6.2 benchmarking slope design - gold coast quarrygoldcoastquarry.com/assets/documents/q -...

Gold Coast QuarryGeological and Geotechnical Exploration Program, Resource Estimate and Preliminary Quarry Design

April 2013 / file ref.1454_220_001_Ver1

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6.2 Benchmarking Slope Design

PLATE 73 Rock slope stability versus slope height and Factor of safety FOS, distinguishing between failures and non-failures after Guidelines for Open Pit SlopeDesign 2009. The proposed quarry stages are represented and illustrate a FOS of greater than 1.7. Benchmarking this slope against similar slopes suggests stableconditions will be achieved.

Stage Q1

Stage Q2

Stage Q3

Stage Q5

Stage Q4



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PLATE 74 Rock Slope success and failure designated by rock strength Source: data from Sjoberg (2000).

Further empirical evidence of the stability of the slope is drawn from the data presented by Sjoberg 2000 whichillustrates the relative FOS versus total slope height for excavations of varying heights and excavated in different rockmasses. This data also suggest that the total slope for the proposed quarry will be both safe and stable.

6.3 Gold Coast Council Geotechnical Mapping

As part of assessing the project for geotechnical stability reference was made to slip hazard overlay maps OM16-29and 16-33 which identify areas of potentially unstable soils and also areas of potential land slip hazards, refer FIGURE21 – AREAS OF UNSTABLE SOILS AND AREAS OF POTENTIAL LAND SLIP OVERLAY MAP. Reference to thismap indicates that the majority of the site is considered low risk for these features. That said there are areas whichhave steeper slopes on site and which are considered moderate risk for soil creep and or land slip which are identifiedby the map. The relevance of this map to quarrying is not high as the excavation will cut below these features and theywill be removed within the footprint area, however from a practical perspective it does highlight areas where somecaution should be used with planned rehabilitation works, if any, to ensure stability of the thin residual soil profile isretained in these areas. Similarly it highlights where monitoring of embankment stability could be completed outside ofthe quarry footprint area if required.

Proposed Gold Coast Quarry



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6.4 Geotechnical Risk Rating

Incorporation of the following criteria into the staged quarry plans allows for generation of a geotechnical risk rating mapfor each stage of the quarry. These maps have been prepared more as an operational and practical risk managementtool rather than for reporting purposes however as simple colour coded plans they illustrate quite effectively the areas ofslightly higher, (although highly manageable and industry standard), risk on site, refer FIGURES 10A to 10E. Criteriaincorporated into the risk maps includes RMR and MRMR estimates, Structural Mapping, Orientated Core Data, RQDAnalysis, and Laboratory Results including UCS.

At a practical level and as would be expected areas of deeper weathering, increased slope height, frequency of traveland areas of changing bench orientations have slightly increased geotechnical risk while quarry floors and wide benchareas have proportionally lower risk. What can be said unequivocally is that using any rock mass rating system or otherassessment method for analysis of rock mass conditions, the geotechnical conditions at the quarry will be benign and ofgenerally lower risk than is commonly encountered in the mining and quarrying industry. Furthermore the quarry hasthe luxury of having access to new blasting products and methodologies and can start using current technologies whichhave improved radically in the last few years. This use of more sensitive and specialised blasting products and drillingtechnologies and potentially combined with pre split blasting will limit the vibrational impacts being imparted into therock mass which will significantly improve final wall conditions. Resultant of this work and assessment of the risk ratingwork the following slope design guidelines have been generated, refer TABLE 19 – SLOPE DESIGN GUIDELINES.

TABLE 19 – SLOPE DESIGN GUIDELINESResidual soils, extremely to distinctly weathered rock. Maximum batter angle 60º

Maximum bench height 12 mMinimum bench width 8 m

Slightly weathered rock Maximum batter angle 80º

Maximum bench height 12 mMinimum bench width 8 m

Slightly weathered to fresh rock (Generally most areasof the quarry and one bench below natural surfacelevel.

Recommended Batter AnglesOperational Benches

85º

Recommended Batter AnglesTerminal Benches

80 to 85º

Recommended Terminalbench height

15 m

Recommended Terminalbench width

15 m

For ongoing quarry development, the majority of excavation will occur within generally unweathered material in the midto lower-sections of current quarry workings. The dominant factors controlling stability will be discontinuities in the rockmass. The angle of total slope should be kept to less than 45º which is achievable if the proposed profile is used.



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Benchmarking a total slope of 45º over against a variety of slopes of varying heights and overall rock mass conditionssuggest that this slope will be stable when considered against similar excavations in rock masses of varying anddifferent qualities. Given that this slope has the benefit of being hosted in a very high strength, jointed to relativelymassive and cohesive unit, slope designs of approximately 45º based on 12 m bench configurations are expected toperform well in service and be both stable and safe over the design life. Based on this data and when applying thegenerally good conditions of the rock mass, the FOS of the slope plots with a FOS of >1.5 and when developed will stillhave a FOS > 1.5 which is stable. Importantly benches of between 12 and 15 metres terminal; thickness and height ifan 800 batter is used will also be stable and have a FOS of >1.5 denoting stability and a commensurately low probabilityof failure less than 0.5% utilising Latin Hybercube Simulation on these non circular failure mechanisms.

7. Risk Analysis

7.1 Overview of Risk Management “A life without adventure is likely to be unsatisfying, but a life in which adventure is allowed to take

whatever form it will, is likely to be short”

A large number of terms are associated with risk management and the processes it involves. The following definitions ofkey terms are based on those of the International Organisation for Standardisation’s (2002) ISO/IEC Guide 73 on riskmanagement vocabulary, and the Australian and New Zealand Standard on Risk Management, AS/NZS 4360: 2004(Standards Australia 2004):· consequence — the outcome or impact of an event;· hazard — a source of potential harm; a potential occurrence or condition that could lead to injury, damage to the

environment, delay or economic loss;· likelihood — the probability or frequency of occurrence of an event, described in qualitative or quantitative terms;· risk — the chance of something happening that will have an impact on objectives;· risk analysis — a systematic process to understand the nature of and deduce the level of risk;· risk assessment — the overall process of risk identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation;· risk criteria — the terms of reference by which the significance of risk is assessed;· risk evaluation — the process of comparing the level of risk against risk criteria;· risk identification — the process of determining what, where, when, why and how something could happen;· risk management — the culture, processes and structures directed towards realising potential opportunities while

managing adverse effects; and· risk treatment — the process of selecting and implementing measures to modify risk.



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7.2 General Risk Management Process

The general risk management process to be developed and applied at the quarry may be that used in AS/NZ 4360:2004 (Standards Australia 2004). Other risk management processes, such as that developed by the Institute of RiskManagement in the UK (Institute of Risk Management 2002) are similar but not necessarily identical to that used here.As shown in PLATE 75, the process follows a number of clearly defined and inter-related steps:

· establish the context — establish the external, internal and risk management contexts in which the rest of theprocess will take place. Establish the criteria against which risk will be evaluated and define the structure of theanalysis;

· identify the risks — identify where, when, why and how events could prevent, degrade, delay or enhanceachievement of the objectives;

· analyse the risks — identify and evaluate the existing controls. Determine the consequences and likelihoods ofparticular occurrences and therefore the associated levels of risk, considering the range of potential consequencesand how these could occur. Generally, the risk is quantified as the product of the likelihood and consequence ofthe particular occurrence;

· evaluate the risks — compare estimated levels of risk against the pre-established criteria and consider the balancebetween potential benefits and adverse outcomes. This enables decisions to be made about the extent and natureof treatments required and their priorities;

· treat the risks — develop and implement specific cost-effective strategies and action plans for increasing potentialbenefits and reducing potential costs or adverse effects; and

· monitor and review — it is necessary to monitor and review progress and the effectiveness of all steps in the riskmanagement process to ensure continuous improvement and that the risk management plan is implementedeffectively and remains relevant.



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PLATE 75 Slope Design Process.

The first three steps are regarded as comprising risk analysis, while risk assessment involves those steps plus riskevaluation. PLATE 76 shows that communication and consultation is required at every stage in the process, and thatmonitoring and review create feedback loops that may require modifications to earlier results. It will be necessary toadapt this general procedure to take account of the special features and factors involved in a particular riskmanagement exercise. For example, PLATE 77 illustrates the adaptation of the general process to the riskmanagement of landslides. Full details of the landslide risk management concepts and guidelines developed are givenby the Australian Geomechanics Society (AGS) Subcommittee on Landslide Risk Management (2000).



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PLATE 76 Risk Management Process After Standards Australia.



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PLATE 77 Landslide Risk Management.



8

7.3 Risk Management in Extractive Industry

Throughout its long history, the quarrying industry has been plagued by the economic failure of mining ventures throughvarious causes and by damage to infrastructure, and injury to and loss of life, arising from hazards such as truck rollovers, mechanical failures rockfalls etc. Safety issues associated with the use mechanical equipment has long been ofconcern. Resultant is that the international quarrying industry is now using formal and systematic risk assessment andmanagement procedures in business and operational applications. The Australian National Minerals Industry Safetyand Health Risk Assessment Guidelines (Joy & Griffiths 2005) was developed partly as a result of this perception.Earlier, in New South Wales a Risk Management Handbook for the Mining Industry was developed by the NSWDepartment of Mineral Resources (1997).

The minerals industry risk management maturity chart shown in PLATE 78 illustrates how a company’s risk culture canimprove and mature by increasing employees’ awareness of risk and introducing risk assessment and managementprocedures.

PLATE 78 Minerals Industry Risk Chart



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7.4 Risk Assessment Findings

In summary the risk assessment completed on geotechnical conditions and stability at the proposed site, has illustratedthat the risk is considered low provided that the recommendations are implemented to their full effect, and that ongoingand rigorous assessment of the geotechnical occur at suitable intervals.

8. Recommendations· When the quarry becomes operational a program of scaling will be required to remove the localised areas of

instability and overhang.

· If geotechnical and stability conditions change significantly then a suitably qualified person should inspect, reviewand comments on these changes. Significant changes are generally reflective of larger scale failures. A simpleground control management plan could be implemented for the site if required.

· A brief section on geotechnical stability should be added to the site induction, so that visitors are aware of thepotential for and risk associated with rock fall. Consideration should also be given to attendance at the slopestability course run by DNRM.

· All personnel should be instructed to only approach and work near the development face when required. Thisprocedure should be incorporated into the work plans and development protocols for the site and after the risk hasbeen assessed.

· Appropriate bunding should be used on the margins of all haul roads as an additional barrier. The height of thebunds should be equivalent to the mid axle height of the largest self propelled vehicle, commonly used on site.

· The main modes of failure expected to occur on site are crest damage related failures i.e. wedges, sliding andtoppling due to blasting and rainfall/time dependent failure both of which affect the local stability of individualblocks. Over time many of the smaller blocks i.e., <10 kg blocks which are unstable, will fail however the blocksize is generally small and considered of low risk to personnel. Regardless all personnel should only work nearthe face when required and after completing a specific JSA for the work to be completed which considersgeotechnical issues.



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9. JORC Reporting Checklist

9.1 Check List and Reporting Criteria

9.1.1 Drilling Technique

HQ and NQ core and 89 mm airtrack drilling.

9.1.2 HQ and Drill Sample Recovery

Recovery of greater than 99% was achieved for core drilling. Recovery was logged during percussion drilling, and anaverage of >98% recovery was achieved for percussion drilling.

9.1.3 Logging

Both core and percussion holes were logged using standard logging codes to a level of detail suitable for the type ofresource being evaluated. Photographs were taken of percussions and core samples.

9.1.4 Sub-sampling Techniques and Sample Preparation

Samples were taken at nominal 1.0 m intervals or at lithological or weathering boundaries.

9.1.5 Quality of Assay Data and Laboratory Tests

All materials testwork laboratories used are NATA certified.

9.1.6 Verification of Sampling and Assaying

All materials testwork laboratories used are NATA certified.

9.1.7 Location of Data Points

Data points have validated by survey pick up and imported and cross checked in the database.

9.1.8 Data Spacing and Distribution

Drill holes were located on nominal spacings over the main resource area however access was constrained byprotected vegetation and steep ravines which limited coverage in some areas.

9.1.9 Orientation of Data in Relation to Geological Structure

Drill holes competed were both vertical and angled and drilled through a variably orientated sequence of metasediments.

9.1.10 Mineral Tenements and Land Tenure Status

The project is currently seeking approval as outlined in Section 1.



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9.1.11 Exploration Done by Other Parties

Previous work has been completed by Boral Resources Qld which has been incorporated into the JORC assessment,refer Section 2 of this report.

9.1.12 Geology

Refer Section 2 and FIGURES 14/15.

9.1.13 Further Work

As per recommendations in executive summary and recommendations.

9.1.14 Database Integrity

The database was validated using an Access and Surpac database and then cross checked against original drill holelogs.

9.1.15 Geological Interpretation

All drill hole data was logged and photographed pursuant to AS 1726-1993.

9.1.16 Estimation and Modelling Techniques

Estimation techniques used are volumetric with surfaces generated for each unit and then constrained against a blockmodel to report tonnages.

9.1.17 Moisture

All tonnages reported are inclusive of natural moisture.

9.1.18 Bulk Density

2.0 t/m3 for Residual Soils/Clays/Extremely Weathered Rock, 2.4 t/m3 for Distinctly Weathered Rock, 2.7 t/m3 forSlightly Weathered to Unweathered Rock.

9.1.19 Classification

A 'Measured Mineral Resource' is that part of a Mineral Resource for which tonnage, densities, shape, physicalcharacteristics, grade and mineral content can be estimated with a high level of confidence. It is based on detailed andreliable exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such asoutcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. The locations are spaced closely enough to confirm geological and/orgrade continuity.

Measured Resources are estimated from geological mapping combined with borehole data and topographic data.

An 'Indicated Mineral Resource' is that part of a Mineral Resource for which tonnage, densities, shape, physicalcharacteristics, grade and mineral content can be estimated with a reasonable level of confidence. It is based onexploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops,



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trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. The locations are too widely or inappropriately spaced to confirm geologicaland/or grade continuity, but are spaced closely enough for continuity to be assumed.

The resource confidence assigned to each unit is at the discretion of the Competent Person to determine what is themost robust category to define the resource and in considering all other salient factors that may influence the resource.

An 'Inferred Mineral Resource' is that part of a Mineral Resource for which tonnage, grade and mineral content can beestimated with a low level of confidence. It is inferred from geological evidence and assumed but not verified geologicaland/or grade continuity. It is based on information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such asoutcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes which may be limited or of uncertain quality and reliability.

An Inferred Resource is estimated from widely spaced surface drilling and surface geological mapping.

An 'Ore Reserve' is the economically mineable part of a Measured or Indicated Mineral Resource. It includes dilutingmaterials and allowances for losses which may occur when the material is mined. Appropriate assessments which mayinclude feasibility studies, have been carried out and include consideration of and modification by realistically assumedmining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental factors. These assessmentsdemonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction could reasonably be justified.

Ore Reserves are sub-divided in order of increasing confidence into Probable Ore Reserves and Proven Ore Reserves.A 'Proven Ore Reserve' is the economically mineable part of a Measured Mineral Resource. It includes dilutingmaterials and allowances for losses which may occur when the material is mined. Appropriate assessments, whichmay include feasibility studies, have been carried out, and include consideration of and modification by realisticallyassumed mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental factors. Theseassessments demonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction could reasonably be justified.

A Probable Ore Reserve has a lower level of confidence than a Proven Ore Reserve. A 'Probable Ore Reserve' is theeconomically mineable part of an Indicated and in some circumstances Measured Mineral Resource. It includes dilutingmaterials and allowances for losses which may occur when the material is mined. Appropriate assessments which mayinclude feasibility studies, have been carried out and include consideration of and modification by realistically assumedmining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental factors. These assessmentsdemonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction could reasonably be justified.

Measured Resources are examined in 3D to determine the bench height, workable faces and infrastructure costs.Bench ore blocks are designed which include dilution, if this is deemed necessary. The resultant tabulation of reservesis termed Probable Ore Reserves. Due to the uncertainty which may attach to some Inferred Mineral Resources, itcannot be assumed that all or part of an Inferred Mineral Resource will be upgraded to an Indicated or Measured



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Mineral Resource as a result of continued exploration and development. Confidence in the estimate is usually notsufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters or to enable an evaluation ofeconomic viability.

The measured resource estimate is based on in-situ volumes. The actual product yield will depend on a number offactors including (but not limited to) the variation in weathering and rock quality, site geology and variances in the blockmodel, useable product and losses due to mining, blasting method, extraction method, processing and plantconfiguration and location, basement elevation variations, haul road location and other diluting factors.

9.1.20 Cut-off Parameters

Dependent on rock type degree of weathering and general engineering and geological parameters

9.1.21 Audits or Reviews

An internal review and audit was completed by Groundwork Plus.

10. Important InformationYour attention is drawn to the document – ‘Important Information about your Report’. The statements presented in thisdocument are intended to advise you of what your realistic expectations of this report should be and to present you withrecommendations on how to minimise the risks associated with the geotechnical criteria for this project. The documentis not intended to reduce the level of responsibility accepted by Groundwork Plus, but rather to ensure that all partieswho may rely on this report are aware of the responsibilities each assumes in so doing. We would be pleased toanswer any questions about this important information from the reader of this report. Further information onUNDERSTANDING YOUR GEOLOGICAL REPORT is presented in APPENDIX 7.



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ReferencesAustralian Geomechanics Society. Modified Landslide Risk Management Concepts and Guidelines.

Department of Natural Resources (Regional Forest Assessments), 1999: Assessment of Mineral and ExtractiveResources. Queensland CRA/RFA Steering Committee.

Hoek, E and Bray J. W. Rock Slope Engineering Revised Third Edition.

Hudson, J. and Harrison J. Engineering Rock Mechanics

O’Flynn, M.L., 1992: Resources of Extractive Materials in the Eastern Moreton Region. Queensland ResourceIndustries Review Series. Department of Resource Industries, Queensland.

Read, J. and Stacey. Guidelines for Open Pit Slope Design. CSIRO Publishing 2009.

Willmott, W.F., 1979: Rock Construction Materials in the Eastern Moreton Region – Review of Production andResources. Geological Survey of Queensland. Queensland Government Mining Journal.

Willmott, W.F. and Cooper, W., 1980: Revision of Industrial Rock and Mineral Resources in the Albert Shire andCity of Gold Coast. Geological Survey of Queensland. Department of Mines, Queensland.

Willmott, W.F. and Irwin, M., 2012: Geological Sources of Quarry Materials on the Gold Coast.

Willmott, W.F. with Malcolm, D., O’Brien, L. and Manders, J., 2010: Rocks and Landscapes of the Gold CoastHinterland. Expanded Third Edition. Geological Society of Australia Incorporated, Queensland Division.

Willmott, W.F., Martin, J.E., O’Flynn, M.L. and Cooper, W., 1978: Industrial Rock and Mineral Resources of theBeenleigh and Murwillumbah 1:100 000 Sheet Areas. Geological Survey of Queensland. Department of Mines,Queensland.



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Glossary of TermsAirblast overpressure A shock wave form, resulting from the activity of man or from natural processes,

causing adverse effects to man and the environment.Air pollutant A substance in ambient atmosphere, resulting from the activity of man or from natural

processes, causing adverse effects to man and the environment (also called "aircontaminant").

Ambient air quality The quality of the ambient air near ground level, expressed as concentrations ordeposition rates of air pollutants - also expressed as existing air quality.

Annual ExceedanceProbability

Means the likelihood of occurrence of a flood of a given size or larger in any oneyear, usually expressed as a percentage. For example, if a peak flood discharge of500 cubic metres per second has an AEP of 5 percent, it means that there is a 5percent risk, that is the probability of 0.05 or a likelihood of 1 in 20, of a peak flooddischarge of 500 cubic metres /second or larger occurring in any one year. The AEPof a flood event gives no indication of when a flood of that size will occur next.

Average RecurrenceInterval

Means the average period between the recurrence of a storm event of a givenrainfall intensity. The ARI represents a statistical probability. For example, a 100 yearARI indicates an average of 100 years between exceedance of a given stormmagnitude.

Background noise levels The level of the ambient sound indicated on a sound level meter in the absence of thesound under investigation (eg sound from a particular noise source; or soundgenerated for test purposes).

Blasting The operation of breaking rock by means of explosives.Bund wall A man-made earth mound.Catchment area The area determined by topographic features within which rainfall will contribute to

runoff at a particular point.Concrete products Products manufactured primarily from Portland Cement concrete these include bricks,

blocks, pavers, pipes and box culverts and other precast concrete sections.Conveyor A device fitted with an endless rubber belt used for moving crushed rock within the

processing plant.Crushing The mechanical process of reducing rock size usually by pressure or impact.Dust Particles of mostly mineral origin generated by erosion of surfaces and the mining and

handling of materials.Ecosystem The totality of biological processes and interactions within a specified physical

environment.Environmental constraints Limitations on a project by components of the environment.



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Excavator Item of earth moving equipment either tracked or wheeled fitted with a bucket on anarticulated boom and used for digging material from a face in front of, or below themachine.

Fallout The sedimentation of dust or fine particles in the atmosphere.Fill Material imported and emplaced to raise the general surface level of a site.Flyrock Rock that is propelled into the air by the force of the explosion. Usually comes from

pre-broken material on the surface or upper open face.Fresh rock Rock unaffected by weathering processes.Grader An item of earthmoving equipment, rubber tyred and fitted with a centrally mounted

blade and rippers used to shape and trim the ground surface.Ground vibration Oscillatory motion of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves originating

from a blast.Groundwater Water contained in voids such as fractures and cavities in rocks and inter-particle

spaces in sediments.Haul road Road used in quarry for haulage of rock from the face to the crusher and for general

site access.Lithosol One of a group of azonal soils having no clearly expressed soil morphology and

consisting of a freshly and imperfectly weathered mass of rock fragments; largelyconfined to steep hillsides.

Meta-greywacke Indurated sedimentary rock consisting of unsorted detritus of the grain size ofsandstone but containing fragments of feldspars and ferromagnesium minerals.

Metamorphic rock Any rock which has been altered by heat or pressure.Mobile equipment Wheeled or tracked self propelled equipment such as trucks and front end loaders.Monitoring The regular measurement of characteristics of the environment.Operational constraints Limitations upon a project by equipment or machinery.Particulate matter Small solid or liquid particles suspended in or falling through the atmosphere.Peak particle velocity(ppv)

A measure of ground vibration reported in millimetres per second (mm/sec).

Percussion drill hole Drill hole made by equipment using the repetitive impact of a tungsten tipped bit ontorock; rock cuttings are usually returned uphole by flushing with compressed air.

Petrological Relating to the study of rock mineral composition at hand specimen or microscopicscale.

Podzol A zonal soil having a very thin organic mineral layer above a leached layer which restsupon an illuvial dark brown layer.

Podzolic A duplex soil having a light textured organically stained topsoil, underlain by a pale‘bleached’ light textured soil layer and clay subsoil.



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Primary crusher The first crusher through which the rock passes in the processing plant.Processing plant A combination of crushers, screens, conveyors and chutes.Rehabilitation The preparation of a final landform after quarrying and its stabilisation with grasses,

trees and shrubs.Revegetation Replacement of vegetation on areas disturbed by quarrying activities.Rip rap Armour rock protection for water retention structures.Road base Road pavement usually made up of densely graded crushed rock in varying sizes.Road grades The longitudinal slope of a road surface usually defined by a vertical rise or fall over a

horizontal distance. Gradient, grade, slope and inclination are synonymous. Thus afall of 1 unit vertically in 12 units horizontal distance may be stated as a negativegradient (grade, slope and inclination) of 1 in 12 (or 1:12). This slope may also beexpressed as a grade of -8.33º, a fall of 83.3 metres per kilometre or slope angle of4º46'.

Sealing aggregate Crushed rock usually of uniform size bonded by bitumen on the surface of the road toform a wear surface.

Scalping The removal by screening of fine material from the raw feed prior to presenting it to thecrushers. This material is a combination of fine material from the blast anddecomposed material.

Screening A process which separates crushed rock into various sizes – this usually involves amechanical vibration of the rock over a series of decks fitted with steel mesh, steelplate or polyurethane or rubber mats with fixed sized apertures.

Siltstone A rock type intermediate in character between shale and sandstone.Suspended solids Analytical term applicable to water samples referring to material recoverable from the

sample by filtration.Temperature Inversion An increase in air temperature with height in contrast with the usual decrease of

temperature with inversion height.Topsoil The surface layer of a poorly-developed or well-developed soil profile containing a

relatively high percentage of organic material.Weathered rock Rock affected to any degree by the process of chemical or physical decomposition.



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ABBREVIATIONS

ABN Australian Business NumberACN Australian Company NumberAHD Australian Height DatumBAMM Biodiversity Assessment and Mapping MethodologyDERM Department of Environment and Resource Management (now EHP – Department of

Environment and Heritage Protection)DPR Development Proposal ReportEHPEPBC

Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (formerly DERM – see above)Environmental Biodiversity and Conservation Act

EPP Environmental Protection PolicyEVs Environmental ValuesKRA Key Resource AreaLGA Local Government AreaMCU Material Change of UseNCA Nature Conservation Act 1992

PPV Peak Particle VelocityQWQG Queensland Water Quality GuidelinesREDD Regional Ecosystem Description DatabaseEMP Environmental Management PlanSEQ South East QueenslandVMA Vegetation Management Act

WQO Water Quality Objectives



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SYMBOLS

A.B.S. Australian Bureau of Statistics.

A.E.P. Annual Exceedance Probability.

A.H.D. Australian Height Datum in metres.

A.R.I. Average Recurrence Interval.

A-Scale A sound level measurement scale. It discriminatesagainst low frequencies approximates the humanear.

oC Degrees Centigrade.

dB(A) A weighted sound pressure unit - the unit ofmeasurement of sound pressure level heard by thehuman ear.

dB(Linear) The measurement of sound pressure level in whichthe amplitudes of the sound signal, through allfrequencies of the signal, are treated equally, i.e.not weighted.

FSL Full supply level.

g/m2/month Grams per square metre per month - unit fordeposited dust.

ha Hectare (100 m x 100 m).

kg/m3 Kilograms per cubic metre.

km Kilometre (= 1 000 metres).

km2 Square kilometres.

km/hr Kilometres per hour.

kV Kilovolt.

kVA Kilovolt amps.

l Litre.

l/s Litres per second.

LAmax adj,T Obtained by using fast response time weighting andarithmetically averaging the maximum levels of theoffending noise during the time interval considered.

LAbg,T The A-weighted average minimum sound pressurelevel measured from a graphical trace.

LAmax adj,T Obtained by making adjustments for tonality andimpulsiveness to LAmax,T.

LAbg,T Obtained by using fast response time weighting andarithmetically averaging the background noise levels (nolevels from offending source) during the time intervalconsidered.

LAeq,T The LAeq,T is the "equal energy" average noise levels, andis used in some instances for the assessment of trafficnoise effects or the risk of hearing impairment due tonoise exposures.

LA10,T A-weighted sound pressure level exceeded 10 per cent ofthe sampling time (T).

LA90,T A-weighted sound pressured level exceeded 90 per centof the sampling time (T).

m Metre.

m2 Square metre.

m3 Cubic metre.

mg Milligram.

mg/l Milligrams per litre (parts per million).

ml Millilitres.

Ml Megalitre.

mm Millimetre (= 0.001 metres).

mm/day Millimetres per day.

mm/s Millimetres per second.

m/s metres per second.

Mtpa Million tonnes per annum.

NTU Nelphametric Turbidity Units.

pH Measurement indicating whether water or soil is acid oralkaline.

RP Registered Plan.

SWL Standing Water Level.

TDS Total Dissolved Salts.

tpa Tonnes per annum.

tph Tonnes per hour.

mg/m3 Micrograms per cubic metre.

ms/cm Micro siemens per centimetre also equals dS/m.

'000t multiples of one thousand tonnes.

figures

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