62027386-55540135-nebosh-q-a

NEBOSH International General Certificate

TOPICS OF (MANAGEMENT OF SAFETY AND HEALTH)

- Health and Safety Management Framework.

- Health and Safety Culture.

- Health and Safety law.

- Safety Policy.

- Human Factors.

- Information and Communication.

- Risk Assessment.

- Safety System of Work.

- Training.

- Accidents.

- Contractors.

- Monitoring.

- Occupational Exposure Limits.

- Stress.

- Violence.

- Smoking.

- First Aid & Emergency.

The Key Consultancy Ltd 2005: All Rights reserved 1


Health & Safety Management Framework

Exercise 1

a) Draw a flowchart to identify the main components of the health and safety management system described in HSE publication "successful Health and Safety Management" (HSG 65)

b) Outline TWO components of the health and safety management system identified in (a).

Answer 1

a) The flow chart

b) The components are:• Setting policy: to show commitment of management of health and safety and to

set clear aims and objectives.• Organizing: there should be a framework of roles and responsibilities for health

and safety allocated to individuals throughout the organization from senior management to shop floor.

• Planning & implementing: this refers to:o The detailed specification of health and safety standards

to be applied in all areas & aspects of work.o The measures needed to ensure standards applied.

Important is risk assessment and devising safe system of work.

• Monitoring and review: monitoring performance by the use of active and reactive monitoring methods. Inspection, surveys, sampling, tours and environmental monitoring methods while accident investigation and enforcement actions are examples of reactive methods.• Auditing: this refers to collecting information on the efficiency, effectiveness and reliability of the total safety system in the organization.


Setting Policy

Organizing

Planning and Implementing

Monitoring Performance

Auditing

feedback

Reviewing Performance


Health and Safety Culture

Exercise 1

Define health and safety culture.

Answer 1

• From HSG65: 'Health and safety culture is defined as the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an organization's heath and safety management."

• From IOSH: "Health and safety culture is defined as the characteristic shared attitudes, values, beliefs and practices of people at work concerning not only the magnitude of risk that they encounter but also the necessity, practicality, and effectiveness of preventive measures."

Exercise 2

What is the difference between proactive and reactive indicators of a health and safety culture?

Answer 2

Proactive indicators show how successfully health and safety plans are being implemented, mainly through the extent of compliance with systems and procedures.Reactive indicators show the outcomes of breaches of health and safety systems and procedures, mainly through accident, etc.

Exercise 3

Why are low accident rates are not a good indicator of a positive culture?

Answer 3

-A low incidence of accidents may mask a high number of near misses, or even a lack of reporting. In low risk organizations, a very low rates of accidents would be expected and any accidents may be a cause for concern. It is not the accident rate itself which indicates the state of health and safety in the workplace, but why those accidents take place.

Exercise 4

Why do accident rates rise during periods of organizational change?

Answer 4



-A lack of focus on health and safety by management and staff, increase pressure of work on individuals during the change period, uncertainly over the outcome of change causing demotivation.

Exercise 5

List the main internal and external influence on the approach to health and safety in an organization.

Answer 5

-The main internal influences are:

Management commitment, demands of production, the form of communication, levels of competence and employee representation.

-The main external influences are:

public opinion and expectations, legislation, trade unions and insurance companies.

Exercise 6

What is perceptual distortion and how may it arise?

Answer 6

-Perceptual distortion, as applied to risk, occurs where the risk is not recognized for what it is. This may occur because of a failure to notice the hazard or a failure to interpret it as a risk.

Exercise 7

What is the difference between error and a violation?

Answer 7An error:

is an action or decision, which is not intended, involving a deviation from an accepted standard and leading to undesirable outcome.

A violation:

is a deviation from a rule, procedure, instruction or regulation.

Exercise 8

What are the factors promoting a negative health and safety culture:

Answer 8



• The prime objective of the organization is to make profits so management will downplay safety considerations where they conflict with the requirements of the job done as efficiently as possible.

• Decision making process: carried out totally by senior management (no delegation to subordinates), no consultation with employees before decision making there is inconsistency between what managers demand and their own behavior "do as I say not as I do".

• Organizational change: during periods of organizational change there is lack of focus on health and uncertainly over outcome of change causing de-motivation.

• Uncertainly: human beings in general seek security and stability and an uncertain environment generates feelings of insecurity.

Exercise 9

Identify the ways to improve health and safety culture?

Answer 9

• Management commitment to safety and good leadership.• Use of competent personnel.• Effective communication within the organization.• Health and safety training.• Insurance programs to fulfill job security.• Reinforcement of standards.• Reward for achievement and penalties for failure.• Consultation with employees prior to decision-making.

Exercise 10

Outline FOUR reasons as to why costs are an important way of persuading management to develop a safety culture.

Answer 10

• Fines and legal costs.• Higher insurance premiums because of civil claims.• Absenteeism due to ill health & stress which cost money for overtime or

alternative labour.• Deteriorated staff morals that will be reflected in reduces efficiency & low

productivity.



Health and Safety Law

Exercise 1

Outline the factors that may determine the effectiveness of a safety committee.

Answer 1

Factors that may determine effectiveness of a safety committee:• Clear terms of reference.• Balanced and representative membership (including senior management).• The respect of both management and the workforce.• All members sharing actually in the decision making process.• Commitment from committee members.• Good leadership.• Good communication channels. • Formalized procedures with agenda drawn up in advance.• Relevant and non trivial agenda items.• Access to relevant information & specialist advice.

Exercise 2

Describe the possible effects on health and safety of an inadequate lighting in a workplace.

Answer 2

Inadequate lighting effects on health and safety:

Health Effects:-Eye strain – Nystagmus.-Headache.

Safety effects: -Tripping over unseen objects.-Increased likelihood of human error.

Exercise 3

Outline the factors to consider when assessing the adequacy of lighting within an open plan office.

Answer 3

Factors to consider when assessing the adequacy of lighting within an open plan office.



• The tasks undertaken in the office (general office, computers, typewriting, etc.)

• The equipment used.• The size of the office.• The office layout (proximity to windows, etc.).• The availability of natural light at different times of the day and year.• The number & intensity of artificial lights.• Glare on computer screens.• Areas on shadow.• The need for & availability of localized lighting.• Maintenance of lighting.• Provision and adequacy of emergency lighting.

Exercise 4

Under the construction (design and management) regulation 1994, outline the type of information that should be included in a health and safety plan before work commences on a building project:

Answer 4

Under the construction (design and management) regulations 1994, the following is the type of information that should be included in a health and safety plan before work commences on a building project.

• The nature of work.• The risk involved.• The emergency arrangements required.• Statement of method of work.• Site rules and how to comply with them.• Welfare arrangements.• Instruction and training needs.• How to monitor health & safety controls.• Provision and use of PPE.

Exercise 5

List FOUR categories of persons, other than his own employees, to whom an employer owes a duty to take reasonable care.

Answer 5

Categories pf persons (other than his own employees) to whom an employer owes a duty to take reasonable care).

• Visitors.• Members of the public.• Trespassers (uninvited persons.)• Contractors.(this is under HASAWA, 1974).

Exercise 6

Outline the procedure that an organization might adopt in order to ensure the safety of visitors to its premises.



Answer 6

Procedures to ensure safety of visitors to a work premises:

• The need to identify visitors (signing in, visitor badge, etc.).• The provision of information regarding risks, present.• Informing visitors about site rules and procedures to be followed, as in

emergencies.• The need to supervise visitors (e.g.: the provision of escorts).• Restriction of access to certain areas (with potential hazards).• Use off PPE (if required).

Exercise 7

Outline the term "negligence".

Answer 7

Negligence: is a tort involving a breach of a common law duty of care.

Exercise 8

Identify the circumstances under which an employer must establish a health and safety committee.

Answer 8

• An employer must establish a health and safety committee when requested to do so in writing by two or more trade union appointed safety representatives.

Exercise 9

Why is it important to involve internal staff and their representative in any accident investigation?

Answer 9

• Under the safety representatives and safety committee regulations 1977, safety representatives have a right to investigate accidents.

• Under the health and safety at work (consultation with employees) regulation, 1996 and the management of health and safety at work regulation 1999, consultation must take place between employee representatives and management on the introduction of any measures likely to affect the health and safety of staff.

Exercise 10

Identify the factors that should be considered by new owners when assessing the suitability of lighting within the building.



Answer 10

• The task to be undertaken in the building (e.g.: office work, computer work, fancy work, etc.).

• The equipment used and its layout in the place.• The availability of natural light.• The adequacy of existing lighting levels with more emphasis on specific

areas as stairs, corridors, etc.• The contrast in lighting between different areas.• Areas of reflections, glares and shadows.• The type and appropriateness of artificial light.• The availability and adequacy of emergency lighting.

Exercise 11

Other than lighting, outline FOUR factors associated with the physical working environment that may affect the health and safety of employees.

Answer 11

• Noise: has a health and safety hazard. Noise included hearing loss & stress are the main health hazards while interference with communication and predisposition to accidents are the main safety hazards.

• Temperature: high temperature lead to heat hazards as heat cramps, exhaustion, stroke, etc. while low temperature leads to cold hazards as frostbite and trench foot.

• Ventilation: lack of adequate ventilation leads to stagnant air which will hinder performance of workers also chemical hazards as dust, fume, vapors, etc. become more serious.

• Floor condition: slippery floor leads to slipping hazard while damaged floor causes tripping.

• Space constraints: affects performance of work leading to ergonomic hazards and accidents can occur.

Exercise 12

Outline the requirements with respect to the welfare facilities that should be provided in the building.

Answer 12

• Toilets: of adequate number for males and females (to be ventilated & adequately lit).

• Washing facilities: with hot and cold water and means of drying.• A suitable source of drinking water and to be clearly marked where

appropriate.• Facilities for taking rest and refreshment away from the working areas.• Rest facilities for pregnant women and nursing mothers.• Smoking areas for smokers to protect non smokers from effects of smoke.• Facilities for intake of meals (so that no eating or drinking at work).• First aid facilities.



Exercise 13

State the requirements of the fire precautions (workplace) regulation relating to emergency routes and exits.

Answer 13

The requirements of the fire precautions regulation relating to emergency routes and exits.

• Risk assessment is required to determine the number of persons to be evacuated & suitability of length & width of escape routes for their evacuation.

• The building should have at least 2 escape routes.• Walls in escape route area to be lined with non-combustible material.• Exit door need to be:

o Opened easily (& not requiring a key to open).o Opened in the direction of escape.

• Keeping emergency routes clear of obstruction.• Ensuring that escape routes lead directly to place of safety.• Emergency sign & lighting.

Exercise 14

Outline the main requirements of PPE at work regulation, 1992.

Answer 14

The main requirements of PPE at work regulation, 1992:• The need to provide PPE when risks are not adequately controlled by other

means.• Suitability of PPE (appropriate for the risk, ergonomically sound and

effective).• Assessment to be done by the employer before selecting PPE.• The need for maintenance and replacement.• It should be compatible with other equipment.• Proper storage of PPE.• Provision of information, instruction, & training related to PPE use.• Employees are required to use the provided PPE.• Employees are required to report any loss or defects in PPE.

Exercise 15

Explain why young persons may be at greater risk from accidents at work.

Answer 15

A young person maybe at greater risk from accidents due to lack of knowledge, lack of experience, lack of training. The tendency of young person to take risks, the tendency of young person to respond more readily to peer pressure, the individual's stage of physical development, and over enthusiasm.



Exercise 16

Outline the measures that could be taken to minimize the risks to young employees.

Answer 16

• Proper induction training for young workers by an appropriate co-worker.• Supervision and mentoring of young workers by an appropriate co-worker.• Risk assessment of the workplace putting young persons in mind.• Restrictions on the type of work and the number of hours worked by young

workers.• Specific health surveillance for young workers.

SAFETY POLICY

Exercise 1

Outline the circumstances that may give rise to a need for a health and safety policy to be revised.

Answer 1

The circumstances that may give rise to a need for a health and safety policy to be revised.

• Changes in organizational arrangements.• Changes in responsibilities.• Change of premises.• Change of work processes / materials.• Change of work pattern.• Change of legislation.• Risk assessments.• Following accidents investigation.• Following enforcement action.• Following professional advice.

Exercise 2

Outline the items that may be included in the arrangement section of a health and safety policy document.

Answer 2



The items that may be included in the arrangement section of a health and safety policy document:

• Making & reviewing risk assessments.• Controlling exposure to specific hazards (e.g.: noise, radiation, hazardous

substances, etc.).• Measures for monitoring.• Use of PPE.• Reporting unsafe conditions & accidents.• Controlling contractors.• Ensuring safety of visitors.• Maintenance procedures.• Provision of welfare facilities.• Dealing with emergencies.• Measures for employee's consultation.• Measure for training.• Dealing with waste.

Exercise 3

Explain the purpose of EACH of the following sections of a health and safety policy.-Statement of intent.-Organization.-Arrangements.

Answer 3

Section of a health and safety policy document:

• Statement of intent: demonstrate an organization's commitment to health and safety in addition to setting the organization objectives.

• Organization: this section identifies the health and safety responsibilities and channels of communication within the organization.

• Arrangements: this section details the practical means for achieving the objectives laid down in the policy statement. Examples of arrangements are:Risk Assessment, monitoring health surveillance, reporting, consultation, training, dealing with emergencies, use of PPE, etc



HUMAN FACTORS

Exercise 1

Explain using health and safety example in EACH case, the meaning of TWO of the following terms:

-Motivation.-Perception.-Attitude.

Answer 1

*Motivation: id the driving behind the way a person acts. Examples of motivating factors:

• To satisfy the materialistic needs: by money & all things that money can buy as clothes, car, etc.

• To satisfy non-materialistic needs: by recognition & praise on doing good thing, by involvement in tasks as risk assessment, accident investigation, and involvement in decision-making.

*Perception: is the person's understanding of a situation or environment.Examples of factors affecting perception:

• Sensory impairment.• Lack of knowledge/experience.

*Attitude: is the tendency to behave in a particular way in a certain situation.

It is positive, negative or indifferent attitude.Is influenced by:

• Culture.



• Peer norms.• Experience.

Exercise 2

Outline four ways in which employers could motivate their workforce.

Answer 2

The ways in which employers could motivate their workforce:• Incentives (money & all things that money can buy): to satisfy the

materialistic needs.• Ways to satisfy the non-materialistic needs:

Recognition and praise when doing good things. Empowerment to increase job satisfaction. Involvement in tasks as risk assessment, accident investigation, etc. Involvement in planning for health & safety issues. To be given a sense of personal achievement "e.g. by providing

training courses, etc.". Team-work "team spirits". Negatively, by disciplinary action or by showing accident costs "less"

effective.

Exercise 3

Outline ways of reducing the likelihood of a human error in the workplace.

Answer 3

The ways of reducing the likelihood of human error in the workplace:• Eliminating the human element altogether (as by automation).• Developing formal procedures and safe system of work.• Training for the practicing of correct acts.• The selection of component and skilled personnel.• Working environment controls (lighting, temperature, humidity, ventilation,

noise, etc.).• Developing work patterns and systems to minimize fatigue and stress,• Provide the correct tools for the job.• Clear layout of instruments and controls.• Proper investigation of incidents/accidents to identify where human errors

occur.

Exercise 4

Enlist human factors that may contribute to accidents.

Answer 4

Human factors that may contribute to accidents.



• Changes in reactions associated with age (extremes of age are susceptible for accidents).

• Fatigue and boredom in repetitive work.• Motivation and attitude (lack of motivation leads to indifferent or hostile

attitude).• Stress.• Changes in or limitations of the senses.• Perception awareness of what is going on (distraction).• Reaction to environmental conditions. i.e. heat, cold, noise, ventilation,

illumination.• Horseplay (work jokes).• Alcohol & drugs addiction.• Smoking.

Exercise 5

Outline ways in which managers can encourage a positive attitude to health and safety amongst employees:

Answer 5

The ways in which managers can encourage a positive attitude to health and safety amongst employees:

• Manager should set an example to employees (they should consider health & safety first priority).

• Good communication (vertical and horizontal).• Incentives (to satisfy employee's materialistic needs).• Recognition & praise on doing good things.• Involvement in health & safety planning.• Involvement in decision-making.

Exercise 6

a). Explain the meaning of the term "perception".b). Outline ways in which employee's perception of hazards in the workplace might be improved.

Answer 6

a) Perception is the way that people interpret and try to make sense of presented information – for instance, in relation to their surroundings.

b) Ways to improve employee's perception of hazards:• Identify by means of surveys, the reasons for employee's misperceptions in

order to show how improvements might be achieved.• Dealing with environmental factors as lighting, noise, etc.• Safety campaigns and posters to increase awareness.• Training of workers and provision of the required information to increase

workers knowledge about hazards.• The use of signs to make hazards more obvious.

Exercise 7



Outline the factors that will determine the level of supervision that a new employee should receive during the initial period of employment within an organization.

Answer 7

The factors are:• Age of the employee: the younger the age the more supervision is required.• Employee experience: with work in general and with the task to be

performed in particular.• Employee attitude: is it positive, negative or indifferent attitude.• Employee communication skills.• Task factors as:

o Nature of the task.o Task inherent risks.o Any specific safety requirement applying to the task.

• Any special needs that employees may have.• System of work.

Exercise 8

Outline practical means by which a manager could involve employees in the improvement of health & safety.

Answer 8

• Involve employees in health and safety planning: employees are to be involved in planning issues as work hours, workstation design, and equipment position in workshop, work methods etc.

• Involve employees in health and safety decision making for issues as training needs, motivational & disciplinary actions to be adopted, etc.

• Involve employees in health and safety tasks as: Job hazard analysis (JHA). Inspection & audit. Accident investigation. Risk assessment.

Exercise 9

Identify the factors to be considered to ensure the health and safety of persons who are required to work on their own away from the workplace.

Answer 9

• The type of work to be done.• The hazards and risk of the work.• The work environment.• The equipment used.• The control measures in place.• The suitability and competence of workers.• The methods of communication with the home base.• The first aid and emergency procedures required.• The use of the required PPE.



INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION

Exercise 1

Outline the various methods for communicating health and safety information to be workforce.

Answer 1

The various methods for communicating health and safety information to the workforce:

• Safety committee meetings: to discuss health and safety issues, to follow up control procedures, etc.

• Safety representatives: act as a link between employees and management.• Team briefings: to remind about essential safety acts as reporting defects,

wearing PPE, etc.• Toolbox talks: safety talks of short duration (5-10 minutes).• Memoranda: are given to inform about timing and schedule of safety

committee meting, details of any action required or any change-etc.• Codes of practice: explain safety terms, procedures, etc.• Work instructions: given by a senior employee, supervisor, safety officer,

etc.



• Poster: are pictures referring to a health & safety issue. To be effective it should be of a suitable size, of attractive color, to be placed in suitable place and to be easily understood as a picture (so that the illiterate can decode it).

Exercise 2

Outline the reasons why a verbal instruction may be misunderstood by an employee.

Answer 2

The reasons why a verbal instruction may be misunderstood by an employee:

• The way the verbal information is given:o Complex.o Ambiguous.o Jargonistic.o Not in the usual language or dialect of the receiver.o Distorted by other means of communication as telephone.

• Noisy environment.• Receiver limitations due to:

o Mental difficulty.o Physical difficulty (as impaired hearing sense).o In attention.o Lack of knowledge / experience.o Restriction by PPE.

Exercise 3

Outline the sources of published information that may be consulted when dealing with a health and safety problem at work.

Answer 3

The sources of published information that may be consulted when dealing with a health and safety problem at work.

• Health and safety legislations.• HSC approved codes of practice.• HSE guidance documents & leaflets.• International standards.• Safety periodicals.• Various technical & legal publications.• Material produced by employer.• Materials published electronically as on compact disc or on the internet.



Exercise 4

Outline the reasons why employees may fail to comply with safety procedures at work.

Answer 4

The reasons why employees may fail to comply with safety procedures at work.

• Unrealistic or ill considered procedures.• Mental and/or physical capabilities of employees not taken into account.• Inadequate training.• Poor safety culture.• Lack of employee motivation/complacency.• Peer group pressure.• Risks are not perceived.• Lapses of attention.• Fatigue & stress.

Exercise 5

Outline the possible benefits to an organization of achieving good standards of health and safety.

Answer 5

The possible benefits to an organization of achieving good standards of health and safety.

• Reduced accidents costs (lost production, lost key personnel, replacement staff costs, investigation costs, legal defense costs, fines, etc.).

• Improving Morales of workforce.• Increased productivity.• Customer satisfaction.• Good reputation.

Exercise 6

List FOUR sources of internal and FOUR sources of external information relevant to health and safety in an organization. Answer 6

External information sources:• Acts and regulations.• Material safety data sheet (MSDS) from manufacturers & suppliers.• Manufacturers/suppliers maintenance manuals.• Codes of practice and guidance notes.• British/European/international standards.• Information from journal and magazines.



Internal information sources:• Accident records.• Medical records & information from company doctors.• Risk assessments.• Inspections.• Maintenance reports.• Surveys, tours, sampling & audits.• Safety committee minutes.• Health and safety policy.

Exercise 7

Explain why it is important to use a variety of methods to communicate health and safety information in the workplace.

Answer 7

Verbal oral communications enables immediate feedback whereas verbal written communications provide a permanent record. Verbal oral communications are not suitable for noisy environmental conditions whereas verbal written communications are not suitable where language barrier exist. Using different stimuli will provoke more response as it deals with different senses as vision, hearing, etc. Some methods are more effective for message (e.g.: Pictorial are more effective for emergency signs, alarms are commonly audible but need to be visible in noisy environments) Repeated use of same methods, leads to over-familiarization whereas variety helps to stimulate interest, some methods statutory e.g.: health and safety information for employees regulations require a poster or leaflet.

Exercise 8

Outline FOUR advantages and FOUR disadvantages of using propaganda poster to communicate health and safety information to the workforce.

Answer 8

*Advantages of propaganda posters:• Their relatively low cost in comparison to other propaganda methods.• Their flexibility allowing them to be displayed in the most apposite

positions. • Their brevity allowing messages to be easily understood.• Their big coverage: as they can be seen by a large sector of employees.• Can be used as a reinforcer for verbal instructions.• Provide a constant reminder of important health and safety issues.



• Allows employees to become involved in their selection and hence in the message being conveyed.

• Are suitable for illiterates and for different languages & dialects (as usually the posture is as expressive as a photo).

*Disadvantages of propaganda posters:• Need to be changed on regular basis as people will become familiar with it.• They may become soiled, defaced & out of date.• No feed back (no direct way of assessing whether the message has been

understood).• They might alienate people if inappropriate stereotypes (e.g. of the stupid

worker) are used.• Is considered by some employers as an easy way of discharging

responsibility to provide health and safety information.

Exercise 9

Identify the barriers to effective verbal communication.

Answer 9

The barriers are:• Language barrier : written verbal communication is not suitable for the

illiterate.• Noisy environment: is a barrier for oral verbal communication.• Other means of communication as telephone causing distraction.• Factors related to receiver:

o Sensory impairment (as impairment of hearing sense).o Mental barrier or difficulty.o Lack of knowledge and / or experience.o Lack of attention.o Fatigue and / or stress.o Restriction by ear PPE.

Exercise 10

Outline the means by which verbal communication could be improved.

Answer 10

The following are the means by which verbal communication could be improved:

• Using the form of communication suitable to the group & to the circumstances as for example;

o Using oral verbal communication for the illiterate group.o Using written verbal communication for noisy environments.

• Use the same language and if possible the same dialect of the receiver.• Avoid using:

o Complex ambiguous terms.o Jargons.o Abbreviations.

• Give the oral verbal communication in a quiet non-noisy environment (as in a conference room, for example).

• Reinforce the verbal communication with attractive posters.



• Using a variety of communication methods is better than using single method.

• Give as little points as possible and focus on one topic at a time.

Exercise 11

Why is encoding such a key element in the communication process?

Answer 11

• In order for the communication to be effective, the message at the center of the communication must be understood by the recipient in the way intended by the sender. The process of encoding (and then decoding) involves putting the message into words, gestures and symbols, etc. which the recipient will understand, so this is central to the effectiveness.

Exercise 12

What are the main advantages and disadvantages of both written and oral forms of communication?

Answer 12The following table shows the advantages and disadvantages of the form of communication.

Advantages Disadvantages

WrittenPermanent record.More careful compilation.Widely distributed with ease.

Expensive.Impersonal.Lack of feedback may lead to misunderstanding.

OralImmediate provision of information.Immediate feedback.Personal and direct.

Time consuming and expensive.Impermanent.Opportunities for misinformation.

Exercise 13

What are the main functions of committees and working groups?

Answer 13

The main functions of formal meeting are to:

• Provide members with the opportunity to exchange views and information.• Make recommendations for action to a higher organizational level.



• Generate ideas or solutions to problems.• Make policy and other decisions for the organization.

Risk Assessment

Exercise 1

Explain using examples, the meaning of the following terms:-Hazard.-Risk.-So far as is reasonably practicable.

Answer 1

Hazard: is anything with the potential to cause harm.Examples of hazards:



Electricity. Moving parts of machinery

Uneven floor. Hazardous substances.

*Risk: is the likelihood that the hazard will actually cause harm. Example of risks:• *Risk: from a chemical plant and the likelihood of and explosion and the

effects of such an explosion on the plant, employees and the surrounding neighborhood”.

• Risk from a damaged flooring and the likelihood of tripping and the consequences of tripping".

• *So far as is reasonably practicable: is an expression used in health and safety legislation and it balances the cost of taking action (in terms of time, effort & money) against the risk being considered. Examples:

-The employer is required to avoid manual-handling activities so far as is reasonably practicable.-In a contaminated area where only maintenance staff have occasional need to enter, the provision of respiratory protection may be considered reasonably practicable option whereas an expensive ventilation system may not.

Exercise 2

Outline the factors that should be considered when carrying out a risk assessment.

Answer 2

The factors that should be considered when carrying out a risk assessment:• The nature of the hazard (i.e.: electrical, fire, noise, mechanical, manual

handling, etc.).• Frequency and duration of activities.• Likelihood and severity of the harm.• Who are affected by the risk:

o Employees directly involved with the work.o Other employees.o Special groups as young workers, disable workers, etc,

• Available information related to the risk.• Monitoring and emergency procedures.

• Are there any special statutory requirements that might apply (i.e. COSHH).

• The effectiveness of the existing control measures.

Exercise 3

In relation to risk assessment as required by the management of health & safety at work regulations, 1992, explain the meaning of the term "suitable & sufficient"

Answer 3



For a risk assessment to be suitable and sufficient it should identify all the significant risks arising from the work process, enable the employer or manager to identify the required control or preventive measures and to prioritize them, be appropriate to the nature of the work, and be valid over a reasonable period of time.

Exercise 4

Outline the changes in circumstances that may require a risk assessment to be reviewed.

Answer 4

The following are the circumstances that may require a risk assessment to be reviewed.

• Changes in process, work method or materials.• The introduction of new technology.• Any change in control measures.• New information• Results of monitoring and health surveillance.• As a consequence of accidents.• As a consequence of enforcement action.

Exercise 5

Outline the hazards that might be encountered by a bar staff working in a busy town center public house.

Answer 5

• Noise hazard due to music, people, etc.• Passive smoking: the hazard of inhaling tobacco smoke.• Manual handling hazard: due to handling of barrels, crates, etc.• Slipping, tripping and falling hazards.• Chemical hazard: due to the use of cleaning materials.• Ergonomic hazard: due to repetitive movements and awkward postures.• Physical hazard: due to poor lighting.• Stress: due to prolonged working hours.• Biological hazard: the risk of infection due to high density of population

in the bar area,• Violence hazard: due to customer behaviors.

Exercise 6

Outline the hazards that might be encountered by a gardener employed by a local authority parks department

Answer 6



• Chemical hazard: due to use of pesticides.• Machinery hazard: due to machinery as lawn mower.• Manual handling hazard: due to lifting & carrying of heavy objects, pushing,

pulling, etc and leading to back problem, hernias, etc.• Biological hazards: infection due to exposure to contaminants.• Sharp objects hazards: as thorns broken glass, etc.• Exposure to adverse weather conditions as heat, cold, rain, storms, etc.• Bites by animals, snakes, insert, etc.• Collision by vehicles if working on roadside.

Exercise 7

An employee has been injured in a workplace accident. A subsequent investigation by an inspector from the HSE has discovered that no risk assessment for the particular activity exists.

i) Describe the enforcement actions that would be available to the inspector in such a situation, explaining the grounds for each type of action.

ii) Outline the factors that the employer should take into account when selecting individuals to assist in carrying out the risk assessment.

iii) Outline the steps to be used in carrying out the risk assessment, identifying the issues that would need to be considered at EACH step.

Answer 7i) The enforcement actions:

• Verbal advice or written letter: to be given where the contravention is considered less serious.

• Improvement notice: to be issued where there is a breach of statutory requirement and this breach is likely to be continued or repeated. The notice requires remedial action to be taken within a given period of time. Example: a damaged floor is to be repaired within 21 days.

• Prohibition notice: to be issued when there is a risk of serious personal injury. The notice requires immediate stopping of use of item, equipment, process, etc. until the action required to control the risk has been taken. Example: unguarded machine use is to be stopped immediately.

• Prosecution: according to circumstances, it is up to the inspector to decide about prosecution for health and safety breaches.

ii) The factors to be considered when selecting individuals to assist

in carrying out risk assessment:• Knowledge of the process or activity.• Relevant skills as:

o Communication skills.o Observation skills.o Reporting skills.

• Sound personal judgment abilities• Technical knowledge of plant or equipment involved.

• Experience or training in hazard identification and carrying out risk assessment.

• Positive attitude towards the risk assessment process.

iii) Steps of risk assessment: The Key Consultancy Ltd 2005: All Rights reserved 26


• Definition of activity: define the activity or operation to be processed.

• Hazard identification: by careful observation of the activity or operation to identify hazards which maybe physical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, biological, ergonomic, etc.

• Identification of people & items at risk: people at risk as employees, visitors, members of the public, etc. with consideration to special high risk groups as young workers, pregnant women, new workers, etc. Items at risk include equipment, plant, etc.

• Risk rating or evaluation: based on severity of the harm and the likelihood of occurrence of the harm.

• Suggesting control measures: to prevent the occurrence of the expected harms. Adequacy of existing control measures is required to be assessed.

• Recording of the assessment.• Monitoring, Review and follow up.

Exercise 8

A chainsaw is to be used to fell a tree from ground level. In relation to this task: i) Identify FOUR hazards associated with the use of the chain saw.ii) List the items of personal protective equipment that should be used by operatives.

Answeri. The hazards are:

• Equipment hazards: as cutting, ejection, noise, vibration, etc.• Flying sticks: leading to eye injury.• Heat hazard: due to working under the sun.• Tripping hazard: due to obstruction by tree parts.• Biological hazard: due to contaminated ground, insects, etc.• Wood dust hazards: leading to asthma, dermatitis, etc.• Hazards depending on the saw type:

o Electrical Hazard if saw is electrically operatedo Petrol hazards as carbon monoxide hazards, fire, etc (if the

saw is petrol driven).ii. The PPE required:

• Eye goggles: to protect eyes from flying objects.• Face shield: to protect face.• Helmet: to protect from the sun and also from falling objects.• Ear plugs and/ or muffs: to protect ears from noise hazards.• Safety shoes: to protect from the ground projections, sharps

edged stones, etc.• Respirators: to protect from wood dust and/ or fumes.• Gloves: to protect hands.• Overalls: to protect the whole body.

Exercise 9


Risk = severity x probability


Identify six hazards to which workers in a multi storey Car Park are exposed:

Answer 9

The hazards are:• Exhaust fume hazards as carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, etc.• Fire & explosion due to fuel leak in presence of an ignition source.• Noise hazard.• Collision by reversing vehicles.• Slipping hazards due to oil leaks.• Falling hazards.

Exercise 10

Outline the specific hazards that may be encountered in motor vehicle repair premises?

Answer 10

The specific hazards are:• Exhaust fume hazards as carbon monoxide & nitrous oxide hazards.• Fire and / or explosion due to petrol leak near to hot work or any other

ignition source.• Slipping hazards due to oil leak.• Collision hazards "by vehicle" (especially on reversing).• Jack failure hazards (leading to crushing injuries & possible deaths).• Tool & manipulation hazards as burn, cuts, puncture, etc.• Noise hazard.• Hazards due to the use of compressed air for motor cleaning (as ejection

hazard)



Safe System of Work

Exercise 1

Outline the factors to be considered when developing a safe system of work.

Answer 1

• The purpose of the activity.• The task and subtasks involved.• The hazards and risks due to work tasks.• The people involved in the tasks (number and skills).• The equipment and materials used.• The work methods.• The working environment.• The legal requirements.• Needed information.• Further controls required.• Emergency procedures.• Monitoring systems.

Exercise 2

Outline the sources of information that could be consulted when developing a safe system of work.

Answer 2

The sources of information that could be consulted when developing a safe system of work.

• Legislations.• Codes of practices,• British/European international standards.• HSE guidance.• Manufacturer's data.• Accident records.• Risk Assessments.• Opinions of the workforce.• Medical records.

Exercise 3

Explain the meaning of the term "safe system of work"

Answer 3

Safe system of work: is a formal procedure to identify hazards, assess risks, implement & monitor safe methods to ensure that task hazards are eliminated or kept to the minimal.



Exercise 4

Explain the action an enforcement officer could take when an organization has failed to provide a "safe system at work".

Answer 4

Actions an enforcement officer could take when an organization has failed to provide a safe system of work.

• Informal advice followed by a letter.• An improvement notice: issued when there is a breach of health and

safety law and this breach is likely to continue or to be repeated. Example of improvement notice: a damaged floor is required to be repaired within 21 days.

• Prohibition notice: to be issued when there is a breach of health & safety law and there is a risk of imminent danger. Example of a prohibition notice: the use of the unguarded machine is to be stopped immediately.

• Initiate prosecution: This can lead to punishment (fines and/ or imprisonment).

Exercise 5

Define the term "permit-to-work system".

Answer 5

Permit-to-work system is a formal documented control system applied to a high risk activity to ensure that all safety precautions are carried out.

Exercise 6

Outline the THREE potential situations that may require a permit.

Answer 6

Practical situations that may require a permit:• Work in confined space: a permit is required due to the atmospheric,

chemical, physical & other hazards of confined spaces.• Work in high voltage electrical system: a permit needed due to risk of

electrical shock.• Radiographic work permit• Hot work: a permit is needed to prevent occurrence of fires.• Sparks potential work permit

Exercise 7

Give TWO examples of confined spaces.

Answer 7

Examples of confined space:• Open or enclosed tanks.• Sewers.• Deep excavation.• Silos. (for cement, crops, etc.)



• Cellars.

Exercise 8

Outline specific hazards associated with working in "confined space".

Answer 8

Hazards associated with working in confined space:• Oxygen depletion: which can lead to asphyxia.• Flammable atmospheres: due to flammable gases as hydrogen, methane,

etc.• Toxin/corrosive substances.• Structural collapse: leading to entrapment.• Flooding.

Exercise 9

Define the term: confined space.

Answer 9

Confined space: is a space with restricted access/egress and is not intended for continuous occupancy.

Exercise 10

Describe the practical measures that must be taken to ensure maintenance works is undertaken safely in an underground vessel.

Answer 10

The practical measures that must be taken to ensure maintenance work is undertaken safety on an underground storage vessel are permit-to-work procedures including pre-cleaning & purging, atmospheric testing to detect any noxious fumes, gases, etc., use of suitable tools " to be suitable for the job", adequate lighting in maintenance area, the use of competent personnel, the use of appropriate PPE, good communication systems, and emergency procedures.

Exercise 11

Outline the health and safety risks associated with welding operations:

Answer 11

• Burns: caused by:o The torch.o Touching hot surface.o Splattering of molten metal.



• Fire & explosion: due to ignition of any combustible material in the vicinity. The risk is increased if there is oxygen enrichment or flammable gas cylinder leakage.

• Electric shock: due to the use of high voltage.• Arc eye: cataracts due to ultraviolet rays.• Toxic fume hazards: due to inhalation of toxic fumes.• Asphyxia: due to reduction of oxygen levels by the flame.• Trips & fails: from cables/pipes.

• Heat hazards: as heat exhaustion when working in poorly ventilated area.• Musculoskeletal disorders: from awkward postures or handling gas cylinders or other heavy equipment.

• X-ray hazards: due to exposure to x-ray on scrutiny of welds.

Exercise 12

Outline the key elements of a permit-to-work system.

Answer 12

• The permit is to be issued only by an authorized person who is familiar with the area and has received appropriate training or the permit system.

• The issuer must inspect the equipment before issuing the permit.• Persons who will do the main work of the permit are only to be authorized to do the permit work after being fully trained.• There should be direct contact between the issuer and acceptor so that all aspects can be discussed.• On completion of the work, the responsible person(s) to sign for completion and restoration of services and the permit to be cancelled by signature of an authorized person.

• The permit is to include:

o Description of the task to be undertaken and equipment required.

o The duration of the permit's validity with both start and end time.

o List of all isolations to be made (as electrical, mechanical, pipelines, etc.) with separate signature against each when done.

o Further precautions required (including any PPE to be worn).

o Name and signature of issuer, acceptor and persons carrying work, canceling, etc. (printed name).

Exercise 13

Outline the issues that should be considered to ensure the health and safety of cleaners employed in a school out of normal working hours.

Answer 13

The issues to be considered are:



• Provision of information and instructions to cleaners regarding risk and importance of following safe working procedures.

• Provision of training for cleaners, including:o Job specific training (for safe cleaning practices).o Fire-fighting training.o First-aid training.

• Provision of means of communication .

• Risk assessment to identify the existing & potential hazards for cleaner work and to assess the adequacy of existing control measures and suggesting additional measures, if required.

• Provision of the suitable works clothes and the required PPE (as gloves, masks, sensible shoes, etc.)

STATUTORY RESPONSIBILITIES CHECK-LIST


PROCEDURE

EQUIPMENT

HAZARDS

EMPLOYEE

-Follow procedure correctly.

-Use equipment safely.

-Work safely, keeping the number of hazards to a minimum

COMPANY

-Design safe procedure.-Provide safe equipment.-Locate and reduce hazards.


Training

Exercise 1

Outline the events that may create a need for additional health and safety training within an organization.

Answer 1

Events that may create a need for additional health and safety training:• New or revised legislation, codes of practice, guidance notes, etc.• New or modified equipment.• New or revised process or procedure.• Deficiencies identified through accident investigations, safety audits, etc.• Repairing to maintain standards.So the following categories are in urgent need for training:

• New employees.• Employees transferred from one job to another.• Temporary workers.

Exercise 2

Outline the health and safety topics to be included in an induction training for new employees.

Answer 2

• Introduction of company health and safety policy.• Importance of immediate reporting of faults, hazards, accidents and any

shortcoming in safety arrangements.• Importance of using equipment in accordance with instructions.• No go areas or jobs.• Information on employee safety representation.• Information on enforcing authority for health and safety.• Emergency evacuation procedures.• First aid facilities.

Exercise 3

Outline the factors to be considered when preparing and presenting health and safety training session.

Answer 3

Factors to be considered when preparing and presenting a health & safety training session.



• Establishing objective and contents of the training session.• Training methods to be used.• The target audience existing knowledge and skills.• The number of trainees. • The time available for training.• The skills required for the trainer.• Training materials required.• The suitability of training facilities (location, room size, lighting, etc.)• How to evaluate the training.

Exercise 4

Explain how induction-training programs for new employees can help to reduce the numbers of accidents in the workplace.

Answer 4

Induction training helps to increase awareness of the risk, increase familiarity with procedures and system of work, recognize and report unsafe conditions, share a common commitment to health and safety, and recognize hazardous areas or jobs (no go areas or jobs) and by achieving these aims, induction training can help to reduce accidents.

Exercise 5

Outline the key points that should be covered in a training session for employees in the reporting of accidents/incidents.

Answer 5

Key points that should be covered in training session for employees in the reporting of accidents/incidents:

• To explain the importance of reporting accidents and incidents (for legal, investigative and monitoring reasons).

• The type of incident required to be reported.• The lines of reporting• How to complete internal documents & forms.• Responsibilities for completing the accident books.

Exercise 6

Outline the issues that should be included in a training programme for employees on the emergency action to take in the events of fire.

Answer 6

Issues that should be included in a training programme for employees in the emergency action to be taken in the event of fire.

• Recognition of the fire alarms & how to raise the alarm.• Location of fire escape routes & assembly points.• Requirements of safe evacuation (e.g.: no use of lifts, no running, etc.)• Location and use of fire fighting equipment.• Consideration of people with special needs.

Exercise 7



Describe the variety of training methods a trainer could use to improve the effectiveness of employee training in health and safety.

Answer 7

The training methods are:• Lecture: is one-way process, usually with no feedback. The benefit from it

depends on the lecturer personality.• Mutual lecture: the group is divided into smaller subgroups and a member

from each subgroups or syndicate is selected randomly to conduct a lecture for the other subgroups.

• Lecturette: is a short lecture where limited information is to be given in a short period of time (5-10 minutes).

• Group discussion: is suitable for small groups (up to 15). It requires a good discussion leader.

• Exercise: realistic tasks are chosen based on prior experience and knowledge.

• Case study: is similar to exercise. Trainees examine real or contrived situation, diagnose its reasons and propose corrective actions.

• Technical simulation: simulating, the real situation as in technical simulators for training vehicle drivers & pilots.

• Role-playing: students are out for which they are trained. The drawback of this method is that it is usually not taken seriously.

• Projects: tasks are given to individuals or groups. It encourages imagination and creativity and is often aided by little assistance from the tutor.

• Skills training: is the best method of training. Trainees are involved in seeing & understanding what to do, doing it under supervision and practicing until the skill is mastered.

Exercise 8

Outline how health and safety training needs can be identified.

Answer 8

Training is required by regulations as:• Health and safety at work act, 1974.• Management of health and safety at work regulation, 1999• Specific regulations as:

o COSHH regulation, 2002.o Control of asbestos at work regulation, 2002.

Training needs can be identified by a risk assessment process to assess.

• The need for induction training for new workers or workers on new jobs.• The need for job specific training based on workers level of knowledge,

skills & experience.• The need for regular refresher training (to maintain standard).• The need for training if there is change in legislation.• The need for more comprehensive training for certain at-risk group as:

o Young workers.o Workers on high-risk tasks as those dealing with hazardous

substances.



ACCIDENTS

Exercise 1

Explain the reasons for reporting accidents at work.

Answer 1

The reasons for reporting accidents at work:• Legal reasons: to fulfill legal requirements under RIDDOR.• Investigative reasons: accident reporting is the starting point for accident

investigation.• Monitoring reasons: accident reporting help in monitoring health & safety

performance.• Reporting provides information relevant to any subsequent civil claim.• Reporting demonstrates the need for and assists in reviews of risk

assessment.

Exercise 2

State FOUR objectives of an accidents investigation

Answer 2

Objectives of accident investigation:• To prevent accident recurrence.• To identify weakness in the system.• To help improve standards.• To determine economic losses due to accident (accident cost)• To determine extent of compliance with legal requirements.• To improve staff relations by demonstrating commitment to health & safety

and thus increasing the morale of a workforce.

Exercise 3

Outline the factors that should be considered before undertaking an investigation of on accident.

Answer 3

The factors that should be considered before accidents investigation:



• Identification of the investigation team so that it will include all necessary skills & expertise.

• Ensuring that, where appropriate, the accident scene is left untouched, so far as it is practicable to do so.

• Collating relevant existing documents (e.g.: previous incident repots, maintenance records, etc.).

• Identifying the persons (e.g.: witnesses) who will need to be interviewed during the investigations.

• Checking that legal reporting requirements have been met.• Preparation of the equipment that will be needed (e.g.: measuring tape,

camera, sample collection equipment, writing pad, etc.).• Deciding on the style that should be adopted by the investigation (e.g.:

formal or informal).• Deciding on the depth of the investigation required.

Exercise 4

With reference to an accident involving the operator who has come into contact with dangerous part of a machine, describe:

-The possible immediate courses of an accidents.-The possible root (underlying) causes.

Answer 4

The possible immediate causes of an accident:

• Operator error (human failure): due to working in a hurry, lack of concentration, use of loose clothes, lack of attention, etc.

• Technical failure: including: No or inadequate safety devices (as guards). Machinery malfunction.

The possible root (underlying) causes:• Organization failure: including:

Lack of management commitment to safety. Improper selection of workers. Purchasing equipment of bad quality. Poor housekeeping. Poor Maintenance. Lack of training. Inadequate instruction & supervision. Inadequate risk assessment.

• Human failure: including: Stress. Fatigue due to continuous work. Use of drugs & alcohol.

Exercise 5

Enlist the main activities of accidents prevention program:

Answer 5



Activities of accident prevention program:• Proper selection of worker for the job.• Proper job training.• Provision of the required information & instruction.• Proper ergonomic design of the workplace.• Improving working environment.• Engineering controls:

o Safe design.o Substitution.o Isolation.o Ventilation.o Machine guarding.

• Supervision and guidance of workers.• Regular inspection to identify hazards.• Immediate reporting of unsafe conditions.• Workers motivation.• Risk assessment and recommending safe system of work.• Enforcing safety rules and regulations.• Management commitment to safety.• Proper Maintenance.• Good housekeeping.

Exercise 6

Describe using practical examples, FOUR types of human error that can lead to accidents in the workplace.

Answer 6

Types of human error that can lead accidents in the work place:

• Lapse of attention: due to overworking, insufficient sleeping hours, domestic problems and demands, work stress, etc.

• Mistaken action: due to lack of safe procedure, lack of training, etc.• Misperception: due to sensory impairment, use of alcohol, lack of

knowledge, lack of experience, etc.• Willfulness: the worker is deliberately intending to do the error (vandalism).

Exercise 7

Outline the immediate and long-term actions that should be taken following a serious injury accident at work.

Answer 7

Actions to be taken following a serious injury accident:• Immediate action:

o Call for help (first aid & emergency services).o Take victim away from the danger area ( if it is safe to do so) .o Remove hazards with imminent danger.

• Long-term actions:o Reporting the accident under RIDDOR 1995.o Undertake an investigation.



o On the basis of investigation findings, work procedures are to be reviewed.

Exercise 8

Replacement and retraining of staff is a cost that an organization may face following an accident. List other 8 costs.

Answer 8

• Loss of business.• Loss of reputation.• Increased sick leaves.• Increased insurance claims.• Cost of replacement or repair of damaged equipment.• Legal costs.• Time spent in accident investigation, recording & reporting.• Increased employees stresses (due to concern about injury or illness).

Exercise 9

Giving reason in EACH case, identify THREE categories of persons who may be considered a useful member of an internal accident investigation team.

Answer 9

Any three of the following:

*Senior manager from another department: can be useful to chair the investigation to help eliminate any bad feeling between the interviewee and their department manager.

*A supervisor: is familiar with:

-The working practices in the area.-The character of the employees.

*A department manager: is required if the scale of the incident exceeds the experience or authority of the supervisor to deal with the event & it outcomes.

*Safety officer or advisor: to offer advice on:

-Current safety system & procedures in place.-Legal implications.

*Safety representative: who can provide assistance on:

-Results of inspection.-Employees previous concerns.

*Technical expert: as health and hygiene professionals to provide information on the technical issues.



*An independent observer: to offer an unbiased view.

Exercise 10

Outline the conditions that may causes slipping or tripping hazards and how to control these hazards

Answer 10

Condition that may cause slipping:• Smoothness of the floor.• Steepness of the floor.• Wet floor due to:

o Spillage on floor.o Passer rendering areas of floor wet by their wet shoes.o Not completely drying floor after cleaning.

Conditions that may cause tripping:• Uneven flooring.• Damaged floor.• Trailing cables, wires, etc.• Obstructions as piece of furniture, etc.

Both slipping & tripping hazards are aggravated by factors as:• Poor lighting.• Working in a hurry.

Measures to control slipping & tripping hazards:• Antislip finishes of floor.• Avoid design of steep floor.• Availability and proper use of mat pieces at the entrance of work

area to dry shoes before entering the work area.• Immediate and careful drying of spillages which accidentally occur on

the floor.

• Safe system of work for floor cleaning including:

o Using cleaning material that dry rapidlyo Cleaners to wear sensible shoes.o Training & supervision of cleaners at work.o Warning signs referring to cleaning area.o Allowing enough time for the floor to dry after cleaning.

• Repair of damaged floor.• Removal of cables, wires, pieces of furniture and other sorts of

obstruction.• Improving lighting conditions.• Avoid working in a hurry.

Exercise 11

A worker is injured after being struck by a reversing vehicle on a loading bay. *Give 4 reasons why accident is to be investigated. *Outline the information to be included in the investigation. *Outline the immediate & underlying causes of the accident.



Answer 11

Reasons why accidents are to be investigated:

• Preventive reason: to prevent the occurrence of similar accidents in the future.

• To look for evidence of liability (this is mainly required for claims specialist).• To look for evidence of blame (this is required for enforcement agencies).• To look for enough material for case study (this is required for trainers).

The information to be included in the investigation:• The place of accident, the timing and date of occurrence of the accident.• The immediate causes of injury or loss.• The underlying or contributing factors.• The details of those injured (regarding age, sex, occupation, etc.). • The details of physical examination including:

o Simple diagram for the area of the accident.o Photos for the area showing important accident features.o Recording of events as odours, spillage, fires, etc.o Results of sample examination are to be recorded if available.

• Witnesses statements (including primary, secondary or tertiary witnesses).• The corrective actions recommended.

The immediate causes of the accidents:• Unsafe act by the reversing vehicle driver (lack of attention, lack of

concentration and working in hurry due to job pressure.• Unsafe condition: faulty vehicle (with no warning facilities "audible or

visual").The underlying causes:

• Lack of management commitment to safety.• Absence of safe system of work.• Lack of proper sign & warning system.• Lack of proper supervision for workers (example is the vehicle driver).• Improper design of workplace (so that no separate routes for pedestrians).

Exercise 12

a) Explain why an organization should have a system for internal reporting of accidents.b.) Identify the reasons why should have may fail to report accidents at work.

Answer 12

a) The reason why an organization should have a system for internal reporting of accident are to meet the requirements of RIDDOR, 1995, to allow accident investigation to carried out to prevent accident recurrence, to identify weaknesses in the safety management system, to get materials for accident statistics, to help identification of trends, for use in civil law, to satisfy insurance requirements, to help in the identification and reduction of losses, to trigger the review of risk assessment.

b) Reasons why employees may fail to report accidents:



• To preserve departments or company's safety record free of accident (especially when an incentive scheme is in operation).

• Due to the over complicated reporting procedures.• Lack of obvious management response to earlier reporting of accidents.• Ignorance of the reporting procedures.• To avoid receiving first aid or medical treatment (for whatever reason).• Peer pressure.• Possible punishment by management.

Exercise 13

13. a) Give FOUR reasons why accidents may occur on staircases.14. b) Outline ways in which accidents on staircases may be prevented

Answer 13

a) Reasons why accidents may occur on staircases.• Unsafe conditions: as:

o Poor design of the staircase (very steep, narrow, etc.).o Smoothness of the staircase leading to slipping.o Damaged staircase forming a tripping hazard.o Lack of handrail (leading to falling hazard).o Poor lighting.

• Unsafe acts: as:o Lack of attention.o Using the staircase in a hurry.o Carrying heavy or awkward loads while using the staircase.o Over crowding.

b). The ways in which accidents on staircases may be prevented.• Proper design of the staircases: to be:

o Of suitable width.o Not steep.o With anti-slip finish.o Protected with handrail.

• Good lighting in the area.• Immediate & careful drying of spillages that may occur in the staircase.• Provision of information related to risks.

Important points are:• Avoid overcrowding & running on using the staircase.• Avoid carrying heavy or awkward loads while using the staircase.

Exercise 14

Outline the personal and organizational factors that will allow the worker to act unsafely even if competent.

Answer 14

The personal factors: • Physical unsuitability for the job: as the use of short workers to do task in

places that necessitate the worker to be tall, etc.



• Stress factors: due to domestic problems, work problems, etc.

The organizational factors:• Improperly designed workstation: with overcrowded equipment, furniture,

etc.• Unsafe work environment: with poor lighting, ventilation, noisy, etc.• Unsafe equipment: e.g.: unguarded equipment, electrically dangerous

equipment, etc.• Lack of training programmes for employees.

Exercise 15

A 19 year- old untrained operative is killed while driving a forklift which overturned. There was also severe damage to warehouse racking and to crates.

a) List the likely immediate causes of a lift truck overturning.b) Illustrate in a diagram or chart the incident investigation procedure to

identify the root causes of the incident.

Answer 15

(a) Cause of a lift-truck overturning:• Maneuvering with the load elevated.• Driving on an uneven ground.• Overloading.• Unstable loads.• Cornering at excessive speed.• Turning on slopes at an angle.• Braking harshly.• Hitting obstruction e.g.: Curbs.• Mechanical fault.• Under-inflated tyres.

(b)

INJURY ACCIDENT UNSAFE ACT CAUSES SUBCAUSES



Contractors

Exercise 1

Explain the meaning of the term "competent person"

Answer 1

Competent person: is someone who has necessary knowledge and skills (often gained by a combination of training & experience) and is able to apply the knowledge & skills appropriately to a given situation. Competent persons are able to recognize their own limitations.

Exercise 2

Outline FOUR checks that could be made to help assess a person's competence.

Answer 2


Poor maintenance

No Inspection

Lack of Staff

Not enough Maintenance

Lack of Supervision

Faulty Fork Lift Truck

Lack of Training

Unsafe Driving

Cutting costs

Unsafe Machine

Loss of Life

No Induction Training

Overturned Fork Lift truck

Inexperienced


Checks to assess a person's competence:• Evidence of qualifications: based on qualification certificates. It reflects

scientific level.• Level of training: number and type of training courses given. It reflects

experience & skills level.• Membership of professional/trade organizations: it reflects person's ability

to communicate skills & knowledge with others.• Undertaking written and/or practical assessments.• Seeking reference or recommendations: from professional persons or

bodies.

Exercise 3

Define contractor.

Answer 3

A contractor: is a defined as anyone who enters property or premises to carry out work for the owner, occupier or manager. i.e. the person in control.

Exercise 4

Outline the checks that could be made in assessing the health and safety competence of a contractor.

Answer 4

The checks that could be made in assessing the health and safety competence of a contractor

• The adequacy of the contractor's health & safety policy.• The systems in place for implementing the health and safety policy

(including risk assessments, monitoring, training, consultation, etc.).• The past performance of the contractor.• The contractor's experience with the particular type of work.• The contractor's reputation.• The contractor's membership of relevant professional/trade organization.• The contractor's history regarding;

*Accidents

*Violations & enforcement actions.

Exercise 5

Outline FOUR duties placed upon a principal contractor by the construction (design and management) regulations 1994.

Answer 5

Duties of the principal contractor:

• Developing health & safety plan.• Ensuring compliance with the plan.• Carrying out health & safety training.• Ensuring competence and cooperation of subcontractors.



• Coordinating the activities of subcontractors.

Exercise 6

List FOUR factors that should be considered by a principal contractor when assessing the health and safety competence of sub-contractors.

Answer 6

The factors that should be considered by a principal contractor when assessing the health and safety competence of subcontractors

• The adequacy of subcontractor's health and safety policy.• The systems for implementing the policy.• Method statements/systems of work.• Competence of the workforce.• Membership of appropriate professional bodies.• Prosecution/enforcement record.• Accident record.

Exercise 7

Outline FOUR duties upon the client under the construction (design and management) regulations.

Answer 7

Duties placed upon "the client" under the construction (design and management) regulation.

• The appointment of a competent planning supervisor and principal contractor.

• To ensure that no construction work starts unless a health & safety plan has been prepared.

• To ensure that the planning supervisor is provided with the relevant information.

• Ensure that the health & safety file is kept for inspection by anyone who might need the information for reasons of health and safety.

Exercise 8

Outline the FOUR duties upon the planning supervisor under the construction (design and management) regulations.

Answer 8

Duties upon the planning supervisor under the construction (design and management) regulations

• Ensure that a health & safety plan is prepared.• Coordinating health & safety aspects of design and planning of projects.



• Checking the adequacy of design.• Ensuring cooperation between designers.• Being in a position to provide advice to client and contractors.• Ensuring that the health & safety file is prepared.• Notifying HSE of project.

Exercise 9

A contractor is selected to drain and clear a section of canal:

1) Identify the information that might be required to establish the suitability of contractor.2) Describe the hazards associated with the draining and clearing operation.3) Outline suitable controls to minimize the risk from the hazards identified.

Answer 9

i. Information required to establish the suitability of the contractor:

• Experience, training & qualifications of staff and workforce.• Health and safety policy and systems for implementing the policy e.g.: risk

assessments, consultations, health surveillance, emergency procedures, use of PPE, etc.

• Reputation and license.• Experience with previous/similar jobs.• Previous notice/prosecutions/claims.• Employment of health and safety advisor or consultant.• Resources: manpower, time, money, etc.• Accident record.• Method statements/system of work.• Adequate insurance cover.

ii. The hazards associated with the draining and clearing operations are:

• Drowning in the water: either by falling in, or if wading then by becoming entrapped in silt or mud.

• Flooding: might be encountered if water is being held back by the gates at a lock, and these fail or are inadvertently opened.

• Collapse of canal banks: thus harming either anyone standing there, or someone below in the canal.

• Contracting diseases: as leptospirosis.• Bites: by insects, snakes, or small animals.• Equipment hazards.• Manual handling hazards.

iii. Suitable controls to minimize risks:• Life jackets and harnesses with life lines should be worn by all personnel.• Other buoyancy aids should be at hand.• Shoring of any unfirm banks or edge protection and access equipment.• Rescue equipment should be at hand.• Locks gates holding backwater should be fastened by lock and chain or

other means. They should be regularly inspected.• Workers should be vaccinated against likely diseases.• Safe system of work should be developed.• Information and training should be provided for workers.



• Proper supervision of workers.• Provision of the required PPE (Willington's, gloves, life jacket, harness, etc.).

Monitoring

Exercise 1

Outline ways in which an organization can monitor its health and safety performance.

Answer 1

The ways in which an organization can monitor its health and safety performance

• Active monitoring techniques: active monitoring is carried out before wrongs occur. Examples are inspections & audits.



• Reactive monitoring techniques: reactive monitoring is carried out after occurrence of wrongs. Examples are analysis of accident/incident data and enforcement action.

Exercise 2

List TWO reactive measures and TWO proactive measures that can be used in monitoring an organization's health and safety performance

Answer 2

Examples of reactive measures to monitor health & safety performance:• Accident / incident records.• Ill health records.• Enforcement actions.• Civil actions.

Examples of proactive (active) measures to monitor health & safety performance.

• Safety inspections.• Safety audits.• Environmental monitoring records.• Assessment of health "health surveillance"• Assessment of training needs.• Risk assessment.

Exercise 3

Outline the factors that should be considered when planning a safety inspection.

Answer 3

The factors that should be considered when planning a safety inspection:

• The composition and competence of the inspection team.• The need of standardized structure of inspection (for comparison).• The use of necessary documents & related data.• The scheduling of inspection.• Consideration of legislations and standards.• Means to ensure the safety of those undertaking the inspection.• Planning for follow-up action that should be taken after inspection.

Exercise 4

Outline the main topic areas that could be included in health and safety inspection of workplace.

Answer 4

The topic areas that could be included in a health and safety inspection of workplace:



• Housekeeping.• Electrical safety.• Provision and use of PPE.• Storage & use of hazardous substances.• Environmental condition of traffic routes (lighting, temperature, noise,etc.).• Condition of traffic routes (including access and egress).• Machinery.• Internal transport.• Provision of safety signs.• Provision of emergency equipment (fire extinguishers, first aid, etc.).• Welfare facilities.

Exercise 5

Explain the main features of:-Safety inspection. -Safety audit.

Answer 5

The main features of a safety inspection:

Is a straightforward observation of a workplace, activities or equipment. The aim is to identify hazards usually carried out routinely. This is carried out by an employee representative, supervisor or a manager (usually carried out by one from within the organization), and is often aided by the use of a check list, not a lengthy process.

The main features of a safety audit:Is a thorough, critical examination of an organization's safety management system and procedures. This is normally a lengthy process and carried out infrequently (usually yearly) and carried out by a trained auditor (often by someone from outside the organization). The aim id to assess health and safety performance of an organization, usually involves a scoring system, auditing is more formal than inspection.

Exercise 6

Explain how the following may be used to improve safety performance within an organization. -Accident data. -Safety inspection.

Answer 6

How accident data can be used to improve safety performance. To identify specific problem areas by recording areas in which control measures have failed, to show general trends of accident "thus allowing comparisons to be made", to increase health and safety awareness, and to estimate accident costs thus helping in allocations of resources.

How safety inspections data can be used to improve safety performance.To identify areas where improvements are needed, to demonstrate management commitment to safety, and to improve workers morale "by implementing simple improvements at time of inspection"



Exercise 7

Explain Four advantage of a safety inspection as opposed to a sampling exercise.

Answer 7

Inspection

Sampling

Inspections are in-depth review. Sampling tend to skate over the surface.

An inspection is a training exercise for the manager, supervisor and safety representatives

Sampling is carried out by trained persons.

The inspection puts the manager on the spot.

In sampling, the manager see the results only.

The inspection allows time to ask question and to discuss matters.

Sampling does not allow time to do this.

An inspection can cover any aspect of safety.

Sampling has limited scope.

Exercise 8

Outline FOUR proactive monitoring methods that can be used in assessing the health and safety performance of an organization.

Answer 8

• Safety inspection: are regular scheduled activities with the objectives to identify safety defects. It ranges from simple observations of work and behavior to systematic inspection of premises, plant and equipment.

• Safety surveys: focuses on a particular activity e.g.:

o Manual handling.o Training programs.o Employee's attitude towards safety.

• Tours: are unscheduled workplace inspections to check working practices.

o House keeping.o Wearing PPE.

• Sampling: which targets specific areas e.g.: unsafe working practices.• Environmental monitoring: to monitor for gases, vapors, fumes, radiations,

etc.• Safety audits: are comprehensive examinations of all aspects of an

organization's health and safety performance against stated objectives.• Risk assessments: and categorization of the work activities according its

risk rating.• Health surveillance: by the use of techniques as:

o Audiometry for hearing loss.o Blood examination for blood lead level.

• Direct observation of behavior at work.• Consultation with employees & their representatives.• Examination of documents: e.g.:



o Training records.o Performance reviews.

• Comparing performance with that of other similar business: e.g.: comparing accident rates, management practices, etc.

Exercise 9

Outline the reasons why an organization should monitor and review its health and safety performance?

Answer 9

The reasons are:

• To assess compliance with the regulations.• To assess compliance with the health and safety standards.• To identify weaknesses in the health and safety management system.• To collect data for comparison over time (trends).• To help allocation of resources based on the actual deficiencies observed.• To trigger "re-planning" for health and safety.• To identify the need for revision and vital processes as: Risk assessment.• To identify the training needs within the organization.• To enable management to adopt the policy of "rewards for achievement

and punishment for failures".

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS

Exercise 1. Explain the meaning of the terms:-Occupational exposure standard (OES)-Maximum exposure limit (MEL)



Answer: Occupational exposure standard (OES):Is the concentration of an airborne substance averaged over a reference period at which according to current knowledge, there is no evidence that it is likely to be injurious to employees if they are exposed by inhalation day after day to that concentration.

Maximum exposure limit (MEL)Is the maximum concentration of an airborne substance, averaged over a reference period, to which employees may be exposed by inhalation under any circumstances. MEL is either short-term exposure limit (giving rise to acute problems). Maximum exposure limit should never be exceeded.

Exercise 2. Outline FOUR actions managements could take when MEL has been exceeded.

Answer: Actions management could take when an MEL has been exceeded:

Immediate actions:• Removal of people from the area.• Stopping process or use of the substance.

Long term actions:• Process review and process change to a safer one (if feasible).• Assessment and improvement of existing controls.• Review monitoring system.• Health surveillance.

Exercise 3. Outline a hierarchy of measures of controlling exposure to a hazardous substance at work.

Answer: Hierarchy of measures of controlling exposure to a hazardous substance at work.

• Elimination of the substance (by process change thus removing the need for the substance).

• Substitution of the substance by a less hazardous one.• Isolation of the substance (by total enclosure of the process).• Segregation of workers (by dividing up the workplace).• Changing work method in order to reduce exposure (e.g.: painting instead

of spraying).• Local exhaust or dilution ventilation.• Safety signs.• Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Exercise 4



Identify the information that should be included on hazard data sheet supplied with a hazardous substance:

Answer 4

Information that should be included on a hazard data sheet supplied with hazardous substances.

• The name of the substance.• It's physical and chemical properties.• Substance concentration. • The nature of hazard caused by the substance.• Relevant standards related to the substance (e.g.: OES).• Precautions to be taken in transport, storage, use & disposal of the

substance.• Measures to be taken in cases of emergency (e.g.: spillage or accident

exposure) including first aid measures.• PPE recommended to be worn on dealing with the substance.

Exercise 5

Outline the information that employees should receive when there is a risk that their work will expose them to a substance hazardous to health.

Answer 5

The information that employees should receive when there is a risk that their work will expose them to substance hazardous to health.

• The nature of the substance.• Substance possible effects.• How the substance to be used, transported or stored.• The control measures available.• The PPE required on dealing with the substance (and issues relating to how

to use, how to clean, how to report defects and so on).• Importance of personal hygiene on dealing with the substance.• Emergency procedures "including first-aid".• Importance of health surveillance: to detect signs of early exposure to the

substance.

STRESS



Exercise 1

a) Outline the potential causes of workplace stress.b) Outline the symptoms that may indicate that a person is suffering from

stress.c) Outline the measures that can be taken by employers to combat workplace

stress in their organizations.

Answer 1

a) The potential causes of workplace stress:• Job pressure-too much work to do in a very limited time.• Work demands conflicting with domestic demands.• Poor or cramped working conditions.• Lack of proper communication within the organization.• Lack of job security.• Culture of blame when things go wrong.• Concern about the risk of injury or illness.• Boring repetitive work "lack of challenge in the job".• Problems with management.• Bad relations with colleagues.• Feeling of inadequacy.• Lack of motivation.

b) Symptoms indicating that a person is suffering from stress: • Increased respiratory rate.• Increased of heart rate and palpitation.• Increased blood pressure.• Anxiety and tension.• Depression.• Lack of concentration.• Poor decision making.• Psychosomatic complaint as:

Loss of weight. Loss of energy and ability. Headache. Heart burn and other gastric complaints. Hair changes. Backaches. Tremors.

• Lack of temper.• Crying.• Decreased work performance.• Increased smoking and/ or drinking.

C) Measures taken by employers to combat workplace stress:• Improving working conditions (as lighting, ventilation, provision of enough

space, proper equipment and facilities, etc.).• Redesigning tasks to reduce workloads and to avoid repetitive work for long

periods.



• Consulting employees regarding their work shifts (so that work demands not interfere with domestic demands.

• Improving communication at all levels (between employees themselves and between employees and management).

• Covering all employees with an effective insurance program to increase job security.

• Avoiding culture of blame and adopt motivational culture instead.• Achieving high standards of health and safety (thus eliminating the

stressing concern about injury or illness)• Achieving good relations between employees and management and

adopting the feeling of "one family".• Considering relaxation sessions for stressed workers.

VIOLENCEThe Key Consultancy Ltd 2005: All Rights reserved 57


Exercise 1

Outline the measures to be carried out by an employer to minimize the risk of violence in the workplace.

Answer 1

• Reducing the risk: for example by:o Removing high value notes from the cash tills.o Using a varied route when banking.

• Supporting staff in the high risk situations: as:o Providing taxis for those traveling home after working a late shift.o Providing mobile phones to those who have to work away from the

main office.• Physical security measures: as good lighting, protective counters or

screens, alarm system, etc:• Liaison with police or other authorities.• Measures to reduce customer frustration as:

o Calming décor and lighting.o Better seating.o Regular information about delays.

• Providing information to help employees to anticipate possible problems especially when dealing with troublemakers.

• Training to help employees to recognize signs of aggression and either avoid it or cope with it.

SMOKING



Exercise 1

Explain the health and safety benefits of restricting smoking in the workplace?

Answer 1

• Health benefits: Reduction of diseases as respiratory diseases. Lung, cancer, etc, reduction of sick leaves, more healthy & more productive work force.

• Safety benefits: Reduction is accidents as fires and explosions (smoking is an ignition source).

Exercise 2

Outline the ways in which an organization could effectively implement a no smoking policy?

Answer 2

• Recruitment policy: restrictions on recruitment of smokers.• Prohibiting smoking in the workplace: smoking is to be completely

prohibited at work.• Anti-smoking campaign: using posters and other aids to show the hazards

of smoking.• Incentive scheme: to encourage smokers to stop smoking.• Medical aids to assist smoking stoppage: as the use of nicotine patches,

tablets, etc.



FIRST AID & EMERGENCY

Exercise 1

Outline the factors to be considered when making an assessment of first aid provision in the workplace

Answer 1

Factors to be considered when making an assessment of first aid provision in a workplace

• Size of the organization & number of workers.• Distribution and composition of workforce.• Types of hazard & level of risk present.• The proximity to medical assistance. • The special needs of workers in remote areas.• The special needs of inexperienced workers.• Work involving regular travel.• Lone or shift work.• Availability of means of communication.

Exercise 2

Identify the two main function of first aid treatment.Answer 2

The main function of first aid treatment

• To save life.• To prevent occurrence of complications.• To relieve pain & suffering.• To reassure victim and attendants.

Exercise 3

Outline the factors that should be considered when preparing a procedure to deal with a workshop emergency.

Answer 3

The factors to be considered when preparing a procedure to deal with a workplace emergency:

• Identification and training of persons with specific responsibilities.• The layout of the premises in relation to escape routes.• The number of persons expected to be affected.• The number of person with special needs (children & disabled persons).• Testing of warning system.• Provision of emergency lighting.• Equipment required to deal with the emergency (its location, number and

condition).• Location of shut-off valves, isolation switches, etc.• Location of assembly points.



• Employees training.• Training of visitors & others who might be affected.• Plan how to call emergency services.


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