600-1250a.d. the muslim world. vocabulary list allah: muslim name for god muhammad: arab prophet who...
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600-1250A.D.
The Muslim World
Vocabulary List
Allah: Muslim name for God
Muhammad: Arab prophet who founded Islam
Islam: A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad. Qur’an (Submission to the will of Allah)
Muslim: Follower of Islam
Hijrah: Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in 622 A.D.
Hajj: Islamic holy pilgrimage
Mosque: Islamic place of worship
Vocabulary List II
Qur’an/Koran: Islamic holy book
Sunna: Islamic model for living, based on the life/teachings of Muhammad
Shiria (Shirja): Islamic holy law
Caliph: Islamic title of successor/deputy/ruler
Sunni: Believe that the first four Caliphs were “rightly guided”
Shi’a/Shi’ites: Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali should have succeeded Muhammad
The Rise of Islam
Deserts, Towns, and Travelers Geography of the Middle East
Most of the Arabian Peninsula is a large desert
Crossroads of Trade and Ideas Trade goods traveling from Europe to Asia
went through Arabia Center of ideas from Europe, Egypt, Persia,
and Byzantium
The Prophet Muhammad: Revelations (613-622)Orphan, Rich
businessman/trader Religious/Prayed a lot
Angel Gabriel came to Mohammad
Believed he was the last prophet
He believed that Allah (God) instructed him to tell people to abandon all other gods except Allah!
Muslim: one who has submitted to Allah
613 A.D. Preaching publicly in Mecca
622 A.D. Muhammad kicked out of Mecca for his belief Moved to Medina
Hajrah: 200 mile trip Migration to the city Yathrib/Medina
Attracted many devout followers
Returning to Mecca (630)
Muhammad’s teachings grew in MedinaLarge Army
10,000 soldiers
Fought the city of Mecca for seven years, finally conquering it in 630 AD Converted many of the people of Mecca Destroyed the Idols in the Ka’aba
Ka’aba
The Five Pillars The Five Pillars
Faith There is no God but Allah,
and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah
Prayer Must pray five times per
day facing Mecca. Mosque is a Muslim
house of prayerAlms
All Muslims are to give money to the poor through a special religious tax
Fasting During holy month of
Ramadan, Muslims eat or drink nothing between sunrise and sunset
Pilgrimage All Muslims must
travel to Mecca at least once in a lifetime
Beliefs and Practices of Islam
Islamic Beliefs and Practices of Islam
A Way of Life Cannot eat pork or drink alcohol Cannot bring harm to body, (destroying image of God)
Sources of Authority The Qur’an (Koran) is the Muslim holy book The official language used in the Qur’an is Arabic The Shariah, or Muslim law, brings unity to all Muslims Sunna: Mohammad’s Example (WWMD)
People of The Book
Called Jews and Christians People of the Book
Cannot force Conversions (Convert) Must want convert for your own reasons/heart
Jews and Christians paid a Poll Tax In exchange for military service No destruction of their property/cities
Held good jobs Gov. workers/scholars
Jewish Golden Age Muslim Controlled Spain
Links to Judaism and Christianity
Allah is the same God worshipped in Christianity and Judaism
Jesus is viewed as a prophet, not the Son of God Jesus is mentioned more in the Qur’an
Jews and Christians are referred to People of the Book under Islam and Muslim law requires toleration of these faiths
“Cousin Religions” Same Grandparents….different parents
Links to Judaism and Christianity
1. Allah is the same God that is worshiped by Jews/Christians
2. Jesus is important (Prophet/not the son of God)
3. Qur’an is the word of God as told by Mohammad
1. Perfected version because it is more recent
4. All three believe in Heaven, Hell and Judgment Day
5. Trace their ancestry to Abraham6. Similar teachings from Holy books
Muslim Achievement: Muslim Society
The Rise of Muslim Urban Centers Baghdad, capital of the Abbasid Dynasty, became the
most powerful city with almost 1 million people
Four Social Classes Muslims at birth Converts to Islam Christians and Jews Slaves
Role of Women
Men and Women are held equal as believers
They held many rights in early Muslim society, including education and right to inheritance
Today many women are oppressed in some Islamic countries
Women are viewed as being “Pure” Must protect women from unjust men
Islam After Muhammad
Died at the age of 62Did not name a successor/no guidance on how to
pick onePicked Abu-Bakr (loyal friend)
Divided Muslims Rightly Guided Caliphs (Caliphate)
First 4 successors of Muhammad All personally knew Muhammad
Unleashed a Jihad Jihad: Struggle
2 Types: Inner/Outer Jihad
Why did Islam Spread
1. Before Muhammad died he stated that he wanted to spread Islam!!
2. Armies were well trained/commanded (Abbasids Caliphate)
3. Well funded! (Gold/Trade)4. Weakness of surrounding Neighbors 5. Persecuted people wanted refuge from
Byzantine /Sassanid (Persian) Empire1. Offered equality/hope in this world2. Welcomed the Muslims
Islam Splits
Caliph is murdered Civil war over replacementMohammad’s son-in-law Ali (Murdered)Umayyads came into powerMoved the capital from Mecca to Damascus
Upset man Muslims (too far away) Lived lavish lifestyles
Division: Sunni vs. Shi’a Source of modern tensions between Muslims today
Shi’a Sunni
Broke away due to Umayyads rule
Believe that Caliph should be be from the bloodline of Mohammad
Party of “Ali”
Believe in 4 “Rightly Guided Caliphs”
Followed the Umayyads rule
Division of Islam
Division of Islam
Abbasid Caliphate takes over in 750 A.D.
One Umayyad prince escapes to Spain Established a Muslim kingdom in Spain (Moors)
Abbasids move capital to Baghdad Raised money by taxes and trade
Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge
Torchbearers of Knowledge (Fall of the Romans) After Fall of Rome (476 AD), the West fell into a dark
age
Muslim scholars saved ancient knowledge by translating Greek, Persian, and Indian writings into Arabic
The House of Wisdom in Baghdad was the most important center of learning in the Muslim world
Preservers of Education
Islamic Social Classes
4 Social Classes 1st Class: Muslim at Birth 2nd Class: Coverts to Islam 3rd Class: People of the Book 4th Class: Slaves
Role of Women “Men are the managers of the affairs of women” “Righteous women are therefore obedient” Equals More economic/property rights (Divorce) Multiple wives……treated the same
Arts and Sciences Flourish in the Muslim World
Medical Advances Persian scholar Rhazes wrote extensive books on
medical knowledge
Believed that patients would recover better if they breathed cleaner air Forefather of germ theory
Arts and Sciences
Math and Science Stretch Horizons Muslims first to solve problems by experimentation
They believed that the basis for all knowledge was mathematics Algebra
Muslim writings about math and astrology were used to create the first telescopes and microscopes
Muslim Art and Architecture Art was based on calligraphy, or beautiful handwriting
Architecture blended many ideas, included use of arches, domes, and vaults
Calligraphy
Mosques
Dome of the Rock
Islamic Issues
Tensions between Muslims and ChristiansMedia outlets need to make money
The New Russians Cold War
Islamic Extremists are not “normal”
Use the Koran as a means of getting what they want
Justifying their actions
Media/Movies
Christians?