 0 . 5 )

R e s p o n s e /

N o m i n a l


R a t i n g

2 5 f t

( 7 . 6 m )

2 0 f t

( 6 . 1 m )

S u p p r e s s i o n -

p e n d e n t

1 4 . 0

( 2 0 2 )

Q R / O r d i n a r y

1 2 @

5 0 p s i ( 3 . 4 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A


p e n d e n t

1 6 . 8

( 2 3 5 )


1 2 @

3 5 p s i ( 2 . 4 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A


p e n d e n t

2 2 . 4

( 3 1 4 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A


p e n d e n t

2 5 . 2

( 3 6 3 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A

3 0 f t

( 9 . 1 m )

1 5 f t

( 4 . 6 m )


p e n d e n t

1 4 . 0

( 2 0 2 )


1 2 @

5 0 p s i ( 3 . 4 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A


p e n d e n t

1 6 . 8

( 2 3 5 )


1 2 @

3 5 p s i ( 2 . 4 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A


p e n d e n t

2 2 . 4

( 3 1 4 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A


p e n d e n t

2 5 . 2

( 3 6 3 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A

2 0 f t

( 6 . 1 m )

C o n t r o l -

D e n s i t y / A r e a

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )

S R / H i g h

0 . 3 0 g p m / f t 2

o v e r 2 5 0 0 f t 2

( 1 2 m m / m i n o v e r 2 3 2 m

2 )

2 a - c

≥

5 . 6

( 8 1 )


3 0 ( 1 1 4 )

2 5 f t

( 7 . 6 m )


p e n d e n t

1 4 . 0

( 2 0 2 )


1 2 @

5 0 p s i ( 3 . 4 b a r )

2 a - c

≥

5 . 6

( 8 1 )


3 0 ( 1 1 4 )


p e n d e n t

1 6 . 8

( 2 3 5 )


1 2 @

3 5 p s i ( 2 . 4 b a r )

2 a - c

≥

5 . 6

( 8 1 )


3 0 ( 1 1 4 )


p e n d e n t

2 2 . 4

( 3 1 4 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

2 a - c

≥

5 . 6

( 8 1 )


3 0 ( 1 1 4 )


p e n d e n t

2 5 . 2

( 3 6 3 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

2 a - c

≥

5 . 6

( 8 1 )


3 0 ( 1 1 4 )

C o n t r o l -


≥

1 1 . 2

( 1 6 1 )

S R / H i g h

0 . 4 0 g p m / f t 2

o v e r 2 5 0 0 f t 2

( 1 6 m m / m i n o v e r 2 3 2 m

2 )

2 a - c

≥

5 . 6

( 8 1 )

S R o r Q R / O r d i n a r y

3 0 ( 1 1 4 )

U n l i m i t e d

U n l i m i t e d

A n y

A n y

A n y

S e e S c h e m e A

S e e S c h e m e A

F o r s t o r a g e u p t o 2 5 f t ( 7 . 6 m )

a n d b u i l d i n g h e i g h t s g r e a t e r t h a n 3 0 f t ( 9 . 1

m ) , u s e t h e s a m e l e v e l o f p r o t e c t i o n a s o u t l i n e d i n T a b l e 6 f o r L e v e l 3 a e r o s o l s o r S c h e m e A .

1 . Q R = Q u i c k R e s p o n s e ; S R = S t a n d a r d

R e s p o n s e ; N A = N o t A p p l i c a b l e

2 . H o s e s t r e a m d e m a n d s a n d w a t e r s u p p l y d u r a t i o n c r i t e r i a p r o v i d e d i n s e c t i o n s 2 . 4 . 1 . 8 a n

d 2 . 4 . 1 . 9 .

3 . I n - r a c k s p r i n k l e r d e s i g n c r i t e r i a p r o v i d e d i n s e c t i o n 2 . 4 . 1 . 6 .





T a b l e 7 .

R a c k S t o

r a g e o f C a r t o n e d L e v e l 3 A e r o s o l s 1 ,

2

M a x

R o o f

H e i g h t

M a x

S t o r a g e

H e i g h t

C e i l i n g S p r i n k l e r P r o t e c t i o n C r i t e r i a

I n - R a c k S p r i n k l e r P r o t e c t i o n C r i t e r i a

3


D e s i g n




L a y o u t

S e e F i g u r e :


D i s c h a r g e

F l o w g p m

( l / m i n )

P r o t e c t i o n

M o d e

N o m i n a l

K F a c t o r

g p m / p s i

0 . 5

( l / m i n / b a r 0 . 5 )

R e s p o n s e /

N o m i n a l


R a t i n g

N o m i n a l

K F a c t o r

g p m / p s i

0 . 5

( l / m i n / b a r 0 . 5 )

R e s p o n s e

/

N o m i n a l


R a t i n g

2 5 f t

( 7 . 6 m )

1 5 f t

( 4 . 6 m )


p e n d e n t

1 4 . 0

( 2 0 2 )


1 2 @

5 0 p s i ( 3 . 4 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A


p e n d e n t

1 6 . 8

( 2 3 5 )


1 2 @

3 5 p s i ( 2 . 4 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A


p e n d e n t

2 2 . 4

( 3 1 4 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A


p e n d e n t

2 5 . 2

( 3 6 3 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A

3 0 f t

( 9 . 1 m )

1 5 f t

( 4 . 6 m )


p e n d e n t

1 4 . 0

( 2 0 2 )


1 2 @

7 5 p s i ( 5 . 2 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A


p e n d e n t

1 6 . 8

( 2 3 5 )


1 2 @

5 2 p s i ( 3 . 6 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A


p e n d e n t

2 2 . 4

( 3 1 4 )


1 2 @

4 5 p s i ( 3 . 1 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A


p e n d e n t

2 5 . 2

( 3 6 3 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A

2 5 f t

( 7 . 6 m )


p e n d e n t

1 4 . 0

( 2 0 2 )


1 2 @

5 0 p s i ( 3 . 4 b a r )

3 a - b

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )

4 a - c

≥

5 . 6

( 8 1 )

S R o r Q R

/

O r d i n a r y

3 0 ( 1 1 4 )


p e n d e n t

1 6 . 8

( 2 3 5 )


1 2 @

3 5 p s i ( 2 . 4 b a r )

3 a - b

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )

4 a - c

≥

5 . 6

( 8 1 )

S R o r Q R

/

O r d i n a r y

3 0 ( 1 1 4 )


p e n d e n t

2 2 . 4

( 3 1 4 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

3 a - b

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )

4 a - c

≥

5 . 6

( 8 1 )

S R o r Q R

/

O r d i n a r y

3 0 ( 1 1 4 )


p e n d e n t

2 5 . 2

( 3 6 3 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

3 a - b

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )

4 a - c

≥

5 . 6

( 8 1 )

S R o r Q R

/

O r d i n a r y

3 0 ( 1 1 4 )

C o n t r o l -


≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )

S R / H i g h

0 . 3 0 g p m / f t 2 o v e r 2 5 0 0 f t 2

( 1 2 m m / m i n o v e r 2 3 2 m 2 )

4 a - c

≥

5 . 6

( 8 1 )

S R o r Q R

/

O r d i n a r y

3 0 ( 1 1 4 )

> 3 0 f t ( 9 . 1 m ) &

≤ 4 0 f t ( 1 2 . 2 m )

2 5 f t

( 7 . 6 m )

C o n t r o l -


≥

1 1 . 2

( 1 6 1 )

S R / H i g h

0 . 6 0 g p m

/ f t 2 o v e r 1 5 0 0 f t 2 t o 2 5 0 0 f t 2 ( 2 5 m m / m i n o v e r 1 4 0 m 2 ) t o

2 3 2 m 2

I n t e r p o l a t e a r e a f o r c l e a r a n c e s b e t w e e n 5 f t ( 1 . 5 m ) a n d 1 5 f t ( 4 . 6 m )

4 a - c

≥

5 . 6

( 8 1 )

S R o r Q R

/

O r d i n a r y

3 0 ( 1 1 4 )

> 4 0 f t

( 1 2 . 2 m )

2 5 f t

( 7 . 6 m )

C o n t r o l -


≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )

S R / H i g h

0 . 3 0 g p m / f t 2 o v e r 2 5 0 0 f t 2

( 1 2 m m / m i n o v e r 2 3 2 m 2 )

5 a - c

≥

5 . 6

( 8 1 )

S R o r Q R

/

O r d i n a r y

3 0 ( 1 1 4 )

U n l i m i t e d

U n l i m i t e d

A n y

A n y

A n y

S e e S c h e m e A

S e e S c h e m e A




d 2 . 4 . 1 . 9 .






T a b l e 8 .

R a c k S t o r a g e o f U n c a r t o n e d L e v e l 2 A e r o s o l s 1 ,

2

M a x

R o o f

H e i g h t

M a x

S t o r a g e

H e i g h t

C e i l i n g S p r i n k l e r P r o t e c t i o n C r i t e

r i a



D e s i g n




L a y o u t


D i s c h a r g e

f l o w

g p m

( l / m i n )

P r o t e c t i o n

M o d e

N o m i n a l

K F a c t o r

g p m / p s i 0 . 5

( l / m i n / b a r 0 . 5 )

R e s p o n s e /

N o m i n a l


R a t i n g

N o m i n a l

K F a c t o r

g p m / p s i 0 . 5

( l / m i n / b a r 0 . 5 )

R e s p o n s e /

N o m i n a l


R a t i n g

3 0 f t

1 5 f t


p e n d e n t

1 4 . 0

( 2 0 2 )


1 2 @

7 5 p s i ( 5 . 2 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A


p e n d e n t

1 6 . 8

( 2 3 5 )


1 2 @

5 2 p s i ( 3 . 6 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A


p e n d e n t

2 2 . 4

( 3 1 4 )


1 2 @

4 5 p s i ( 3 . 1 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A


p e n d e n t

2 5 . 2

( 3 6 3 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

N A

N A

N A

N A

2 0 f t


p e n d e n t

1 4 . 0

( 2 0 2 )


1 2 @

5 0 p s i ( 3 . 4 b a r )

F i g . 6 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )


p e n d e n t

1 6 . 8

( 2 3 5 )


1 2 @

3 5 p s i ( 2 . 4 b a r )

F i g . 6 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )


p e n d e n t

2 2 . 4

( 3 1 4 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

F i g . 6 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )


p e n d e n t

2 5 . 2

( 3 6 3 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

F i g . 6 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )

C o n t r o l -


≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )

S R / H i g h

0 . 3 0 g p m / f t 2

o v e r 2 5 0 0 f t 2

( 1 2 m m / m i n o v e r 2 3 2 m

2 )

F i g . 7 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )

C o n t r o l -


≥

1 1 . 2

( 1 6 1 )

S R / H i g h

0 . 6 0 g p m / f t 2

o v e r 2 0 0 0 f t 2

( 2 5 m m / m i n o v e r 1 8 6 m

2 )

F i g . 6 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )

2 5 f t


p e n d e n t

1 4 . 0

( 2 0 2 )


1 2 @

5 0 p s i ( 3 . 4 b a r )

F i g . 7 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )


p e n d e n t

1 6 . 8

( 2 3 5 )


1 2 @

3 5 p s i ( 2 . 4 b a r )

F i g . 7 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )


p e n d e n t

2 2 . 4

( 3 1 4 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

F i g . 7 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )


p e n d e n t

2 5 . 2

( 3 6 3 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

F i g . 7 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )

C o n t r o l -


≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )

S R / H i g h

0 . 3 0 g p m / f t 2

o v e r 2 5 0 0 f t 2

( 1 2 m m / m i n o v e r 2 3 2 m

2 )

F i g . 7 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )

U n l i m i t e d

U n l i m i t e d

A n y

A n y

A n y

S e e S c h e m e A

S e e S c h e m e A




d 2 . 4 . 1 . 9 .






T a b l e 9 .

R a c k S t o r a g e o f U n c a r t o n e d L e v e l 3 A e r o s o l s 1 ,

2

M a x

R o o f

H e i g h t

M a x

S t o r a g e

H e i g h t

C e i l i n g S p r i n k l e r P r o t e c t i o n C r i t e

r i a



D e s i g n




L a y o u t


D i s c h a r g e

f l o w

g p m

( l / m i n )

P r o t e c t i o n

M o d e

N o m i n a l

K F a c t o r

g p m / p s i 0 . 5

( l / m i n / b a r 0 . 5 )

R e s p o n s e /

N o m i n a l


R a t i n g

N o m i n a l

K F a c t o r

g p m / p s i 0 . 5

( l / m i n / b a r 0 . 5 )

R e s p o n s e /

N o m i n a l


R a t i n g

3 0 f t

2 0 f t


p e n d e n t

1 4 . 0

( 2 0 2 )


1 2 @

7 5 p s i ( 5 . 2 b a r )

F i g . 6 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )


p e n d e n t

1 6 . 8

( 2 3 5 )


1 2 @

3 5 p s i ( 2 . 4 b a r )

F i g . 6 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )


p e n d e n t

2 2 . 4

( 3 1 4 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

F i g . 6 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )


p e n d e n t

2 5 . 2

( 3 6 3 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

F i g . 6 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )

C o n t r o l -


≥

1 1 . 2

( 1 6 1 )

S R / H i g h

0 . 6 0 g p m / f t 2

o v e r 2 0 0 0 f t 2

( 2 5 m m / m i n o v e r 1 8 6 m

2 )

F i g . 6 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )

C o n t r o l -


≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )

S R / H i g h

0 . 3 0 g p m / f t 2

o v e r 2 5 0 0 f t 2

( 1 2 m m / m i n o v e r 2 3 2 m

2 )

F i g . 7 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )

2 5 f t


p e n d e n t

1 4 . 0

( 2 0 2 )


1 2 @

7 5 p s i ( 5 . 2 b a r )

F i g . 7 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )


p e n d e n t

1 6 . 8

( 2 3 5 )


1 2 @

3 5 p s i ( 2 . 4 b a r )

F i g . 7 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )


p e n d e n t

2 2 . 4

( 3 1 4 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

F i g . 7 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )


p e n d e n t

2 5 . 2

( 3 6 3 )


1 2 @

2 5 p s i ( 1 . 7 b a r )

F i g . 7 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )

C o n t r o l -


≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )

S R / H i g h

0 . 3 0 g p m / f t 2

o v e r 2 5 0 0 f t 2

( 1 2 m m / m i n o v e r 2 3 2 m

2 )

F i g . 7 a - c

≥

8 . 0

( 1 1 5 )


4 5 ( 1 7 0 )

U n l i m i t e d

U n l i m i t e d

A n y

A n y

A n y

S e e S c h e m e A

S e e S c h e m e A




d 2 . 4 . 1 . 9 .






2.4.4.3 Remove the cans from the shipping cartons and store in noncombustible bins or shopping carts as

described in Recommendation 2.4.3.4. Locate in sprinklered areas at least 5 ft (1.5 m) from other combus-

tible storages.

2.4.5 Shipping/Receiving Areas

In many warehouses, the receiving area often is separate from the shipping area. Pallet loads of aerosol

would be expected to be found in the receiving area but not necessarily in shipping areas where pallet loads

of mixed commodities are assembled for shipment to stores. At smaller locations, the shipping and receiving

may be combined in one area. (Even though the shipping areas at large warehouses may not have pallet

loads of aerosols present, the term shipping/receiving areas is used in the data sheet for simplicity.) The pro-

cess of receiving and distributing aerosols requires staging them in shipping/receiving areas and transport-

ing them through the warehouse. This is unavoidable, but the exposure can be minimized by proper

handling. Among the suggested procedures are:

2.4.5.1 In-process, non-rack storage of Level 2 and 3 aerosols may be present in shipping/receiving areas

when limited to one pallet load high and protected as follows:

a) Level 2 aerosols. Ceiling sprinklers should be capable of providing a minimum density of 0.30 gpm/ft2

over 2500 ft2 (12 mm/min over 230 m2) using 286°F (141°C) heads.

b) Level 3 aerosols. Ceiling sprinklers should be capable of providing a minimum density of 0.60 gpm/ft2

over 2500 ft2 (24 mm/min over 230 m2) using 17 ⁄ 32 in. (14 mm) orifice 286°F (141°C) heads.

2.4.5.2 To minimize the exposure the aerosols present to other storage in the warehouse during transport

to and from the assigned area, locate the aerosol storage areas as close as possible to shipping/receiving

areas. This is especially important if the ceiling sprinkler systems everywhere in the warehouse are not

capable of providing the minimum density of 0.30 gal/min/ft2 for Level 2 aerosols or 0.60 gpm/ft2 for Level 3

aerosols over 2500 ft2 (12 or 24 mm/min over 230 m2) using 286°F (141°C) heads.

Quantities in shipping/receiving areas should be the minimum necessary for efficient operations. Shipping/

receiving areas should not be used for storage.

3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 Test Data

FM Global Research conducted large scale tests on all levels of flammable products. Level 2 flammable aero-

sols produced intense fires, and ruptured cans were propelled throughout the test site. Sprinklers confined

the fire to the aerosol storage with no sustained fire propagation to the target storage arrays. Some of the rock-

eting cans actually trailed burning liquid, and burning packaging material or plastic caps also were occasion-

ally propelled beyond the test array. Product sprayed from the cans and occasionally splashed onto the

target arrays, but it was quickly diluted and extinguished by the sprinkler discharge.

Tests on Level 3 products resulted in high heat release rates and rocketing cans with trailing fires. These prod-

ucts produced copious quantities of dense black smoke. Visibility during tests was often completely obscured

after only four or five minutes. A single pallet load of a Level 3 aerosol in a 30 ft (9.1 m) high test bay with

a 40°F (4°C) flash point opened 36 high temperature sprinkler heads discharging at a density of 0.30 gpm/ft2

(12 mm/min). Ceiling temperatures reached 1900°F (1040°C) and exceeded 1000°F (540°C) for one minute.

Consumption of the aerosols caused the eventual reduction in ceiling temperatures. Burning material was

spread by rocketing cans and insoluble burning liquid floating on the sprinkler water.In the rack storage tests of both types of aerosols, the fire spread quickly up the ignition flue and reached

the top of the array in about one minute. The fire also advanced to the face of the second, third, and fourth

tiers of storage. The heat input of the burning packaging caused cans on the aisle to rupture. The fireball

and burning liquid often impinged on the face of the target rack. The aisle jump started at the top of the stor-

age and spread downward. Aisle jump occurred in tests on Level 3 aerosols even when the ceiling sprin-

kler density was 0.6 gpm/ft2 (24 mm/min), but the fire was controlled.

A test, co-sponsored by an insured, was conducted using face sprinklers in addition to longitudinal flue sprin-

klers to determine whether face sprinklers would stop the fire spread up the face of the rack. Clearance

between ceiling and storage was reduced to 5 ft (1.5 m) and ceiling density was reduced from 0.60 gpm/ft2

(24 mm/min) to 0.30 gpm/ft2 (12 mm/min).





The in-rack sprinklers were staggered horizontally and vertically. A Level 3 paint product was the test

commodity. The results indicated that the face sprinklers do interrupt the fire spread, prevent aisle jump, and

reduce the number of operating ceiling sprinklers. Two in-rack sprinklers, one at the face and one in the

longitudinal flue, and four ceiling sprinklers operated. In comparison, the two tests without face sprinklers

and with the 0.60 gpm/ft2 ceiling density opened 5 and 12 ceiling sprinklers and 5 and 6 in-rack sprinklers.

Aisle jump also occurred in these two tests, but was controlled by the high ceiling sprinkler density.

In both palletized and rack storage tests, the can ruptures dislodged surrounding cans and exposed other

cans inside the load to the fire, further increasing the severity.

The major mechanism of fire control during the test program was prompt extinguishment of the water-

miscible Level 2 product. Control of the non-water-miscible Level 2 and 3 aerosols was achieved by wetting

and cooling with a combination of high ceiling sprinkler density and in-rack sprinklers.

The testing revealed that in the absence of adequate sprinkler protection:

1. The rocketing cans, regardless of contents, could severely hamper manual fire fighting efforts.

2. Some of the Level 3 aerosols generated thick black smoke and visibility was completely obscured in five

minutes. If adequate protection is provided, the amount of smoke generated will be significantly less because

less product is released and consumed.

3. A single pallet load of a Level 3 aerosol in a general purpose warehouse as they are usually protected

constitutes a potential serious loss.

3.1.1 Additional Testing

Initial testing revealed that palletized storage of Level 2 and 3 aerosol products in excess of one high could

not be protected even with a 0.60 gpm/ft2 (24 mm/min) density. It was recognized that the one-high pallet-

ized height limitation was a severe restriction for locations that handled large quantities of aerosols (e.g., aero-

sol manufacturing plants and large distribution warehouses). Additional tests, sponsored by an aerosol trade

group and conducted by FM Global Research, were made to determine whether large-drop sprinklers could

be used to protect palletized storage that exceeded one pallet high. Tests showed that four-high (18 ft [5.5 m])

palletized storage of Level 2 aerosols and two-high (10 ft [3 m]) palletized storage of Level 3 aerosols could

be adequately protected by using 160°F (71°C) rated large-drop sprinklers installed on a maximum 100 ft2

(9.3 m2) spacing and with ceiling clearances specified in the recommendations.

Except for the four-high palletized Level 2 aerosol test, all tests were conducted with a 20 ft (6.1 m) ceiling

height. The test with four-high palletized storage was conducted with a 25 ft (7.6 m) ceiling height. The end-

head pressure for the Level 2 test was 50 psi (344 kPa) which produced a flow of about 79 gpm (5 l/min). The

end-head pressure for the Level 3 test was 75 psi (517 kPa) which produced a flow of 97 gpm (6 l/min).

Additional tests were conducted to determine whether packaging or product changes would reduce the

hazard. Five concepts were tested: 1) rim vent release (RVR) cans, which are designed to vent the contents

and relieve the internal pressure without catastrophic can failure; 2) plastic shrink wrap which replaced the

cardboard cartons; 3) fire retardant cartons; 4) metal overcaps instead of the plastic overcaps; and 5) sub-

stitution of 30% of the toluene in the Level 3 product with less flammable methylene chloride. The results

of these tests did not warrant further investigation of these concepts. The results of the testing on shrink

wrapped aerosol product (i.e., uncartoned aerosols) indicated that the lack of cardboard packaging materials

may negatively impact the sprinkler protection effectiveness for rack and palletized storage arrangements.

3.1.2 Suppression Mode Automatic Sprinkler Testing

3.1.2.1 Level 1 Aerosols

Level 1 aerosols were tested under the Fire Products Collector with the same protection that was developed

for Data Sheet 2-2, Installation Rules for Suppression Mode Automatic Sprinklers. The results indicated that

Level 1 aerosols could be adequately protected with this criteria.





3.1.2.2 Level 2 and 3 Aerosols —25 ft (7.6 m) Ceiling

Tests Nos. 1 through 5 in Table 10 were conducted to determine whether Level 2 and 3 aerosols could be

protected when stored under a 25 ft (7.6 m) ceiling. Suppression mode sprinklers (165°F [74°C] rated, 50 RTI)

were installed on 10×10 ft (3×3 m) spacing. A 50 psi (3.45 bar) constant discharge pressure was applied.

Tests were conducted with various ignition locations to determine the effect on test results. These testsshowed the suppression mode sprinkler provided effective protection.

An additional test has been conducted to establish the effectiveness of suppression mode sprinklers, on

8×12 ft (2.4×3.7 m) spacing, for aerosol protection under a 20 ft (7.6 m) ceiling. (See Table 2.) The test results

were similar to sprinklers on 10×10 ft (3×3 m) spacing and confirms the adequacy of 8×12 ft (2.4×3.7 m)

spacing.

3.1.2.3 Level 2 and 3 Aerosols —30 ft (9.1 m) Ceiling

These encouraging results led to additional tests to investigate whether the same protection would be effective

under a 30 ft (9.1 m) ceiling. Test No. 5 involved 14 ft (4.3 m) high Level 3 aerosols with the ignition centered

below one sprinkler and opened only one sprinkler. Test No. 6 was conducted under the same conditions

but with one difference: the ceiling height was 5 ft (1.5 m) greater. However, 60 sprinklers opened as com-

pared to one sprinkler in Test No. 5. These results reinforced the fact that controlling aerosol fires is an

either/or proposition and that the criteria for sprinkler design and storage and ceiling heights should befollowed closely.

3.1.2.4 Designated Areas

Despite the favorable results of some of these tests, Level 2 and 3 aerosols still should be stored in a

designated area. There are several reasons for this:

1. The heat from a fire occurring in an area protected by standard sprinklers can operate suppression mode

sprinklers and could deplete the water supply. This was confirmed in a test in which sufficient heat escaped

from the area protected with standard sprinklers to open suppression mode sprinklers installed over an array

located 50 ft (15 m) away.

2. Although the effects of ignition location with respect to the sprinklers were investigated, tests were not con-

ducted to simulate more conservative failure modes such as a plugged head directly over ignition, obstructions

below the sprinklers, or irregular flues in racks. The suppression mode sprinkler is still expected to control

such fires but the fire severity and the amount of rocketing could be worse. Thus a solid wall or chain link fenc-

ing should be provided around the aerosol storage to prevent involvement of surrounding commodities.

3. The suppression mode sprinkler represents a major improvement in protection technology, but it should

not be relied upon as the only means for handling the challenge created by aerosols. Because of the wide-

spread use of aerosols and the manner in which they are packaged, it is easy to forget that they contain flam-

mable liquids pressurized with flammable gases. They thus represent a serious fire challenge, more so than

flammable liquids in nonpressurized containers, and deserve the special handling described for in this

bulletin and in Data Sheet 7-29. One of the fundamental principles of protecting special hazard materials is

isolation . Not locating aerosols in a special cutoff or designated area creates the impression that these prod-

ucts are the same as any other commodity.

3.1.2.5 Mixing Commodities

Even though the RDD (Required Delivered Density) of aerosols is higher than that of unexpanded plastics,it is not recommended that these two commodities be mixed within the same storage array. Previous expe-

rience with mixed commodities has shown that the test results are worse than for each commodity by itself.

In the early stages of a fire, before can ruptures begin to increase in frequency, the exposure fire of the bottom

tier to the tiers above is intermittent and is essentially a cardboard fire. Replacing the bottom tier or tiers

with plastics is expected to create a more intense and prolonged fire exposure to the tiers of aerosols above

with unknown results.





Table 10. Fire Test Summary

Test No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Commodity HS Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt HS HS Pt Pt

Level 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3

Array R R P R R R R R R R

Stack Height, ft (meters) 18.8(5.7)

13.8(4.2)

15.5(4.7)

13.6(4.1)

13.8(4.2)

13.8(4.2)

13.8(4.2)

18.8(5.7)

13.8(4.2)

13.8(4.2)

Cei ling Height, ft (meters) 25

(7.6)

25

(7.6)

25

(7.6)

19

(5.8)

25

(7.6)

30

(9)

30

(9)

30

(9)

30

(9)

19

(5.8)

Ceiling Clearance, ft (meters) 6.2

(1.9)

11.2

(3.4)

9.5

(2.9)

4.2

(1.3)

11.2

(3.4)

15

(4.5)

15

(4.5)

10

(3)

15

(4.5)

4.2

(1.3)

Ignition Centered Below # of AS 4 4 4 2 1 1 1 2 1 2

First AS operated (min:sec) 1:02 0:42 0:49 0:55 0:35 0:36 0:34 0:56 1:15 1:10

Last AS (min:sec) 1:11 1:06 1:36 6:33 0:35 2:06 0:34 3:34 — 1:12

Total # AS operated 4 4 4 5 1 61 1 14 1 6

Peak Temperature,°F (°C) 1045

(560)

565

(296)

713

(378)

1421

(771)

256

(124)

1447

(785)

233

(106)

995

(535)

200

(93)

1590

(866)

First Rupture 1:03 1:01 1:29 0:52 None 0:44 0:46 1:01 1:10 1:05

Commodity: HS = Hair Spray, Pt = Paint Array: R = Rack, P = Palletized

3.1.3 Small Containers

Testing of butane cigarette lighters has shown that the small size of each container significantly reduces

the fire hazard. Many lighters ruptured and released their contents during the test. However, the ruptures

were mild and did not produce a prolonged exposure because, each lighter contained only 0.2 oz (6 ml) of

butane. The plastic casing burned but did not add significantly to the fire. Typically, one of the ends failed

and vented the contents.

Another factor that reduces the fire hazard is the amount of packaging material per lighter. Usually the lighters

are attached to a cardboard and plastic display package, which are then placed in cardboard cartons. The

total amount of butane in a pallet is small compared to the amount of cardboard and plastic. It is generally

believed that the container size will impact the overall fire hazard presented by aerosol products. The exact

cutoff is not known. Based on engineering judgement a size of 5 fl oz (148 ml) was chosen for the cutoff.

Butane and propane containers larger than 5 fl oz (148 ml) present a more severe fire hazard than butane

and propane lighters because of the larger amount of fuel per container. Hand-held propane soldering

cylinders usually have a capacity of 14 oz (414 ml). The propane cylinders are equipped with a safety relief

device, but even if the cylinders do not rupture they will release their contents and expose adjacent storage.

4.0 REFERENCES

4.1 FM Global

Data Sheet 1-21, Fire Resistance of Building Assemblies.

Data Sheet 2-2, Installation Rules for Suppression Mode Automatic Sprinklers.

Data Sheet 7-29, Flammable Liquid Storage in Portable Containers.

Data Sheet 8-9, Storage of Class 1, 2, 3, 4 and Plastic Commodities.

4.2 Others

SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineers.

Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook.

NFPA 30B Code for Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Products.





APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Aerosol Packaging — Cartoned: Aerosol cans packaged in at least a single layer of corrugated cardboard.

The cardboard must cover at least the bottom, top and two complete sides of the unit. The other two sides

must be at least 80% covered.

Aerosol Packaging — Uncartoned: Aerosol cans arranged on slip sheets or trays that are stacked on a palletand shrink wrapped and packaging that does not meet the definition of cartoned.

APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY

January 2003. The following changes were made for this revision:

1. Added new protection criteria for uncartoned aerosol storage.

2. Added new protection criteria for Suppression Mode sprinklers.

3. Revised all of the protection tables into a consistent format and provided figures for determining in-rack

sprinkler layout.

4. Revised the text to be consistent with the new tables.

5. Eliminated allowance for unrestrained Level 2 aerosol storage to ensure a consistent application of aerosol

protection.

6. Revised protection criteria for aerosol picking racks.

7. Revised protection criteria for aerosol storage in automated storage and retrieval warehouses.

September 2000. This revision of the document has been modified to provide a consistent format.

January 1998. Minor technical revision (uncartoned aerosol information added).

May 1983. Full technical revision.

APPENDIX C NFPA STANDARD

The fire protection recommendations that are provided in this standard are nearly identical to those provided

in NFPA 30B,Code for the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Products , 2002 Edition. The main difference

is the allowance of unlimited roof heights and storage heights without the use of barriers. This issue maybe corrected in future editions of the code.

APPENDIX D AEROSOL PRODUCTS

D.1 General

The typical aerosol container is a small, welded-joint high strength container (design pressures are as high

as 240 to 400 psi [1650 to 2750 kPa]) used to package a wide variety of consumer, industrial, and pharma-

ceutical products. A partial list of products would include air fresheners, starches, cleaners, shaving creams,

furniture polishes, hair sprays, deodorants, spot removers, insecticides, lubricants, engine degreasers, and

paints. Aerosol cans have capacities up to one (1) qt. (0.95 dm3), containing up to 16 oz. (450 g) of liquid.

Propellants include propane and butane which are highly flammable, and other gases such as nitrogen,

carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide. Although nitrous oxide is a stable nonflammable gas, it is an oxidizer.

Nonflammable chlorofluorocarbons have been eliminated in the United States for almost all uses in compli-ance with federal regulations, and have been replaced with mixtures of propane and butane. Propellants

in aerosol containers are 0.5% to more than 90% of the weight of the contents.

Aerosols have been grouped into Levels 1, 2 and 3. Level 1 aerosols represent the lowest fire hazard; Level 3

represents the highest fire hazard.

Level I aerosol products include shaving cream, spray starch, window cleaners, alkaline oven cleaners, rug

shampoos, some air fresheners, and some insecticides. The storage hazard of Level I aerosols is about

the same as ordinary combustible goods in cartons. Storage should be arranged and protected accordingly.

When a Level I aerosol can fails, the nonflammable product has a quenching effect on the flammable

contents. Some products have very small quantities of flammable product. These products will have an over-

all chemical heat of combustion that is low.





Level 2 products include many personal care products such as deodorants (except for oil-based antiperspi-

rants), hair sprays, antiseptics, and anesthetics. Other products may include some furniture polishes, wind-

shield de-icers, etc.

Level 3 products include many automotive products (engine and carburetor cleaners, undercoats), home

products (some wood polishes), paints and lacquers, lubricants, some insecticides, and oil-basedantiperspirants.

D.2 Aerosol Classification by Chemical Heat of Combustion

Test data indicates the overall fire hazard of an aerosol product is a function of the chemical heat of

combustion. The chemical heat of combustion is the product of the theoretical heat of combustion and a com-

bustion efficiency. Typical chemical heats of combustion are provided in Table 2. A typical combustion effi-

ciency is 95%. Research conducted at FM Global Research correlated the chemical heat of combustion with

results of 12-pallet tests to provide a classification methodology based exclusively on chemical heat of com-

bustion. Figure 1 is based on this methodology.

Based on the results of the 12-pallet testing and aerosol flammability testing, liquids with a flash point that

exceeds 500°F (260°C) (e.g., some vegetable cooking oils) can be considered inert when classifying an

aerosol product. In addition solids (e.g., powders), nonflammable gases (e.g., carbon dioxide), or nonflam-

mable liquids (e.g., water) are also considered inert.

D.3 Previous Aerosol Classification Schemes

D.3.1 Aerosol Flammability Test (AFT)

This test involves two procedures: a single can test and a pan fire test. The single can procedure exposes

a restrained can to a predetermined heat source until it ruptures. The time to rupture is noted, and the fire-

ball energy is measured in the Fire Products Collector (FPC) located at the FM Global Technology Center.

This data is combined to produce a ‘‘single-can index’’ that allows the results to be compared with data

produced by large-scale tests on known Level 1, 2 or 3 aerosols.

Large scale tests, conducted to check the validity of the single can test, showed that the small scale test accu-

rately predicted the large scale fire behavior for most formulae. There was an indication, however, that the

single can test was inadequate for aerosols containing material that pooled on the floor and flash vapor-

ized when hit by sprinkler discharge. As a result, the pan fire test was devised, consisting of burning a sampleof aerosol contents for a set time period before applying water. This test shows whether the burning rate

increases or whether the water extinguishes the fire.

D.3.2 12-Pallet Test

The 12-pallet test was developed as part of the Aerosol Flammability Test (AFT) program to confirm the

accuracy of the AFT methodology. It is conducted using a 2×2×3 pallet array under a 25 ft (7.6 m) high ceil-

ing with large-drop sprinklers designed to discharge at 50 psi (3.45 bar). Data collected during this test include

the number of operating sprinklers, maximum steel and air temperatures, plume temperature and plume

velocity. This data is used to objectively determine the hazard classification.

D.4 Aerosol Can Labeling

Some aerosol cans are labeled ‘‘Extremely Flammable’’ or ‘‘Flammable’’ in accordance with the Federal

Hazardous Substances Act, but these designations have no relation to the classification of the aerosol. Thetest for determining the label involves spraying an aerosol can toward an ignition source and measuring the

flame extension. This test will not predict the classification of the aerosol product.

D.5 Chemical Heat of Combustion Data

The following table was generated by FM Global Research at the request of aerosol manufacturers. It is

not considered an all-inclusive table, but does contain many commonly used materials. The table will be

updated as additional materials are tested. The table footnotes may be used as an additional source of

information.





Table 11. Chemical Heat of Combustion Data

CAS# Material Name

∆H c 1

(kJ/g) χch 2

∆H ch (kJ/g)

71-55-6 1,1,1-Trichloroethane — — a

75-37-6 1,1-Diflouroethane (HFC 152a) 18.1 0.353 6.3

95-63-6 1,1,1-Trimethylbenzene (Pseudocumene) 41.0 0.673 27.51717-00-6 1,1-Dichloro-1-Fluoroethane 8.4 0.353 2.9

110-71-4 1,2-Dimethoxyethane 26.72 0.97 25.9

75-68-3 1-Chloro-1,1-Diflouroethane (HCFC 142b) 9.3 0.353 3.3

108-65-6 1-Methoxy-2-Propanol Acetate 32.22 0.96 30.9

111-76-2 2-Butoxyethanol 30.82 0.96 29.6

110-80-5 2-Ethoxyethanol 26.72 0.97 25.9

111-15-9 2-Ethoxyethyl Acetate 32.22 0.96 30.9

75-28-5 2-Methylpropane (Isobutane) 45.5 0.94 42.8

67-64-1 Acetone 28.6 0.973 27.7

68122-72-5 Acrylic Resin — — a

68122-72-5 Alkyd Resin — — a

7429-90-5 Aluminum — — a

8052-42-4 Asphalt 30.24 0.75 ‘22.7

7727-43-7 Barium Sulfate 0.0 — 0.0

92-87-5 Benzidine (Yellow) — — a

106-97-8 Butane 45.6 0.953 43.3

85-68-7 Butyl Benzl Phthalate 37.12 0.85 3.15

1317-65-3 Calcium Carbonate 0.0 — 0.0

124-38-9 Carbon Dioxide 0.0 — 0.0

1333-86-4 Carbon Black — — a

1308-14-1 Chrominum Hydroxide 0.0 — 0.0

8001-30-7 Corn Oil 36.84 0.96 353

5989-27-5 d-Limonene 45.2 0.88 39.8

123-42-2 Diacetone Alcohol 37.32 0.94 35.1

112-34-5 Diethylene Glycol Methyl Ether 34.42 0.96 33.0

115-10-6 Dimethyl Ether 28.8 0.92 26.5

34590-94-8 Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether 33.52

0.96 32.264-17-15 Ethanol (95.6 Azeotrope) 25.6 0.92 23.6

64-17-15 Ethanol 26.8 0.92 24.7

763-69-9 Ethyl 3-Ethoxypropionate 33.32 0.96 32.0

100-41-4 Ethylbenzene 40.9 0.71 29.0

107-21-1 Ethylene Glycol 16.9 0.97 16.4

111-55-7 Ethylene Glycol Diacetate 33.32 0.96 32.0

7782-42-5 Graphite — — a

107-41-5 Hexylene Glycol 29.7 0.96 28.5

1309-37-1 Iron Oxide 0.0 — 0.0

78-83-1 Isobutyl Alcohol 32.7 0.91 29.8

108-21-4 Isopropyl Acetate 26.0 0.98 25.5

67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 30.1 0.91 27.4

142-91-6 Isopropyl Palmitate 38.82 0.96 37.2

110-27-0 Isopropyl Myristate 38.22 0.95 36.2

1332-58-7 Kaolin Clay (Aluminum Silicate Hydroxide) 0.0 — 0.0

8008-20-6 Kerosene (Kerosine) 46.04 0.905 41.4

— Liquids, Non-Contributory — — a

— Liquids, Noncombustible/Flammable 0.0 — 0.0

14807-96-6 Magnesium Silicate (Talc) 0.0 — 0.0

67-56-1 Methanol 20.0 0.953 19.0

78-93-3 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 31.5 0.973 30.6

563-80-4 Methyl Isopropyl Ketone 33.1 0.94 31.1

110-43-0 Methyl n-Amyl Ketone 37.22 0.94 35.0

75-09-2 Methylene Chloride 6.0 0.353 2.1





CAS# Material Name

∆H c 1

(kJ/g) χch 2

∆H ch (kJ/g)

12001-26-2 Mica (Mica Silicate) 0.0 — 0.0

64742-47-8 Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Distillate) 44.8 0.92 41.2

8012-95-1 Mineral Oil 41.54 0.765 31.5

64742-88-7 Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Distillate) 44.8 0.92 41.2

134-62-3 N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide (Deet) 38.12 0.74 28.2

123-86-4 n-Butyl Acetate 28.2 0.98 27.6

142-82-5 n-Heptane 44.6 0.923 41.0

110-54-3 n-Hexane 44.7 0.923 41.1

113-48-4 n-Octyl Bicyclopheptane Dicarboximide 38.02 0.79 30.0

64742-48-9 Naphtha, VM&P (Petroleum Distillate) 44.8 0.92 41.2

8030-30-6 Naphtha (Petroleum Distillate) 44.8 0.92 41.2

8052-41-3 Naphtha (High Flash) 44.8 0.92 41.2



7727-37-9 Nitrogen 0.0 — 0.0

8002-74-2 Paraffin (Wax) — — a

109-66-0 Pentane 45.0 0.932

41.9127-18-4 Perchloroethylene (Tetrachloroethylene) — — a

64741-65-7 Petroleum Distillate 44.8 0.92 41.2

147-14-8 Phthalocyanine Blue — — a

1328-53-6 Phthalocyanine Green — — a

51-03-6 Piperonyl Butoxide 37.22 0.86 32.0

9005-65-6 Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Oleate — — a

9005-64-5 Polyoxyethylene (20)Sorbitan Monolaurate — — a

74-68-6 Propane 46.3 0.953 44.0

57-55-6 Propylene Glycol 21.4 0.96 20.5

78-92-2 sec-Butyl Alcohol 32.9 0.91 39.9

— Silica (Crystalline) 0.0 — 0.0

7631-86-9 Silica, Amorphous Hydrated 0.0 — 0.0

63148-58-3 Silicone Oil — — a

63148-62-9 Silicone Oil — — a — Solids, Non-Contributory — — a

— Solids, Noncombustible/Flammable 0.0 — 0.0

1338-39-2 Sorbitan Monolaurate 39.52 0.96 37.9

26266-57-9 Sorbitan Monopalmitate 39.52 0.96 37.9

25038-32-8 Styrene Butadiene Rubber — — a

16252-10-5 Tin Oxide 0.0 — 0.0

13463-67-7 Titanium Dioxide 0.0 — 0.0

108-88-3 Toluene 40.5 0.70 28.4

102-76-1 Triacetin 36.9 0.96 35.4

79-01-6 Trichloroethylene — — a

7732-18-5 Water 0.0 — 0.0

1330-20-7 Xylene 40.9 0.673 27.4

1314-13-2 Zinc Oxide 0.0 — 0.0

a Materials with closed cup flash points greater than 500°F (D92-90 ‘‘Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup, ’’ ASTM,Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).

1 Except as noted, theoretical heat of complete combustion (net) determined from heat of formation or heat of combustion data assum-ing all products in the vapor phase (CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 73th ed., David R. Lide, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton,Florida, 1992).

2 Except as noted, chemical combustion efficiency determined by correlations based on chemical structure as given in: Tewarson, A., ‘‘SmokePoint Height and Fire Properties of Materials,’’ May 1988, available from NTIS P889-141089.

3 Chemical combustion efficiency reported in: Tewarson, A, ‘‘Generation of Heat and Chemical Compounds in Fires,’’ Chapter 1-13 in SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering , P. J. DiNenno, ed., 1st ed., National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts, 1988.

4 Heat of complete combustion (net) as measured by oxygen bomb calorimetry (D240-92 ‘‘Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter,’’ ASTM, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).

5 Chemical combustion efficiency measured under simulated fire conditions using the method described in: Tewarson, A, ‘‘Generation ofHeat and Chemical Compounds in Fires, ’’ op. cit., ref.3.





APPENDIX E IN-RACK SPRINKLER LAYOUTS AND FIRE PROTECTION SCHEMES

E.1 In-Rack Sprinkler Layouts

Figures 2 through 7 show in-rack sprinkler layouts.





Elevation ViewFlue Sprinkler

Deflector Clearance Minimum of 6 in. (15 cm)

5 f t . ( 1 . 5 m

)

A p p r o x .

5 f t .

( 1 . 5

m ) A p p r o x

.

NOTE:In-Rack Sprinklers must be Staggered VerticallyLine-up In-Rack Sprinklers with Transverse Flue Spaces

1 0 f t

( 3 . 0

m ) A p p r o x

1 5 f t

( 4 . 6

m ) A p p r o x

Plan View

8 ft (2.4 m)

Approx.

5 f t . ( 1 . 5 m

)

A p p r o x .

Fig. 2a. Cartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols — single row racks.





Plan View

8 ft (2.4 m) Approx.

9 f t . ( 2 . 7 m

)

A p p

r o x .

Flue Sprinkler Elevation View

NOTE:

In-Rack Sprinklers Must be Staggered VerticallyLine-up In-Rack Sprinklers with Transverse Flue Spaces


5 f t . ( 1 . 5 m

)

A p p

r o x .

5

f t . ( 1

. 5 m

) A p p r o x

. 1 0 f t .

( 3 . 0

m )

A p p r o x

.

1 5 f t .

( 4 . 6

m )

A p p r o x

.

Fig. 2b. Cartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols — double row racks.






NOTE: Line-up In-Rack Sprinklers with Transverse Flue SpacesDeflector Clearance Minimum of 6 in. (15 cm)

5 f t . ( 1 . 5 m

)

A p p

r o x .

5 f t .

( 1 . 5

m )

A p p r o x

.

1 5 f t .

( 4 . 6

m )

A p p r o x

.

Plan View

4 - 5 ft.

(1.2 - 1.5 m)

5 f t . ( 1 . 5 m

)

A p p

r o x .

Fig. 3a. Cartoned Level 3 aerosols — single row racks up to 25 ft (7.6 m) high storage in suppression mode protected building.





Plan View(typical tier)

4 - 5 ft.

(1.2 - 1.5 m)

9 f t . ( 2 . 7 m

)

A p p r o x .

NOTE:

Line-up In-Rack Sprinklers with Transverse Flue

Spaces

Elevation View


5 f t . ( 1 . 5 m

)

A p p r o x .

5 f t .

( 1 . 5

m ) A p p r o x

.

1 5 f t .

( 4 . 6

m ) A p p r o x

.

Flue Sprinkler

Fig. 3b. Cartoned Level 3 aerosols — double row racks up to 25 ft (7.6 m) high storage in suppression mode protected building.






8 ft (2.4 m)

Approx.

9 f t . ( 2 . 7 m

)

A p p

r o x .

8 ft (2.4 m)

Approx.

Face Sprinkler

Flue Sprinkler Elevation View


NOTE:

All In-Rack Sprinklers Must be Staggered Vertically

Line-up In-Rack Sprinklers with Transverse Flue Spaces

5 f t .

( 1 . 5

m )

A p p r o x

.

5 f t . ( 1 . 5 m

)

A p p

r o x .

1 0 f t .

( 3 . 0

m )

A p p r o x

. 1 5 f t .

( 4 . 6

m )

A p p r o x

.

Fig. 4b. Cartoned Level 3 aerosols — double row racks.





Fig. 4c. Cartoned Level 3 aerosols — multiple row racks.






Plan View (Typical Tier & Below Barrier)

8 ft (2.4 m) Approx.

5 f t . ( 1 . 5 m

)

A p p

r o x .

NOTE:In-Rack Sprinklers must be Staggered Vertically

Line-up In-Rack Sprinklers with Transverse Flue Spaces


5 f t . ( 1 . 5

m )

A p p

r o x .

5 f t .

( 1 . 5

m )

A p p r o x

.

Solid Barrier over Top Level of Storage

1 0 f t .

( 3 . 0

m )

A p p r o x

. 1 5 f t .

( 4 . 6

m )

A p p r o x

.

Fig. 5a. Cartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols, clearance > 15 ft (4.6 m) — single row racks.






NOTE:All In-Rack Sprinklers Must be Staggered

VerticallyLine-up In-Rack Sprinklers with TransverseFlue Spaces

Elevation View

5 f t .

( 1 . 5

m ) A p p r o x

.

5 f t . ( 1 . 5 m

)

A p p

r o x .

Barrier Over Top Level of Storage

1 0 f t .

( 3 . 0

m ) A p p r o x

. 1 5 f t .

( 4 . 6

m ) A p p r o x

.

Plan View

(Typical Tier & Below Barrier)

8 ft (2.4 m)

Approx.

9

f t . ( 2 . 7 m

)

A p p

r o x .

8 ft (2.4 m)

Approx.

Face Sprinkler

Flue Sprinkler

Fig. 5b. Cartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols, clearance > 15 ft (4.6 m) — double row racks.







Plan View

4 - 5 ft.

(1.2 - 1.5 m)

5 f t . ( 1 . 5 m

)

A p p

r o x .

NOTE: Line-up In-Rack Sprinklers with Transverse Flue Spaces

5 f t . ( 1 . 5 m

)

A p p

r o x .

5 f t .

( 1 . 5

m ) A p p r o x

. 1 0 f t .

( 3 . 0

m )

A p p r o x

.

1 5 f t .

( 4 . 6

m ) A p p r o x

.

Fig. 6a. Uncartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols — single row racks up to 20 ft (6.1 m) high storage.






NOTE: Line-up In-Rack Sprinklers with Transverse Flue SpacesDeflector Clearance Minimum of 6 in. (15 cm)

5 f t . ( 1 . 5 m

)

A p p

r o x .

5 f t .

( 1 . 5

m )

A p p r o x

. 1 0 f t .

( 3 . 0

m )

A p p r o x

.

1 5 f t .

( 4 . 6

m )

A p p r o x

.

Plan View

4 - 5 ft.

(1.2 - 1.5 m)

5 f t . ( 1 . 5 m

)

A p p

r o x .

Fig. 7a. Uncartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols — single row racks up to 25 ft (7.6 m) high storage.





Face Sprinkler

Flue Sprinkler


8 -10 ft.(2.4 - 3 m)

4 - 5 ft.

(1.2 - 1.5 m)

9 f t . ( 2 . 7 m

)

A p p r o x .

NOTE:

Face Sprinklers Must be Staggered Vertically

Line-up In-Rack Sprinklers with Transverse Flue

Spaces

Elevation View


5 f t . ( 1 . 5 m

)

A p p r o x .

5 f t .

( 1 . 5

m ) A p p r o x

.

1 0 f t .

( 3 . 0

m ) A p p r o x

. 1 5 f t .

( 4 . 6

m ) A p p r o x

.

Fig. 7b. Uncartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols — double row racks up to 25 ft (7.6 m) high storage.





Fig. 7c. Uncartoned Level 2 and 3 aerosols — multiple row racks up to 25 ft (7.6 m) high storage.





E.2 Fire Protection Scheme A

1. Provide plywood, minimum 3 ⁄ 8 in. (1 cm), or sheet metal, minimum 22 gauge (0.7 mm), barriers and in-rack

sprinklers installed in accordance with Figures 8a, 8b, 8c and 8d.

2. Install FM Approved, K ≥ 8.0 (115), 165°F (74°C) rated, quick response in-rack sprinklers below each

barrier level. Design the in-rack sprinklers to provide a minimum end head pressure of 50 psi (3.5 bar) outof the hydraulically most remote six (6) sprinklers (three on two lines) if one barrier level or the most remote

eight (8) sprinklers (four on two lines) if two or more barrier levels are provided.

3. If there are adjacent bays of rack arrays not dedicated to aerosol storage, extend the barrier and in-rack

sprinkler protection at least one rack bay, approximately 8 ft (2.4 m) beyond the aerosol storage.

4. Ceiling sprinkler demand does not need to be included in the hydraulic calculations for in-rack sprinklers.

Calculate the water demand at point of supply separately for in-rack and ceiling sprinklers. Provide a 500 gpm

(1900 l/min) hose stream allowance in the hydraulic calculations for the in-rack sprinkler protection. Provide

the combined fire protection water demand for a 2-hour duration.

5. Design ceiling sprinklers to protect the surrounding occupancy. A minimum ceiling sprinkler design of not

less than 0.20 gpm/ft2 (8 mm/min) over 2000 ft2 (186 m2) is required if standard spray sprinklers are provided.

If the aerosol storage does not extend to the full height of the rack, protect the other commodities stored

above the barrier in accordance with appropriate standards as if the entire rack height was filled with thatcommodity. If in-rack sprinklers are required for the other commodities, each level of barrier and in-rack

sprinklers can be given credit as a level of in-rack sprinklers.





Plan View

Elevation View

Maximum 3 in. (76 mm) Gapat Uprights

4 - 5 ft.(1.2 - 1.5 m)

Solid Barrier

1 0 f t . ( 3 m

)

1 0 f t . ( 3 m

)

Minimum 8 ft. (2.4 m) BetweenGaps.

Deflector a Maximum of 7 in. (23 cm) Below Barrier

In-Rack Sprinkler

Deflector a Minimum of 6 in. (15 cm) Above Top of Storage

5 f t . ( 1 . 4 m

)

M a x i m u m

Fig. 8a. Single row rack in-rack sprinkler layout — Fire Protection Scheme A.





Longitudinal Flue Sprinkler

Face Sprinkler

Plan View

Elevation View

Maximum 3 in. (77 mm)Gap at Uprights

10 ft. (3 m)

10 ft. (3 m)

8 -10 ft.(2.4 - 3 m)

4 - 5 ft.(1.2 - 1.5 m)

Solid Barrier (no gap at longitudinal flue)

9 f t . ( 2 . 7 m

)

M a x i m u m

Fig. 8c. Double row rack in-rack sprinkler layout — Fire Protection Scheme A.





Elevation View - First Barrier Level

1 0 f t . ( 3 m

)

Deflector a Minimum of 6 in. (15 cm)

Above Top of StorageDeflector a Maximum of 7 in. (23 cm) Below Barrier

Plan View

In-Rack Sprinkler

Solid Barrier

(no gap at flue)

4 - 5 ft.(1.2 - 1.5 m)

Fig. 8d. Multiple row rack in-rack sprinkler layout — Fire Protection Scheme A.





E.3 Aerosol Flow-Through Rack Protection Scheme

1. Install solid 3 ⁄ 8 in. (1 cm) plywood or 22 gauge (0.7 mm) sheet metal barrier at the 12 ft (3.7 m) level.

The barrier must completely cover the longitudinal flue space. A 3 in. (76 mm) gap is permitted over the

transverse flue spaces at the rack uprights. (See Figures 9a and 9b.)

2. To prevent potential horizontal fire spread within the roller racks, provide one the following:

a) Maintain a nominal 3 in. (76 mm) gap between rows of cartons. This would create at least 2 in. (51 mm)

of free space between cartons (i.e., 3 in. [76 mm] space between cartons – 1 in. [25 mm] carton guide

angle = 2 in. [51 mm] open space). It is recognized that the gaps between cartons will be inconsistent and

not be vertically aligned. However, limiting the number of carton spaces between rack uprights creating

the potential for a nominal 3 in. (76 mm) gap will ensure adequate openings for in-rack sprinkler discharge

to penetrate through the roller racks and prevent excessive horizontal spread of fire within the picking

racks.

b) If the 3 in. (76 mm) gap between rows of cartons cannot be provided, install vertical barriers every

24 ft (7.3 m) horizontally. The barrier must span from the floor to the bottom of the horizontal barrier. The

barrier may be constructed of either 3 ⁄ 8 in. (1 cm) plywood or 22 gauge (0.7 mm) sheet metal. Since the

barrier will be located next to in-rack sprinklers, additional in-rack sprinklers must be installed on both

sides of the barrier.

3. Install in-rack sprinklers in accordance with Figures 9a and 9b. Use FM Approved, K ≥ 8.0 (115), 165°F

(74°C) rated, quick response in-rack sprinklers. The number of lines of in-rack sprinklers is dependent on

the rack width.

4. Locate face sprinklers a maximum of 6 in. (15 cm) from the rack face.

5. Design the in-rack sprinklers to provide a minimum discharge pressure of 50 psi (3.5 bar) out of the

hydraulically most remote:

a) Twelve (12) sprinklers (i.e., four (4) sprinklers operating on each of three (3) lines) for three or more

lines of in-racks or

b) Eight (8) sprinklers if only two lines of in-racks are provided (i.e., four (4) sprinklers operating on two

(2) lines), or

c) Six (6) sprinklers if only one line of in-rack sprinklers is provided.6. Ceiling sprinkler demand does not need to be included in the hydraulic calculations for in-rack sprinklers.

Calculate the water demand at point of supply separately for in-rack and ceiling sprinklers. Provide a 500 gpm

(1900 l/min) hose stream allowance in the hydraulic calculations for the in-rack sprinkler protection. Provide

the combined fire protection water demand for a 2-hour duration.

7. Design ceiling sprinklers to protect the surrounding occupancy but not less than 0.20 gpm/ft2 over 2000 ft2

(8 mm/min over 186 m2).





Fig. 9a. Aerosol picking area elevation view.


7-31 à jour as of 25 juin 2008 aérosols

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