9.17.00 1:37 PM1 3.3 Periodic Table

6.4 The Periodic

Table and the

Elements

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The Periodic Table and the Elements

What is the periodic table ?What information is obtained from the table ?How can elemental properties be predicted based on the PT ?

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Dmitri Mendeleev (1869)

In 1869 Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer (Germany) published nearly identical classification schemes for elements known to date.

The periodic table is based on the similarity of properties and reactivity's exhibited by certain elements.

Later, Henri Moseley ( England,1887-1915) established that each elements has a unique atomic number, which is how the current periodic table is organized.

http://www.chem.msu.su/eng/misc/mendeleev/welcome.html

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PUZZLE Activity

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Mendeleev organized his table based on multiple patterns he found, but most importantly increasing Atomic Mass. In order to maintain a sequential

order and keep elements grouped into similar physical and chemical properties he devised

an irregularly shaped table. He then left blanks to represent missing elements in order to maintain the pattern he had discovered. WHY?

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He even predicted the properties of 2 of the undiscovered elements.

A missing element in his table made him believe that an element with certain properties belonged there.

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Mendeleev was a genius!

Many of his predictions came true, such as the existence of “eka-aluminum” which we know as gallium.

By looking specifically for this missing

“eka-aluminum”, chemists were able to discover

gallium.

His predictions were quite close to the actual values of the various properties he quoted, such as mass, density, ionic formula, and others.

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The Modern Periodic Table

Today’s periodic table is based on arrangement of the elements according to ____________ atomic number.Henri Moseley ( England,1887-1915)

In the periodic table, most of the elements that have atomic numbers less than 93 are ___________.

The other elements are _______________-they have been made by scientists.

increasing

natural

synthetic

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The Periodic TableA map of the building block of matter.

1IA

18VIIIA

11

H1.00797

2IIA

Periodic Table 13IIIA

14IVA

15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2He

4.0026

23

Li6.939

4Be

9.0122

5B

10.811

6C

12.0112

7N

14.0067

8O

15.9994

9F

18.9984

10Ne

20.179

311

Na22.9898

12Mg24.305

3IIIB

4IVB

5VB

6VIB

7VIIB

8 9VIIIB

10 11IB

12IIB

13Al

26.9815

14Si

28.086

15P

30.9738

16S

32.064

17Cl

35.453

18Ar

39.948

419K

39.102

20Ca40.08

21Sc

44.956

22Ti

47.90

23V

50.942

24Cr

51.996

25Mn

54.9380

26Fe

55.847

27Co

58.9332

28Ni58.71

29Cu63.54

30Zn65.37

31Ga65.37

32Ge72.59

33As

74.9216

34Se78.96

35Br

79.909

36Kr83.80

537

Rb85.47

38Sr87.62

39Y

88.905

40Zr91.22

41Nb

92.906

42Mo95.94

43Tc[99]

44Ru

101.07

45Rh

102.905

46Pd106.4

47Ag

107.870

48Cd

112.40

49In

114.82

50Sn

118.69

51Sb

121.75

52Te

127.60

53I

126.904

54Xe

131.30

655

Cs132.905

56Ba

137.34

57La

138.91

72Hf

178.49

73Ta

180.948

74W

183.85

75Re186.2

76Os190.2

77Ir

192.2

78Pt

195.09

79Au

196.967

80Hg200.59

81Tl

204.37

82Pb

207.19

83Bi

208.980

84Po[210]

85At[210]

86Rn[222]

787Fr[223]

88Ra[226]

89Ac[227]

104Ku[260]

105 106 107 108 109http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html

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The Periodic Law

Mendeleev understood the ‘Periodic Law’ which states:

When arranged by increasing atomic number, the chemical

elements display a regular and repeating pattern of chemical

and physical properties.

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The Periodic LawAtoms with similar properties appear in groups or families (vertical columns) on the periodic table.They are similar because they all have

the same # of valence (outer shell) electrons, which governs their chemical

behavior.

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3 MAJOR trends of the periodic table

1. Elements are arranged by increasing…

• Atomic # or the number of Protons

2. All elements in the same Family or Group of the Periodic Table…

• have the same # of valence electrons • outer shell electron configuration.

3. All elements in the same Period of the Periodic Table…

• have the same # of shells or energy levels.

Vertic

al

colu

mn

or

Sta

ck

Horizontal Row

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Alkali Metals

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Alkaline Earth Metals

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Halogens

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Noble Gases

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1. Alkali metals (1)2. Alkaline earth metals (2)3. Halogens (17)4. Noble gases (18)

The BIG 4 Families…

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• First column on the left

• Li, Na, and K• Shiny silver and

soft• HIGHLY REACTIVE• Float on water• Not often found in

pure state because they easily combine with other elements

Demo/Vid

Alkali Metals – Group 1

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Second column on the leftBe, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, RdShiny silveryNot as soft nor as reactive as alkali metals

Burn brightly Ex magnesium bright white flame

Alkaline Earth Metals – Group 2

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• Second column from the right• Highly reactive (2nd most reactive

family)• F, Cl, Br, I, At• Are poisonous• Not found in pure state• Diatomic Elements (in pairs)

Halogens – Group 17

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• Last column on the RIGHT• Stable – non reactive • He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe• Colourless / Odourless / Tasteless • Glow brightly when exposed to

electrical current• Non-toxic

Demo

Noble Gases – Group 18

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Across the Periodic Table

Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the periodic table (rows 1-7)

These elements have the same number of valence shells.

1IA

18VIIIA

12

IIA13

IIIA14

IVA15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

33

IIIB4

IVB5

VB6

VIB7

VIIB8 9

VIIIB10 11

IB12IIB

4

5

6

7

2nd Period

6th Period

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Review

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Reading the Periodic Table: Classification

Nonmetals, Metals, Metalloids, Noble gases

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Down the Periodic Table

Family: Are arranged vertically down the periodic table (columns or group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B)These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence shell.1

IA18

VIIIA

12

IIA13

IIIA14

IVA15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

33

IIIB4

IVB5

VB6

VIB7

VIIB8 9

VIIIB10 11

IB12IIB

4

5

6

7

Alkali Family: 1 e- in the valence shell

Alkali Family: 1 e- in the valence shell

Halogen Family: 7 e- in the valence shell

Halogen Family: 7 e- in the valence shell

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Across the Periodic Table

Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the periodic table (rows 1-7)

These elements have the same number of valence shells.

1IA

18VIIIA

12

IIA13

IIIA14

IVA15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

33

IIIB4

IVB5

VB6

VIB7

VIIB8 9

VIIIB10 11

IB12IIB

4

5

6

7

2nd Period

6th Period

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Periodic Table: Metallic arrangement

Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs. nonmetals1

IA18

VIIIA

12

IIA13

IIIA14

IVA15VA

16VIA

17VIIA

2

33

IIIB4

IVB5

VB6

VIB7

VIIB8 9

VIIIB10 11

IB12IIB

4

5

6

7

MetalsNonmetals

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