6.6 Reproduction6.6 Reproduction (3 Hours of Instruction)(3 Hours of Instruction)

Jordan S. BaimelJordan S. Baimel

Mr. EvansMr. Evans

IB BiologyIB Biology

June 5 2008June 5 2008

KEY WORDSKEY WORDS PubertyPuberty CopulationCopulation FertilizationFertilization AmniocentesisAmniocentesis ProgesteroneProgesterone EstrogenEstrogen TestosteroneTestosterone FSHFSH LHLH IVFIVF IUDIUD CondomCondom

Menstrual cycleMenstrual cycle MenopauseMenopause OviductOviduct CervixCervix Urethra Urethra Sperm ductSperm duct Uterine liningUterine lining Amniotic sacAmniotic sac OxytocinOxytocin Birth CanalBirth Canal FetusFetus EmbryoEmbryo

6.6.1- Draw and Label Diagrams of the Adult 6.6.1- Draw and Label Diagrams of the Adult Male and Female Reproductive SystemsMale and Female Reproductive Systems

Note: The relative positions of the organs are important. Do not include any histological details but include the bladder and urethra

FEMALE

Campbell: 983 Blue Book: 54

6.6.1 (cont’d)6.6.1 (cont’d)

Note: The relative positions of the organs are important. Do not include any histological details but include the bladder and urethra

Blue Book: 54

MALE

Campbell 983

6.6.2 Outline the role of hormones 6.6.2 Outline the role of hormones

Between puberty and menopause, women who are not Between puberty and menopause, women who are not pregnant follow a cycle called the menstrual cyclepregnant follow a cycle called the menstrual cycle

This cycle is controlled by the hormones:This cycle is controlled by the hormones: FSHFSH LHLH

And are produced in the pituitary glandAnd are produced in the pituitary gland Estrogen and Progesterone are produced in the ovaries Estrogen and Progesterone are produced in the ovaries

and the uterus. Control of the cycle involves negative and the uterus. Control of the cycle involves negative and positive feed back mechanismsand positive feed back mechanisms ( ------( ------= negative feedback +++++++++++>= positive = negative feedback +++++++++++>= positive

feedback)feedback)

(NEXT Slide for Chart)(NEXT Slide for Chart)Campbell 986 Blue Book: 54

Table of Table of Hormone Hormone

RolesRoles

6.6.3 Annotate a graph showing 6.6.3 Annotate a graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the relationship cycle, illustrating the relationship

between changes in hormone between changes in hormone levels and ovulation, menstruation levels and ovulation, menstruation and thickening of the endometrialand thickening of the endometrial

(Graph on Next Slide)(Graph on Next Slide)

Campbell 986

6.6.4- List three roles of 6.6.4- List three roles of testosterone in malestestosterone in males

The penis and testes grow largerThe penis and testes grow larger The prostate gland and the seminal vesicles The prostate gland and the seminal vesicles

begin to secrete fluid- semen-begin to secrete fluid- semen- The larynx grows larger causing the voice to The larynx grows larger causing the voice to

become deeperbecome deeper Pubic and armpit hair start to growPubic and armpit hair start to grow Facial hair starts to growFacial hair starts to grow Skeletal muscles grow largerSkeletal muscles grow largerNOTE: Limit this to pre-natal development of male NOTE: Limit this to pre-natal development of male

genitalia, development of secondary sex genitalia, development of secondary sex characteristics and maintenance of sex drivecharacteristics and maintenance of sex drive

Campbell: 987

6.6.5- Outline the process of in vitro 6.6.5- Outline the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF)fertilization (IVF)

1- Drug is injected once a day for three weeks to stop the women’s normal menstrual 1- Drug is injected once a day for three weeks to stop the women’s normal menstrual cyclecycle

2- Large does of FSH are injected once a day for 10-12 days to stimulate the ovaries 2- Large does of FSH are injected once a day for 10-12 days to stimulate the ovaries to develop many folliclesto develop many follicles

3- HCG is injected 36 hours before egg collection to loosen the egg in the follicles 3- HCG is injected 36 hours before egg collection to loosen the egg in the follicles and to make them matureand to make them mature

4- The man provides semen by ejaculating into a jar. The sperm are processed to 4- The man provides semen by ejaculating into a jar. The sperm are processed to concentrate the healthiest ones. concentrate the healthiest ones.

5- The eggs are extracted from the follicles using a device inserted through the wall of 5- The eggs are extracted from the follicles using a device inserted through the wall of the vaginathe vagina

6- Each egg is mixed with sperm in a shallow Petri-dish. The dishes are kept 6- Each egg is mixed with sperm in a shallow Petri-dish. The dishes are kept overnight in an incubatorovernight in an incubator

7- The dishes are checked to see if fertilization still has worked. 7- The dishes are checked to see if fertilization still has worked. 8- Two or three embryos are selected and placed, via a long plastic tube into the 8- Two or three embryos are selected and placed, via a long plastic tube into the

uterusuterus 9- A pregnancy test is done to see if any embryos have implanted into the uterine 9- A pregnancy test is done to see if any embryos have implanted into the uterine

lining. lining. 10- A scan is done to see if the pregnancy is continuing normally with a visible, 10- A scan is done to see if the pregnancy is continuing normally with a visible,

steady heartbeat. steady heartbeat.

6.6.6- Discuss the ethical issues 6.6.6- Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVFassociated with IVF

Ethical Arguments for IVFEthical Arguments for IVF Some childless couples are able to have children.Some childless couples are able to have children. Suffering due to genetic disease could be reduced if embryos were Suffering due to genetic disease could be reduced if embryos were

screened before being transferred to the uterusscreened before being transferred to the uterus Ethical Arguments Against IVFEthical Arguments Against IVF

Inherited forms of infertility might be passed on to the children causing Inherited forms of infertility might be passed on to the children causing further sufferingfurther suffering

More embryos are often produced than are needed often leading them More embryos are often produced than are needed often leading them to be killedto be killed

Embryologists select the embryos that are transferred to the uterus so Embryologists select the embryos that are transferred to the uterus so humans are deciding whether new individuals survive or die. humans are deciding whether new individuals survive or die.

Multiple births, which carry the risk of heal problems for children, are Multiple births, which carry the risk of heal problems for children, are more likely with IVF than natural conception. more likely with IVF than natural conception.

Note: There is great variation between human societies around the work in Note: There is great variation between human societies around the work in views on IVF. This is the result of cultural and religious diversity. Take views on IVF. This is the result of cultural and religious diversity. Take note of such views and ensure there is parity of esteem for all children –note of such views and ensure there is parity of esteem for all children –however they were conceived.however they were conceived.