Q U A L IF IC A T IO N S

SeawaterDesalination

drinking waterDrinking

Water

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2061

9

Carollo Engineers is an environmental consulting firm with more than 1,050 employees in 44 offices throughout the United States. All of our work is performed in the areas of water and wastewater, resulting in a level of understanding of key project issues that few can match. Carollo strives to maintain the tradition of using sound and proven engineering principles while moving progressively forward to keep abreast of changing times and new technologies.

This is a specialty Statement of Qualifications (SOQ) for Carollo Engineers detailing some of our experience and expertise in the field of water treatment specific to this topic.

CONTENTS

Issues and Differentiators

Key Achievements

Testing and Optimization Capabilities

Publications

Company Profile

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DeSAlInAtIOn QuAlIfICAtIOnS

Civil engineers have made it possible for our society to grow and remain comfortable. They have engineered a civilization that demands and expects certain comforts and basic amenities. However, as our population continues to grow, certain resources on which we rely will be utilized to their fullest extent. Such is the case in certain coastal areas where fresh water resources have been utilized to their full capacity. Fifty three percent of the population in the United States lives within 50 miles of the coast1, and their thirst is never ending. Now, civil engineers face new challenges, as they are required to engineer a civilization without additional fresh water. Desalination offers the opportunity to sustain growth and comfort by taking the salt out of the water, making brackish water and seawater potable supplies for a civilized nation.

Carollo Engineers has remained responsive to the needs of their clients in regions where fresh water supplies are scarce. Carollo is an industry leader in the planning, permitting, design, and construction of

All StakeholderCosts & Benefits

Aestheticsand NoiseIntake/Well

Location

Water Rights

SustainableDevelopment

Open Ocean orShallow Ocean

Outfall

Common IonToxicity

Cost and RateImpacts

Finished WaterQuality/Corrosion

Applicability ofEnvironmental Law

to InternationalDevelopers

Fate of DeepInjection Well

Wastes

Financing Optionsand Project

Delivery Methods

Stakeholder interests for

a desalination plant are

summarized using a decision

analysis “values hierarchy."

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Issue Relevance to Desalination Carollo Methods

Institutional Issues

Financing Options, Project Delivery Methods, and Rate Impacts

High capital and operations costs, and apparent high technical risk (i.e., since seawater desalination is not commonly practiced) requires special consideration. Financing options and project delivery methods can be used by owners to control costs, water price, and risk.

• Public involvement to identify community values.

• Decision analysis and modeling to develop technical solutions that address community values.

• Evaluate Financing and Project Delivery Methods and model the cost versus risk.

• Delivery Methods may include:

- Design/Bid/Build (DBB).

- Design/Build (DB) or Design/Build/Finance (DBF).

- Design/Build/Own/Operate (DBOO).

- Design/Build/Own/Operate/Transfer (DBOOT).

Permitting There are a great number of permits required when developing a desalination project. The number of permits, inter-relation between permitting agencies, and time to receive these permits is often not well understood. Also, many community stakeholders may not understand how or if their interests are protected by these permits.

• Carollo uses a “Regulatory Road Map” to facilitate decision making by:

- Presenting a clear and succinct summary of applicable statutes and regulations.

- Historical background of how statutes and regulations were developed.

- Definitions of relevant terms pertaining to such issues as intake location, outfalls, etc.

- Defining metrics (i.e., modeling, water sampling, etc.) used for assessing permitability and compliance.

• The “Regulatory Road Map” is used to describe how key project issues and stakeholder values are or are not address by existing regulations.

Aesthetics and Noise

Access to the coast, securing the future to unsightly coastal power plants, and noise generated from high-pressure membrane feed pumps.

• Public involvement to identify community values.

• Decision analysis and modeling to develop technical solutions that address community values.

• Good neighbor programs.

Technical Issues

Intake Type and Location

Intake type (e.g., open ocean, beach wells) can greatly control water quality and pretreatment costs. Costs for a new intake can be minimized by co-siting plants with once-through cooling power stations. Impacts to wetlands, subsidence, and entrainment or impingment of marine life may control the type of intake chosen.

• Public involvement to identify community values.

• Decision analysis and modeling to develop technical solutions that address community values.

• Hydrologic assessments to determine potential viability of beach wells and any potential subsidence or wetlands impacts.

Entrainment and Impingment of Marine Life

Open ocean intakes will result in the entrainment of marine life. These marine organisms must be removed prior to the seawater desalination process. Simple screens may impinge these marine organisms and result in a loss in marine life.

• Technical solutions are available to minimize losses associated with entrainment and impingment. Carollo’s methods for addressing community values on this issue include:

- Public Involvement to identify community values.

- Decision analysis and modeling to develop technical solutions that mitigate entrainment and impingment.

Raw Water Quality and Pretreatment

Variations in raw water salinity and turbidity pose special challenges for seawater reverse osmosis desalination. Salinity variations impact the feed pumping pressure requirements. For shallow ocean intakes, the influence of weather and shipping channels can significantly impact turbidity. Since reverse osmosis is not designed to treat turbid water, pretreatment is required.

• Thorough documentation of historical feed water quality:

- Feed water pumping system must accommodate variations in salinity and temperature while conserving power.

• Where possible, intake type and siting selected to address variations in quality.

• Pretreatment (e.g., membrane or conventional) selection and screening based upon raw water quality.

• Pretreatment designed to address variations in raw water quality and remain a robust, easy to operate process. Pilot test to verify design criteria.

Energy Consumption

Seawater desalination is an energy intensive process. Energy consumption is high due to the high pressures and low recoveries typical to reverse osmosis. These high pressures and low recoveries result in a high feed pumping horsepower requirement and subsequent energy consumption.

• Cositing a seawater RO treatment plant with a once-through power plant may reduce energy costs by providing higher temperature water and negotiated power prices.

• Energy recovery devices are also used to convert residual high-pressure brine into usable horsepower to reduce feed pumping requirements:

- Carollo has experience with all types of energy recovery devices, including Pelton Wheels, TurboChargers, and Pressure/Work Exchangers.

Disposal Options

Disposal costs can easily double the cost of a seawater desalination project. Deep well injection, beach well injection, and ocean discharge are all options currently practiced for the disposal of wastes from seawater desalinaton.

• Public involvement to identify community values.

• Decision analysis and modeling to develop technical solutions that address community values.

• In some cases, outfall construction costs can be minimized by co-siting with existing power plant or wastewater plant outfalls.

Outfall Placement and Diffuser Systems

The waste, “brine,” generated from seawater desalination poses unique challenges to the placement and design of outfalls and diffuser systems. Brine is more dense than seawater and, if not well mixed, will settle on the ocean floor, which may impact the local marine environment. Regional Ocean Management Plans also dictate the distance and/or depth a discharge must be to be considered an “open ocean” or a “coastal ocean” discharge. The capital costs associated with meeting the “open ocean” criteria are often prohibitive.

• Public involvement to identify community values.

• Decision analysis and modeling to develop technical solutions that address community values.

• Computer modeling to predict impact of discharge and design diffuser system.

Finished Water Quality/Corrosion

Desalinated seawater is corrosive and requires conditioning before distribution. High chloride concentrations may enhance corrosion kinetics and calcium concentrations are too low to provide any type of corrosion control. Additionally, in some cases the permeate from seawater reverse osmosis may still be too saline for drinking and will require additional RO treatment. Some common and inexpensive water conditioning additives may result in turbid or milky water.

• Finished water quality should match water in existing distribution system.

• Conditioning and/or corrosion inhibitors can be used to prevent corrosion and develop passivating films in distribution system pipes.

• Post treatment options include:

• Hydrated Lime and CO2 addition (may not dissolve well at warmer temperatures):

- Limestone and CO2 addition (dissolves well but is 1.5 to 2 times more expensive).

- Various corrosion inhibitors.

Carollo Approach

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d desalination plants. Carollo has performed several seawater desalina-tion siting studies and pre-designs for large capacity (25 to 50 mgd) installations in California. Additionally, Carollo has planned, permit-ted, designed, and constructed several brackish water plants that utilize either reverse osmosis (RO) or electrodialysis reversal (EDR). Our understanding of the issues required to design these facilities also provides credence to our understanding of how these systems operate. Operations are a key component to making desalination an economical water treatment process. Energy efficiency, automation and control are key design issues that equate to economical operations.

Seawater desalination poses unique considerations when compared to brackish water or conventional treatment processes. High costs, limited industry experience, and environmental sensitivity pose unique institutional and technical challenges that owners must consider when deciding how to select an engineer and build a project in a manner that best protects their interests and minimizes risk. As presented in the table on page 2, Carollo understands these insti-tutional and technical issues and has experience representing both public and private owners or developers who are considering seawater desalination.

In addition to the design capabilities and experience offered by Carollo’s talented Desalination Engineering Staff, Carollo offers unique master planning, public involvement and decision analysis services. Master planning is only useful if the plan developed is clearly defined and can be implemented. Many municipalities consid-ering desalination have found that due to the complexity and variety

Carollo’s Master Plan Manager 3.0 incorporates demographic, financial,

engineering, and stakeholder models into one comprehensive and

easy-to-understand master planning tool.

Strategy Table

Project Schedule

Rates and FeesProjected ADW Load

Effluent Quality

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of issues involved in desalination, there are no clear answers regard-ing costs, time required to permit and construct these facilities. This uncertainty complicates the decision making and master planning process, making it difficult to decide when and how to allocate scarce finances.

Carollo offers unique master planning and decision analysis tools. These tools are designed to facilitate public involvement and develop technical solutions that address community values. This “values-based” approach has been demonstrated by Carollo to be a very effective decision and planning tool since project stakeholders do not like to be led to a menu of “pre-ordained” alternatives. By address-ing community values as part of the technical solutions, Carollo has shortened the planning and permitting phases of several environ-mentally sensitive projects, including a new waste discharge to the Monterey Marine Sanctuary, from what could have been years to only a few months.

Carollo’s Master Plan Manager software is a powerful planning model that can be used to site seawater desalination facilities. This model is capable of assessing demographics, water demands, regulatory issues and other evaluation criteria, including co-siting locations, intake and outfall sites, and optimum mixing zones for concentrate discharges. This model can also be placed on the Internet and used as an interactive multimedia communication with project stakeholders and environmental groups. Recent seawater desalination projects, such as the 25-mgd Tampa Bay project were plagued by a lack of communication with environmental groups. Several of the planning studies we have completed using our Master Plan Manager model were recognized for excellence by such organizations as the American Academy of Environmental Engineers and the California Water Environment Federation.

relAteD WOrK

Key to the success of a desalination project is a firm that has expe-rience in completing projects that involve planning, permitting, evaluation and allocation of water resources, site selection, consensus building, design, cost estimating, construction, and operation of desalination, water treatment, wastewater treatment, and power generation facilities. As a firm that specializes only in water and wastewater treatment Carollo has all of this experience. The follow-ing presents a list of key projects that Carollo is working on or has completed, which demonstrates Carollo’s qualifications to success-fully address the issues involved in a seawater desalination project.

1 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1995

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representative experienceClient/ProjectSeawater Desalination

• Cambria Community Services District, CA – Seawater Desalting Plant Engineering Services

• San Diego County Water Authority, CA – South Bay Desalting Project

• Poseidon Resources, CA – Regional Seawater Desalination Plant Engineering Services

• Santa Cruz Public Works Department, CA – Seawater Desalination Plant Siting Study

• Affordable Desalination Coalition, AZ – Affordable Desalination Demonstration Project

• Collier County, FL - High Pressure RO Demonstration Plant

Brackish Water Desalination Plant

• Collier County, FL - Northeast Regional WTP

• Palm Coast Utilities Department, FL – Palm Coast NF Plant Expansion

• South Island Public Service District, SC – RO WTP Expansion

• Lee County Utilities, FL – Pinewoods NF WTP Rehabilitation and Brackish RO Expansion

• Mount Pleasant Waterworks, SC – RO WTP Upgrades

• City of Corpus Christi, TX – Padre Island Desalting Plant

Ocean Outfalls

• Orange County Sanitation District, CA – 600-mgd Ocean Outfall System

• Cambria Community Services District, CA – Seawater RO Treatment Plant Outfall and Intake Structures

Process Plants Discharging to Surface Waters

• Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District, CA – 2020 Master

• Orange County Sanitation District, CA – Upgrades to Plant Nos. 1 and No. 2

• City of Phoenix, AZ – 91st Avenue Wastewater Treatment Plant

Land Use Planning and Environmental Assessment

• City of South San Francisco, CA – San Francisco/San Bruno Water Quality Control Plant

• City of Vallejo, CA – Fleming Hill Water Treatment Plant Expansion

• Fresno-Clovis Regional Wastewater Reclamation Facility, CA – Facilities Master Plan

Program Development and Consensus Building

• Carson City, NV – Comprehensive Water Master Plan

• Orange County Sanitation District, CA – Master Plans

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The project profiles on the following pages present highlights of Carollo’s key achievements in desalination and membrane softening for drinking water. These examples illustrate our ability to:

u Implement innovative technologies to improve process design and performance.

u Integrate engineering and research to achieve practical solutions tailored to specific client needs.

u Involve project participants early in the process to “demystify” advanced technology and fully understand each other’s needs.

u Offer advanced solutions that are practical, affordable, and reliable.

We would be happy to provide client references that can attest to the quality and responsiveness of Carollo’s services upon request.

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cambria community services district, california

Seawater Desalination Plant engineering ServicesH

IGH

LIG

HT

S

Seawater demineralization using rO was the

recommended option to increase water supply capacity.

Planning, siting, permitting, pilot plant, and design services for 1.2-mgd seawater rO plant.

Siting considerations based on land ownership,

environmental issues and geotechnical reports.

Carollo has a long history working for the Cambria Community Services District (CCSD) on their Seawater Desalination Project. This history is extensive, and is the result of the complex political and social environment of this quaint, coastal community in central California. Projects that Carollo has been involved in span back to 1989, when Carollo was retained to develop a water supply plan that first recommended seawater desalination as a water supply option. The relationship continues today, as Carollo is working with Cambria to redesign the seawater desalination project to incorporate the latest and most energy-efficient technologies.

For this update to the seawater desalination plant design, Carollo’s services include:

u Seawater desalination process design updates.

u Subsurface intake design.

u Outfall design.

u Design of pipelines through an environmentally sensitive state park.

u Solar power generation station design.

u Grant funding support services.

The design prepared by Carollo includes a detailed design and specification set that will be used for a design/build project delivery. The design/build phase of the project is managed by the Army Corps of Engineers (ACE), who is administering the grant funds. The intent of the design is to establish the details of the project to a high enough degree such that, when the ACE takes over as project manager, CCSD will get the project that they have envisioned.

Unique features of Carollo’s design updates include the use of the most energy-efficient technology, including a pressure exchanger energy recovery device, low-energy seawater RO membranes, and high-efficiency pump and motor technologies. Post-treatment design will include use of either limestone filters or blending with the CCSD’s San Simeon wells, depending upon well availability.

Carollo is providing engineering services for the

design of a new 1.2-mgd seawater RO plant located near

San Simeon State Park Beach in Cambria, California.

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san diego county water authority, san diego, california

South bay Desalting Project

feasibility study for co-siting a 30-mgd seawater desalting

plant with an existing power plant.

Study and evaluation of various process and equipment

options.

Desalting costs estimation.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Siting RO facilities near power plants

can significantly improve the economic

feasibility of seawater desalination plants.

Civil Engineering has made it possible to support a large population in the arid climate of Southern California. However, as the popula-tion continues to grow, the use of native and imported fresh water supplies have been maximized. With few alternatives for meeting future potable water demands, civil engineers are looking to the sea to provide more drinking water to a thirsty land.

Carollo Engineers was retained by the San Diego County Water Authority (SDCWA) to study the feasibility of constructing a 30-mgd seawater reverse osmosis desalting plant in connection with the repowering of Generating Unit No. 3 at the South Bay Power Plant of San Diego Gas and Electric (SDG&E), to assist SDCWA with negotiation of electric power and steam pricing, and with equip-ment siting issues for this potential cogeneration project.

Carollo's responsibilities included:

u Conceptual design of the RO plant and the feedwater pretreat-ment processes.

u Conceptual layout of equipment and study of plant siting issues.

u Study and evaluation of various process and equipment options.

u Participation in meetings and workshops with SDCWA and SDG&E and to develop and define interface issues.

u Estimate desalting costs.

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Co-siting desalination plants with power and

wastewater plants improves process economics by

maximizing the use of redundant infrastructure.

poseidon resources, long beach, california

Carlsbad and Huntington beach Desalination Plant Permitting

two potential 50-mgd seawater desalination projects in

southern California would use the Pacific Ocean as a

drinking water supply.

Permits for co-siting the seawater desalination plants

with power generation facilities were issued in record time.

Computer modeling used to evaluate the feasibility of

pumping desalinated water into existing potable water

distribution systems.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

As the population of southern California continues to grow, potable water demands will exceed the available fresh water resources. Civil engineers have made it possible for people to live in Southern California by undertaking large infrastructure-related projects that import fresh water from other parts of the inland state. Now that these supplies have been used to their full capacity, the engineering community has turned to supplies of lesser quality, including the Pacific Ocean.

Carollo is presently undertaking feasibility-level engineering inves-tigations for two potential 50-mgd seawater desalination projects in Southern California. In both cases, the plants would be sited at or near existing power plant facilities. Both projects involve the use of computer modeling (using H2ONet) to evaluate the feasibility of pumping desalinated water into existing potable water distribu-tion systems. As part of the investigations, the projects also involve investigating alternative sites for the desalination plants based upon aspects such as:

u Proximity of existing potable water pipework distribution facilities that could be used to transfer the desalinated water.

u Existing and projected potable water demands.

u Cost of establishing a desalination facility site.

u Dealing with seawater intake and concentrated by-product discharge issues.

u Synergy with existing wastewater outfall facilities.

u Benefits and effects of desalinated water within the distribution system.

u Land use issues and cost.

u Proximity of electrical power supply and cost of pumping.

Alternative site layouts, a grading plan, and plant renderings have been prepared for one of the plants. This information is being used as part of the application to the City to build the project. Assistance was also provided in preparing information for the EIR that will be released soon. At the second plant, work is also proceeding with the application to the City, and Carollo is preparing preliminary drawings and information to assist with the application.

Carollo has signed Confidentiality Agreements with the Client involved and can therefore only provide limited information on each of the projects.

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city of santa cruz, california

Alternative Water Supply Studyfeasibility analysis to identify the most viable new supply

alternatives.

Design criteria and costs are being developed for a 30-mgd

regional desalination plant.

Desalination facility with additional water capacity to serve a neighboring district.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

In November 2000, Carollo completed the Santa Cruz Alternative Water Supply Evaluation. It provides the basis for future Santa Cruz water supply projects, which will include additional sources to help offset shortfalls during drought, and to meet projected future demands. The foundation for the work included a detailed opera-tional model of Santa Cruz’s complex raw water supply system. The team estimated the working yield of the system, and projected supply deficits for a 39-year planning horizon. Carollo then linked the model output to a conceptual engineering analysis of 10 new water sup-ply alternatives, including ground and surface water, and seawater desalination. The team evaluated each alternative with respect to available supply, cost, and implementation. The screening evaluation highlighted the five “most viable” alternatives, which are currently being ranked and prioritized by Santa Cruz. The project also involved coordination of Santa Cruz’s public outreach program.

In follow-up to the original work, Carollo assisted Santa Cruz with an evaluation of a 6-mgd regional desalination facility, with capability to serve both Santa Cruz and the neighboring Soquel Creek Water District.

Carollo assessed the economics and feasibility of siting and permitting a regional seawater desalination facility. The goals of this feasibility study included:

u Bracketing regional water demand needs (including an assessment demand off-set by planned reuse applications).

u Developing a facility-siting rationale.

u Identifying possible desalination facility locations, including alternative intake and outfall systems (open ocean or beach well intakes).

u Identifying finished water distribution system impacts and upgrades.

u Evaluating brine disposal options.

u Assessing potential environmental issues associated with plant siting and brine disposal.

u Developing planning-level design criteria for the facility and process.

u Estimating costs.

The follow-up work served as the precursor to the City’s Integrated Water Plan and associated programmatic environmental impact report (EIR).

Carollo’s conceptual engineering for a

regional desalination plant provided the

basis for the City’s Integrated Water Plan.

Intake System

BrineDisposal

SolidsDisposal

Treated Wastewater Outfall

Pacific Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Granular MediaPretreatment(1)

(Photo courtesy of Filtronics)

Reverse OsmosisSystem

(Photo courtesy ofSmith & Loveless)

ChemicalPost-Treatment

UV Disinfection(2)

ChemicalPretreatment

Anti-

Scalan

t

pHAd

justmen

t

Corro

sion

Control

Disinfec

tant

To Distribution System

Santa CruzWastewaterTreatment

PlantFigure 2

DESALINATION FACILITIESSCHEMATIC

REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY EVALUATIONCITY OF SANTA CRUZ/

SOQUEL CREEK WATER DISTRICT

1

1

S A N T A C R U Z

Ocean

St.

WASTEWATERTREATMENT

PLANT

IndustrialPark Site

TerracePointSite

NOTES1)

2)

3)

Route identified is one potentially viable alternative.Other similar routes are possible but are not shownbecause there are no appreciable differences in costsor implementation constraints to the route shown.Pipe length varies fromapproximately 11,000 feet to16,000 feet for Industrial Park and Terrace Points site,respectively.Pipe size ranges from 16 to 20 inches for treatedwater delivery capacity range of 2 to 6 mgd.

Bay StreetReservoir

Casino

Bay St.

East Cliff Dr.

Broadway

Market

Water

Miss

ion

Esca

lona Dr. Soquel Ave.

BoardwalkBeach St.

LighthouseField

State Beach

Sc1001m6.cdr

Figure 5POTENTIAL FINISHED WATER

PIPELINE ROUTEREGIONAL WATER SUPPLY EVALUATION

CITY OF SANTA CRUZ/SOQUEL CREEK WATER DISTRICT

Railroad

(1,2,3)

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palm coast utilities department, florida

Palm Coast rO WtP expansion from 3.2 to 9.6 mgd

Design-build project delivery.

updates the Palm Coast nf plant with state-of-the-art

technology that will greatly improve the operational performance and costs.

fast-track rO expansion with work completed ahead of an

aggressive schedule.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS The Palm Coast RO WTP has been operating since 1992 and is

used to remove hardness, color, iron, and disinfection by-product precursors. Increased potable water demand and limited fresh water resources led former owner Florida Water Services (FWS) to seek expansion of the RO WTP to an ultimate build-out capacity of 9.6 mgd.

Due to schedule constraints, FWS decided to expand the Palm Coast RO WTP using a design/build project delivery format. Carollo, in association with Harn R/O Systems and McMahan Construction, was selected to design, permit, and construct the expansion in only 13 months. Carollo’s services included all process, mechanical, electrical and structural engineering, permitting activities, as well as on-site inspection during the construction phase.

Carollo’s design updates the Palm Coast RO WTP with state-of-the-art technology that will greatly improve the operational performance and costs. Value-added engineering services included upgrades to the NF pumping with VFDs, and the addition of inter-stage booster pumps to the membrane equipment. Both of these improvements will enhance system performance in terms of hydraulic balance and water quality. Improved hydraulic balance will reduce overall operat-ing costs by reducing power consumption and potentially limiting membrane fouling by reducing lead element flux rates. Estimated sav-ings in O&M may exceed $100,000 per year based on energy savings alone. Additional upgrades designed by Carollo included chemical feed systems, degasification, and high-service pumping.

Carollo's services include value-added engineering that will reduce the O&M costs

for the Palm Coast RO Water Treatment Plant.

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south island public service district, hilton head, south carolina

reverse Osmosis treatment Plant expansion

Plant expansion from 1.5 to 3.0 mgd due to recent State

limitations on the use of floridian Aquifer water.

Plant expansion will maximize the use of the deep, geothermal

and brackish cretaceous well supply.

Carollo to provide permitting, design, and construction-

phase services.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Carollo is providing engineering services for the

expansion of the SIPSD’s RO treatment plant from

1.5 to 3 mgd.

Brackish, geothermal

well water is cooled from

122oF to 104oF by a heat

exchanger/cooling tower

process.

The South Island Public Service District (SIPSD) retained Carollo to provide engineering services related to the expansion of their RO treatment plant in Hilton Head, South Carolina. The SIPSD has been operating their RO treatment plant since 2001 and due to recent limitations on the use of fresh Floridan Aquifer water imposed by the State, the SIPSD has decided to expand the RO plant from 1.5 to 3 mgd, maximizing the use of their deep, geothermal and brackish Cretaceous well supply. The initial process consisted of a plate-and-frame heat exchanger/cooling tower process, followed by RO. The heat exchanger/cooling tower process reduces the Cretaceous well temperature from 122oF to 104oF. The RO process operates at a recovery rate of 80 percent.

Prior to expanding the RO treatment plant, Carollo first needed to negotiate a new NPDES permit for discharging additional RO by-product water into the environmentally sensitive Calibogue Sound. Toxicity testing has recently proven troublesome to the SIPSD and Carollo first demonstrated to the State that the nature of this failure was due to naturally occurring constituents that are not regulated (i.e., common ion toxicity, or ion imbalance toxicity). Additionally, CORMIX modeling was performed, demonstrating infinite dilution at the point of discharge.

In concert with the permitting effort, Carollo completed the design services related to the expansion of the plant capacity. Additional heat exchanger and cooling tower capacity was required for redun-dancy. Carollo also evaluated the maximization of the use of the existing RO equipment. Plant electrical and mechanical audits were prepared to determine if the existing infrastructure can support the additional capacity.

Carollo prepared designs, specifications, and contract documents for the equipment related to the expanded capacity. Construction-phase services were also provided.

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mount pleasant waterworKs, south carolina

rO Plant upgrades

economic analysis of four membrane replacement

options.

Master planning to implement a new rO facility to use an existing deep well supply.

first rO utility in the country to implement a no-acid approach

to rO.

reduced energy use, saving MPW approximately $140,000

per year.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Carollo was selected by Mount Pleasant Waterworks (MPW) to evaluate the use of new low-pressure membranes to expand their existing three RO water treatment plants. Mount Pleasant has been using RO to treat a brackish groundwater supply for approximately 10 years. Their membranes had reached the end of their useful life and required replacement. Additionally, the population of Mount Pleasant had continued to grow and MPW was experiencing dif-ficulty meeting water demands. Development of a standby well as a source for a new RO facility was desired. Additionally, the citizens of Mount Pleasant desired only membrane-treated water.

To help MPW receive the lowest replacement cost for their RO membranes, Carollo used single-element RO pilot plants to screen membranes from three different suppliers. To balance the system hydraulics and the resulting capital cost implications, Carollo per-formed an economic analysis for four membrane replacement options. A hybrid low-pressure RO membrane configuration was recom-mended for replacement using two different types of membranes, which will balance the system hydraulics. Carollo assisted MPW with membrane replacement and performance testing. A workshop was held at the time of replacement to train operations staff in proper membrane loading techniques. Once the membranes were fully replaced, Mount Pleasant saved $140,000 per year from reduced energy use.

Mount Pleasant provides its customers with

RO-treated water and has the second lowest

water rates in the State of South Carolina.

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CompanySOQs\SeawaterDesal\Indd\02KeyAchievDsl.indd

As part of the City of Corpus Christi Padre Island Desalination

Plant project, seasonal storage in ASR wells is being

considered to reduce the size and associated cost of

desalination facilities.

city of corpus christi, texas

Padre Island Desalting Plant

evaluated the viability of brackish groundwater and

seawater desalination.

Investigation of a cost-effective alternative to reduce the size and associated cost of desalination facilities by

providing seasonal storage in ASr wells at a lower cost.

Construction of new rO and storage facilities will allow

deferment of other costly and environmentally detrimental

water supply projects for this service area.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Carollo served as the lead firm of a team retained by the City of Corpus Christi for design and construction of the Padre Island Desalination Facility in the City of Corpus Christi, Texas. The City’s goal was to improve its reliable water service to Mustang Island and North Padre Island by the end of 2004.

Carollo evaluated a variety of water supply alternatives, including:

u Desalination of the Gulf of Mexico.

u Desalination of the deep brackish Evangeline Aquifer.

u Desalination of the shallow brackish Chicot Aquifer.

u Combination of desalination facilities with aquifer storage and recovery (ASR).

Costs and potential impacts of aquifer subsidence estimated by Carollo, indicated that RO treatment of the Chicot Aquifer, com-bined with ASR provided the most reliable and cost effective water supply option.

Carollo’s services also included evaluation of concentrate disposal alternatives. In association with regulatory and public involvement consultants, environmental impacts, permitting requirements and community values were assessed. Deep well injection was identified as a more viable alternative than ocean discharge.

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Carollo provided design, construction, and continuing

engineering services for the OCSD's entire Ocean

Outfall System since initial construction in 1953.

Carollo coordinated and led team efforts

during the 1995 and 1996 repairs to both

Outfalls No. 1 and No. 2.

orange county sanitation district, california

Ocean Outfall, Diffuser System, and 600-mgd booster Pump Station

Since 1953, Carollo has provided engineering services

for OCSD's entire 600-mgd outfall system.

600-mgd outfall booster pump station is the largest on the

Pacific Ocean.

repair and maintenance services.

ASCe Outstanding engineering Award.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Carollo has been involved in the design and construction of the entire ocean disposal system at the Orange County Sanitation District since its initial construction in 1953. As a testimony to our quality service and talented staff, we have continued to provide engineering services for the maintenance, repair and upgrades to this disposal system.

The outfall system designed by Carollo consists of:

u Outfall No. 1 at 78-inch diameter, 1,900-foot land section, extending 7,000-feet offshore, discharging at a depth of 65-feet below mean sea level with a 1,000-foot diffuser section. This outfall is currently used for emergencies, after its replacement by Outfall No. 2.

u Outfall No. 2 at 120-inch diameter, extending 21,400-feet seaward from Huntington Beach, extending further 19,000-feet offshore, with a 6,000-foot diffuser section. The capacity of Outfall No. 2 is 420-mgd. During peak flow, in excess of 450 mgd, both Ocean Outfall No. 1 and No. 2 are used.

u 600-mgd Ocean Outfall Booster Pump Station, the largest of its kind on the Pacific Coast. The pumps are driven by 2,300-hp high efficiency variable speed drives.

Carollo’s services during the life of these systems has included emergency repair of Outfall No. 1 in 1995 to repair the 25 year old diffuser system; and investigation, inspection, modeling, and repair

of Outfalls No. 1 and No. 2 in 1996. Carollo coordinated team efforts, which included District staff, a special two-man submarine team, divers, and a corrosion special-ist.

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CompanySOQs\SeawaterDesal\Indd\02KeyAchievDsl.indd

cambria community services district, california

Seawater rO treatment Plant Outfall and Intake Structures

Designed off-shore intake and outfall diffuser system.

Designed 2,000 ft 28-inch tunnel by horizontal drilling

directions.

Successfully permitted all work.H

IGH

LIG

HT

S As part of a project involving preliminary design of a seawater RO treatment plant, Carollo re-designed an ocean intake, outfall, and diffuser system. Engineering services, in addition to design included permitting and feasibility assessments.

The intake and outfall system consisted of a horizontally directionally drilled tunnel that extends 2,000 ft into the Pacific Ocean. The tun-nel design includes a 28-inch diameter casing that contains 2-inch to 10-inch diameter intake pipes and a 10-inch diameter discharge pipe that carries brine from the seawater RO treatment plant to the diffuser system.

Off-shore structures designed by Carollo included an intake structure and the outfall diffuser system.

Carollo completed the redesign, permitting, and

bidding of the CCSD Seawater RO plant intake and

outfall in 1996.

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sacramento regional county sanitation district, california

2020 Master Plan

Detailed treatment plant flow projections.

Competitiveness guidance document.

Proactive stakeholder outreach program.

Interactive Master Plan Model to evaluate "what if" scenarios.

Detailed financial analysis/ revenue program.

reuse/recycling evaluation and bufferlands Master Plan.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

The Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District (SRCSD) retained Carollo to prepare a comprehensive 2020 Wastewater Master Plan for the Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant (SRWTP). This 181-mgd treatment plant serves the metropoli-tan Sacramento area with a population of over 1,000,000 people and is the largest river discharging plant in California (discharging to the Sacramento River). Carollo also completed an award-winning Master Plan for the SRWTP in 1992. The 1992 planning effort successfully addressed a number of complex issues and outlined a program for planned expansion of up to 350 mgd at ultimate build out. Carollo updated the Master Plan in 1994 to reflect changes in Sacramento County’s General Plan.

The 2020 Master Plan not only provides SRCSD with a 20-year blueprint for facility expansion, it also gives SRCSD staff valuable tools and guidelines to evaluate and assess changing conditions and requirements. Major components of the 2020 Master Plan include:

u A “Competitiveness Guidance Document” to assist SRCSD staff with planning and design decisions related to privatization, process optimization, and management/financing programs.

u An extensive stakeholder participation program to encourage input from regulators, water purveyors, agriculture, industry, envi-ronmental groups, and rate payers on future Master Plan alterna-tives/scenarios.

u Structural and non-structural alternatives to address future treat-ment requirements. Non-structural alternatives included source control, water conservation, and watershed offset programs.

u An interactive Master Plan Model for evaluating future “what if” scenarios. The model generates process expansion information, capital and O&M needs, and rate impacts.

u A Bufferlands Master Plan to provide guidance and direction for the 2,600 acres of mixed-use buffer area surrounding the plant.

u A reuse/recycling evaluation. SRWTP has a 5-mgd, California Title 22 water recycling facility on-site (expandable to 10 mgd).

The SRWTP currently treats about 155 mgd on an average annual basis. The 2020 Master Plan projects flows of 208 mgd by 2020, with peak wet weather flows of 434 mgd. The Master Plan estimates capital facilities to meet these projections at roughly $700 million.

In addition to providing a 20-year blueprint

for facility expansion, the SRCSD 2020

Master Plan provides valuable tools to meet

the challenges of changing conditions and

requirements.

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CompanySOQs\SeawaterDesal\Indd\02KeyAchievDsl.indd

Carollo has provided engineering services to

OCSD for nearly 100 projects with a value

in excess of $600 million.

orange county sanitation district, california

upgrades to Plant nos. 1 and 2

total combined capacity of nearly 300 mgd.

forty-five-year client/ consultant relationship.

Orange County engineering Council's 1996 engineering

Project Achievement Award.HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Carollo has provided planning, design and construction support ser-vices for major treatment plant expansions and pipeline projects for the Orange County Sanitation District (OCSD) since its inception in 1953. These facilities include nearly 100 projects totaling in excess of $600 million. Joint works treatment facility provide both primary and secondary treatment at two major plants. Reclamation Plant No. 1 in Fountain Valley has a total rated primary capacity of 108 mgd and secondary treatment capacity of 80 mgd. Treatment Plant No. 2 in Huntington Beach has a rated primary capacity of 168 mgd and secondary treatment capacity of 90 mgd.

Project highlights include:

u A $65-million expansion of the secondary treatment facilities at both plants to increase the ratio of secondary effluent in the discharge to the ocean outfall. The project received the Orange County Engineering Council’s 1996 Engineering Project Achievement Award.

u A major expansion of Headworks No. 2 and Plant No. 1.

u A foul air optimization study which included a detailed review of the nine foul air scrubbers facilities at Plant Nos. 1 and 2.

u A major 30-year master plan, the largest ever undertaken by OCSD.

u A $25-million ocean outfall booster pumping station.

u A $30-million solids and gas handling facilities expansion at Plant No. 1, including one of the largest cake pumping installa-tions in the United States.

u A $35-million digester expansion at Plant No. 1.

u An $8-million miscellaneous improvements project at Plant No. 1.

u An ocean outfall investigation and repair.

u An $18 million interplant pipeline and utility corridor project which included a 3.5-mile, 120-inch-diameter reinforced concrete pipeline between Plant No. 1 and Plant No. 2.

u A new rate structure and financial charges for OCSD’s Strategic Plan.

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city of phoenix, arizona

91st Avenue Wastewater treatment Plant

rated capacity of 150 mgd.

All five major facility expansions planned and

designed by Carollo.

Client/consultant relationship since the 1930s.H

IGH

LIG

HT

S

Carollo has been assisting the Phoenix Metropolitan Area with planning and design to meet its growing wastewater and water needs since the 1930s when we first started working with the City of Phoenix. The 91st Avenue Wastewater Treatment Plant, which is jointly owned by the cities of Phoenix, Mesa, Scottsdale, Glendale, and Tempe, has a rated capacity of 150 mgd. Carollo has planned and designed all five major expansions to this facility. The 201 Facility Planning Study, completed by Carollo in 1979, identified wastewater treatment needs to the year 2000. Carollo updated this study in 1982 to address treatment and disposal expansion concepts.

Major plan expansions include a 45-mgd activated sludge plant in 1964; a 15-mgd addition in 1968; 30-mgd additions in 1975 and 1979; and, most recently, another 30-mgd expansion, bringing the plant to its current design capacity. The latest 30-mgd expansion included:

u A 30-mgd liquid stream expansion; a 150-mgd centralized headworks facility; and chlorination facility additions.

u Solids handling facilities; dissolved air flotation thickeners; and polymer handling facilities.

u A maintenance facility expansion and retrofit to provide state-of-the-art facilities for all section of plant maintenance staff.

u A digester gas scrubbing system to clean and pressurize 2-million cubic feet of digester gas per year for sale to a local gas utility.

u A retrofit of Plant IA-IB, which included refurbishing the primary and secondary sedimentation basins and converting the 60-mgd aeration basins from coarse bubble aeration to the a more energy-efficient fine bubble action.

u A retrofit of Plant IIA, which included converting the 24-mgd aeration basins from coarse bubble to fine bubble aeration.

u The rehabilitation of Plant I, which involved demolishing the existing gravity thickeners, paving and grading, and a major transformer replacement.

Carollo prepared the preliminary design report for the project, includ-ing design criteria, hydraulics, and process layout. Construction sequencing of the individual contracts helped to avoid potential conflicts and maximize treatment capacity during all phases of construction.

Our working relationship with the City of

Phoenix spans more than 60 years and includes

approximately $500 million in improvements to

the 91st Avenue Wastewater Treatment Plant.

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CompanySOQs\SeawaterDesal\Indd\02KeyAchievDsl.indd

city of south san francisco, california

San francisco/San bruno Water Quality Control Plant

13-mgd primary and secondary capacity.

62-mgd peak wet weather capacity.

Coordination with other discharges.

extensive permitting, including wet weather treatment nPDeS

permit with regional Water Quality Control board.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Carollo provided complete planning, permitting and design services for the San Francisco/San Bruno Water Quality Control Plant Improvement Project. The project consists of expanding the existing capacity from 9.0-mgd to 13-mgd average dry weather flow. Facilities are also being provided for wet weather treatment capacity of 62 mgd.

Carollo’s initial effort was a an evaluation to assess current treatment capacity. Following the capacity study, Carollo prepared a facility plan, which included an evaluation of future growth potential for industrial and commercial companies expected to site their facility in the South San Francisco area. In addition, Carollo’s design team coordinated our design with other dischargers that share the South San Francisco outfall. These include the City of Burlingame, the City of Millbrae, the San Francisco Airport, and the City of Bruno. Carollo held several meetings with the dischargers to gain consensus on design concepts for facilities that will be shared by all dischargers.

The project is located within the existing plant site, which is limited on three sides by the San Francisco Bay. Our design overcame the challenge of constructing the new facilities in a small and awkward area. The project consists of a new headworks, primary clarifiers, aeration basins, and new RAS/WAS pump station, two new anaero-bic digesters, a sludge dewatering building, a regional sodium bisulfate facility to dechlorinate the effluent, a new regional effluent pump station and a new 10,000-square foot maintenance building.

Carollo’s design of improvements to the existing South San Francisco/San Bruno

Water Quality plant overcame the challenge of locating new facilities in a small

and awkward site, limited on three sides by San Francisco Bay.

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Carollo successfully delivered the $35-million

Fleming Hill Water Treatment Plant in a residential

neighborhood without interruption of Vallejo’s

water supply.

city of vallejo, california

fleming Hill Water treatment Plant expansion

Water treatment plant expansion to 42 mgd.

Small challenging site in a residential area.

facilities kept in service during construction.

Successful resolution of complex delivery /sequencing

issues.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS Carollo completed a comprehensive plant evaluation that identified

the necessary process upgrades and expansion for the City of Vallejo Fleming Hill Water Treatment Plant. The plant is located on the top of a hill bounded by steep terrain on one side, a 10-million-gallon reservoir on another side, and single family homes on the other two sides. Upgrades were needed for improved control of water quality to meet stringent new drinking water regulations and to improve plant reliability. Increasing demand also necessitated a capacity increase. Vallejo retained Carollo to design process upgrades to bring the plant capacity from 27 mgd to 42 mgd. Carollo also provided construction support, start-up, and training services.

Major treatment plant features and facilities included in the design were:

u Complete chemical systems redesign including secondary con-tainment of all chemical facilities and pre-ammonia addition for control of brominated DBPs.

u Flash and rapid coagulant chemical mixing.

u Horizontal turbine, three-stage flocculation and improved sedi-mentation.

u Pre- and intermediate-ozonation.

u Both upgraded and new filters with dual GAC/sand media.

u Washwater reclamation.

u New vertical turbine pump station.

u A new chlorine scrubber for the new chlorine gas facilities.

u A new backwash clearwell and chlorine contact chamber.

u Seismic upgrade of 10-million-gallon clearwell and other plant facilities.

Carollo designed the upgrades as well as the new processes to fit within the existing, constrained residential site. The project team worked closely with the California Department of Health Services to ensure that their concerns were met as the design progressed. When the construction phase was nearing completion, Carollo's team conducted training sessions with the operators so that they would be brought up to speed and feel confident about operating the new facilities. Since the plant is the only source of water for Vallejo, Carollo’s design included special considerations to allow the plant to stay in service during construction.

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CompanySOQs\SeawaterDesal\Indd\02KeyAchievDsl.indd

fresno-clovis regional wastewater reclamation facility, california

facilities Master Planevaluation of satellite plants,

package plants, and increased levels of treatment.

flow- and load-triggered implementation strategy.

environmental impact assessment

financial analysis and capital improvement program.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS Carollo completed a 25-year wastewater master plan for the Fresno-

Clovis Regional Wastewater Reclamation Facility. The master plan addresses the wastewater management needs for the projected population of approximately 1 million people through the year 2020, or 160 mgd, which will be more than double the current flow and load to the plant. Key issues include the evaluation of new satellite wastewater treatment plants, package plant for developing outlying service areas, and increased levels of treatment for discharge to the San Joaquin River. Also evaluated were the potential impacts of onsite effluent percolation basins on groundwater quality, water reuse for agriculture, and community-based uses.

The master plan also included the development of a recommended capital improvement program, including a financial analysis of the impact on sewer service rates and charges. A flow and load triggered implementation strategy allows flow and load levels rather than a strict timetable to trigger expansion projects.

Environmental acceptance of the project was a key concern. The project included an assessment of the potential environmental impacts of the Master Plan recommendations in parallel with the

Master Plan to ensure timely environ-mental compliance. Public acceptance of the Master Plan is also critical to implementation and the project included a comprehensive public participation program which involved identifying key interest groups and conduction focus groups, media out-reach programs, and public meetings.

The Fresno-Clovis Regional Wastewater Reclamation Facilities Plan addressed

wastewater management needs through a 25-year planning period, which will more

than double the current flow and load to the treatment facilities.

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carson city, nevada

Comprehensive Water Master Plan

Planning, engineering design, and construction management

services since 1979.

Comprehensive plan for water and wastewater management

to maximize use of all resources.

Considered more than 70 alternatives to meet the

area's water and wastewater needs, including reclamation,

wetlands development, groundwater recharge,

and direct reuse.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Carollo completed a comprehensive plan for water and wastewater management for Carson City, Nevada. Given its arid climate, Carson City’s goal was to attain maximum use of all available water sources. The management plan considered more than 70 alternatives to meet the area’s water and wastewater needs. Alternatives included various types of reclamation, wetlands development, groundwater recharge, and direct reuse.

The recommended plan, which qualified for 10 percent extra grant funding as an innovative alternative project, consisted of reclama-tion of treated effluent during the winter months, with the secondary effluent being stored in the reservoir. During the irrigation season, stored and treated effluent is used to irrigate the city golf course, pas-ture lands, and a prison farm. No discharge to surface water occurs.

Potable water needs are made up by a combination of groundwater and surface sources. Up to 2,100 acre-feet per year of surface rights may be exchanged for the treated effluent applied to private and state lands. Conservation and groundwater management also helps to offset future water supply needs. The water conservation program consists of education, installation of water conservation devices, and encouragement of native landscaping. By the year 2000, the program had reduced water and wastewater flows by 1.71 mgd and 0.97 mgd, respectively.

The Carson City Master Plan provides for up to 2,100 acre-feet per

year of surface rights to be exchanged for treated effluent applied to

private state lands.

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CompanySOQs\SeawaterDesal\Indd\02KeyAchievDsl.indd

orange county sanitation district, california

Master Plans

largest planning project ever undertaken by OCSD.

evaluation of alternatives for full secondary treatment at each of OCSD's two main

treatment facilities.

Detailed evaluation of biosolids management alternatives.

extensive public involvement program.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Carollo’s master planning effort the Orange County Sanitation District (OCSD), completed in April 1989, was the largest planning project ever undertaken by OCSD. It identified facility needs for a 30-year planning period to the year 2020. By 2020, flows are expected to increase from the existing 260 mgd to 400 mgd.

For the treatment and disposal facilities, both Reclamation Plant No. 1 in Fountain Valley and Treatment Plant No. 2 in Huntington Beach were master planned to provide up to 240 mgd of primary and secondary treatment each. The Carollo team performed detailed evaluations to compare the applicability and cost-effectiveness of various treatment processes. Treatment processes selected include: chemically enhanced primary treatment with ferric chloride and polymer, activated sludge secondary treatment, anaerobic sludge digestion, and belt filter press sludge dewatering. A detailed evalua-tion of biosolids management alternatives resulted in the recommen-dation that OCSD continue to engage in privatization contracts. The plan also added reclamation potential and disaster preparedness plan, including acts of organized vandalism.

The 1989 Master Plan included a major financial analysis to deter-mine cash flow needs for the identified projects, which totaled $3.4 billion for the 30-year planning period (including O&M and cost of debt).

Because of the potential environmental sensitivity surrounding this alternative, the project included an extensive public involvement program which was successful in building consent with the identified stakeholders.

Carollo has planned and designed all of the major joint works treatment plant expansions, interplant

interceptors, and ocean outfall systems for OCSD since its inception in 1953. Wastewater conveyance,

treatment, and disposal facilities include over 100 projects totaling more than excess of $3.4 billion.

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CompanySOQs\SeawaterDesal\Indd\02KeyAchievDsl.indd

Carollo served as the independent reviewer and developed testing protocols for the Affordable Desalination Demonstration Project (ADDP), which was funded by the Affordable Desalination Coalition (ADC), California. The ADC is a non-profit organization that includes industrial and municipal interests that contributed funds and resources to evaluate new technology and demonstrate an energy consumption rates for conversion of seawater to potable water of 6.6 kW-hr/kgal. This energy consumption rate represents a new record low, approximately three times less than any previous design used to desalinate seawater.

The ADDP was hosted and staffed by the Naval Desalination Research Facility in Port Hueneme, California. Design of the ADDP seawater desalination system included the use of:

u Low energy, high rejection seawater RO membrane.

u High efficiency positive displacement pump and motor.

u Pressure exchanger energy recovery device.

Goals for the ADDP included:

u Demonstrating record low energy consumption using design concepts and technology.

u Achieving acceptable TDS and boron removal rates in a single pass.

u Determine the optimum design conditions for reducing energy and lifecycle costs.

Carollo’s test protocol included evaluation of three different seawater RO membranes at three fluxes, and three recovery rates. The optimum design consisted of the use of a low energy, high rejection membrane at a flux of 6 gfd, and a recovery rate of 40 percent.

affordable desalination coalition, california

Developed testing protocols for non-profit desalination

coalition.

Provided independent review of record low-energy

consumption desalination process.H

IGH

LIG

HT

SAffordable Desalination Demonstration Project

The ADC facility will demonstrate Pacific Ocean desalination at energy consumption

rates three times lower than thought possible.

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CompanySOQs\SeawaterDesal\Indd\02KeyAchievDsl.indd

The overall project objective is a state-of-science assessment and development of technologies for maximization of system energy recovery and minimization of concentrate volume. The study is organized in two phases. Phase I focuses on state-of-science assessment and the development of an innovative approach. Phase II focuses on the testing of the innovative approach. Key points of this research include:

u Literature Review and International Survey. Extensively document state-of-science of desalination technologies as well as promising and emerging technologies for recovery enhancement and concentrate management via literature reviews and international survey.

u Validate Innovative Approach and Possible Improvements. Perform bench- and pilot-scale tests of innovative approach to validate anticipated performance and conduct QA/QC functions.

u Guidance Tool. Develop a guidance tool for the end-user to select viable desalting technology with improved recovery and/or decreased concentrate volume that may be preferred under specific site and geographic conditions.

To assure practical assessment and implementation of the work, our approach includes expert input and validation utilizing several distinguished desalination specialists, comparative testing of developing and emerging concepts based on available equipment, and input from large utilities and agencies.

Desalination Product Water recovery and Concentrate Volume Minimization

water research foundation, denver, co

literature review and international desalination

survey.

Performance validation of innovative desalination approach and possible

improvements.

Development of a guidance tool for selecting viable desalting technology with improved

recovery and/or lower concentrate volume.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Carollo is leading the industry in the development and

application of innovative desalination technologies that

reduce concentrate volume and disposal costs.

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CompanySOQs\SeawaterDesal\Indd\02KeyAchievDsl.indd

Desalination projects often fail to become reality because of concentrate disposal and management. As a result, the focus of this study is to determine what concentrate disposal and management options are technically feasible for various regions across the country and what makes these options not only technically feasible, but viable options that can be implemented. The findings of this study will be developed into decision methodology that will be used to balance the technical feasibility with sustainability, reliability, environmental issues, and stakeholder values. Key points of this research include:

u Literature Survey Database. A literature survey will be compiled to develop a searchable database that will summarize the desalination options that may or may not be available for different regions across the country. The options include, technical feasibility, cost implications, regulatory and permitting issues, emerging technologies, and salinity balance.

u Develop Decision Methodology. A decision methodology will be used to assess not only what concentrate disposal options are technically feasible, but also what options are viable to meet the goals across the country. The goals include an evaluation of the water supply options, desalination supply choices, concentrate

characterization, concentrate disposal options, environmental impacts, stakeholder values, and local and/or regional priorities.

To assure practical assessment and implementation of the work, a stakeholder workshop will be held to present the decision methodology, identify regional impediments, and share solutions to enhance the viability of concentrate disposal and/or management.

watereuse foundation (joint water reuse tasK force), alexandria, virginia

Investigation of regional Solutions for Disposing of Concentrate

Develop searchable literature survey database for regional options across the nation.

establish a decision methodology to assist

stakeholders navigate the complex set of technical,

environmental, and regional desalination issues.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Carollo is an industry leader in evaluating

desalination concentrate management for

large and small utilities across the country.

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CompanySOQs\SeawaterDesal\Indd\02KeyAchievDsl.indd

Due to increases in potable water demands in the Pinewoods service area and limited fresh water resources, Lee County Utilities wishes to rehabilitate and expand their existing nanofiltration (NF) membrane water treatment plant that has been operating since 1990. The Pinewoods WTP was originally designed and built by a developer to treat water from the Surficial and Sandstone Aquifers. Lee County Utilities purchased the Pinewoods WTP in July 1998 and took over plant operation of the plant in July 2003. Carollo was hired to provide design/build engineering services for:

u The rehabilitation of the NF WTP, expanding it from 2.1 to 2.3 mgd.

u Expansion by adding 3 mgd of RO from the brackish Hawthorne Aquifer.

Lee County Utilities elected to rehabilitate and expand the Pinewoods WTP with a design/build delivery method to select the design/build contractor and engineering team based upon qualifications. Carollo Engineers, in association with Harn R/O Systems were determined to be the most qualified Design/Build team based upon the high quality and high praise of their previous work together.

Engineering services for this challenging 18-month project schedule were to be completed in only 4 months. Carollo was responsible for the design and permitting of all facilities, which included rehabilitated NF equipment, a new RO process building, a new degasifier and odor scrubber system, a new 1-MG ground storage tank, stand by power, and complete rehabilitation of the high service pump station, which is required to remain operable which construction improvements are being made.

lee county utilities, fort myers, florida

rehabilitation of nf WtP and expansion with rO to 5.6-mgd.

Design build project delivery.

engineering design services scheduled of 4 months.

6 mg/l of iron in raw water with no iron removal process before the nf membranes.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Pinewoods nf WtP rehabilitation and brackish rO expansion

Carollo provided engineering services

for the design/build RO expansion and

rehabilitation of the Pinewoods WTP.

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Proceed upon Having the facts — Project Approach

PIlOt teStIng CAPAbIlItIeS

Carollo Engineers has been involved in over 30 desalination proj-ects across the United States. We have performed pilot tests for ten clients in just the last five years. Of these ten projects, seven pro-gressed to the design phase. These pilot studies are custom-designed by Carollo to screen membrane products and pretreatment chemicals and to develop reliable long-term data that will accurately portray the water quality and costs of the full-scale membrane desalting processes.

The Carollo Water Research Group (CWRG) consists of engineers, scientists, and environmental experts with various backgrounds. This group is a company-wide resource whose purpose is to evaluate water quality and treatability, perform pilot testing, develop design criteria, assess regulatory concerns, perform operations audits, and work with Carollo design engineers to tailor design solutions to be practical, yet incorporate reliable innovations that produce cost-effective solu-tions. The CWRG has performed over 20 large-scale pilot studies from coast to coast in the last three years.

Carollo has a wide array of analytical capabilities and maintains a laboratory facility in Boise, ID, that provides cost-effective analytical and bench-scale testing services for our clients. The primary benefits of our in-house laboratory and testing facility include customized testing and the rapid turnaround of basic process evaluations and

Phase of Project Percent of Cost Relative Duration

Water Quality Testing and Preliminary Process Review

<1% Short

Preliminary Pilot Testing Membrane/Chemical Screening

~2% Short

Demonstration-Scale Testing ~3% Moderate

Preliminary Design ~2% Short

Design ~10% Moderate

Bidding <1% Short

Construction ~80% Long

Start-up <1% Moderate

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water quality analyses. Ultimately, these benefits contribute to the development of cost-effective and timely studies that few of our competitors can match.

PIlOt teStIng APPrOACH

Carollo’s standard approach to pilot testing RO minimizes the allocation of resources in the early phases of the project, providing the owner protection should desalination prove too costly. The flow diagram on page 30 illustrates the progression of a desalting project and a typical estimated allocation of resources from conceptual plan-ning through construction and start-up of a full-scale facility. At each point throughout the planning and pilot-testing process, the owner may decide whether to continue the project based on the results of each phase, minimizing cost if the project is not meeting objectives.

Before considering pilot tests for desalting, it is critical to have a thorough set of water quality data. The type of membrane process and the cost of treatment will be greatly dependent upon the water quality. The table on the next page lists the primary water quality constituents that are critical for engineers to have before devel-oping a pilot testing program based on the most affordable treatment concept.

Once the water quality is known, a preliminary assessment of the process can be made. Treatment by RO is well understood and com-puter models can be used to approximate design criteria and costs before pilot testing. However, when developing new supplies, pilot testing must be performed for desalting to accurately portray finished water quality, post treatment design criteria, and costs associated with chemical cleaning and membrane replacement.

If RO is selected, Carollo’s standard pilot testing approach is to screen membranes and pretreatment chemicals first, then perform a long-term demonstration-scale test to develop the most accurate and reliable water quality and operations cost data. Some studies have involved a preliminary screening of membranes using a bench-scale testing apparatus.

This approach minimizes the allocation of pilot testing resources in the beginning of the project, providing further protection to the owner should RO prove to not be viable. Single-element tests are used to screen membranes and pretreatment chemicals from various suppliers. This level of testing is fast and cost-effective and provides the owner protection by screening various membranes with pretreat-ment that will ultimately be included or excluded from contract documents used to procure the full-scale treatment system.

Carollo's standard pilot

testing approach protects the

owner's interests by minimizing

upfront costs and risks.

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Once acceptable sets of membrane products and pretreatment chemicals have been identified from single-element screening tests, demonstration-scale tests can be performed. This type of testing requires specifically designed equipment that mimics the performance and operation of the full-scale process. Only equipment that is designed to have the same hydraulics as the full-scale system is capable of producing acceptable results. Demonstration-scale pilot testing has been used in previous studies to provide long-term data on cleaning frequency, membrane life and verification of feed pres-sures and energy costs that were previously estimated using models. This level of testing provides the owner and design engineer the most reliable information to ensure that the RO treatment system that is designed and installed can be operated cost-effectively.

Pilot testing can also be used as a tool for operator training and pub-lic relations. Carollo has assisted owners in developing a pilot- testing program that is geared toward operator training. Such issues as data collection and interpretation and daily operations can be addressed through this type of program. Pilot testing equipment can also be housed in a public location. This provides customers the opportunity to see the equipment and read about the desalting process and its use in treatment of seawater to help water purveyors provide high-quality drinking water to an ever-growing population.

Regardless of the desalting application, Carollo Engineers has the expertise and the project experience to help our clients successfully implement a pilot program as part of a full-scale RO project.

Cations Anions General

CaMgNH4

NaKBaSrFeAlB

SO4

ClFNO3

AlkalinitypHTemperatureTDSConductivitySDITurbidityH2SSiO2

TOCColor

Water Quality Parameters required to Assess Desalting

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select seawater Desalination Publications - Peer-revieweD1 Sethi, S., Xu, P. and Drewes, J.E. “When Less is More: Emerging Approaches for Minimizing

Concentrate Generation and Increasing Recovery Rates During Desalination of Brackish Water.” ASCE Civil Engineering, Volume 77, Number 9, September 2007.

2 Mackey, E.D. and Seacord, T.F., Regional Solutions for Concentrate Disposal. Solutions: Journal of the American Membrane Technology Association. Fall 2006.

3 Seacord, T.F., J. MacHarg, S. Coker. Affordable Desalination Collaboration 2005 - Results. International Desalination and Water Reuse Quarterly. Volume 16/2. August/September 2006.

4 Seacord, T.F. and S. Grooters. Controlling Quality and Cost of Municipal Surface Water Desalination and Membrane Softening. Desalination of Seawater and Brackish Water. 2006.

5 Seacord, T.F., Crozes, G.F., Frank, K.F., and Hill, G. “Membrane Replacement: Realizing the Benefit of Low Pressure RO in Existing Infrastructure.” Membrane Practices in Water Treatment. 2001.

6 Sethi, S., and Wiesner, M.R. “Simulated Cost Comparisons of Hollow-Fiber and Integrated Nanofiltration Configurations.” Water Research. Volume 34. June 2000.

select Desalination anD MeMbrane softening Publications/Presentations - other1 Sethi, S. "Overview of Concentrate Management Technologies." Paper presented at the 2008 Salinity

Summit of the Multi-State Salinity Coalition, Las Vegas, NV, January 17-18, 2008.

2 Sethi, S. "Concentrate Minimization and Zero Liquid Discharge." Paper presented at the Water Desalination and Waste Minimization Seminar conducted and sponsored by the South Florida Water Management District, West Palm Beach, FL, July 12, 2007.

3 Sethi, S., Xu, P. and Drewes, J.E. "New Desalination Configurations and Technologies for Recovery Increase and Concentrate Minimization." Proceedings of the World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007 (ASCE and Environment and Water Resources Institute), Tampa, FL, March 2007.

4 Sethi, S., Juby, G., Li, S., Zacheis, A., Mulvihill, T., Standard, B., Morquecho, R., Krieger, C., and Scriven, D. 2007. “Inland Brackish Water Desalination: Feasibility Study Evaluates Alternatives and Develops a Zero-Liquid-Discharge Solution.” Proceedings of the AWWA Membrane Technology Conference, Tampa, FL, March 2007.

5 Sethi, S. Cushing, R.S., and Brown, J. “Visioning the Future of Desalination.” Paper presented at the of the Florida Section American Water Works Association 2006 Conference, Orlando, FL, November 26-30, 2006.

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6 Sethi, S., Walker, S.M., Xu, P. and Drewes, J.E. “Enhancing Desalination Efficiency via Concentrate Minimization: Configurations, Technologies, and Trends.” Proceedings of the American Water Works Association Water Quality Technology Conference, Denver, CO, November 5-9, 2006.

7 Grooters, S.J., Seacord, T.F., Crozes, G.F., Duff, B., Puffer, J., Adams, S., and Song, R. “Affordable NF/RO Treatment: Using Bankfiltration as a Key to Unlock Lower Costs.” Paper presented at the American Water Works Association 2005 Annual Conference & Exposition, San Francisco, CA, June 12-16, 2005.

8 Mackey, E.D., Hugaboom, D.A., Seacord, T.F., and White, P.C. “Controlling Costs for Desalting and Zero Liquid Discharge Brine Disposal.” Paper presented at the American Water Works Association 2005 Bi-Annual Membrane Technology Conference, Phoenix, AZ, March 6-9, 2005.

9 Moseley, J.S., Respess, C.V., Heilman, D.J., Heckler, J.S., Howard, J.B., Seacord, T.F., and Worley, J.L. “Permitting Coastal Desalination Projects: A Texas Case Study.” Paper presented at the American Membrane Technology Association 2004 Bi-Annual Conference, San Antonio, TX, August 4-7, 2004.

10 Heckler, J.S., Howard, J.B., Seacord, T.F., and Worley, J.L. “An Evaluation of Brackish Groundwater and Seawater from the Gulf of Mexico for Desalination in Coastal Texas.” Paper presented at the American Membrane Technology Association 2004 Bi-Annual Conference, San Antonio, TX, August 4-7, 2004.

11 Heckler, J.S., Howard, J.B., Seacord, T.F., and Worley, J.L. “Economic Benefits of Conjunctive ASR and RO Storage and Treatment Facilities to Meet Rising Water Demands.” Paper presented at the American Membrane Technology Association 2004 Bi-Annual Conference, San Antonio, TX, August 4-7, 2004.

12 Grooters, S.J., Seacord, T.F., and Crozes, G.F. “Design and Considerations for Desalination Membrane Technologies.” Paper presented at the American Membrane Technology Association 2004 Bi-Annual Conference, San Antonio, TX, August 4-7, 2004.

13 Grooters, S.J., Seacord, T.F., and Crozes, G.F. “The Impacts of Design Philosophy on Cost for NF/RO Membrane Systems.” Paper presented at the American Water Works Association 2004 Annual Conference & Exposition, Orlando, FL, June 13-17, 2004.

14 Howard, J.B., Worley, J.L., Heckler, J.S., Pyne, D., and Seacord, T.F. “Economics of DASR as a Water Supply on Texas’ Gulf Coast.” Paper presented at the American Water Works Association 2004 Annual Conference & Exposition, Orlando, FL, June 13-17, 2004.

15 Moseley, J.C., Respess, C.V., Heilman, D.J., Heckler, J.S., Howard, J.B., Seacord, T.F., and Worley, J.L. “Permitting a Reverse Osmosis Facility in Coastal Texas.” Paper presented at the Texas Section of the American Water Works Association and the Water Environment Association of Texas, Texas Water 2004 Conference, Arlington, TX, April 5-8, 2004.

16 Seacord, T.F., and Nemeth, J.E. “Optimized Membrane WTP Design: Integrating Capital, Operational, and Maintenance Considerations.” Paper presented at the Florida Section of the American Water Works Association 2003 Fall Conference, Orlando, FL, November 16-20, 2003.

17 Crozes, G.F., Hugaboom, D.A., Roquebert, V., and Sethi, S. “Selecting the Right Membrane for the Right Application by Taking Advantage of Recent Trends in the Industry.” Paper presented at the American Water Works Association 2003 Water Quality Technology Conference, Philadelphia, PA, November 2-5, 2003.

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18 Seacord, T.F., and Zander, A. “Determining the Scale Inhibitor Threshold Limit for Calcium Carbonate - LSI Versus CCPP.” Paper presented at the 2003 International Desalting Association World Congress on Desalination and Water Reuse, Paradise Island, Bahamas, September 28-October 3, 2003.

19 Grooters, S.J., Seacord, T.F., and Crozes, G.F. “A Decision Matrix for Advanced Membrane Technologies: Is RO Less Expensive Than NF?” Paper presented at the Rocky Mountain Section of the American Water Works Association/Rocky Mountain Water Environment Association 2003 Joint Annual Conference, Caper, WY, September 14-17, 2003

20 Seacord, T.F., Singley, J.E., Juby, G.J.G., and Voutchkov, N. “Evaluation of Scaling and Corrosion Indices to Develop Post Treatment Concepts for Seawater and Brackish Water Desalting.” Paper presented at the American Water Works Association 2003 Bi-Annual Membrane Technology Conference, Atlanta, GA, March 2-5, 2003.

21 Juby, G.J.G., Groskreutz, R., Meyerpeter, M., and Mitzel, B. “A New 10 MGD Membrane Filtration Plant for Eastern Municipal Water District.” Paper presented at the American Water Works Association 2003 Bi-Annual Membrane Technology Conference, Atlanta, GA, March 2-5, 2003.

22 Nemeth, J.E., and Seacord, T.F. “Cost Effective RO & NF Systems: Importance of O&M Considerations in Design, Procurement and Manufacturing.” Paper presented at the American Water Works Association 2003 Bi-Annual Membrane Technology Conference, Atlanta, GA, March 2-5, 2003.

23 Seacord, T.F., Bench, B.L., Atencio, M., and Bay, R. “Remediation of High Hardness Sulfate Contaminated Groundwater Using High Recovery No-Acid RO Treatment.” Paper presented at the American Membrane Technology Association 2002 Biennial Conference, Tampa, FL, August 6-9, 2002.

24 Zacheis, G.A., and Juby, G.J.G. “Brine Disposal Options for Membrane Processes Located in the Southwestern United States.” Paper presented at the American Water Works Association Water Sources Conference & Exhibition, Las Vegas, NV, January 27-30, 2002.

25 Juby, G.J.G., Karns, L.J., and Voutchkov, N.S. “Are We Designing Large Capacity RO Plants Cost Effectively?” Paper presented at the American Water Works Association 2001 Annual Conference & Exposition, Washington, D.C., June 17-21, 2001.

26 Seacord, T.F., Cushing, R.S., and White, P.C. “Process Design Implications of No-Acid RO/NF Treatment of Groundwater Containing Hydrogen Sulfide.” Paper presented at the American Water Works Association 2001 Membrane Technology Conference, San Antonio, TX, March 4-7, 2001.

27 Seacord, T.F., Crozes, G.F., Frank, K.F., and Hill, G. “Membrane Replacement: Realizing the Benefit of Low Pressure RO in Existing Infrastructure.” Paper presented at the American Water Works Association 2001 Membrane Technology Conference, San Antonio, TX, March 4-7, 2001.

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UsmapWaterProj-CoProf-Blue.ai (Text list for this map is on V:\CompanySOQs\GeneralWtr&WWSOQ\Sections\03WtrTreatment\CaliforniaWaterMap.doc)

Carollo has engineered water

projects across the country.

WATER AND WASTEWATER EXPERTS

Carollo is an environmental engineering firm specializing in the planning, design, and construction of water and wastewater facilities and infrastructure. Carollo’s reputation is based upon client service, a continual commitment to quality, and technical leadership.

During our 86-year history, Carollo has successfully completed more than 25,000 projects for public sector clients. Carollo is currently ranked within Engineering News Record's top 500 design firms. More importantly, ENR’s annual Source Book ranks Carollo among the top 10 firms for water and wastewater treatment plant design. Unlike many of our competitors, Carollo provides only water and wastewater engineering services.

With our focus on water and wastewater, we recruit nationwide and hire technical staff who have the extensive background and training specific to this field. For that reason, the quality and professional standing of our core group of water and wastewater professionals equals or exceeds that provided by some of the largest engineering firms in the U.S.

Resources

Carollo’s staff numbers more than 1,050 employees,

including more than 500 registered engineers. We are a

full-service water and wastewa-ter engineering company with the experience and qualified

professionals to successfully manage projects of any size. Our staff includes

civil, sanitary, electrical, environmental, mechanical, chemical, structural,

instrumentation, and corrosion con-trol engineers, as well as architects,

planners, and specialists in other areas. These individuals perform work solely on water and wastewater related facilities.

Carollo is currently

ranked within Engineering

News Record's top 500 design

firms . . . ENR's annual Source

Book ranks Carollo among the

top 10 firms for water

and wastewater treatment

plant design.

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Carollo’s state-of-the-art computer

network allows us to effectively

communicate between offices and

interface with almost any engineering

software on the market today.

MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHYCarollo’s management philosophy and the success of our company are founded on simple precepts:

u Seek out, hire, and hold onto the best people in the business. We recognize that the most critical element for a successful proj-ect is the project team. Carollo aggressively recruits the top candidates from the leading engineering schools across the country. We train and mentor these engineers to become

the next generation of leaders for Carollo and the industry. This long-term commitment

to developing excellent engineers has resulted in a depth of talent unmatched by other consulting

firms.

u Specialize in the planning, design and construction manage-ment of water and wastewater projects. This is our business. Our success hinges solely upon our ability to provide responsive service to our municipal clients.

u Commit our partners to an active role in every project. This provides our clients with top management interest, clear account-ability, responsiveness, and talent—and helps to ensure that the necessary staff and resources are committed to each assignment.

u Focus on client service. Carollo knows the value of listening to our clients and recognizes that successful projects result from the combined expertise of our staff and the client’s staff. This commitment to understanding client needs and valuing their input is one of the cornerstones of Carollo’s success.

LEADERS IN WATER ENGINEERING

Carollo has provided design and construction management services for more than 100 water treatment plants with a total capacity of more than 3.5 billion gallons per day, more than 1,000 miles of water pipeline ranging in size from 6 to 108 inches in diameter, and more than 100 water pumping stations with capacities as high as 600 mgd. We have recently completed or are performing ongoing water projects for many of the country’s major municipalities or special districts. A few examples of Carollo’s achievements include:

u Conceiving and developing the custom design approach for low-pressure membrane water treatment plant design. Carollo devel-oped our own custom, nonproprietary, non-packaged pilot plant unit, which has been successfully tested in Kansas City, MO.

Carollo provides only water

and wastewater engineering

services, resulting in a level of

understanding of key project issues

that few can match.

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u Engineering the fast-paced design/build expansion of the Palm Coast, FL, reverse osmosis (RO) water treatment plant from 3.2 to 9.6 mgd. Carollo completed preliminary design and obtained all permits just eight weeks after beginning work to help facilitate successful completion of this project in just 15 months.

u Conducting the first U.S. testing and evaluation of electrodialysis reversal (EDR) for perchlorate treatment.

u Achieving leadership in ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, first for wastewater applications in the western United States and now for UV drinking water applications. Carollo was the primary author of the USEPA UV Disinfection Guidance manual. We also developed and operate the world's largest UV validation facility in Portland, OR.

u Designing the preozonation and intermediate ozonation at two water treatment facilities for the City of Arlington, TX, using our computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling to optimize ozone contactor design. Carollo also conducted a joint research project with various utilities in the Phoenix, AZ, area to evaluate ozona-tion and biological filtration to meet long-term finished water quality goals, leading to design and construction of ozonation facilities in Gilbert and Peoria, AZ.

u Designing, in a joint venture, the world’s largest ozone generation system at a water treatment facility in Las Vegas, NV.

FORMULA FOR SUCCESS

Much of our success as an industry leader is based on our ability to offer advanced solutions that are practical, affordable, and reliable.

We strive to maximize the use of existing infrastructure whenever possible, promote environmental conservation, and make the best technologies available at a competitive cost.

A major factor in maintaining Carollo's ability to integrate new technology is the Carollo Water Research Group (CWRG). The relationship between our design engineers and the CWRG is unique in the industry and serves as a company-wide resource for evaluating water quality and treatability data, performing pilot studies, developing design criteria, tailoring design solutions to water quality issues, and addressing regulatory compliance concerns.

Our client list includes the following:

u City of Phoenix, AZ

u East Bay Municipal Utility District, Oakland, CA

u Metropolitan Water District of Southern California

u Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District, CA

u City of San Diego, CA

u City and County of San Francisco, CA

u City of Sacramento, CA

u Denver Water Department, CO

u City of Minneapolis, MN

u Kansas City, MO

u City of St. Louis, MO

u City of Las Vegas, NV

u Southern Nevada Water Authority, NV

u City of Arlington, TX

u City of Austin, TX

u Upper Trinity Regional Water District, TX

Carollo designed the 624-mgd Alfred Merritt

Smith Water Treatment Plant ozone contactor

for the Southern Nevada Water Authority. It is

the world's largest ozone system at a water

treatment facility.

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Cap

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(m

gd)

Con

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atm

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Mem

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UV D

isin

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Aut

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Che

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Project Elements

Our firm takes pride in the large number of clients with whom we have maintained continuing working relationships. We have worked with some clients for more than 80 years—a clear indication of the quality of our work, our control of costs, and our ability to meet schedules. This dedication to quality has resulted in a long list of suc-cessful projects and satisfied clients, some of which are highlighted in the table below.

Client/Project

Southern Nevada Water Authority, Las Vegas, Nevada - Southern Nevada Water System Improvements Project

624 l l l l l

City of Phoenix, Arizona - Val Vista Water Treatment Plant 220 l l l l

City of Phoenix, Arizona - Union Hills Water Treatment Plant 160 l l l l

City of Sacramento, California - E.A. Fairbairn Water Treatment Plant 160 l l l l

City of Sacramento, California - Sacramento River Water Treatment Plant

160 l l l l

Metropolitan Water District of Salt Lake City and Sandy, Utah - Point of the Mountain Water Treatment Plant

150 l l l l l l

City of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma - Draper Water Treatment Plant 150 l l l l

East Bay Municipal Utility District, California - Walnut Creek Water Treatment Plant

120 l l l l l

Santa Clara Valley Water District, California - Santa Teresa Water Treatment Plant

100 l l l l

Santa Clara Valley Water District, California - Rinconada Water Treatment Plant

75 l l l l

City of Arlington, Texas - Pierce-Burch Water Treatment Plant 68 l l l l

City of Arlington, Texas - John F. Kubala Water Treatment Plant 65 l l l l

Santa Clara Valley Water District, California - Penitencia Water Treatment Plant

42 l l l l

City of Vallejo, California - Fleming Hill Water Treatment Plant 42 l l l l l

Town of Gilbert, Arizona - Gilbert Water Treatment Plant 30 l l l l

City of Peoria, Arizona - Greenway Water Treatment Plant 16 l l l l l

Upper Trinity Regional Water District, Texas - Tom Harpool Water Treatment Plant

16 l l l l

Brazos River Authority, Texas - Brazos River Authority Water Treatment Plant

15 l l l

City of Lake Forest, Illinois - Lake Forest Water Treatment Plant 14 l l l l

City of Neenah, Wisconsin - Neenah Water Treatment Plant 12 l l l l

United Water Missouri - United Water Missouri Treatment Plant 8 l l

City of South Bend, Washington - South Bend Water Treatment Plant 2 l l l

Representative Water Treatment Projects