6a. water supply and water related diseases.ppt

8/10/2019 6a. Water supply and water related diseases.ppt

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Water and Water supply

Kalule Charles.M


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Learning objectives

By the end of the session participants will beable to;

1. List common sources of water

2. List the basic uses of water

3. Mention water related diseases

4. Describe the safe water chain and its benefits

5. Describe prevention of water contamination


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Water

Much of ill health in the developing countries is traced tolack of safe and wholesome water supply.

In 1980 the UN General Assembly launched theInternational drinking water and sanitation decade; aimof providing adequate safe drinking water to all.

In 1981, the 34thWHA in a resolution emphasized that

safe drinking water is a basic element of PHC.

Water is also an essential part of health education, foodand nutrition and maternal and child health (MCH)


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Water

Water should be easily accessible, adequate inquantity, free from contamination, safe andreadily available throughout the year.

Water intended for human consumption shouldbe both safe and wholesome;

Free from pathogenic agents

Free from harmful chemical substances Pleasant to taste i.e., free from colour and odour

and

Usable for domestic purpose.


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Water uses i

Agricultural Fishing

Irrigation

Pesticide and fertilizer application

Industrial

Power generation

Cooling

Heating

Processing


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Water uses ii

Transportation

Public purposes

Recreation, Swimming, fountains, ornamentalponds, beatification, water racing

Cleaning streets

Fire protection


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Water uses iii

Domestic

Cooking

Drinking

Hygiene and sanitation

Gardening

In general, water is useful in carrying away wastesfrom all establishment and institution.

It is an important factor in the social, economic, andcultural development.

It is helpful in disease elimination, promotedevelopment and improve quality of life.


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Classification of water sources

Ground water springs, deep wells , shallowwells, Gravity flow schemes, springs.

Surface water i.e oceans, tanks, lakes, rivers,streams, ponds.

Rain water


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Ground water

Advantages It is likely to be free from pathogenic agents

It usually requires no treatment

The supply is likely to be certain even in dry season. It is less subject to contamination

Disadvantages

usually high in mineral content

Requires pumping or some arrangement to lift thewater.


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Rain water

What are the advantages and disadvantages

of rain water?


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Hydrologic cycle

Also known as the water cycle, is the journey watertakes as it circulates from the land to the sky and

back again.

The sun's heat provides energy to evaporate water

from the earth's surface (oceans, lakes, etc.).

Plants also lose water to the air - this is called

transpiration. The water vapour eventually

condenses, forming tiny droplets in clouds.

When the clouds meet cool air over land,

precipitation (rain, sleet, or snow) is triggered, and

water returns to the land (or sea).


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Hydrologic cycle

-Some of the precipitation soaks into the ground

(Percolation).

-Some of the underground water is trapped

between rock or clay layers - this is called

groundwater.

-But most of the water flows downhill as runoff

(above ground or underground), eventually

returning to the seas as slightly salty water.


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Hydrologic cycle


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Hydrologic cycle


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Evaporation and transpiration

Evaporation

Stream

Infiltration

Water tableInfiltration

Unconfined aquifer

Confined aquifer

Lake

Well requiring a pump

Flowing

artesian well

Runoff

Precipitation

Confined

Recharge Area

Aquifer

Less permeable material

such as clayConfirming permeable rock layer

Ground Water

Fig. 15-3 p. 308


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The stages of the hydrologic cycle

Evaporation

Transport

Condensation

Precipitation

Groundwater

Run-off

ASSIGNMENT-2

Using a diagrammatic illustration, show how each stage above plays

a role in the hydrologic cycle


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Sand dams

A sand dam is a reinforced concrete wall (or a

similarly robust and impermeable surface) built1-5 metres high across a seasonal sand river.

When it rains the dam captures soil laden water

behind itthe sand in the water sinks to thebottom, whilst the silt remains suspended in the

water.

Research shows that only 1 to 3% of rainwater isretained behind any individual dam; the

remainder continues its natural flow towards

the ocean.


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Sand dam

Eventually the dams fill with sand - sometimes

after only one rainfall or over 13 seasons.

25 to 40% of the volume of the sand held is

actually water.

A mature sand dam can store millions of litres of

waterrefilling after each rainfall providing a

year round supply of clean water to over 1,000

people.


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Sand dams

The highest concentration of sand dams withthe strongest track record are found in Kenya.

Although examples are found throughoutworlds semi-arid regions from Angola to

Zimbabwe.

Further examples are recorded in Japan, India,

Thailand, SW USA and Brazil.


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Sand dam


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Sand dam


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Sand dam


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Sand dams

There are two simple ways:

Scooping a hole in the sand. The water will

naturally emerge to the surface. Scope holes

used for domestic water should be protected

from contamination by livestock by fencing.

A slotted pipe buried in the sand that either

passes through the dam wall or is connected to a

simple hand pump situated on the river bank


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Sand dams


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Reference

Environmental engineering by Joseph A.

SALVATO, Nelson L. Nemerow and Franklin J.

Argardy.

http://www.google.co.ug/images?hl=en&clien

t=firefox-a&rls=org.

Parks Text book of preventive and social

medicine by K. Park.
http://www.google.co.ug/images?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=orghttp://www.google.co.ug/images?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=orghttp://www.google.co.ug/images?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=orghttp://www.google.co.ug/images?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=orghttp://www.google.co.ug/images?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=orghttp://www.google.co.ug/images?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org


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WATERRELATED DISEASES

Kalule Charles.M


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Water Related Diseases

Are those diseases that affect humans as a resultof drinking, use for personal hygiene and

recreation purposes or getting into contact with

water contaminated with and or infested withdisease causing agents.

The disease causing agents may be organic as ingerms or inorganic as in chemical contaminants.


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Burden of Water related diseases

Poor water quality pose a major threat to human health.

Diarrheal diseases account for 4.1% of the total DALYSglobal burden of disease & are responsible for thedeaths of 1.8M people every year.

It was estimated that 88% of that burden is attributableto unsafe WASH & 90% are U5 children mostly indeveloping countries (WHO 2004).

It is estimated that 80% of that burden is attributable tounsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene (MOH,2005).


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BURDEN OF WATER RELATED DISEASES

Although water related diseases have largely beeneliminated in wealthier nations, they are a major

challenge in developing world.

1.1bn (17%) of the global population lack access

to safe water supply (WHO 2002).

2.4bn people around the world do not haveaccess to basic sanitation.(2/3 of these are in the

developing countries (UNIS 2004).


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WATER FOR LIFE DECADE 2005-2015

The human right to water entitles every one tosufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessibleand affordable water for personal and domesticuses.

Weshall not finally defeat AIDS, TB, malaria orany other infectious diseases that plague thedeveloping world until we have won the battlefor safe drinking water, sanitation and basichealth care.


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Water Borne diseases

Are contracted as result of ingestion of causative

organisms in drinking water.

Pathogens are transmitted from excreta to water

and then to humans.

These include most of the enteric & diarrheal

diseases caused by viruses, bacteria and

parasites e.g cholera, typhoid, Hepatitis A & E,

dysenteries and Guinea worm.


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i d l


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Prevention and control

Improvements in quality directly reduces incidence of

diseases.

Maintain safe the water chain.

Improvements in sanitation facilities.

Promotion of hygiene practices.

Identification and treatment of cases.

Treatment of waste water/sewage.

W t W h d Di


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Water Washed Diseases

Diseases resulting from poor personal hygiene

due to inadequate amounts of water supply forwashing and bathing.

These include skin diseases- scabies, lice (typhus& relapsing fevers) and fungal infections-ringworms.

Eye infections- Trachoma and conjunctivitis.

Parasitic infection like jiggers, ring worm.


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Increase quantity of water supply.

Improve personal Hygiene.

Disrupt the route of transmission.

Identify and treat cases.


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Water Contact/based Diseases

Are transmitted from/by hosts which either live in

water or require water for part of their developmental

stage e.g. Schistosomiasis and Guinea Worm.

They are passed on to humans when they are ingestedor when one gets in contact with water.

Transmission is more likely due to human activities likefishing, swimming, farming- rice.

P ti d t l


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Reduce surface water contamination.

Control direct contact of human being with watersources.

Prevent human contact with infected orsuspicious water bodies.

Control intermediate vector population.

Provide protective wear.

Identification and treatment of cases.

W i / b d Di


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Water insect/vector based Diseases

Diseases that are spread by insects which either

breed or bite near water e.g malaria,onchocerciasis, trypanosomiasis, yellow fever

filariasis.

They are not attributed to water quality but often

spread by large scale development of systems

provide conducive conditions

P ti d C t l


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Prevention and Control

Improving environmental sanitation.

Reducing maninsect contact.

Destroy breeding sites.

Improving on housing conditions.

Decrease the need for visiting infected areas.

Identify and treat cases.

Water dispersed diseases


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Water dispersed diseases

Avery rare and uncommon disease called

legionnaires disease or legionellosis.

It is a type of pneumonia caused by bacteria

caused by breathing in mist from water that

contains the bacteria.

The mist may come from hot tubs, showers or

air-conditioning units for large buildings.


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CONSEQUENCES


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CONSEQUENCES

Poor water and sanitation drain the economy in

terms of treatment and drugs.

Over burden the already constrained health

facilities.

Individual families spend their hard earned

incomes on treatment.

Work-time is lost in looking after the sick.


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Benefits of safe water chain

The safe water chain is a proven source of some

short-term and long-term benefits. Here are

three benefits.

1. Reduce water related diseases

2. Increases productivity, thereby improving socio

economic status.

3. Improves performance at school and at work place


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Safe water chain

With relevant examples discuss how a safe

water chain can be maintained.


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PREVENTION OF WATER CONTAMINATION

1. Protection of water source

Water catchment area

Zoning

Avoid stepping in water

2. Improvement in handling of water

Use of clean containers

3. Treatment of water

REFERENCES


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REFERENCES

http://www.monitor.co.ug/artman/publish/ features safewater plans in Uganda 2008

http://www.aquamedia.at/templates/_printversion.cmf/id/14232.

.

http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/disease/guinea/en/print.html2008

http://wwww.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2004/envdev768.html.

K Park 2001;Preventive and social medicine.

Moeller,Dade, W: environmental health, Havard Universitypress.
http://www.monitor.co.ug/artman/http://www.aquamedia.at/templates/_printversion.cmf/id/14232http://www.aquamedia.at/templates/_printversion.cmf/id/14232http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/disease/guinea/en/print.htmlhttp://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/disease/guinea/en/print.htmlhttp://wwww.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2004/envdev768.htmlhttp://wwww.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2004/envdev768.htmlhttp://wwww.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2004/envdev768.htmlhttp://wwww.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2004/envdev768.htmlhttp://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/disease/guinea/en/print.htmlhttp://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/disease/guinea/en/print.htmlhttp://www.aquamedia.at/templates/_printversion.cmf/id/14232http://www.aquamedia.at/templates/_printversion.cmf/id/14232http://www.monitor.co.ug/artman/


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