Paper Title : HYBRID VEHICLES FOR 21st CENTURY

Authors Name : 1. GUNJAL SHIRISH S.

2. DHAMANE DEEPAK S.

Institution : SANJIVANI RURAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’SCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

KOPARGAON

Address : “SHIVANAND” ,Bharatnagar, maldad road

P. O. Sangamner, Dist. Ahmednagar

Pin. 422605 (M.S.)

Tel. No. : (02425) 228495

Email id : ssgunjal@rediffmail.com

deepak_mech1@indiatimes.com

A

TECHNICAL PAPER PRESENTATION

HYBRID VEHICLES FOR 21 st

CENTURY

PAPER PRESENTED BY

Mr. GUNJAL SHIRISH.S. (B.E Mechanical)

Mr. DHAMANE DEEPAK S. (B.E. Mechanical)

SANJIVANI RURAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’SCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

KOPARGAON-423603.

ABSTRACT

Innovative thinking leads to development of new technologies.

Today, the world is facing serious pollution crisis due to the exhaust

gases from vehicles using petroleum-based fuel. The pollutants like

HC, NOx occurs due to the incomplete combustion of fuel. These

pollutants are very harmful to human being causing various diseases.

Also the fuel recourses are depleting rapidly.

Air pollution is the major problem that we face in our day to day

life. It is one of the most dangerous and common kind of

environmental pollution that is reported in most industrial towns and

metropoliton cities of India. The ever increasing vehicular traffic

produces a great threat to environment. There is a need for new

technology to tackle this problem and this paper deals with the

introduction of Solar and Fuel Cell Hybrid vehicle technology which

promises 100% pollution free.

Sr. No.

Title Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 SOLAR RADIATION IN INDIA 2

3 SELECTION OF A VEHICLE. 3

4 CONVERSION OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE INTO A

SOLAR FUEL CELL HYBRID VEHICLE

5

5SOLAR ARRAY SIZE AND SELECTION

8

6 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 10

7 CONCLUSION 11

BIBLIOGRAPHY12

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

The technology of hybrid vehicle is a new concept in the

engineering of Eco – friendly and highly efficient vehicles. The

technology is widely used in advanced countries like USA and

JAPAN for its best performance and low cost of maintenance and

antipollutive design.

Stainable energy supply in the fast growing world is facing

serious challenges on account of depleting fossil fuels and associated

environmental impacts.

Solar vehicle technology and fuel cell vehicle technology will be

an answer for the depleting fossil fuels and associated environmental

impacts.

The main objective of this paper is to visualize the new

technology of integrating a solar vehicle and fuel cell technology to

develop a new hybrid vehicle which is 100% Eco-friendly.

The hybrid system involving a battery and Fuel cell has been

considered. Battery takes care of the peak load demand while the

fuel cell is adequate for meeting the peak demand and charges the

battery simultaneously. Here the solar photo voltaic cells are placed

at the roof of the vehicle to provide the additional electrical energy to

propel the vehicle.

SOLAR RADIATION IN INDIA

It is said that the topical areas lying between the latitudes 30°N

and 30°S have at least 2000 hours of bright sunshine are ideal for

exploiting solar energy.

India lies between the latitude of 7°N and 37°N, and receives

an annual intensity of solar radiation between 16700-29260 kj/m2/day.

Therefore it is suitable to exploit solar hybrid technology in India.

Mean solar radiation in India is given in table 1.

Table 1 : Solar Radiation’s in selected cities in India

City MeanDelhi 655

Mumbai 701Calcutta 681Chennai 720Srinagar 631

Trivandrum 721

SELECTION OF A VEHICLE.

The specification of a typical battery vehicle developed in India is

given bellow.

Maximum vehicle speed = 75 kmph

Acceleration (0 to 50 kmph) = 14 mps2

Range per charge = 60 km at 45 kmph

Pay load = 10 Persons/800 kg

Dimension L = 5000mm

W = 2000mm

H =1800mm

Drive motor = 20 BHP/96V/3000rpm DC series Traction motor.

Propulsion Battery = 235Ah/96V Lead acid,

Tubular Plate traction batteries.

Controller = Electronic thyristor chopper

Controller with control and

Trip on motor overheating

Features.

Instrumentation = speedometer, odometer,

Charge indicator, voltmeter

Motor and battery voltage

Ammeter for motor current.

The above specification is taken for consideration purpose. The

above electric vehicle is converted into a solar fuel cell hybrid

vehicle.

Fig.1 Layout of Solar Fuel Cell Hybrid vehicle.

CONVERSION OF THE ABOVE ELECTRIC VEHICLE

INTO A SOLAR FUEL CELL HYBRID VEHICLE

The layout of a Solar Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle is shown in

the fig.1. The power required to propel the vehicle is 20 BHP

(96V/235AH), it is supplied by using four 24V/235AH batteries

connected in series combination. In addition to this a Hydrogen Fuel

cell unit with output of 96V/235amp is connected directly to the

electric motor with required control and protection units.

Of all the alternative vehicle propulsion drive system, the fuel

cell option offers the most promising out look for the future. Its

efficiency factor is twice that of the internal

combustion engines used in traditional automobiles. It is

entirely pollution free. The emission free and quite operation of fuel

cell-based cars offers a desired advantage over the air and noise

pollution. Hydrogen has great potential as a fuel. Hydrogen is

practically as an alternative fuel because there is no carbon in the

combustion process. So, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are

not produced. Fuel cells have a fairly simple sandwich-like structure.

The actual cell consists of three layers - anode, electrolyte and

cathode. Between two gas permeable electrodes of graphite paper is

the polymer proton exchange membrane (PEM), which is a few

thousands of millimeter thick. Hydrogen is introduced on one side of

PEM, the anode. The other side the cathodes are exposed to oxygen

or simply air. The membrane separates the two gases. A fine coating

of platinum on both sides of the membrane acts as a catalyst in the

chemical reaction. Each hydrogen molecules reacts with the catalyst

to produce two single hydrogen ions and two electrons.

H2 (in presence of catalyst) 2H++2e-

Fig.2 : Arrangement of the solar cell in series and parallel combinations

.

The hydrogen ions then pass through the selective membrane. The

membrane is impenetrable to electrons, so these are left behind the

barrier. This selective migration of hydrogen ions causes these ions

to accumulate on one side of the cell and electrons on the other.

Since hydrogen ions carry a positive electric charge and electrons a

negative electric charge, the migration results in charge difference

across the membrane, otherwise known as potential or voltage

difference. The voltage across each cell is approximately 0.8 to 1.0

volts. Then their build up a negative charge at the anode and positive

charge at the cathode resulting in a rise of potential. If the two poles

are connected outside the cell electric current flows in other words

the electrons travel along the connecting wire from the anode to the

cathode where they react with proton and atmospheric oxygen to

form water. An individual fuel cell, which is only a few mm thick, has

an output potential of less than 1 volt. For this reason, a few hundred

cells are united into stack to produce the required out put of

96V/235A. The hydrogen ions, which cross the membrane and unite

with electrons that are routed through an external circuit as well as

the oxygen that is introduced to the cell on the opposite side of the

membrane. The hydrogen ions oxygen and electrons then react to

form water and heat. The flow of electrons in the external circuit is

controlled by the size of the membrane active area and the hydrogen

and oxygen. This electrical energy generated in the fuel cell stack is

used to drive the cars motor, connects the two sides the anode and

the cathode. Since no combustion takes place impurities in the air are

left alone and do not form smog.

2H+ + 2e- + ½O2 Catalyst H2O + Heat

On the other hand the solar panels are embedded on the roof of

the vehicles for the direct exposure of the sunlight. The surface

area of vehicle to which a solar panel can be embedded is

calculated to be 24m2 (considering the roof, sides, etc).Solar cells

are of square or rectangle or circular in shape. The square solar

cell of dimension 20X20mm is selected [1]. These cells may be

connected in series and parallel combination to achieve the

desired output power.

SOLAR ARRAY SIZE AND SELECTION

The optimum operating voltage of a PV cell is generally about

0.45V at normal temperature and the current in full sunlight may be

taken to be 270amps/m2. Here the exposed area of the cell is

400mm2 and so the output current will be 0.108amps and the electric

output is 0.45*0.108=0.049watts in full sunlight.

The area occupied by a single cell is 400mm2.Therefore the

number of cells that can occupy a area of 24m2 is 60000cells.These

cells are arrayed in series and parallel combination to achieve the

desired output power, shown in Fig.2.

Consider that out of four 24V/235AH batteries let two batteries

be charged by using the solar energy. (To charge all the four

batteries we require large number of solar cells, which cannot be

placed on the surface of the vehicle).

Total amount of volts to be developed by solar cells to charge

two 24V batteries is 60V.The number of cells to be connected in

series to achieve the required voltage is 60V/0.45V=134 cells .To

increase the current out put at the same time, several strings of 134

cells would be connected in series.

AH needed=235AH

Assume 5hr of direct sun light charging current=235A/5=47A

The optimum current output from the solar cell at full sunlight is

270A/m2. The current output from each cell with area of 400mm2 is

given as 0.108A.So to produce 47A of current, 47A/0.108A=435

strings of 134 cells are connected in parallel.

The number of cells to be connected in series and parallel

combination is 134 X 435 = 58315 cells, which is approximately

nearer to 60000 cells that can be placed on the surface of the vehicle.

PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

The above designed solar module is connected to the storage

battery through the blocking diode. The purpose of the blocking diode

is to let the array generated power to flow only towards the battery.

Without a blocking diode the battery would discharge back through

the solar array during time of no insolation. The battery is then

connected to the electric motor propelling the vehicle.

Fig.3 : Solar photovoltaic system

CONCLUSIONS

Though this concept is new to our country, in western countries

already they have tested and tried it for better efficiency. Though

initial investment is more in this new technology the future

maintenance cost is very less. If this Solar Fuel cell hybrid vehicle

technology is encouraged in India this will play a vital role to develop

our own Indian economy and this will be the answer for the depleting

fossil fuel and associated impacts on the environment.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Hans.S.RAUSCHENBACH, SOLAR CELL ARRAY

DESIGN HAND BOOK.

[2] National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report,

1997, EPA-454/R-98-016.

[3] Watson, A.YR.R.Bates, and D.Kennedy; Air Pollution,

the Automobile and Public Health, National Academy

Press, Washington, DC, 1988.

[4] Abbasi.S.A (1998) : Environmental pollution and its

control, cogent international, Philadelphia.

[5] “SESI” – Journal of solar energy society of India.

[6] M.A.GREEN (1982),Solar cells.

[7] T.MARKUART (ed) (1994), Solar electricity.

[8] “ELECTRONICS FOR YOU” – Journal,FEB-2003.