1. The UN Defines trafficking as:Therecruitment, transportation, transfer, harboringor receipt of persons, by means of threat or useof force or other forms of coercion, ofabduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuseof power or of a position of vulnerability or ofthe giving or receiving of payments or benefitsto achieve the consent of a person havingcontrol over another person, for the purpose ofexploitation. Exploitation shall include, at aminimum, the exploitation of the prostitution ofothers or other forms of sexualexploitation, forced labor or services, slavery orpractices similar to slavery, servitude or theremoval of organs.(TIP Report, 2005, Page 62).

2. . 3. Multiple Perspectives1) trafficking for prostitution and sex works,2) trafficking of children,3) trafficking as un-safe migration,4) trafficking as labour issues,5) trafficking as a criminal problem,6) trafficking as human rights issue, etc.Tanaka, 2007, p. 7 4. Vulnerable Populations(1) government corruption,(2) high infant mortality,(3) a very young population,(4) low food production, and(5) conflict and social unrest (Bales 2005) 5. Migrant Immigrants Lack ofworkers who paylanguagefees to find skills, illegalnew status, andpositions atilliteracy exorbitantkeep people ratesvulnerable 6. The use of children as cameljockeys continues, even withheightened awareness of theabuses DeGeorge, 2006Child laborers making bricks;80% of all trafficked victimsare women and childrenScarpa, 2006Entire families becomeindebted and work on looms 7. A Slave in NigerAguillar-Millan, et al., 2008 8. Brick making is labor intensive, andentire familiesincluding childrenmay work there inbonded labor.An obvious parallel is a story about someIsraelites in Egypt UN, 2010 9. Get your kidney transplant in PakistanYou will pay only $14,000-$35,000Organ sales are legal in Pakistan and thePhilippinesCarney, 2007 Sellers get about $1,377 (Naqvi, et al., 2007). 10. .http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvaOHXCWdRw 11. Iabolish, 2010 12. Sweat Shop US Dept of State, 2010 13. These infants were rescued from a baby trafficking ring in ChinaMother and son are reunitedafter seven year separationdue to traffickersMauritanian girls at work fortheir masters 14. African Refugees ADisplaced in DarfurCivil unrest leaves people vulnerableVictims of guerilla fighting become enslavedhttp://blogs.mirror.co.uk/developing-world-stories/css/Darfur%20refugee%20camp.jpg 15. Poverty forced Efua Mansah, right, to sell her son, Kwabena, when he was 7. "It was hunger, to get a little money," she said at home in Aboadzi. Hundreds of miles away,Kwebena, now 11, center, jumps into Lake Volta to fetch a fish that had fallen from thecanoe of Kwadwo Takyi, his employer, who pays as little as $20 for a child. "I cant pay what is asked for older boys," Mr. Takyi, bottom, said.LaFraniere, 2006 16. .Mauritania Source and destination country for child trafficking History of slavery, although the word is banned; up to 100,000 born into this Bonded labor is common Boys, called talibe are forced to beg by religious teachers Children trafficked for agricultural, construction, herding, do mestic labor, sexual use, and fishingU.S. State Dept, 2009 17. Coalition to stop the use of child soldiers, 2010 18. Who is Addressinghttp://www.today.ucla.edu/portal/ut/artwork/9/3/7/1/5/93715/human_trafficking_istock-prv.jpg This? 19. US PUBLIC AWARENESS| UN INITIATIVE NGOs 20. Churches raise awarenessFeb 21, 2010 Freedom SundayA day for churches to raise awareness about theproblem 1000 churches around the worldparticipatedNext year.. March 13, 2011(freedomsunday.org, 2010) 21. . Drop in center for socialassistance to victimsOne US Funded NGO Resource Center dedicated toprevention Analytic and Lobby Center forresearch and monitoring (LaStrada Moldova, 2010) 22. Global Law Enforcement DataYEAR PROSECUTIONS CONVICTIONS NEW OR AMENDEDLEGISLATION20037,9922,815 2420046,8853,025 3920056,1784,379 4020065,8083,160 2120075,6823,427 2820085,2122,983 26 US Dept of State, 2009 23. Where is home?Basic needs like food, water, shelter, clothing, and medical attentioncome first is just the beginningRescuing 24. SpiritualPhysicalPsychologic1 Issues 2 Issues3 al Issues Identity Physical Mental Freedomabuseabuse Family DeprivationAnxiety Faithof basic Substance Friendshipsneedsabuse AmbiguousLimits on theDepression loss developmentTraumaal process responseA presumed death but not body is a kind of anguish-a paralysis of emotion,(Everstine and Everstine, 2006, p. 158) 25. Interventions Dangerous work; trafficked people arevaluable and have been bought Criminal activity is always hidden Victims do not know their rights Victims are often in other countries wheretheir language is different-even from rescuers Owners will protect their property 26. Needs AssessmentFirst Responders Community Resources Physical safety Legal counsel Shelter Immigration intervention Food Job skill training Clothing Legal rights Psychiatric/counseling Medical care services Translators Spiritual counsel Personal hygiene needs Reunion/Information about Non clinical emotional families health services Support networks Bales, 2009; Clawson & Dutch, 27. .MULTI-LEVEL MODEL Level I: Developing rapport with theclient, who may be from another culture. Level II: Using culturally responsivetherapies and creative techniques such as narrativetherapy, dreamwork, drama, art, storytelling, anddrumming, (page 89). Level III: Provision of civil rights educationfor the client Level IV: Working with indigenous healersfrom the clients culture Level V: The therapist becomes a socialjustice and human rights advocate and seeks topromote such things within the communityChung, 2009 28. Treatment is Tailored to the ClientAssessment:Treatment may include:CAPS, SCID-R PsychoeducationPTSD Symptom Scale-Interview CBTVersion (Foa and Tolin, 2000), CPTPosttraumatic Stress Diagnostic EMDRScale, etc. MedicationIs the client medically and Progressive relaxationpsychologically stable?While interviewing, assess via the JournalingBASICS (Barker, 2010)Work on symptoms duringDevelop rapport and create a safe therapeutic windowand environment for the client Never promise healing(Briere & Scott, 2006) 29. Additional TherapiesArt, writing, creative therapyCovert modelingRelationship skills Role plays (Jewell, 2008) (Petrak and Hedge, 2002)Assist client with forgiveness, mourning, guilt, and self- Use developmentally imageappropriate assessment andDialectical and Behavioralintervention tools Therapy, Acceptance and(Everstine & Everstine, 2006) Commitment Therapy, Functional Analytic Psychotherapy, and narrative therapy.(Draucker & Martsolf, 2006) 30. PTSD SymptomsDSM-IV-TR, 2000Re-experiencing/flashbacks3 or more avoidance symptoms2 or more symptoms of increased arousalSymptoms last more than 1 monthCauses significant distress or impairmentSpecify if acute, chronic, or with delayed onset 31. Presentation byAnn Marie Kerlin 32. ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed., text revision. Washington, DC: APA.Bales, K. (2005). Tracking modern day slavery. Trends in Organized Crime, 9(2), 78-79.Bales, K. (2009). "Winning the fight." Harvard International Review 31(1): 14-17Briere, J. Scott, C. (2006). Principles of trauma therapy. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publishing.Chung, R. C.-Y. (2009). "Cultural perspectives on child trafficking, human rights, and social justice: A model for psychologists." Psychology Quarterly 22ltural (1): 85-96.Clawson, H. J. D., N. (2008). National symposium on the health needs of human trafficking victims: background brief. Retrieved May 18, 2010 from: http://www.icfi.com/Docs/hhs-symposium.pdf.Degorge, B. (2006). Modern day slavery in the United Arab Emirates. European Legacy, 11(6), 657-666.Draucker, C. B. & Martsolf, D. S. (2006). Counseling survivors of childhood sexual abuse. 3rd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Everstine, D. S. &Everstine, L. (2006). Strategic interventions for people in crisis, trauma, and disaster. Revised Edition. New York: Routledge.Foa, E. B., & Tolin, D. F. (2000). Comparison of the PTSD symptom scale-interview version and the clinician administered PTSDscale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(2): 181-192.Hoque, S. (2010). "Female child trafficking from Bangladesh: A new form of slavery, Canadian Social Science, 6(1): 45-58.Jewell, D. H. (2008). Escaping the devils bedroom. Grand Rapids, MI: Monarch Books.LaFraniere, S. (2006). Africas world of forced labor, in a 6-year olds eyes. The New York Times, October 29, 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2010 from: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07EED8153FF93AA15753C1A9609C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=3 33. References ContinuedLaStrada Moldova (2010). Programs and activities. Retrieved May 21, 2010 from:http://www.lastrada.md/aboutus/en.htmlMcCarthy, L. A. (2010). Beyond Corruption. Demokratizatsiya, 18(1): 5-27.Mckinney, J. R. (2009). Russian babies, Russian babes: economic and demographic implications of internationaladoption and international trafficking for Russia. Demokratizatsiya ,17(1): 19-40.Naqvi, S. A. A., Ali, B., Mazhar, F., Zafar, M. N. & Rizvi, S. A. H. (2007). A socioeconomic survey of kidney vendors inPakistan. Transplant International, 20(11), 934-939.Petrak, J. P. h., B. (2002). The trauma of sexual assault. New York, NY: Wiley.Scarpa, S. (2006). Child trafficking: International instruments to protect the most vulnerable victims. Family Court Review, 44(3), 429-447.Reitz, J. (2007). "Documenting modern slavery in India." Kennedy School Review, 7,15-19.UNODC (2010). Blueheart campaign against human trafficking. Retrieved May 21, 2010 from: http://www.unodc.org/blueheartU.S. Department of State. (2009). Trafficking in persons: coercion in a time of ecnomic crisis. Retrieved May 12, 2010 from: http://www.america.gov/st/texttransenglish/2009/June/20090616160439xjsnommis0.5062677.html&distid=ucs 34. :10 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Time fora short break