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Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition

Rod R. SeeleyIdaho State UniversityTrent D. StephensIdaho State UniversityPhilip TatePhoenix College

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

Chapter 07Chapter 07

Lecture OutlineLecture Outline**

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Skeletal SystemGross Anatomy

Chapter 7

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Skeletal System

• Provides framework• Without skeleton, muscles couldn’t move body• Components

– Bones

– Cartilage

– Ligaments

– Tendons

• Relationships among bones and soft tissues

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Skeleton

• Axial skeleton– Skull– Hyoid bone– Vertebral column– Thoracic (rib) cage

• Appendicular skeleton– Limbs– Girdles

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The Complete Skeleton

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Anatomic Bone Features

• Terms– Body: Main part

– Head: Enlarge end

– Neck: Constriction between head and body

– Margin or border: Edge

– Angle: Bend

– Ramus: Branch off body

– Condyle: Smooth rounded articular surface

– Facet: Small flattened articular surface

• Projections– Process: Prominent

projection

– Tubercle: Small rounded bump

– Tuberosity: Knob

– Trochanter: Tuberosities on proximal femur

– Epicondyle: Near or above condyle

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Anatomic Bone Features

• Ridges– Line or linea: Low ridge– Crest or crista: Prominent

ridge– Spine: Very high ridge

• Openings– Foramen: Hole– Canal or meatus: Tunnel– Fissure: Cleft– Sinus or Labyrinth:

Cavity

• Depressions– Fossa: General term

for a depression

– Notch: Depression in bone margin

– Fovea: Little pit

– Groove or sulcus: Deeper, narrow depression

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The Skull or Cranium• Functions

– Protects brain– Supports organs of

special senses– Provides foundation

for structures that take air, food , water into body

• Superior view of skull– Parietal bones – Frontal bone– Sagittal suture– Coronal suture

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Posterior View of Skull

• Occipital bone• Lambdoid suture• Sutural bones• External occipital

protuberance– Ligamentum nuchae:

Helps keep head erect– Nuchal lines: Neck

muscle attachment points

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Lateral View of Skull

• Squamous suture• External auditory

meatus• Mastoid Process• Temporal lines• Sphenoid bone• Zygomatic bones• Maxilla• Mandible

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Frontal View of Skull

• Frontal bone• Zygomatic bones• Maxillae• Mandible• Orbits

– Nasolacrimal canal

– Optic foramen

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Bones of Nasal Cavity

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Paranasal Sinuses

• Functions– Decrease skull weight

– Resonating chambers

• Names– Frontal

– Maxillary

– Ethmoidal

– Sphenoidal

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Inferior View of Skull

• Foramen magnum• Occipital condyles• Jugular foramina• Styloid processes• Vomer bone• Hard or bony palate

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Hyoid Bone

• Unpaired• No direct bony

attachment to skull • Attachment point for

some tongue muscles• Attachment point for

neck muscles that elevate larynx during speech and swallowing

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Vertebral Column

• Supports weight of head and trunk

• Protects the spinal cord

• Allow spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord

• Provides site for muscle attachment

• Permits movement of head and trunk

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Vertebra

• Body• Vertebral foramen• Vertebral arch• Pedicle• Lamina• Transverse process• Spinous process• Articular processes

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Intervertebral Disks

• Located between adjacent vertebrae

• Functions– Provide support

– Prevent vertebrae rubbing

• Consist of– Annulus fibrosus

– Nucleus pulposus

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Herniated or Ruptured Disk

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Spina Bifida

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Vertebral Column

• Regions– Cervical (7 vertebrae)– Thoracic (12 vertebrae)– Lumbar (5 vertebrae)– Sacral bone (1)– Coccygeal bone (1)

• Major Curvatures (4)• Abnormal curvatures

– Lordosis– Kyphosis– Scoliosis

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Cervical Vertebrae

• Atlas– First vertebra

• Axis– Second vertebra

– Dens or odontoid process

• Vertebral prominens

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Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae

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Sacrum and Coccyx

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Thoracic or Rib Cage

• Functions– Protects vital organs– Forms semi-rigid

chamber for respiration

• Parts– Thoracic vertebrae– Ribs (12 pair)

• True or Vertebrosternal• False or

Vertebrochondral• Floating or vertebral

– Sternum

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Sternum

• Breastbone• Parts

– Manubrium

– Body

– Xiphoid process

• Sternal angle– Important landmark for

counting ribs to locate areas of the heart

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Appendicular Skeleton

• Girdles– Pectoral or shoulder

– Pelvic

• Upper Limbs– Arm

– Forearm

– Wrist

– Hand

• Lower Limbs– Thigh

– Leg

– Foot

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Pectoral Girdle• Scapula (2)

– Acromion process• Forms protective cover• Attachment for clavicle• Attachment for muscles

– Coracoid process• Attachment for muscles

– Glenoid cavity• Articulates with

humerus

• Clavicle (2)

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Arm• Humerus

– Head• Anatomic and surgical

– Neck– Tubercles

• Greater and lesser

– Intertubercular groove– Deltoid tuberosity– Capitulum

• Articulates with radius

– Trochlea• Articulates with ulna

– Epicondyles

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Forearm

• Radius– Thumb side– Most commonly

fractured bone in 50+ years people

• Ulna– Little finger side– Trochlear notch– Olecranon process– Coronoid process

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Wrist and Hand

• Wrist– 8 carpal bones

• Hand– 5 metacarpals (palm of hand)– Phalanges

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Pelvis

• Coxae: Right and Left– Ilium

– Ischium• Sit down bone

– Pubis• Pubic symphysis

• Acetabulum• Obturator foramen• Sacrum

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Male and Female Pelvis

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Thigh

• Femur– Head

– Neck

– Trochanters• Greater and lesser

– Condyles• Medial and lateral

– Epicondyles• Medial and lateral

• Patella or kneecap

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Leg

• Tibia– Larger and supports

most of weight– Tibial tuberosity– Condyles– Medial malleolus

• Fibula– Articulates with tibia

not femur– Lateral malleolus

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Foot

• Tarsals (7)• Metatarsals (5)• Phalanges

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Arches of the Foot

• Function– Distribute weight of body between heel and ball of foot

• Three major arches– Transverse arch– Longitudinal arches: Medial and lateral